Computer Fundamental

What Is Computer?
KwDUvi wK?
Computer kwUi mvaviY A_ nQ MYK h| jvwUb k Compute _K BsiRx Computer ki Drcw|
Compute kwUi A_ MYbv ev wnmve wbKvk Kiv| KwDUvii mvnvh g~jZt hvM, weqvM, Y, fvM BZvw` Kvhvejx
mv`b Kiv hvq| wK eZgvb hyM KwDUvii egyLx eenvii dj KwDUvii msv AbK evcKZv jvf KiQ|
Kvb mxwgZ msv w`q Avi KwDUviK Mxe Kiv hvq bv|

Who Is The Inventor Of Computer?

KwDUvi -Gi AvweviK K?
wewk wevbx wewUk MwYZwe` Pvjm eveR AvaywbK KwDUvii g~jbxwZ wbaviY Kib| evwbK chwy i Afve eveRi
GB g~jbxwZ evevqb Kiv me nqwb| ZeyI Zvui GB hyMvKvix wPvfvebv Ges cPvi Rb ZvuK AvaywbK KwDUvii
RbK ejv nq| 1887 mvj Wvvi nvigvb njwi_ AvgwiKvi Av`ggvixi KvR `Z mv`bi Rb Pvjm eveRi
g~jbxwZ wbq Melbv i Kib| ci 1911 mvj `ywU wfb Kvvbxi mnhvMxZvq wZwb KgwcDwUs, UeyjwUs I iKwWs
Kvvbx cwZv Kib| hv ci wek weLvZ IBM (International Business Machine) -G icvwiZ nq|

Computer Structure:
KwDUvi Gi MVb cbvjxt
Computer g~jZt wZbwU Ask wef| hgb t
1. Input Device. D`vniYt Kx evW, gvDm, RqwK, Mvwd cvW, vbvi BZvw`|
2. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
3. Output Device. D`vniYt gwbUi, wcUvi, wKvi cfw Z|
MvwbwZK hyw Ask
-----------^----------mUvj BDwbU --- >
-----------^----------wZ GjvKv

BbcyU
wWfvBm

AvDUcyU

wWfvBm

Deference Between Computer & Human Being:

KwDUvi I gvbyli ga cv_Kt

KwDUvi I gvbyli ga cv_K njv KwDUvi h Kvb KvRi djvdj AwZ `Z MwZZ c`kb Ki| wK gvbyl Zv cvi
bv| Zv mI gvbyl KwDUvii Pq eywgvb| Kvib KwDUvi gvbyli nvZ Mov GKwU BjKUwb h| Zvi Pq eo
KviY njv KwDUvii wbR^ Kvb eyw bB| gvbyl hw` Zvi wZ ev ggvixZ md&UIqvi mU Ki `q Zvnj m H
md&UIqvii mvnvh wbq Avgv`i mvgb Z_ c`vb Kie| Zvi ekx ev Kg Kie bv|

Classification Of Computer:
KwDUvi Gi MVb cbvjxt
MVb I Dk f` KwDUviK `yB fvM fvM Kiv hvq| h_vt

Analog Computer

Digital Computer
GQvov Dciv `yB aiYi KwDUvi Gi mswgkb AviKwU KwDUvi Zix nqQ| Gi bvg Hybrid Computer|
Note : wWwRUvj KwDUviK Avevi Pvi fvM fvM Kiv nq| h_vt 1. mycvi KwDUvi 2. gBbdg KwDUvi
3. wgwbdg KwDUvi 4. gvBv KwDUvi ev, cvmvbvj KwDUvi| wbP Gi mK Zzj aiv nj|

Classification Of Digital Computer:

wWwRUvj KwDUvi Gi MVb cbvjxt
Super Computer. D`vniYt fviZi wbR^ Zix KZ mycvi KwDUvi cig| GQvov iqQt Cray-1, Cyber-205.
Mainframe Computer. D`vniYt UNIVAC 1100/11, IBM 6120, NCR N8370, IBM 4341.
Miniframe Computer. D`vniYt PDP 11, NOV A3, IBM S/34, IBM S/36.
Micro Computer. D`vniYt eZgvb Avgiv h me KwDUvi `wL Zvi meB nQ gvBv ev, cvmvbvj KwDUvi|
G`i ga iqQ : Apple 64, IBM PC, TRS 80 cfwZ|

