Barbara Hammer - Learning With Recurrent Neural Networks

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[$]
[$]/[
vsdfe\jLmoq(modfe\b
[
q(d
mek} ] me\vsm6
9
dfe\ao
d ] |b&`Bb_ gvsm [ eq
[kY ` [
` d [
q Y\[
Y\[
q(diq Y\[
}d@b/
b Y d Zeq Y ` qBq Y\[
q [$] |b&` ]/[
vsd\e\b(moj [$]/[ j
] d _\b(qe [ blb
zmoq YB]^[ b} [ vsqq(dd b [$] ` qlmcd\eBe\d@mob [ t
v$`@_\b [ b`@egme\v ]/[ ` b [

b_ b(q(moq_\q [ j
_Le\vsq(modfega [ ` ] e\mue\ngb(df|
a [ ` ] e\me\nk` aon@d ] moq Y |~tz
[$] b(modfe\b&d
b(v$` a [ j
D
] d a [ |
`Pvsdfe\v [ }\qZvsa` blb
a [ ` ] eL` a [ d ]
vsd [$] me\ne\_L|
`Pe\moq [
e [ ` ] ao
[$] b(modfe\b
[$] blmcd\e\b`@e\j
vsd\e\v ]/[ q [& d ] |bz` bzb} [ vsm6 [ j` d [
èW` aon@d ] moq Y |~t
[ jk` aon@d ] moq Y |b v$`@e
q(dvsdfe\b(moj [$]
b [ e\b(moq(m [
b(v$` a [
q(d\}\mcvEmcqmobPèkmeq [$]/[ b(qlmue\niL_ [ b(q(modfe`"bq(d~
a [ ` ] e [ j~zmoq Y
_Le\vsq(modfeq Y\[
Y\[ ia [ ` jqldke [ v [ b(b` ] i`@e\jb_ gvsm [ eq
j [ b(monfeSd
q Y\[
me\n
vsdfe\blmcblq [ e@q
[ [$]
a [ ` ] eL` moaomoqd z _Le\vsq(modfevsa` b(b [ bHX

j_ [
q(dWà [ ` ] e\mue\n~` aon@d ] mcq Y |xmoq(b [ a
] `@e\jLd\|m
d
q` b
d ]
a [ ` jLb~q(dblv$` a [ j
`ga [ ` ] e\me\n`"acnd ] moq Y |~t
_Le\vsqlmcd\e\b_Le\moL_ [ acme
b`@|
Y mov Y
w ` a|d@b(qy`"acavsdfe\v [ }\qlb
q Y\[ b [ d ] |_\a` q(modfe\bmu|E}\acg`v [$] q`"mue
d\e\b(moj [$] me\nq Y\[
q Y `"qv$è
d ]
`"q(modfe~d
[ eq` q(modfe~e\d~aodfe\n [$]&Y d@aojLbm
[ v$`@_\b [
e\d@mob [
[$] mue\nEmueS}L` ] q(mov$_\a` ]
`@ea [ ` ] e\mue\n` aon@d ] moq Y |
` q(modfe~medfe [
_\qWe\dqPe [ v [ blb` ] vsdfe\jLmoq(modfe

