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Not Bend of Space
Not Bend of Space
RebeloFernandes@sapo.pt
Abstract
Relativity is generated in this universe and as such should be possible to infer it from the universal
gravitational field.
Therefore we deduce the special and general relativity from the universal gravitational field. This analysis
Special relativity is derived from the concepts of equivalence energy / mass in relativity theory and the
It verified the compatibility of quantum mechanics, with the new theory of relativity which was
Because it was deducted, a relativity different from that proposed by Einstein and aware that there may be
only a single unified physics, decided to analyze the principles that led to Einstein's relativity
Keywords: relativity, time, space, gravitational, potential, velocity, speed, energy, mass.
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I
potential.
Here relativity is analyzed as field theory leading us to a new and general relativity. New relativities
Introduction
To better understand the development of the exhibition that follows, it is important to have a clear
Introduction
Locally the velocity of “light”, C is the maximum velocity in any direction of space.
This velocity is the maximum allowed by the universal gravitational field on local.
If the light is subject to the gravitational potential of this trail, then any mass is, too.
Locally because C is the maximum velocity possible, then we will have a escape potential:
=
- Universal mass radiation which is radiated to the location. (Taking into account the Doppler effect).
= 2
= 2 ρ
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Special relativity
When a particle, at the same location, moves at a velocity of V, has a potential , thereby we have a
= -
- = 2 ρ
ρ is constant for the same location in question, we will have the following, dividing one by the other:
=
=
=
=
=
The universal gravitational "constant" varies with the velocity of the referential. There is not constant and
Now we know the manner in which the gravitational variable in a referential location relates with the
The value of the gravitational referential in the same place, but with different velocities, is directly
Velocities
From the escape potential in referential V assessed in our referential is as our reference in the velocity
= 2 ρ
=
!
!
=
3
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ρ =
" #
= 2 ρ
= 2
" #
=
= $
L = L
L =C t
L = C t
C t = C t 1)
= $
$ ( = $ 2)
Dividing 1) by 2):
)! )
=$
*
*
= $1 (
*
*
The value found is equal to the value found by Einstein. The value now found was obtained by the
universal gravitational potential, which goes to show that relativity is really a field theory.
This method is more satisfactory because the method of Einstein is not taken into account the factor field
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The time and the variable gravitation
=1(
= $1 (
*
*
*
*
=
General relativity
ρ, - Universal density of potential energy at the location d, measured from the referential o.
= 2 ρ
= 2 - ρ,
2 - ρ, = 2 ρ
. ρoo
/ ρdo
=
Now we know the manner in which the gravitational variable of a referential location relates with the
gravitational variable of a referential at another location, with one referential at rest in relation to the
other.
The value of variable gravitational on all referential in different places at rest is inversely proportional to
In a universe in expansion, with the largest removal of celestial bodies, the pure potential of universal
mass in location will decrease, because will increase. As we have seen the gravitational variable is
inversely proportional to the universal density of potential energy, or the pure potential of universal mass,
as this will increase locally. We will explore this topic. Now we are dealing with the relativity.
From the escape potential in referential d assessed in our referential is as our reference in the velocity
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*
*
=
. *.
*
=
.
2
=
*.
=$
* 2
In relation to velocity V
=
.
2
=
Joined
.
2
=
In addition to this solution, considering the result obtained before, for the relativity between the
*.
= .
*
= $.
*.
*
= $
*.
* 2!
*.
=3
* 2
4
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=$
*.
* 2
*. * *
*
= *. *
I am convinced that this will be one of the most important conclusions to be retained for the future.
*Quantity of movement
From first postulate of relativity, the momentum must be constant in all referential.
m C = m C
m = m *
*
m = m $1 (
ρ = ρ *
*
ρ = ρ $1 (
Energy
E = 7 C
C "to#
t
E = m
*
* v
)
E = E
)!
9
E =
:
3
;
Mass
7 = 7
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7< = 7/ 31 (
/ 2
/ 2
In this new concept of mass, whenever V inclines to C, then the mass inclines to 0, or inclines to
transform itself into energy, because as we have seen, when V inclines to C, energy inclines to infinity.