Created by: Md. Kamrul Hassan Bappy

Page: 1 of 6

E-mail: info@khola-janala.com

Computer Fundamental
Measurement Of Data Of The Computer:
Computer -Gi Z_ cwigvci GKKt
evBbvix bv^vi cwZZ eeZ AsK 0 (b) Ges 1 (GK) K Bit ej| BsiRx Binary ki Bi I Digit ki t wbq
Bit kwU Zix nqQ| KwDUvi wZZ iwZ 0 I 1 Gi KvW w`q wewfb Z_ msiwZ _vK| G KviY KwDUvii
wZi aviY gZvi y` GKK wnmve Bit kwU eeZ nq| KwDUvi GB 0 I 1 viv h wekl cwZZ KwUvii KvR
Ki ZvK KwUvii hvwK fvlv ejv nq|

Bit, Byte, KB,MB,GB Ges Gi ga mKt

KwDUvii wZZ weU, evBU ev KwDUvii k aviYi msLv viv aviY gZv wb`k Kiv hvq| mvavibZt evBU w`q
wZi aviY gZv cKvk Kiv nq| Ze ejv `iKvi h weU nQ KwUvii msLv cwZi z`Z
g GKK| G`i ga mK
wbP Zzj aiv njt
8 Bit
= 1 Byte
1024 Byte

= 1 Kilobyte(KB)

[1 Byte = 1 Character]

1024 Kilobyte = 1 Megabyte (MB)

1024 Megabyte = 1 Gigabyte (GB)
1024 Gigabyte = 1 Terabyte (TB)

How Many Parts Of A Computer?

KwDUvi Gi KqwU Ask I wK wK?
There are two parts of a Computert

Hardware:
KwDUvii mKj cKvi h ev, hvskK Hardware (nvWIqvi) ejv nq|

Software :
wbcvb nvWIqviK Kvhg Ki mwq Ki Zvjvi Rb eeZ cvMvgB nQ mdUIqvi|

What Is Memory?
wZ wK?
gvbyli gZv KwDUviiI ggvix ev, wZ iqQ| KwDUvii wZK `yB fvM chvwqZ Kiv hvq| h_vt
1. cavb wZ (Main memory) hgbt RAM, ROM|
2. mnvqK wZ (Auxiliary memory) hgbt dwc wWU, nvWwW, Kgcv wW cfw Z|

What Is RAM?
ivg wK?
RAM (Random Access Memory) GKwU Avqx (Volatile) wZ fvvi | Input Device nZ mKj cKvi Z_
RAM G Rgv nq| cavb wZi G Ask hLb ZLb bZzb Z_ jLv hvq, Z_ cov hvq Ges BQv Kij Z_ mg~n gyQ djv
hvq| RAM -Gi Z_ cov I jLv Dfq KvRB mv`b Kiv hvq ej GK wjLb cVb wZI (Read Write Memory)
ejv nq _vK| we`yr mieivn e nj RAM G iwZ mKj Z_ gyQ hvq| ZvB GK Avqx wZ wnmve AwfwnZ Kiv
nq|

What Is ROM?
ig wK?
ROM (Read Only Memory) GKwU vqx (Non Volatile) wZ fvvi| cavb wZi GB AskwU vqx, AcwieZbxq I
AasmvZK wZ| Computer -G we`yr mieivn e Ki w`jI GB wZZ iwZ Z_ gyQ hvq bv| ROM -G bZzb wKQy
mshvRb, mskvab ev cwieZb Kiv hvq bv| GB Ask wjwLZ Z_ aygv cov hvq, wK jLv hvq bv| ZvB GK vqx wZ
wnmve AwfwnZ Kiv nq|