` ] nf_L|
[$](] d ] Xq(d\dX
q [$] |b$XL`@e\bl
q Y\[
q [ aoa_\b
} ] d [ jd ]>[ [$] vsdfe\b(mob(q [ eq
q [$] |
meq ] d\j_\v [ jq Y\[ b [
e\d@q(modfeSd
[ d ]/[
[ aoa6fe\d ZeSv Y ` ] ` vsq [$] m
b(m moaomoqd [ e\vsd\jLmue\n
_ ] q Y\[$] |d ]/[ Xmoqk|B`@ [ bgb [ e\b [
[WY ` [
Y mov Y
a [ ` ] e\me\ngq` bt
[ } [ e\jLmue\ngdfegq Y\[
_Le\m d ] |-zmoq Y]/[ b} [ vsqqld
[ |B}\m ] mov$` a
q(dSe\j
q [ b(q [ j
} [$] d ] |xvsd ](]^[ vsqn [ e [$] ` aom
} ] ` vsq(mov$` a
`}L}\acmov$` qlmcd\e\b$tW
v$`@}L` moaomoq/d
q Y\[
m [ t
,
n [ q(bq Y\[
_\qZe\d@qZvsdfe\b(mob(q [ eq(ao
]/[ aoidfeSq Y\[
b} [ vsmu`"a
me@q [$]/[ b(q
`"q(modfe~
mek`vsdfe\v ]^[ q [
a [ ` ] eL` a [ X
` qlmcd\e\bq Y ` qjLd~e\d@q
` ]^[
d q` me [ jkvsdfe
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` q(modfeX@d\e [
[s[ egq Y\[ b [
_ ] q Y\[$] |d ]/[ XmoqBmobW}Ldb(b(m a [
[Y ` [
` aomcjin [ e [$] ` aom
d ]
b Y df_\aoji_\b [
]^[ |B` me\bZd\} [ e~meSq Y mob&vsdfe@q [s qmobZ
mob

b|B` aoa
[ e@qlmcd\e [ jq [$] |b$t
` d [ |
q Y\[
n@d\d\ja [ ` ] e\mue\n` aon@d ] moq Y |mobQq(d
` aon@d ] moq Y |b Y ` oa a} $
|
vsd l
v qn [ e [$] ` aom
[ ] d ]
] ]/[ s
a [ ` ] eL` mcaomoq/@t
q
n
e
`
a
o
m
"
`
q modfemobqld
(

Y\[
[
[ ]
$
9
vsdf|B}\aomov$` q [ jrX>vsdf_\aojib_\vsv [s[ jmeSn [ e [$] ` aNt
a [ ` ] e\me\n~mei} ] me\vsm}\a [
}L` qlq [$] e\bz
me d ] |B` q(modfegb_\v Y
] df|x`@egme d ] |B` q(modfegq Y\[ d ]/[ q(mov$` a}d@me@q d
q Y `"qdfe\aoq Y\[[s mcblq [ e\v [
q [$] |
[ [$]
Y d
[ e\df_\n Y
d@aojLme\nke [ qd ] ~d ] mcq&v$`@e
v$`@eSb(q` ] qZq ] ` me\mue\nt

a [ ` ] eL` om acmoq/mob
d [s `@|B}\a [ b&b_ Wvsm [ e@q
e [ q/d ] blm [ `@e\je\_L| $

Y mov Y
[ ] d
egq Y\[ ] blqJ}L` ] qd q Y mobzv Y `@\

} q [$]
d@aojLme\nke [ q/d ] @b&` b Èa [ ` ] e
qmobe [ v [ (
b b` ]
q(d
`@}L} ] d m|B` q [ jSzmoq Y
}d@b(b(m moaomcq/id
q Y\[
_\blmue\n
m [ xme} ] me\vsm}\a [ t
`@emue d ] |E` q(modfeq Y\[ d ]/[ q(mov$` a}Ld@meqd
e\d@q&nf_L` ] `@e@q [s[ jrXe\dga [ ` ] e\me\n` aon@d ] moq Y |~X
d ]
me~q Y\[
Y\[ q Y\[$]
[$]
e\_L|
vsdfe\v [ }\q vsau`"b(b [ bmoq
q Y\[
` jLjLmoq(modfed
d _Le\vsq(modfevsau`"b(b [ b
[s[ egb Y d ZeEq Y ` q
Y ` b
Bj [ q [$] |me\mob(q(mov` aon@d ] moq Y |bz`@e\j~moqv$`@e
me\jkd
b(m|_\a` q [ j~zmoq Y me~`j [ q [$] |Pmue\mob(qlmcv` aon@d ] moq Y |t
e\dmcb [ X d ]
[s `@|B}\a [ X`Pq(d@b(b [ jgvsd@megv$`@e
df} [ e`"bq(dS
vsa` b(b [ bZ

v$` b [
[kY ` [
d
q Y\[P d ] |
Y\[ q Y\[$]
Y mov Y
` ]^[
w ]^[ ` b(dfeL` a [ ymue\jd
a [ ` ] eL` a [
] m [ jLmob(v$_\blb [ j)
|d\j [ 6a
]^[s[
d
dq Y\[$]

q Y\[ _Le\vsq(modfeiq(d
q Y `"qj [ ` azmoq Y
q Y\[
e\d@mob [
vsd\|B}L` ]/[ j~q(dEq Y\[