Velocity
*
=
*
=
3
*
=
*
=
3
Quantity of movement
7 = 7 $1 (
3
7 = 7
Now the quantity of movement is equal to all the referential. Now we check the 1st postulate of relativity.
> ? = > ?
Energy
@
> =
3
Mass
7 ? = 7 ?
7 ? $1 ( = 7 ?
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A
7 =
3
infinity. Increasing velocity imply increasing energy, but only at the cost of the increase of mass. At the
speed of light, mass will never incline to transform itself into energy.
Quantity of movement
7 = 7
= 7 - an impossibility
A
2
31( /2
/
This impossibility was only resolved beginning with the specific case V=0, or in other words, without
The quantity of movement is not maintained. Are the laws of physics not the same in all referential?
The local mass which results from the cancelling of a mass with velocity V.
7B – Local mass.
7B = 7
7B = 7
7B = 7C 31 (
/ 2
/ "1(/2#
2
2 /
7B =
AD
2
31( /2
/
When we cancel the velocity of the particle with velocity V, its kinetic energy is transformed into local
mass.
Einstein's theory of relativity reached this mass value. It did not obtain the mass at the referential V but
instead, the final mass of the particle, when captured by our referential V=0.
He did not get the mass of reference in motion but the mass equivalent to our benchmark given the
constancy of energy.
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The new kinetic
Uniform movement
Time:
t
t = t $1 (
E
F
Velocity:
V
Vo
V =
Vo 2
H1(
2
Co
L = V to
Space:
L =V t = t $1 ( = V t
E E
F
:
3
;
L = L
V = a to
E
a =
)
V =a t
Vo
V 2
H1( o
2
E! Co Vo
a =
)! :
) " #
:
= =
) 3 ;
;
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a
:
" #
=
;
= a
)
a
)!
t $1 (
E
V =
: F
" #
;
t
V =
:
3
;
E
V =
:
3
;
V = V
to
tv
Space:
L = V t + a t
L =V t + a t
E
L = t o $1 ( t (1 ( #
E E
F +
:
" # F
:
3 ;
;
L = V t + a t
L = L
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Relativistic units
In the same local, with different velocities, with measures of self referential
As the electrical charges and mass, are energy, then all measurements are similar.
Referencial 0 Referencial V
EC E J EC ; E J EC 3
) F
)!
F E
Energy of mass
mC ; m J mC 3
m J mC
)! F E
) F
Mass
C V J C ; V J C 3
) F
)!
F E
Speed
aC
a J a C( # ; a J aC
) F
)!
Acceleration
F E
LC L J LC
PC P J PC
Length
Quantity of movement
G J GC " #M ; G J GC " 3 #M
) F
GC
)! F E
Variable gravitational
F J FC ; F J FC 3
) F
FC
)! F E
Force
√C √ J √C ; √ J √C 3
) F
)! F E
Frequency
Wavelength λC λ J λC
qC ; q J qC 3
Q J qC
)! F E
) F
Electric loads
UC U J UC ; U J UC 3
) F
)! F E
Permeability
BC B J BC ; B J BC 3
) F
)!
F E
Electromagnetic field
**
Relativistic mechanics can be developed from the expression of the conservation of the relationship
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Energy
E t = E t
E = E $
ρdo
E2 ρoo
Therefore we consider:
E = 7 C
E = 7 C
7 C
t = 7 C t
Quantity of movement
7 . C = 7 C
"7 C # C t = "7 C # C t
"7 C # C t = "7 C # C t
C t = C t
1st - Velocity curves solely because time curves which leads to a different nature for the light.
C = C
)
)!
C, = C $ – E
ρdo
2 ρoo
)
V, = V
)2!
V, = V $
V.
E2 V
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2ª- Space does not curve.
C, t , = L,
too $
WX/
2 V E2
L, = C 3
( Vd 2 W//
2 V.
L, J C t
L J C t
YZ[ = Y\\
Mass
7- C,
t , = 7 C t
7- =
7// Coo 2 too
Cdv 2 tdv
7- =
7// Coo 2 too
^
]F _ )2!
