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Rankine Layout
Rankine Layout
Reheat Rankine Cycle Increasing Boiler pressure increases thermal efficiency but moisture content also increases at turbine (which is problem for turbine blades). Solution to this problem: 1. Superheating the vapor (which is limited to maximum service temperature of turbine) 2. Splitting into two turbine-stages and reheat between them.
Total heat input (if kinetic energy and potential energy differences are negligible) qin = qboiler + qreheat = (h3 h2 ) + (h5 h4 ) Total work output (if kinetic energy and potential energy differences are negligible) wout = wHigh turbine + wLow turbine = (h3 h4 ) + (h6 h5 )
Increasing reheat stages, gives limited improvement in thermal efficiency but heating approaches to isothermal process, e.g. one stage reheat increases the efficiency 3-4 %, two stages reheat increase 1,5- 2%. Three stages reheat increase 0.75-1%... so on.
Optimum thermal efficiency in reheat is obtained when 1) substance is supercritical fluid 2) one fourth (1/4) of boiler pressure.
Total heat input qin = (h5 h4 ) (if kinetic energy and potential energy differences are negligible) Fraction of flow that extracted to OFWH
y=
m6
m5 Total heat output (if kinetic energy and potential energy differences are negligible) qout = (1 y )(h7 h1 ) Total work output (if kinetic energy and potential energy differences are negligible) wout = y (h5 h6 ) + (1 y )(h5 h7 ) = y (h7 h6 ) + h5 h7 Total work input win = w pumpI + w pumpII = (1 y )1 ( P2 P1 ) + y3 ( P4 P3 )
Generally there are two types of cogeneration plants: 1. Topping cycle: Produces electricity first that waste energy (as taken from condenser) is used for heating. 2. Bottoming cycle: Produces very high energy (for such as steel industry, glass industry), than waste energy is used to produce electricity. Variations of Cogeneration: 1. Gas turbine (Brayton cycle): Waste energy is used for heat source of gas turbine 2. Binary Vapor cycle. Two vapor cycles are used. One uses other waste energy for energy source. 3. Combined Gas and Vapor Cycle (Rankine + Brayton Cycle). Waste energy of Brayton cycle is used for energy source of Rankine cycle. 4. High temperature Fuel Cells.
Combined Cycle
Binary Cycle