U2 VS.

F-15

1 2 L ! W ! V gVg SC L 2

C C D ! cd  TeAR

2 L

U2
Cruise at 70,000 ft Air density highly reduced Flies at slow speeds, low q high angle of attack, high CL AR ~ 14.3

F-15
Flies at high speed (and lower altitudes), so high q low angle of attack, low CL AR ~ 3

AR and Di , but which to control b2 or S?

WING LOADING (W/S), SPAN LOADING (W/b) AND ASPECT RATIO (b2/S)
W W b ! b S AR D0 ! qg SC D , 0 1 W Di ! Teqg b
2

Span loading (W/b), wing loading (W/S) and AR (b2/S) are related

Zero-lift drag, D0 is proportional to wing area Induced drag, Di, is proportional to square of span loading

2 1 Di 1 W ! D0 Teqg b qg SC D , 0

Take ratio of these drags, Di/D0 Re-write W2/(b2S) in terms of AR and substitute into drag ratio Di/D0 1: For specified W/S (set by take-off or landing requirements) and CD,0 (airfoil choice), increasing AR will decrease drag due to lift relative to zero-lift drag 2: AR predominately controls ratio of induced drag to zero lift drag, whereas span loading controls actual value of induced drag
2

W W W2 S ! 2S ! 2 b b S AR S

 
2 2

Di 1 ! 2 D0 TeqgC D , 0

W  S
2

AR

EXAMPLE: AIRBUS A380 / BOEING 747 COMPARISON

Wingspan: 79.8 m AR: 7.53 GTOW: 560 T Loading: GTOW/b2: 87.94

Wingspan: 68.5 m AR: 7.98 GTOW: 440 T Loading: GTOW/b2: 93.77

FINITE WING CHANGE IN LIFT SLOPE ( 2T)

E ! E eff  E i

Lift curve for a finite wing has a smaller slope than corresponding curve for an infinite wing with same airfoil cross-section Figure (a) shows infinite wing, Ei = 0, so plot is CL vs. Egeom or Eeff and slope is a0 Figure (b) shows finite wing, Ei 0 Plot CL vs. what we see, Egeom, (or what would be easy to measure in a wind tunnel), not what wing sees, Eeff

1. Effect of finite wing is to reduce lift curve slope Finite wing lift slope = a = dCL/dE 2T 2. At CL = 0, Ei = 0, so EL=0 same for infinite or finite wings
4

CALCULATING CHANGE IN LIFT SLOPE

If we know a0 (infinite wing lift slope, say from data) how can we find finite wing lift slope, a, for wing with given AR? dC L ! a0 E d   Ei C L ! a0   E i  const E C C L ! a0 E  L  const TeAR a E  const CL ! 0 a0 1 TeAR dC L a0 !a! a0 dE 1 TeAR Lift slope definition for infinite wing

Integrate

Substitute definition of Ei Solve for CL

Differentiate CL with respect to E to find lift slope for finite wing Note: Equation is in radians
5

EXAMPLE: FINITE WING COMPOSED OF NACA 23012 AIRFOIL

Consider a wing with AR=10 and NACA 23012 airfoil section, Re = 5 million, and span efficiency factor, e = 0.9. The wing is at an angle of attack, E= 4 Find CL and CD for finite wing

EXAMPLE: U2 VS. F-15

1 2 L ! W ! V gVg SC L 2

C C D ! cd  TeAR

2 L

U2
Cruise at 70,000 ft Air density highly reduced Flies at slow speeds, low q high angle of attack, high CL AR ~ 14.3

F-15
Flies at high speed (and lower altitudes), so high q low angle of attack, low CL AR ~ 3

Which of airplane is more sensitive to atmospheric turbulence?