^ 2!
7- =
A )2!
)
Relativistic units between different references, with measurement made from our
reference.
t 2
G J GC " o #
Co 2
tv
; G J GC 2
Co 2 (Vo
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Variable universal gravitational at local.
Depending on the speed with the same universal density of potential energy.
W- = Wb
_,_ - Local, Velocity
. .
- =
.
Wd
e f e $
WX
b
WX
Wd
Wd
e
=
WX
WX
K=$
Wd
WX
- = b $ Wd
Globally.
Relativists units. In different locations (d, v), with different speeds (c, v’).
W – Universal density of potential energy ( / ) or density of universal potential energy.
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Referential
C,v’ Referential d, V
t
, ′ W- – V′
Eb,′ E-, J Eb ; E-, J Eb,′ 3
t ,, Wb ( V,
Energy of mass
t ,, Wb ( V,
<l m-, J mb,′ ; m-, J mb,′ 3
t
, W- – V′
Mass
t
, g W- – V′
b,′ V-, J Vb,′ ; V-, J b,′ 3
t ,, Wb ( V,
Velocity
ab,g ?b,g W- – V′
a-, J ab, ; a J a
?-, -, b,′
Wb ( V,
Acceleration
L ?b W-
L- J L
; L- J L
?- Wb
Length ( independent from V)
P P J P
Gb,′
Quantity of movement
G-, J b,g " i # " i #M ; G-, J Gb,′ $ " #M
Variable gravitational ) ) V. ge
)2 )2 Ve .
t W- ( lb
Fb,g F- J Fb′ ; F- J Fb′ 3
t, W ( V,
Force
t W- ( lb
√b,g √- J √b′ ; √- J √b′ 3
t, W ( V,
Frequency
t
W- – V′
EPb,g EP- J EPb, ; EP- J EPg 3
t, W ( V,
Energy of electric loads
t, W- ( V,
qb,g q-, J qb,′ ; q-, J qb′ 3
t
Wb – V′
Electric loads
t
W- – V′
Ub,g U-, J U ; U J Ub′ 3
t, Wb ( V,
Permeability
t
W- ( V
Bb,g B-, J Bb,g ; B-, J Bb,g 3
t, Wb ( V,
Electromagnetic field
Experiences of evidence
Many will argue with all the experiences to date show that the curvature of space.
We don’t know how they fit, when we have seen in Chapter I of the impossibility of the curvature of
space.
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Rotational platforms.
Older experience, proving this theory, was held in rotational platforms. The value found directly is only
possible of this actual theory doesn’t require the use of any inertial transformations.
Deny the directly result found in the rotational platform is denying the principles of relativity.
Until this day, was incomprehensible to increase the radius described by the charged particles in particle
accelerators.
= |n |
A
В
= |n |
A
В
^ ^
A !
=
^ ^!
^
|n | ! В
^
A
= ^
|n | ! В
^
A )
=
|n | В )!
to
= tv
= 3
F
F E
The radius described by the particles is inversely proportional to the particle proper time. The radius
increases.
Another confirmation of this theory, happen to measure the speed of light in different referential.
As we all know today, there are two places to which mankind goes to which have different times to those
on Earth. We are of course referring to the space station and to the Moon.
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To clarify the above, we give some interim results in the article titled "The curvature of the time under the
a) - The atomic radius varies with the potential of pure mass universal. Not vary with speed. An
instrument that is carried to measure the speed of light will also do so. When considering the size it would
As we will see in the same article, the speed of light on Earth will also vary throughout time. It currently
decrease around -0.009808 m/s by year, (-1 m/s in the next 102 years).
If we repeat the experiment in 1976 by the English group, Woods and Others, which concludes that the
speed of light would be 299.792.458.8 ± 0.2 m / s, it appears that the value measured today, 31 years
later, varying 0.32 m / s which are already outside the margin of error.
. We believe that, given the time elapsed; it should repeat the experiment under the same conditions of
1976.