Y mov Y)]/[ b_\acqlb
a [ ` ] e\me\nBmobj [ `"acq zmoq Y
tQ
` ] nf_L|
[ eq
d
C
b(m|_\a` q [ Z
b `
q(db(b [ jkvsdmuezmoq Y mei`Bj [ q $

q ]/[ |B` m e\b
[ ] |me\mcblq(movW` aon@d ] om q Y |XLq ] `@e\b $
[ ] b q(dWq Y\[ _Le\vsq(modfe~v$` b [ t
Y\[
me\v ]/[ ` b [ bq Y\[
Y mov Y
[$]
ef_L|
d _Le\vsq(modfe
j [ q [$] |me\mob(q(movb [ q(qlmue\nt

` aomcjm
]/[ |B` me
Y mobzmobmeq [$]/[ b(qlmue\nm
a [ ` ] e [ jmob` ` moa` a [ t
jLmob(q ] m _\q(modfeme\j [ } [ eLj [ eqWv$`"b [ X
[BY ` [
Y\[$]/[
q Y\[
q Y\[
} ] ` vsq(mov$` aoaome@q [$]/[ b(q(me\n
e\d} ] mod ]
\e\d a [ jLn [
dfe\aoivsmcq [ jb [ [$] `"a
` df_\q
]/[ b_\aoq(b
_Le\j [$] ao\mue\n} ] d ` mcaomoq/me
( b ,%
@p
` vsvsd ] j`@e\v [
` ]^[
q(d
Y mcv Y
` bg|B`@edf} [ e_ [ blq(modfe\b
gb(m|B}\ao
d
[s `@|me\me\ngq \
Y [
q Y\[
X@
q Y\[
_L}L} [$]
Qmcbq Y\[
[ e\b(modfet
zmoq Y
XQ}\b [ _\jLd X`@e\j
[ [ e
Y\[ mon Y q
d ]]^[ b(q ] movsq [ j
dfe\ao`
me~q Y\[
N[
d q` me [ j
` d [
q Y\[
}\b [ _\jLd\jLm|
U
_ ] q Y\[$] |Pd ]/[ X [ [ e
df_Le\jLb
}L` q(q [$] e\bvsd\e\b(q(moq_\q [
|E` m|_L|-meL}L_\q
[$] b|B` aoaL` ] v Y mcq [ vsq_ ]/[ b
b [$] m [ b} ]/[ jLmovsq(modfet

[
` aomoj)n [ e [$] `"acm
d ]
_ ] q Y\[$]]/[ blq ] movsq(modfe\bdfeiq Y\[
d
q Y\[
d
} [$] v [ }\q ] dfe
meL}L_\qQb [ qrq Y `"qrmobb Y `"q(q [$]/[ j
Y\[
eL`"q_ ] ` aoao~me~q(m|
b(q ] _\vsq_ ]/[
[ eq&mueq Y\[
[ e\b(modfej [ } [ e\j)dfeq Y\[
jLmob(q ] m _\q(modfeme\j [ } [ e\j [ e@q
q Y\[ b [
W`@eEd ] j [$]
[$]
[ [$] XHme|Pd@b(qmueq [$]/[ blq(me\n
} [$] v [ }\q ] dfev$` b [ X q(d\dtzd
d ]& d@aojLmue\n` ] v Y moq [ vsq_ ]^[ bzmoq Y df_\q
q_ ]^[ bq Y `"qrb Y ` q(q [$]

d ]
v$` b [ b$t
[ mon Y q/b Y ` ] me\ni` ] nf_L|
[ mon Y q(bè\jmeL}L_\q(bHt
_ ] q Y\[$] |d ]/[ X@q Y\[
[ b(q`