Created by: Md. Kamrul Hassan Bappy

Page: 2 of 6

E-mail: info@khola-janala.com

Computer Fundamental
What Is Disk?
wW wK?
Computer Gi hveZxq Z_ msiY Kivi Avavi K Disk ej|
Disk `yB aibi nq _vK| hgbt
1. Floppy Disk
2. Hard Disk.
GQvovI evRvi AviI GK aibi Disk cvIqv hvq hvi bvg Compact Disk (CD).
wW Gi aviY gZv wbwjwLZ:

Floppy Disk:
1.44 Megabyte (MB) [ For 31/2 Floppy Disk ]

Compact Disk:
150 Megabyte (MB) _K 800 Megabyte (MB)

Hard Disk:
15 Gigabyte (GB) _K 800 Gigabyte (GB)

DVD Disk:
700 Megabyte (MB) _K 12 Gigabyte (GB)

What Is Operating System?

Operating System wK?
Operate (Pvjvbv) _K Operating ki Drcw| ki AvwfavwbK A_ njv cwiPvjbv Kiv| Avi System ki A_ njv cwZ|
Operating System ejZ KwDUvi cwiPvjbv Kivi cwZK eySvq| Operating System ejZ cwiPvjbv Kiv eySvq bv| hLbB
Avgiv Kvb KwDUvi Pvjy KiZ hvB Zvi c~e Avgv`iK RvbZ ne KwDUvi Operating System AvQ wKbv| Kbbv Operating
System KwDUvii mg Ask wbqb Ki| Zvjve GKwU Ni cek KiZ nj hgb Pvwei cqvRb nq, bv nj XyKv me bq|
Zgwb fve KwDUvi PvjvZ cqvRb nq Operating System. hgbt DBvR, BDwb, wjbv, gvK IGm, cvIqvi Icb
cfwZ|

What Is Startup Disk?

vU Avc wW wK?
AcviwUs wmgi hme dvBj jvwWs Gi gvag KwDUvi Pvjy nq mjv nQ vU Avc dvBj| Ges KwDUvii h
wZZ GB vU Avc dvBjjv msiwZ _vK Zv nQ AcviwUs wmg| mvavibZ GUI BUvidm mg DBvRi
vUAvc wW wnme nvWwW Ges Dos gvWi Rb vU Avc wWU wnme dwc wW eeZ nq|

What Is Windows?
Windows wK?
Windows njv Microsoft Corporation KZK evRviRvZKZ GKwU kwkvjx Operating System. Windows Operating
System -Gi Aaxb AbKjv Application Software _vK hv m cwiPvjbv Ki _vK| DOS (Disk Operating System)
-Gi Aaxb h me Application Software _vK mjv Avgiv DOS Command Gi gvag cwiPvjbv Kwi| DOS
Command -Gi RwUjZv `~i Kivi Rb Microsoft Corporation Windows Operating System wU ei Kib| GLvb
Application Software jv cwiPvjbvmn mKj KvR Mouse I Keyboard Gi mg^q Lye mnR Kiv hvq|

Various Types Of Windows Operating Systems Verson:

Windows AcviwUs wmgi fvmbi wewfbZvt
AvMB ejv nqQ DBvR GKwU kwkvjx AcviwUs wmg| ay ZvB bq GwU hgb BDRvi djx Zgwb ej eeZ
GKwU AcviwUs wmg| GwUi wewfb fvmb iqQ| hgbt Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows ME. eZgvb
bZzb eeZ DBvR nQ Windows XP. GQvovI bUIqvwKs Gi Rb eeZ AcviwUs wmg nj Windows NT.
AcviwUs wmgi wfbZvi `ib GK bvbv aibi fvmb fvM Kiv nq| DBvR 95 Gi AvMi Kvi AcviwUs wmg jv
wQj 16 weUi| Gici 95, 98, 2000, Gg B, GbwU GB msiY wj wQj 32 weUi| eZgvb DBvR Gwc evRvi
AvQ| GwU 64 weUi AcviwUs wmg Ges Abvb AcviwUs wmgjvi Pq mevcv ekx cvidig w`Z mg|
gvBvmdU cieZxZ DBvR jsnb GwWkb evRvi Qvoevi c`c wbQ|