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Restricted relativity inferred from concepts of the mass-
Introduction
Einstein introduced the concept that any mass has an associated energy and vice versa. This relationship
E = m
Any energy is associated with its intrinsic frequency, and this energy, according to quantum mechanics,
E=h√
√=
p
– inverse of the period.
T=y t
√ = q)
r
E = q)
r
Et=q
r
q
=k
E t=s
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_ - On the referential V, moving with speed V.
E t =K
E t = K
E t = E t
Relativistic mechanics
Energy
E t = E t
)
E = E
)!
) 9!
)! 9
=
) h√ !
)! h√
=
) √!
)! √
=
)! √
) √!
=
When we change the energy of matter, kinetic energy, changes its energy and thus changes its frequency.
An increase in energy, moor frequency, corresponds to a reduction in time. Time its invert proportional
to frequency. Time is a property of matter of its energy level. We have concept of time because we are
matter.
Therefore we consider:
E = 7 C
E = 7 C
7 C
t = 7 C t
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Quantity of movement
Through the 1st Postulate of Einstein, with which I completely agree, the quantity of movement must be
7 . C = 7 C
7 = 7
F
F!
Velocity
"7 C # C t = "7 C # C t
"7 C # C t = "7 C # C t
C t = C t
1st - Velocity curves solely because time curves which leads to a different nature for the light.
C = C )
)
!
V = V )
)
!
It would be like having an "absolute" velocity of the constant light which is read with a different value at
“Absolute”, only in the inverse concept of “relative”. A reference to an imaginary constant time the
Light runs the same course in the equivalent curved times of all the referential, not in the unit of time, but
the light run course in the curved times equivalent to all the referential, is constant.
Mass
7 C
t = 7 C t
7 =
A F )
F! )!
7 =
A F )
^
vF w )!
^!
7 =
A )!
)
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In this new concept of mass, whenever V inclines to C, then the mass inclines to 0, mass inclines to
transform itself into energy, because as we have seen, when V inclines to C, energy inclines to infinity.
7 . C = C )
A )! )
) !
7 . C = 7 C
Considerations
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III
Einstein's postulates:
1st - Postulate
The laws of Physics are the same in all inertial referential. This is true both for mechanics and for
electromagnetism.
The laws of Physics are certainly the same in all referential, because if this was not so, we would not have
physics.
2nd - Postulate
The velocity of light in a vacuum is constant (c=+- 300.000 km/s) regardless of the velocity of the
The laws of physics are certainly the same in any reference, as if it were we would not physical.
For the 2nd postulate there are some doubts, which are the reason for writing this article.
Einstein's method:
Now we apply the same reasoning used by Einstein to calculate the curvature of time and the curvature of
space.
Let us bring here, the famous example of the observation of a light signal emitted within a train, which is
emitted from the floor of the train in the direction of the roof, where there is a mirror that reflects back to
The phenomenon is interpreted by an observer on the train stopped, referential V, and other in the train in
motion, referential O.
- The observer O in motion will observe the light path indicated on the left.
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Referential O Referential V
Figure1.
x = x
? =
y
=
y
*
a)
2 L= ?
That is the analysis of referential in motion V Einstein used the length not curved.
x = x
*
S = 2 d = 2 $x z v w
|
$y { v w
? =
? =
}
~
√ ( = *
}
b)
2 L = ? √ (
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x = x
2L=2L
? C= ? √ (
? = ? $ 1 (
=$ 1 (
*
*D
The value found for the curvature of time is only possible with equal lengths, lengths not curved.
On the other hand velocity is always given by the ratio between length and the time it takes to go that
length.
It is incomprehensible experience in which Einstein based its conclusion that the velocity of light was
From the experiments conducted on Earth, our reference, the only possible conclusion to draw is that the
How is equal in all directions the only possible conclusion is that the velocity of light depends only on the
x = ? C
x = ? C
x = x
*
*D
? = ? $ 1 (
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Rebelo Fernandes
x = ? $ 1 (
C
x = x $ 1 (
This contrasts with the premise to the calculation of the curvature of the time when the space is considered
not curved.
To determine the space curved Einstein enters with the curvature of the time factor that derives from
In the curvature of the time assumed 2x = 2L and 2x = 2L. To obtain the value of the curvature was assumed
2L=2L, then x = x .