Y\[ mon Y q$X\a [ ` me\n`"b`@ed\} [ eB} ] d a [ |q Y\[&]/[ ` aLd ] j [$]

me\jd
` qb Y ` q(q [$] mue\nijLm|

q Y\[
[ e\b(modfed Q d@aojLmue\nk` ] v Y moq [ vsq_ ]/[ b$t
]/[ v$_ ]l]/[ e@q>vsdfeLe [ vsq(modfe\bQa [ ` jqldzb_\v Y]/[ b_\aoq(bHt
_Le\vsq(modfeEvsau`"b(b$t
Qme\moq [ e [ b(bd
_Le d ] q_LeL` q [ aoBjLm
b(monf|d@moj` av$` b [
b(monf|d@moj` arv$`"b [ X d ][s `@|B}\a [ XLd\vsv$_ ] b
&bB`kvsd\e\b [ _ [ e\v [
[
q Y\[ _Le\vsq(modfe~vsa` blb$t
d ]
df_Le\jLb
meq Y\[
q Y\[
v$` b [ bq Y\[
b [ [$] ` aa [ ` ] e\me\n
`@}L} ] df`"v Y\[ bq(dj [ `"a mcq Y
df_Le\jLbzmegq Y\[
[$]
_ ] q Y\[$] |Pd ]/[ Xb(df|
df_\aojmu|E} ] d [
v$` b [
vsdf_ ] b [ Xq Y\[$]/[

0
v$`@}L`"vsmcq/gd
|B` m|_L|DmeL}L_\q
m
Y\[$]/[
jLm|
`@e\j~aod
H N
} ] ` vsq(mov$` a`}L}\acmov$` qlmcd\e\b$t
[Y `
[ [ b(q(m|B` q [ jkq Y\[
Y\[$]^[ d ^
] [ X
[$]/[
_ ] q Y\[$]
[ eq(m ]/[ ao_LeL\e\d&et
[ e\b(modfeSnf_L` ] `@e@q [s[ bza [ ` ] eL` moaomoqSmek` aoard
}\b [ _\jLd\jLm|
v Y d@b [ emcb
q` bbvsdfe\v [$] e\me\ne [ _ ] `"a

e [ qd ] @b$Xa [ ` ] eL` moaomoq/mob|d@b(q&d q [ e
_\qmeivsdfe\v ]/[ q [
aomob Y\[ j
` b
Y\[$]/[
` ] mcd\_\bZ@me\jLbd
b(v [ eL` ] mod@bzq Y ` qJq
q Y\[k[s `@|B}\a [ b~` ]/[
` qlmcd\ev$`@eLe\d@q
mueL}L_\qlbd ]
meL}L_\qZ}L` q(q [$] e\b`@e\j~|me\m|_L|
b(moq_L` qlmcd\e\bQq Y ` q` ]^[
aom [ aoqldZd\vsv$_ ]
q Y\[
` ] v Y moq [ v
me} ] ` vsq(mov$` a
a [ ` ] e\me\ngq` bb$t
`@mue\nq Y\[
`@e
D `

t zme
q Y\[
d
{
[$]
ePq Y\[
meL}L_\q(bb_\v Y
d [s `@|E}\a [ bQmobe [s[ j [ j

[zY ` [
vsdfeq ] ` ] @X
[ jq(d
[ jLn [
mobqldWmeq ] d\j_\v [
|B` [
q Y\[
_\b` n [
Èa_\vme [ b(b
Y\[$]/[
d
q Y mob
] `@|
_\qZq Y\[
d ]
` qlmcd\eB`@e\b(
[ ] me\n
$
aom|moq` q(modfeid
` aomojWn [ e [$] ` aom

