\\2009

\\ 1430

: .



,




.

, -
-
.

3 )
( :
):(SEM

,
.

):(TEM

,

.

 ): (STEM

,

.

)(TEM


. ,

500 -

.
" "


.
,
.

.

.

:

. :
)(illumination system
.1
)( imaging system
.2
)vacuum
.3
(pump system
)(colling system
.4
)image recording
.5
(system
)(specimen stage
.6

" -
" -
-

- -
.
,


.
.

.
,
" "
" "
.

)negative
.(film

::

::

) (

,
.
7

 .

,
)(
).(frozen
) ) Isolated Material

.

,
.
,
.
:
.1
.

, .
. )
(fixatives

.
) (
.
, ) (resin
,
.
.
)(blocks
) (diamond knife
)(ultramicrotome
100-50 .
) (copper grid
) (heavy metal
.

.2 )Negative
: (Staining

,
) (.
-
-

.
)negative
.(picture

% 50

10

%70

10

% 80

%90

15

%100

15

1:2

10

10