-

1
y

. , , f (x) =| x|
f (0 + h) f (0)
x0 = 0 . h < 0 , lim
h 0
h
h
= lim
= 1 ,
h 0 h

y=|x|
O

f (0 + h) f (0)
h
= lim = 1 ,
h 0
h 0 h
h
f (0 + h) f (0)
lim
h 0
h

h > 0 , lim

f ( x) = c

f ( x + h) f ( x ) = c c = 0
h 0 ,
lim

h 0

y=c
c

f ( x + h) f ( x )
=0,
h

f ( x + h) f ( x )
=0 .
h

()

(c) = 0.

()
y=0

y=x

f ( x) = x

f (x + h) f (x) = (x + h) x = h , h 0 ,
f (x + h) f (x) h
= =1.
h
h
f (x + h) f (x)
lim
= lim1= 1.
h0
h0
h
( x ) = 1 .

()

f ( x) = x

f ( x) = x 2 .

y
y=1

()

f ( x + h) f ( x ) = ( x + h) 2 x 2 = x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 x 2 = ( 2 x + h)h , h 0 ,

f ( x + h ) f ( x ) ( 2 x + h) h
=
= 2 x + h . ,
h
h
f ( x + h) f ( x)
lim
= lim ( 2 x + h) = 2 x .
h 0
h 0
h
y

y=2x

y=x2

( x 2 ) = 2 x

()

()

(x ) = x 1,

cf ( x )

F ( x ) = cf ( x ) .
F ( x + h) F ( x ) = cf ( x + h) cf ( x) = c ( f ( x + h) f ( x )) ,

F ( x + h) F ( x ) c ( f ( x + h ) f ( x )
f ( x + h) f ( x )
=
=c
.
h
h
h

lim

F ( x + h) F ( x )
f ( x + h) f ( x )
= lim c
= cf ( x ) .
h 0
h
h

(c f ( x )) = c f ( x ) .

h 0

f ( x ) + g ( x )

F ( x) = f ( x) + g ( x) .

F ( x + h) F ( x ) = ( f ( x + h) + g ( x + h)) ( f ( x) + g ( x ))
= ( f ( x + h) f ( x)) + ( g ( x + h) g ( x )) , h 0 ,

F ( x + h) F ( x )
f ( x + h ) f ( x ) g ( x + h) g ( x )
=
+
.
h
h
h

F ( x + h) F ( x )
f ( x + h) f ( x )
g ( x + h) g ( x )
lim
= lim
+ lim
= f ( x) + g ( x).
h 0
h 0
h 0
h
h
h

( f ( x ) + g ( x )) = f ( x ) + g ( x )

f 1 + f 2 + ... + f =1

h 0

1. :
P ( A B ) = P ( A) + P ( B )

N ( A) = N ( B ) = , A B + ,
. , N ( A B ) = + = N ( A) + N ( B ) .
: P ( A B ) =

N ( A B)
N ( A) + N ( B )
N ( A)
N ( B)
= P ( A) + P ( B )
=
=
+
N ( )
N ()
N () N ()

(simply additive law)
. , ,

P ( A B ) = P ( A) + P ( B ) + P ( ) .

A B

2. A :
P ( A) = 1 P ( A)

A A = , A , ,
P ( A A) = P ( A) + P ( A)
:
P () = P ( A) + P ( A) 1 = P ( A) + P ( A)

P ( A) = 1 P ( A)

A
A

3. :
P ( A B ) = P ( A) + P ( B ) P ( A B )

N ( A B ) = N ( A) + N ( B ) N ( A B )
, (1)
N
(
A
)
+
N
(
B
)

A B

A B

 . (1) N () :
N ( A B)
N ( A)
N ( B)
N ( A B)
=
+

N ( )
N ( ) N ( )
N ()
P ( A B ) = P ( A) + P ( B ) P ( A B ) .

(additive law).
4. A B , P ( A) P ( B )

A B : N ( A) N ( B )
N ( A)
N ( B)

N ()
N ()

P ( A) P ( B ) .

5.
P ( A B ) = P ( A) P ( A B )

A B A B
( A B) ( A B) = A ,

:
P ( A) = P ( A B ) + P ( A B ) .

P( A B ) = P ( A) P ( A B ) .

A B