EN 15167-1:2006

: : : 20 : 36.00 . EN 15167-1:2006 CEN/TC 104 , . 1: , Ground granulated blast furnace slag for use in concrete, mortar and grout - Part 1: Definitions, specifications and conformity criteria , , , , , EN 206-1. , . , , , . , .. , , , .. , EN 206-1. This European Standard specifies requirements for the chemical and physical properties as well as quality control procedures for ground granulated blastfurnace slag for use as a type II addition in the production of concrete, including in particular cast-in-situ or prefabricated structural concrete conforming to EN 206-1. Ground granulated blastfurnace slag conforming to this European Standard may also be used in mortars and grouts. Ground granulated blastfurnace slag containing any added materials other than grinding aids, is not within the scope of this European Standard. It is also not within the scope of this European Standard to specify provisions governing the practical application of ground granulated blastfurnace slag in the production of concrete, mortar or grout, i.e. requirements concerning composition, mixing, placing, curing etc. As regards such provisions, reference should be made to other European or national standards, such as EN 206-1. TC-5 - ICS 01.040.91 - () 91.100.15 - 89/106/EEC -

Pulverized Fuel Ash Pulverized Fuel Ash, also known as Fly Ash or PFA, is extracted from the flue gases of coal-burning furnaces. It is the most commonly used Pozzolan. The effects of Pulverized Fuel Ash when added to concrete made with ordinary Portland cement are to:

reduce the Heat of Hydration and act as a retarder, delaying the development of the concretes strength. increase the long-term strength of the concrete. reduce the Free Water Content needed to provide a given Level of Workability. improve the resistance of the concrete to sulphate attack and , provided the Pozzolan has a low alkali content (less than 1.5%), to alkali-silica reaction.

Since Pulverized Fuel Ash acts as a retarder, the early strengths of concrete made with Pulverized Fuel Ash are very low. In order to ensure adequate early strength, ASTM C 595-93 Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements, References 26, limits the pozzolan content of concrete to be used in general construction to 15% by weight of all the cementitious material. if high early strength is needed, or to 40% otherwise. The DOE Method, used by Firstmix, gives recommendations for concrete mix design with Pulverized Fuel Ash added to Portland cement. The Pulverized Fuel Ash is expected to conform to BS 3892:Part 1:1993. Specification for Pulverized Fuel Ash for Use with Portland Cement, References 27, which amongst other stipulations limits the loss on ignition to 7% and the percentage retained on a 0.045mm sieve to 12.5%. The DOE Method is based on 28 day strengths

Pulverized-Fuel Ash
Definition
Pulverized-fuel ash (PFA), also known as coal fly ash (FA) is extracted by electrostatic precipitation from the flue gases of modern coal-burning power stations and is similar in fineness to cement [HD 35/04].

Use
Based upon the Specification for Highway Works [MCHW Volume 1] and the Design Manual for Roads and Bridges [HD 35/04], Pulverized-fuel ash (PFA) can be used in:

Bitumen bound materials PFA may be used in a variety of base course and binder course mixtures. Concrete PFA can be used as an aggregate, or a cementitious material, in concrete. Pipe bedding may contain PFA where the grading permits. Hydraulically bound mixtures (HBM) for subbase and base PFA can be used as an aggregate, or a cementitious binder, in HBMs. Capping may contain PFA. Embankments and Fill PFA is a suitable material for the construction of embankments and for fill applications.

In addition, PFA has the following uses [DCLG, 2007]:

Concrete block making. Lightweight aggregate manufacture. Ground remediation. Filling underground caverns (grouting).

Relevant material and location

Pulverized-fuel ash from coal-fired power stations in the Midlands, the North and Scotland.

Tonnages in the UK (excluding Northern Ireland)

Arisings: 5.00 Mt (England) and 0.61 Mt (Scotland) Relevant portion suitable for aggregate use: 5.61 Mt (100% of arisings) Aggregate use: 0.90 Mt (England) and 0.17 Mt recycled (including non aggregate use) in Scotland Non-aggregate use: 1.80 Mt (England) Existing usable stockpiles: no data

Explanatory comments
Data for England are sourced from the DCLG survey [2007] and for Scotland from Winter et al [2001]. There is a coal-burning power station at Aberthaw in South Wales [UKQAA, 2007], no data are available for this location.

Arisings
Pulverized-fuel ash (PFA) comprises the finer fraction of the ash recovered from the gases of coal-fired power stations during the combustion of pulverized coal. The uniformity of the feed substrate and combustion conditions dictate physical properties of the PFA arisings. PFA arisings can be:

taken directly from power station silos (dry ash), or with water added at source or on site to assist in handling/compaction (conditioned ash); taken from stockpiles of previously conditioned ash located at the coal-burning power stations (stockpile ash) or recovered from storage lagoons (lagoon ash) [Coventry et al, 1999].

Stockpiles
The location of stockpiles depends on regional demands for the material in relation to local power station output. For example, little PFA is going to landfill in the London area, while large volumes are being landfilled in Scotland, Yorkshire, the North West, and the Midlands [Sear, 2003].

The potential exists for a large quantity of PFA to be accessed by recovery from lagoons, but this would require extra treatment costs to remove water and impurities. For certain applications, such as use within grouts, stockpile ash or lagoon ash may still be suitable.

Trends in aggregate use

Use is showing a general upward trend [DCLG, 2007].

Future potential
With recent large increases in energy prices, coal fired energy production is rising, thus production of PFA is expected to show a rise in 2006. Pressure to use more cement substitution will also rise. Hence use of PFA overall may well rise but this may not be in the aggregate reuse sector. Given the scale of annual production, use of stockpiled PFA would require a very large (and unforeseeable) increase in market demand. Production of lightweight aggregate has now ceased so this outlet is lost to the aggregate re-use sector [DCLG, 2007].