Created by: Md. Kamrul Hassan Bappy

Page: 3 of 6

E-mail: info@khola-janala.com

Computer Fundamental
What is Computers Booting Process?
KwDUvii eywUs cmm wK?
 KwDUvi Ab Kivi ci h Kvj xb KwDUvii nvWIqvi I Abvb mwKZ wewfb Z_ AvmZ _vK ZvB
KwDUvii eywUs cmm| GB mgq vU Avc wW nZ Z_ ivg Pj Avm Ges evqvm, Autoexec.bat, Config.sys
BZvw` dvBjjv jvW nq|

How To Start A Computer?

KwDUvi Pvjy Kiv hvq wKfve?
 c_g KwDUvii we`yr mieivni hveZxq jvBb wVK AvQ wKbv Zv `L myBP Ab KiZ ne|
 GLb Casing Box Gi Power Switch evUb wUc w`q KwDUvi ON KiZ ne|
 wKQyY Acv Kivi ci KZjv Folder/Icon mn Windows Desktop Screen c`wkZ ne|

Introducing on Windows Screen:

DBvR Gi xb cwiwPwZt
c~eB ejv nqQ KwDUvii Power On Ki we`yr mshvM mvabi ci hw` KwDUviwU Windows Operating
System Gi gvag Pj Ze Abi ga Avcwb DBvRi Screen `LZ cveb| Ze AvcbvK RvbZ ne DBvR
xbi ek wKQy ewk iqQ| hv `LjB AvcbvK eySZ ne KwDUvii GwU Windows Operating System Gi
xb Ges KvR mv`b Kivi Rb mew`K _K cZ
|
DBv xbi GB ewk wj wbg Zzj aiv njt

My Computer t xbi hveZxq AvBKb jvi ga My Computer GKwU| GwU w`q KwDUvii nvWwWi WvBf
jvK cek Kiv mn dvBj, cvMvg BZvw` Icb Kiv hvq|

My Documents t wWdv mwUs wnme GB AvBKbwU xbi My Computer Gi wbPB Aevb Ki| Gi ga
Avgiv h me Document RwbZ Kvhvejx mv`b Kwi Zv Gm Rgv nq|

Recycle Bin t xbi Abvb AvBKbjvi mv_ Recycle Bin bvgI GKwU AvBKb _vK| Bnv KwDUvii Wvweb
wnme f~wgKv cvjb Ki| Avgiv AbK mgq Avgv`i AcqvRbxq dvBj jv gyQ dwj| Zv Gm GLvb Rgv nq| Gici

Recycle Bin Empty Kivi gvag dvBj jv KwDUvi nZ wPiZi gyQ w`Z nq| wimvBKj web nZ GKevi
gyQ djv dvBj Avi KLbI diZ Avm bv|

Taskbar t Windows xbi wbPi w`K AbyfywgKfve (Horizontally) we`gvb Ber wUi bvg Windows Task
Bar. Bnv AbKi KvQ Avevi vUvm evi wnmeI cwiwPZ| Gi mevi Wvb w`K _K Uv AvBKb| KwDUvi Pvjy nevi
mgqB Gjv jvW nq| Gi mv_ KwDUvii NwoI Aevb Ki| Gi viv eZgvb mgq Rbv hvq|

Start Button t Windows Taskbar Gi evg w`K  START jLv GKwU evUb cveb| Gi viv Operating
System Gi hKvb Kvh mv`b Kiv hvq| KwDUvi Bbj Kiv cvMvgI Gi viv Pvjy Kiv hvq| vU gbyZ hq
Avcwb h Ackb `LZ cvib mjv nQ Shutdown, Run, Search/Find cfwZ| Avi mvegbyjvi ga cveb
Programs, Documents, Settings cfwZ| Ze DBvR GwcZ wKQyUv wfbZv j Kiv hvq|

