INDEX URINARY MODULE SUBJECTS Kidney y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y Urethra y TOPICS Anatomical locations Identify side of kidney Vertebral level of kidney

Surface anatomy of kidney Anatomical relations Peritoneal covering Renal capsule Anatomical segmentation Nerve supply Lymph drainage Blood supply Definition Length Width Divisions Site of uretic constriction Course and relations Surface anatomy Blood supply Nerve supply Lymph drainage Definition Site Shape Surface and relations Positions Angles Ligament attached Fascia surrounds Peritoneal relations Interior of bladder Factors affecting urine reflux to ureter during contraction Blood supply Lymph drainage Nerve supply Male urethra o Parts o Blood supply, lymph drainage, nerve supply Female urethra PAGE Part I, 50 REMARKS

Part I, 61

Ureter

Part I, 133

ANATOMY

Urinary Bladder

Part I,137

Part II,146

Histological lobulation of kidney The uriniferous tubules Parts forming uriniferous tubule y Renal Malpigian Corpuscle o Bowman s capsule o Glomerulus o Mesangium y Filtration barrier of kidney y PCRT y Loop of Henle y DCRT y Collecting tubules and ducts y TBL: Juxtaglomerulous complex o JG cells o Macula densa o Glomerular mesangial cells Histology of Ureter Histology of urinary bladder Characters of renal circulations Histophysiology: General function of kidney Function of parts of uniferous tubules y PCRT y Loop of Henle y DCRT y Collecting tubule y Juxtaglomerulous Complex Formation of urine y Processes o Glomerular filtration o Tubular resorption o Tubular secretion y Dynamic of glomerular filtration y Factors affecting GFR Concept of plasma clearence Autoregulations of GFR Transport through renal tubules y Active o Primary o Secondary y Passive Tubular transport maxima Osmolality Diluting mechanism of kidney Concetrating mechanism of kidney Acid base balance

Part I, 56 Part I,59 Part I,72

HISTOLOGY

Part I,75 Part I,77 Part I,80 Part I, 81 Part I,95

Part I,136 Part I,143 Part I, 64 Part I,66 Part I,78 Part I,80 Part I,84 Part I,95 Part I,86

PHYSIOLOGY

Part I,91 Part I,97 Part I,100

Part I, 103 Part I,105 Part I,105 Part I,106 Part I, 120

Treats of pH Physiological defense mechanism againts changes in H+ concentration y Regulation of bicarbonate ion Acid base disturbance Physiology of body fluids TBL: Physiologic anatomy and nervous connection of the urinary bladder y y

Part I, 124 Part I, 127 Part I, 130 Part I,151 Part I,111 Part I,114 Part I, 117

BIOCHE MISTRY

Analysis of physical properties of urine Chemical analysis of urine Abnormal constituent of urine 1-Disease of the kidney y Glomerular Disease o Glomerulonephritis
GLOMERULOMNEPHRITIS

Part I, 154158

IMMUNOLOGICALLY MEDIATED

NON-IMMUNOLOGICALLY MEDIATED

Ag- Ab Complex

Cytotoxic Ab

Haemodynamic Disorder

Deposition

Circulating

In situ

Glomerulus Ablation

Metabolic Disorder

Fixed

Planted

PHYSIOLOGY

 o o o o o o o o o

Morphologic changes in Glomerulonephritis - LM feature - FM features - EM features Clinical manifestation of Glomerular disease

Part I , 158

Part I, 162 Part I, 162 Part I,164 Part I, 165 Part I, 166 Part I, 168 Part I, 168 Part I, 169 Part I, 172 Part I, 172 Part I, 174

Acute Nephrotic Syndrome Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis Nephrotic Syndrome Minimal Change Disease Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) Membrannous Glomerulonephritis (MGN) Membranoploriferative Glomerulonephritis (MPGN) IgA Nephropathy (Berger s Disease) Chronic Glomerulonephritis

2-Disease of Renal Tubules y Acute Tubular Necrosis o Ischaemic ATN o Nephrotoxic ATN

3-Urinary Tract Infection o o Chronic cystitis Pyelonephritis  Acute Pyelonephritis  Chronic Pyelonephritis - Chronic non-specific pyelonephritis - Chronic specific pyelonephritis 4-Urolitiasis (renal stone) 5-Urinary tract obstruction y Acute Urinary Tract Obstruction y Chronic Urinary Tract Obstruction y Hydronephrosis 6-Tumors of the Kidney Tumors of Renal Parenchyma o Benign Tumor o Malignant Tumor  Renal Cell Carcinoma  Nephroblastoma (Wilms Tumor) y Tumors of Renal Pelvis o Urothelial Tumors (Tumors of Transitional Epithelium)  Papilloma  Urothelial Neoplasm of Low Malignant Potential  Low Grade papillary urothelial tumors  High grade papillary urothelial carcinoma 7-Adult Polycystic Kidney y 8-Renal Failure y Acute y Chronic

Part I, 175 Part I, 177 Part I, 178

Part I, 181

Part I, 182

Part I, 184 Part I, 186 Part I,187

Part I, 190 Part I, 190

9-Hematuria Development of Kidney

Congenital anomalies of kidney

Part I, 191 Part I, 194 Part I, 197 Part I, 198 Part I, 199 Part I, 199 Part I, 201 Part I, 201

EMBRYOLOGY

Development of Ureter Congenital anomalies of Ureter Development of Urinary bladder Development of Urethra Congenital anomalies of Urethra

MICROBIOLOGY & PARACYTOLOGY

Bacteria causing urinary tract infection y y y y y Escherichia Coli Klebsiella Proteus Pseudomonas Staphylococcus Saprophyticus Part I, 206 Part I, 207 Part I, 208 Part I, 210 Part I, 212

y y

Enterococci

Part I, 212 Part I, 214

Parasite of urinary tract Schistosoma Hematobium o Geographical distribution o Habitat o Morphology o Life cycle and method of infection o Pathogenesis of bilharzial infection o Clinical picture of bilharziasis o Complications o Diagnosis o Treatment o Prevention and control Diuretics y y y y y Breast Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor Loop Diuretics Thiazide and Thiazide-like Diuretics Potassium Sparing Diuretics Osmotic Diuretics

PHARMACOLOGY

Part I, 222 Part I, 224 Part I, 226 Part I, 227 Part I, 228

ILA

Renal Failure