Y mov Y
[ d ] i}Ldb(b(m a [
n [ e [$] ` aom
` q(modfe
fe\d za6
blq ] ` q(m6v$` qlmcd\ekd
Y\[ mon Y qme`gvsdfe\v ]/[ q [
[WY ` [
`@e~`@}L} ] df`"v Y
n [ e [$] ` aom
[s }\aomovsmcqz} ] mod ]
j [ e [ bB`~}d@b(q [$] mod ]
|B` m|_L|meL}L_\q
q Y\[
q ]/[s[ bHt
`"q(modfezmoq Y df_\q
Y\[$]/[
] d a [ |
} ] d ` moaomcq/Bd
q Y mob}L_ ] }Ldb [
} ] d ` mcaomoq/~d
Y mcn Y
q Y\[
_Le\vsq(modfe
m`~q Y\[
0
nf_L` ] `@eq [s[ jrt
_Le\vsq(modfeSvsa` b(b [ bHt
}d@b(b(m moaomcq/Bd nf_L` ] `@e@q [s[ mue\n
a [ ` ] e\me\nSb(v [ eL` ] mod
vsd\e\b(q ] _\vsq [ jgb(moq_L` qlmcd\e\bz
d q`"mue [ jgeL` q_ ] ` aLvsd\e\jLmcqlmcd\e\b

dfeq Y\[
[$](] d ]]/[ _\m ]/[ b`@e~`B} ] mcd ] mraom|moq` q(modfeSd

e\d@q Y\[$]
Y ` [
[
` aomojBn [ e [$] `"acm
d ]
df_Le\jLb` ]/[
q Y ` qZ}d@aoe\df|Pmu`"a
[s[ eSn [ e [$] ` aom
Y ` b
} ] d ` moaomoqgme@qldP`"vsvsdf_Le@q
}L` ] qlmcv$_\a` ]
[s }dfe [ eq(m` ae\_L|
[ jq Y\[
q Y\[
q ] ` me\me\nkb [ q$tB>d
`@}L} ] df` v Y

d
{@{
_Le\vsq(modfevsa` b(b [ bB`@e\j` ] moq ] ` ] @XQe\d@qe [ v [ blb` ] moaovsd\e\b(mob(q [ eq$Xa [ ` ] e\me\n`"acnd ] moq Y |b$t~&e
df_Le\jLb&q Y ` qZ` ]^[ d q`"mue [ jSme~q Y mob&J`H~` ]/[] `"q Y\[$] vsd\e\b [$] `"q(m [ t
qZmobe\d@q
q(d
d ] q_LeL`"q [ ao@XLq Y\[

}d@b(b(m a [
qldkb_ b(qlmcq_\q [
` a|db(qZ` aoa
[s `@|B}\a [
q Y\[
|B` m|_L|
q ]/[s[ bZ` ]/[
d
] df|`Bq [ v Y e\mov$` a
}d@me@qd
d q` me [ j
df_Le\jLb$X
df_\q}L_\qd
%$
>
Y mov Y
Y mov Y
` bq Y\[
{ t d
q Y\[
` ]^[
d
q Y\[
e\_L|
` aon@d ] moq Y |zmoq Y
[ [$] X
d
[BY ` [
[$] b
vsdfej [ e\v [
Y mcv Y
d
[ ` b_ ]/[
_\q
d ]
b_\v Y
q Y ` qdfe\ao
`@}L} ] df} ] m` q [
q(dgq Y\[ ` vsq(d ]
me~df_ ]
b(moq/
Qae&meiq Y\[
} ] d a [ |-zmoq Y
q Y\[
a_\vs@me [ b(b
qdf_\aoj
eL` q_ ] ` aq(dvsd\e\b(moj [$]
`@e
` a_ [ b
d q` me\me\nW`@egd\_\q}L_\qvsd ](]/[ b}dfe\jLme\nBq(d
q [ v Y e\mcv$`"a
d q` me [ j`gnf_L` ] `@e@q [s[ d ]
[$]
`@e`} ] mod ] mvsd\ej [ e\v [k d ]
df_\q}L_\qZvsd ]l]/[ b}Ld\e\jLmue\n~qld
q
`@edf_\q}L_\q
d\_\acj
m [ Xrq Y mcb} ] d a [ |mcbj_ [
XLb Y df_\aoj
]/[ ` bldfe\bq Y\[
` aomojn [ e [$] ` aom
`@e\j`@e`S}Ld@b(q [$] mod ] m