The space in the same model can´t be simultaneously, curved and not curved at the same time.
Einstein can’t propose a model in which space does not curve, using the curvature of the time generated
Consider the constant velocity of light in all referential is the source of the problem.
Mathematical proof
x = x
*
*D
x =
x
~ 4
= √ (
It’s impossible.
If he had considered the length curved, the calculation for the motion referential V, would conclude,
? =? .
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x = ?
x = ?
? = ? 1)
? C= ? √ ( 2)
Dividing 1) by 2):
F ~
=
=
$
We conclude that within this model we find, the relativity between the velocity of light.
Let us now consider what will happen when the direction of light coincide with the
direction of displacement V.
Einstein's reasoning.
Reference V Reference O
Figure2.
? =
y
2 x= ?
?C =
y
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The time to return is given by:
?C =
y
{
?C = ?C z ?C =
y
?C =
*
*
*D
=
*
*D
=
? = ?C √ ( " #
~
x = ?
x = ? √ (
x = x
~
? = ? √ (
x = x
x = x
~
= √ (
It’s impossible.
x = ? C
x = ? C
x = x
*
*D
x = x
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But we can’t lose the principle of reasoning.
In the first model, Einstein, study the curvature of time and concludes:
=$
*
*D
We maintain consistency, and to study the curvature of time for the 2nd model.
As we have seen:
*
*D
=
If we notice the different curves we find for the time, are for different angles between the direction of displacement
The curvature of time can’t depend on the direction of displacement, only depends on the speed, regardless of their
direction.
There must be any one phenomenon that has not yet managed.
Let us study the model in which the angle between the ray of light and the displacement is a variable.
Let us bring here, the famous example of the observation of a light signal emitted within a train, which is
emitted from the floor of the train in the direction of the roof, where there is a mirror that reflects back to
Let's allow the movement of the train is not only in the direction perpendicular to the ray of light or the
We deduce the general expression of the curvature of time, depending on the angle between the direction of the
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Rebelo Fernandes
We consider the direction of the ray of light fixed and vary the direction of displacement.
Referential V Referential O
Figure3.
? =
y
=
y
*
2 L = ?
For the referential V, with time ? Einstein considered the speed of light in our referential takes the
value C.
= C
If we look to the curvature of the time, to the referential moving Einstein uses L.
That is the analysis of referential in motion V Einstein used the length not curved.
? =
}{E F"
# *
~ ""##
? =
}
~ ""## E F"
#
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? =
}E F"
# *
~ ""##
? =
}
~ ""## {E F"
#
? z ? = ? =
}~ ""##
""## ""##
? =
}~ ""##
"P"# {"# #
? =
}~ ""##
? =
}~ ""##
*
* ~ ""##
=
For this expression there are a multitude of solutions to the curvature of the time.
a
The choice of Einstein now seems random, as for the curvature of the time chose i= and the space i=0.
If i=0:
*
*
=
a
If i= :
*
=$
*
But so it is not.
The time of a referential can only depend on the speed of displacement of the observer referential
Cannot be, the emission of a ray of light, in any direction, in motion referential, the cause of change in
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Rebelo Fernandes
If the time of the referential, does not depend on the direction of its displacement, then the factor Sin (i)
? =
}√
For any angle (i):
? =
y
√
=
}
*
J √ (
This is the speed of light measured by an observer at O, with velocity V in the time ? at a referential O,
.
*
* F√
=
=$
*
*
The time in referential only depends on the value of the speed of displacement of the referential.
Given the uncertainty we feel in the options of Einstein, the curvature of the time deducted or was a
The independence of the referential time relative to the direction of the light ray makes it clear that the
Now, we know the value of the curvature of the time, whatever the direction of movement.
Velocity:
x = ?
x = ?
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Rebelo Fernandes
? = ? 1)
? C= ? √ ( 2)
Dividing 1) by 2):
/
C ~2 (2
=
=
/
$
We can only find the value we found for the curvature of the time, if the space does not curve.
