B nh ng

Cho n nay, trong cc chng trnh ca chng ta, tt c nhng phn b nh chng ta c th s dng l cc bin cc mng v cc i tng khc m chng ta khai bo. Kch c ca chng l c nh v khng th thay i trong thi gian chng trnh chy. Nhng nu chng ta cn mt lng b nh m kch c ca n ch c th c xc nh khi chng trnh chy, v d nh trong trng hp chng ta nhn thng tin t ngi dng xc nh lng b nh cn thit. Gii php y chnh l b nh ng, C++ tch hp hai ton t new v delete thc hin vic ny Hai ton t new v delete ch c trong C++. phn sau ca bi chng ta s bit nhng thao tc tng ng vi cc ton t ny trong C. Ton t new v new[ ] c th c c b nh ng chng ta c th dng ton t new. Theo sau ton t ny l tn kiu d liu v c th l s phn t cn thit c t trong cp ngoc vung. N tr v mt con tr tr ti u ca khi nh va c cp pht. Dng thc ca ton t ny nh sau:

hoc

pointer = new type pointer = new type [elements]

Biu thc u tien c dng cp pht b nh cha mt phn t c kiu type. Lnh th hai c dng cp pht mt khi nh (mt mng) gm cc phn t kiu type. V d:
int * bobby; bobby = new int [5];

trong trng hp ny, h iu hnh dnh ch cho 5 phn t kiu int trong b nh v tr v mt con tr tr n u ca khi nh. V vy lc ny bobby tr n mt khi nh hp l gm 5 phn t int.

Bn c th hi ti l c g khc nhau gia vic khai bo mt mng vi vic cp pht b nh cho mt con tr nh chng ta va lm. iu quan trng nht l kch thc ca mt mng phi l mt hng, iu ny gii hn kch thc ca mng n kch thc m chng ta chn khi thit k chng trnh trong khi cp pht b nh ng cho php cp pht b nh trong qu trnh chy vi kch thc bt k. B nh ng ni chung c qun l bi h iu hnh v trong cc mi trng a nhim c th chy mt lc vi chng trnh c mt kh nng c th xy ra l ht b nh cp pht. Nu iu ny xy ra v h iu hnh khng th cp pht b nh nh chng ta yu cu vi ton t new, mt con tr null (zero) s c tr v. V vy cc bn nn kim tra xem con tr tr v bi ton t new c bng null hay khng:
int * bobby; bobby = new int [5]; if (bobby == NULL) { // error assigning memory. Take measures. };

Ton t delete. V b nh ng ch cn thit trong mt khong thi gian nht nh, khi n khng cn dng n na th n s c gii phng c th cp pht cho cc nhu cu khc trong tng lai. thc hin vic ny ta dng ton t delete, dng thc ca n nh sau:
delete pointer;

hoc

delete [] pointer;

Biu thc u tin nn c dng gii phng b nh c cp pht cho mt phn t v lnh th hai dng gii phng mt khi nh gm nhiu phn t (mng). Trong hu ht cc trnh dch c hai biu thc l tng ng mc d chng l r rng l hai ton t khc nhau.

// rememb-o-matic #include #include int main () { char input [100]; int i,n; long * l, total = 0; cout << "How many numbers do you want to type in? "; cin.getline (input,100); i=atoi (input); l= new long[i]; if (l == NULL) exit (1); for (n=0; n { cout << "Enter number: "; cin.getline (input,100); l[n]=atol (input); } cout << "You have entered: "; for (n=0; n cout << l[n] << ", "; delete[] l; return 0; } How many numbers do you want to type in? 5 Enter number : 75 Enter number : 436 Enter number : 1067 Enter number : 8 Enter number : 32 You have entered: 75, 436, 1067, 8, 32

trng hp hng s ny cha nh ngha bn c th t nh ngha n:

NULL l mt hng s c nh ngha trong th vin C++ dng biu th con tr null. Trong

dng rt rng ri v iu ny c khuyn khch gip cho chng trnh d c hn.

#define NULL 0 Dng 0 hay NULL khi kim tra con tr l nh nhau nhng vic dng NULL vi con tr c s

B nh ng trong ANSI-C
Ton t new v delete l c quyn C++ v chng khng c trong ngn ng C. Trong ngn ng C, c th s dng b nh ng chng ta phi s dng th vin stdlib.h. Chng ta s xem xt cch ny v n cng hp l trong C++ v n vn cn c s dng trong mt s chng trnh. Hm malloc y l mt hm tng qut cp pht b nh ng cho con tr. Cu trc ca n nh sau:
void * malloc (size_t nbytes);

trong nbytes l s byte chng ta mun gn cho con tr. Hm ny tr v mt con tr kiu void*, v vy chng ta phi chuyn i kiu sang kiu ca con tr ch, v d:
char * ronny; ronny = (char *) malloc (10);

on m ny cp pht cho con tr ronny mt khi nh 10 byte. Khi chng ta mun cp pht mt khi d liu c kiu khc char (ln hn 1 byte) chng ta phi nhn s phn t mong mun vi kch thc ca chng. Tht may mn l chng ta c ton t sizeof, ton t ny tr v kch thc ca mt kiu d liu c th.
int * bobby; bobby = (int *) malloc (5 * sizeof(int)); on m ny cp pht cho bobby mt khi nh gm 5 s nguyn kiu int, kch c ca kiu d

liu ny c th bng 2, 4 hay hn ty thuc vo h thng m chng trnh c dch.

Hm calloc.
calloc hot ng rt ging vi malloc, s khc nhau ch yu l khai bo mu ca n: void * calloc (size_t nelements, size_t size);

n s dng hai tham s thay v mt. Hai tham s ny c nhn vi nhau c c kch thc tng cng ca khi nh cn cp pht. Thng thng tham s u tin (nelements) l s phn t v tham s thc hai (size) l kch thc ca mi phn t. V d, chng ta c th nh ngha bobby vi calloc nh sau:
int * bobby; bobby = (int *) calloc (5, sizeof(int)); Mt im khc nhau na gia malloc v calloc l calloc khi to tt c cc phn t ca n v

0.

Hm realloc. N thay i kch thc ca khi nh c cp pht cho mt con tr.

void * realloc (void * pointer, size_t size);

tham s pointer nhn vo mt con tr c cp pht b nh hay mt con tr null, v size ch nh kch thc ca khi nh mi. Hm ny s cp pht size byte b nh cho con tr. N c th phi thay i v v tr ca khi nh c th ch cho kch thc mi ca khi nh, trong trng hp ny ni dung hin thi ca khi nh c copy ti v tr mi m bo d liu khng b mt. Con tr mi tr ti khi nh c hm tr v. Nu khng th thay i kch thc ca khi nh th hm s tr v mt con tr null nhng tham s pointer v ni dung ca n s khng b thay i. Hm free. Hm ny gii phng mt khi nh ng c cp pht bi malloc, calloc hoc realloc.
void free (void * pointer); realloc.

Hm ny ch c dng gii phng b nh c cp pht bi cc hm malloc, calloc and