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الذاكرة التاريخية للامه - د. جاسم سلطان
الذاكرة التاريخية للامه - د. جاسم سلطان
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) (1ﳛﺪﺩ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺧﻠﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﻃﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﺮ ﺎ ﺍﳊﻀﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻃﻮﺍﺭ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻗﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺪﺍﻭﺓ ﰒ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻃـﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤـﻀﺮ ﰒ ﻃـﻮﺭ
ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻫﻮﺭ ،ﻭﻗﺪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺧﻠﺪﻭﻥ ﻟﻠﺤﻀﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺎ ﻛﺎﺋﻦ ﺣﻲ ﻳﻮﻟﺪ ﻭﻳﻨﻤﻮ ﰒ ﻳﻬﺮﻡ ﻟﻴﻔﲎ ،ﻓﻠﻠﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻤﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﺍﳊﻲ ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ.
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2 1
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) (1ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻻﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻭﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﳋﻄﺄ ﻭﺍﳌﺸﺎﻋﺮ ﻭﺍﻷﺣﺎﺳﻴﺲ.
) (2ﺃﻓﺮﺩ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﺎﱂ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻋﺮ ﻭﺍﻷﺣﺎﺳﻴﺲ ﻛﻌﺎﱂ ﺭﺍﺑﻊ ﻣﻨﻔﺮﺩ ﻭﱂ ﻳﺪﺭﺟﻮﻩ ﲢﺖ ﻋﺎﱂ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ.
) (3ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻟﻸﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ.
) (4ﻭﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻋﺎﱂ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ ،ﻭﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﶈﺴﻮﺳﺔ ﻛﺎﳌﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﻭﺍﳉﺴﻮﺭ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ.
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.
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1
–
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) (1ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﺑﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺿﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺃﻓﻼﻃﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺿﻠﺔ.
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: א א מ
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1895 1860
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300
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1500 5000
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) (1ﺩ .ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻄﻮﻱ .ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺻﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ .ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ.
) (2ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ :ﻫﻲ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﱘ.
) (3ﺩ .ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻄﻮﻱ .ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺻﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ .ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ.
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ﺣﻀﺎرة ﺷﺮﻗﻴﺔ
ﺣﻀﺎرة ﻏﺮﺑﻴﺔ
ﺣﱴ ﺍﻵﻥ
2000ﻡ
1600ﻡ
1000ﻡ 1492ﻡ
330ﻡ 476ﻡ
622ﻡ -ﺍﳍﺠﺮﺓ
ﻣﻴﻼﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﻴﺢ 486ﻕ.ﻡ
1100ﻕ.ﻡ 509ﻕ.ﻡ
1000ﻕ.ﻡ 612ﻕ.ﻡ
2000ﻕ.ﻡ
2000ﻕ.ﻡ
3000ﻕ.ﻡ
4000ﻕ.ﻡ
4000ﻕ.ﻡ
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ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺑﻠﻴﻮﻥ (...-
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1566 – 622
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) (1ﻭﻧﺘﺮﻙ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻋﺎﺑﺮﺓ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺳﻜﻨﺪﺭ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻭﱐ ﰲ ﲪﻠﺘﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺃﺱ ﻣﺮﺍﻓﻘﻴﻪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﳌﻔﻜﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺃﺳـﻬﻢ
ﻣﻌﻠﻤﻪ ﺃﺭﺳﻄﻮ .ﻭﻫﻮ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪ ﻧﺸﻬﺪﻩ ﰲ ﲪﻠﺔ ﻧﺎﺑﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻮﻑ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ.
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711 420
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(MAGNA CARTA)
1
An out line History of England
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1087
“He either conceals the names of the authors from whom he borrows or
given them in correctly, a common trick with later Translator“
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1150
Aldard
“Natural Questions” Arab science
Robert 1160
Gerard
92 1187
“By the end of thirteenth century, much of the surviving corpus of Greek
science, the best of Muslim scientific work, and most of Aristotle was
circulating in the west in various translation“.
“The New Greek and Arabic works circulating in western Europe were
usually the starting point for fresh development in philosophy and in the
various science. Before 1000, Western Europe knew scarcely any thing in
medicine, its astronomy and mathematics were very rudimentary; chemistry
and physics hardly existed … They did take over from Arabs a large number
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of chemical techniques that were of use later in turning chemistry into a real
science. …. In mathematics and physics the starting point of new
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developments in the west was a gain the Introduction of Greek and Islamic
writing….
1
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) (1ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﺎﳌﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻘﺎﺋﺪ ﻭﻋﺒﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺃﺧﻼﻕ ،ﻭﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺩﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻈﺎﱂ ﻭﻧﻈﺎﻡ
ﺍﳊﺴﺒﺔ.
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1258 847
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1566
1566 N
N
1808 1595
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– – 1876
N
N
1
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1909
(1)
1877
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N
– 1924 – 1909
N
N
1924
1924 1299 N
1
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ﺑﻐﺪﺍﺩ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ
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10
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1
705
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847 4
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1291– 1095
1258
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101
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102
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622
661 – 622
661
680 661
720 – 717
743
750 – 661
750
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1250
1258
1260
1513 – 1288
1382
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1452
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1876
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1924
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1097
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1291
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