Created by: Md. Kamrul Hassan Bappy

Page: 4 of 6

E-mail: info@khola-janala.com

Computer Fundamental
Using of Start Button:
vU evUbi eenvit
KwDUvi Avcwb bigvj A_ev, mvBb&UwdK Dfq cKvi KvjKzjUi eenvi KiZ cvieb| GRb gvDmi mvnvh
wbgwjwLZ KvRwU Kib|
Opening Calculator: Start > Programs > Accessories > Calculator
Avcwb Avcbvi wjLvi Kvhvw` KwDUvi IqvWcvW eenvi Ki mv`b KiZ cvib| GRb Avcwb wbPi KvRwU Kib|
Opening a word processing program: Start > Programs > Accessories > WordPad
KwDUvi mvaviY Qwe AvuKv AuvwKi KvR Avcwb cBU cvMvg eenvi KiZ cvib| wbg cBU cvMvg Lvjvi cwZ `qv
nj|
Open Paint Program: Start > Programs > Accessories > Paint

How To Create A Folder?

wKfve dvvi Zix Kiv hvq?
 DBvZ gvDmi Right Button viv wKK Kib|
 New mvegbyZ hvb|
 Folder G wKK Kib|
 hKvb GKwU bvg w`b|
 Kx evWi Enter G Pvc w`b|

How To Delete A Folder?

wKfve dvvi gvQv hvq?
 Folder wmj Kib|
 Press Delete Key [ KxevW _K ]
 Yes G wKK Kib|
 Gevi WUci xb nZ Recycle Bin Gi Dci gvDmi Right Button viv wKK Kib|
 h gvmR ewU Avme ZvZ Yes evUb wKK Kib|

How To View File Or Folder?

wKfve dvBj ev dvvi Gi welqe `Lv hvq?
 Folder wmj Kib|
 gvDmi Right Button viv wKK Kib|
 Properties G hvb|
 General Uve hvb|
 `Lv kl nj OK evUb wKK Kib|

How To Shut Down A Computer?

wKfve KwDUvi e Kivi hvq?
 Uvevii Start Z wKK Kib|
 Shut Down G wKK Kib|
 GLb Shut Down AckbwU Choose Kib|
 OK Z wKK Kib|
 AT Casing Gi Its now save to turn off your computer xbwU Avmj KwDUvii cvIqvi myBP
Pvc w`q KwDUvi e Ki w`b| Gevi e`ywZK gBb myBP Ad Kib|
 ATX Casing Gi Its now save to turn off your computer xbwU Gm KwDUvi AUvgwUK e
nq hve| cvIqvi myBP Pvc w`q KwDUvi e Ki w`evi cqvRb ne bv| Gevi mivmwi e`ywZK gBb myBP Ad
Kib|

Created by: Md. Kamrul Hassan Bappy

Page: 5 of 6

E-mail: info@khola-janala.com

Computer Fundamental
How To Restart A Computer?
wKfve KwDUvi cybivq Pvjy Kivi hvq?
 AvMigZv GeviI Uvevii Start Z wKK Kib|
 Shut Down G wKK Kib|
 GLb Restart AckbwU Choose Kib|
 OK Z wKK Kib|
 `Lv hve cybivq eywUs cmm Pvjy nq KwDUvi mPj nqQ|

mywcq cwkbv_xe`,
fQv iBj| D AvjvPbv _K Avgiv KwDUvii Gi mwKZ wewfb Z_ Ges DBvR
wKfve cwiPvjbv Kiv hvq Zv mK Rvbjvg| AvkvKwi Zv Avcbviv RbQb Ges eenvi KiZ ciQb| ay
RvbjB Pje bv| GB DBvR eenvi mK my avibv _vKZ ne| hw` Kvb Ask eenvi KiZ Amyweav
nq Ze wkKi mnvqZv wbq Gi mgvavb Kib| c~bivq mevBK AbK AbK fQv Rvwbq KwDUvi
dvvgUvj cei mgvw Kijvg|
fQv,
MD. KAMRUL HASSAN BAPPY
(Diploma in Computer Science and Information Technology)

********************

Created by: Md. Kamrul Hassan Bappy

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E-mail: info@khola-janala.com