n\_L` ] `@eq [s[ d ]
%$
` q a [ `"b(q
Y ` [
Y\[$]^[
Y mon Y
q(dk` jLj_L}iq(d
`"q(modfeimeiq Y\[
è@ib(moq_L` qlmcd\e
`"b
q Y\[
meL}L_\qq ]/[s[ b
]/[ blq ] movsq [ jrt

e
d@q Y
v$`"b [ bQq Y\[
df_Le\jLbb Y df_\aoj
[
_ ] q Y\[$]
b(q ] ` q(m6v$` q(modfed d@aojLme\n` ] v Y moq [ vsq_ ]^[ b$t

` ]^[
Y mov Y
`v [$] q`"mueEa_\vme [ b(b$t

q Y\[
mob&a [ blbau_\vs~q Y `@ekè\d@q Y\[$]

vsdfej [ e\v [
`ke\_L|
mueL}L_\qlb
b [s[ |PbqldfdSvsdfe\b [$] ` q(m [ te\d@q Y\[$]
me\v ]/[ ` blmue\ngb(me\v [
j [ } [ e\j [ e@qBv$`"b [
` ]^[
Y mov Y
_\b`"n [
q Y\[
b|B`"aca [$]&Y\[ mon Y q
_L` qlmcd\et
_Le\vsq(modfemobBq Y\[
Y\[ mon Y qd
q/d d@aoj
q Y\[
}Ld@blb(m mcaomoq/Wd
v Y ` d@qlmcv
mue\v [
m|B} ] d [ j
è`}L} ] df} ] m` q [z]/[ blq ] movsq(modfed ]
q Y\[z]/[ ` b(dfe\bQa [ ` jLme\nq(dZmee\moq [
[$Y ` mod ]
meEq Y\[
b(monf|dmcj`"av$` b [
jLm|
`@e\jBq Y\[
[ e\b(modfe
}Ld@blb(m mcaomoq/
Lf
&
-C-- + |
N
d [ e\vsd\jLme\n)` ] moq ] ` ] me d ] |B` q(modfemueq Y\[

`
`
]/[ blq ] movsq(modfed

]^[ b(q ] movsq(modfed
q Y\[
q Y\[
` ] v Y mcq [ vsq_ ]/[ bBb_\v Y

mueL}L_\qlb~b_\v Y
[ q(q [$]
d\_Le\jLb$t
d
vsdf|E}L_\q` q(modfeX\d
q Y\[
`@_\qldf|B` q(d\emeB`
d
q Y\[
b(qld ] ` n [
q Y\[
b(m|B}\a [
aomu|Pmcq` q(modfed
vsdf_ ] b [ X
v$è
[ df_Le\jSm
q Y\[
_\a6aoaZv [$] q` meb(q` moaomoq/v ] moq [$] m``@e\j

v$`@}L` vsmoq/
q Y\[
aomu|Pmcq [ jb(q(d ] ` n [
b(qld ] ` n [
v$`}L` vsmoqSmobn@m [ e
Y mov Y~]/[ j_\v [ b`@ee [ q/d ] Pq(dBè\moq [
e\dmcb [
vsdf|B}L_\q` qlmcd\emobJ`
[ vsq [ jBzmoq Y

_Le\acm|moq [ ja [ e\n@q Y
Y ` [
b(df} Y mob(q(mov$` q [ j~` ] n\_L|
[ e@q
e\d@mob [ t
kq Y\[
d ]
q Y\[
` vsv$_ ] `"vs
q ]^[s[
acm|moq`"q(modfe
[ e@q(modfe [ jSme~q Y\[
]/[ j_\v [ b q(dq ]/[s[
vsdf_ ] b [ X\q Y moba [ `"jLbqld`&e\moq [
d ]]/[ v$_ ](]/[ eqZe [ q/d ] b$t
|B`Ha [ ` j)q(d
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