The only time depends solely on the value of the forward speed of the referential of the observer.
Only the curvature of time and no curvature of space its able to respond to the principles of relativity.
Now we know the value of the curvature of the time, whatever the direction of movement.
This shows the curvature of time depending on the non curvature of space, which forces the curvature of
speeds.
We can conclude that the velocity of light, is relativistic, is not constant in all referential.
The value of the velocity curve, in inverse proportion, to the time curved of the referential.
Note: In experiments on the speed of light in time, what changed was the direction of the ray of light and
not the referential. The only possible conclusion is that the velocity of light did not change with the
change in the direction on propagation. Not understand how they drew the conclusion that the velocity of
light was the same in all referential. No change of the referential, not out of the Earth.
Consider a ray of light emitted at one end of ruler over this and that is reflected at the
=
C
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Rebelo Fernandes
Observer stopped Observer in motion
Figure4.
Ruler stopped
To observer stopped.
? =
y
? =
y
? =
y
? = ?
=
*
*
|
=
|
*
J
*
=
? J ?
x J x
Ruler in motion
If we consider the ruler moving at the velocity in the direction of the displacement along the ruler, we
To observer stopped.
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Rebelo Fernandes
? =
y
2x= ?
? =
y
y
? =
4
4
*
? =
? = ?
? = ? $ 1 (
The curvature of time is unique to the observer and is independent of the velocity of the rule and only
If the observer moves at the same velocity and direction of the ruler, the curvature of the time, due to the
If the space does not curve so we have a serious problem with the 2nd postulate of Einstein.
So we have a problem with the constancy of the velocity of light at all referential.
We have to admit, a different velocity of light to the referential motion, concerning the velocity of
Later we will confirm the value of the curvature of time based on the universal gravitational potential.
We now know that space does not curve and as such we have:
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Rebelo Fernandes
Time
=$
*
*
Space
x = ?
x = ?
x = ? $ 1 (
$
x = x
Velocity
t E CE = t C
CE = C
)
):
CE =
F
$ !
;
=
$
=
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Rebelo Fernandes
IV
We will deduct the following articles relativity from the perspective of relativistic energy and quantum
energy, subject to the universal gravitational field and deduce the general relativity from a field theory.
The deduction of relativity as a field theory seems of utmost importance, because the current method this
2nd Postulate: The velocity of light in a vacuum, in the current curved time of our referential is
300.000 Km/s. The curse of light in a vacuum is constant in relation to the equivalent and
Or:
Light runs the same course in the equivalent and simultaneous curved times of all the referential.
Conclusions
The space run by light in the equivalent curved times of all referential will be the same.
The velocity of light itself, "absolute to a absolute time", is invariant in the universe, in each referential
will have a different unit reading because with the curvature of time, when we divided the quantity run by
} }
)! )
≠
C ≠ C
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Rebelo Fernandes
The space-time curvature, entity which has accompanied us for so long, will have to be abandoned
Now galaxies that move at a greater velocity are further from the centre of the Big-Bang, in any
referential.
One day we will be able to travel close to the velocity of light and go on a long trip. If we followed the
After all we have the local relativity, the local equivalent of general relativity, responding to local issues,
because in our place with V = 0, the space in Einstein's theory does not curve and therefore the theory
Einstein's relativity doesn’t respond correctly when we left for the universe.
As we shall see in later articles opens up a window for reconciliation of all physical and much more
information.
$
t’ = t
X’ = X – V t
X’ = X – V’ t’
*
*g
$
V’ = V ; V’ =
t $1 (
$
X – V’ t’ = X – ( ) ; X – V’ t’ = X – V t
Y’ = Y
Z’ = Z
A matrix of transformation:
C’t’ 1 0 0 0 Ct
Xg ´ 0 1 0 0 X
Y´ 0 0 1 0 Y
Z´ 0 0 0 1 Z
The matrix is symmetric, then, all laws of physics are unchanged under the transformations of relativity
38
Rebelo Fernandes
Porto, 6 de October de 2009
Portuguese
E-mail. rebelofernandes@sapo.pt
39
Rebelo Fernandes