1

Electronic Circuits 1
Two Port Characterizations
Prof. C.K. Tse: 2-port networks
Contents
Input and output resistances
Two port networks
Models
2
Prof. C.K. Tse: 2-port networks
Impedances and loading effects
Voltage amplifiers
+

A
v
v
in
R
in
R
out
R
LOAD
+
v
o

+
v
in

v
s
R
s
smaller the better
(the best is 0)
larger the better
(the best is )
3
Prof. C.K. Tse: 2-port networks
Impedances and loading effects
Current amplifiers
A
i
i
in
R
in R
out
larger the better
(the best is )
smaller the better
(the best is 0)
R
LOAD i
out
R
s
i
s
i
in
4
Prof. C.K. Tse: 2-port networks
Impedances and loading effects
Transconductance amplifiers
G
m
v
in
R
in R
out
larger the better
(the best is )
larger the better
(the best is )
R
LOAD i
out
+

v
s
R
s
+
v
in

5
Prof. C.K. Tse: 2-port networks
Impedances and loading effects
Transresistance amplifiers
R
in
smaller the better
(the best is 0)
smaller the better
(the best is 0)
R
LOAD
+

R
m
i
in
R
out
+
v
o

R
s
i
s
i
in
6
Prof. C.K. Tse: 2-port networks
Finding impedances
Input impedance
Inject a current to the input, find the voltage. The ratio of
the voltage to current gives the input resistance.
+
v
x

i
x
R
in
WITH Output
open-circuit if it is
supposed to be a voltage
output (e.g., voltage
amplifiers and
transresistance amplifiers)
short-circuit if it is
supposed to be a current
output (current amplifiers
and transconductance
amplifiers)
7
Prof. C.K. Tse: 2-port networks
Finding impedances
Output impedance
Inject a current at output, find the voltage. The ratio of
the voltage to current gives the output resistance.
+
v
x

i
x
R
out
WITH input
short-circuit if it is
supposed to be a voltage
input (e.g., voltage
amplifiers and
transconductance
amplifiers)
open-circuit if it is
supposed to be a current
input (current amplifiers
and transresistance
amplifiers)
8
Prof. C.K. Tse: 2-port networks
Example: CE amplifier with ED
B C
E E
g
m
v
BE
~
r

r
o
R
E
R
B1
|| R
B2

+
v
o

r
in
v
in
i
B

r
v
i
v v
i
v
i
v
i
r
v
i
r
v
i
r R
in
in
B
BE E
B
BE
B
E
B
E
B
E
E
E
= =
+
= +
= +
= +
+
= + +

/( )
( )
1
1
Input resistance is
9
Prof. C.K. Tse: 2-port networks
Example: EF amplifier
B C
E E
g
m
v
BE
~
r

r
o
R
E
r
out
Output resistance is

r
v
i
v
i
v
i i g v
v
i
v
r
g v
R r
g
R
g
g
R
g
R
g
out
m
m
BE
m
BE
E B m BE
E
E
E
m E
E
m
E
m
m
E
m
E
m
= =

=


=
+ +
=
+ +
=
+ +

+
=

1
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
||
+

v
m
i
m
10
Prof. C.K. Tse: 2-port networks
Quick rule 1
R
E
r R
E
+ + ( ) 1
11
Prof. C.K. Tse: 2-port networks
Example
R
E1
r R r R
E E
+ + + + ( )[ || ( ( ) )] 1 1
1 2
R
E2
12
Prof. C.K. Tse: 2-port networks
Quick rule 2

1
1 g
R
m
B
+
+
R
B

1
1 g
R
R
m
B
E
+
+
[
\
|
|

)
j
j

R
B
R
E
13
Prof. C.K. Tse: 2-port networks
Example

1
1 g
R R
R
m
L B
E
+
+
+
[
\
|
|

)
j
j

R
E
R
L
R
B
14
Prof. C.K. Tse: 2-port networks
General two port characterizations
+
v
1

i
1
+
v
2

i
2
1
2
15
Prof. C.K. Tse: 2-port networks
Types of characterizations
Immittance parameters
- z-parameters
- y-parameters
Hybrid parameters
- h-parameters
- g-parameters
16
Prof. C.K. Tse: 2-port networks
z-parameters

v
v
z z
z z
i
i
z
v
i
z
v
i
z
v
i
z
v
i
i
i
i
i
1
2
11 12
21 22
1
2
11
1
1
0
12
1
2
0
21
2
1
0
22
2
2
0
2
1
1
2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
(open-circuit port 2)
(open-circuit port 1)
(open-circuit port 2)
(open-circuit port 2)
+
v
1

i
1
+
v
2

i
2
1 2
17
Prof. C.K. Tse: 2-port networks
y-parameters

i
i
y y
y y
v
v
y
i
v
y
i
v
y
i
v
y
i
v
v
v
v
v
1
2
11 12
21 22
1
2
11
1
1
0
12
1
2
0
21
2
1
0
22
2
2
0
2
1
1
2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
(short-circuit port 2)
(short-circuit port 1)
(short-circuit port 2)
(short-circuit port 2)
+
v
1

i
1
+
v
2

i
2
1 2
18
Prof. C.K. Tse: 2-port networks
h-parameters

v
i
h h
h h
i
v
h
v
i
h
v
v
h
i
i
h
i
v
v
i
v
i
1
2
11 12
21 22
1
2
11
1
1
0
12
1
2
0
21
2
1
0
22
2
2
0
2
1
2
1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
(short-circuit port 2)
(open-circuit port 1)
(short-circuit port 2)
(open-circuit port 1)
+
v
1

i
1
+
v
2

i
2
1 2
h
11
= r

input resistance
h
21
= h
fe
=
h
22
= 1/r
o
Early resistance
BJT model in some books:
19
Prof. C.K. Tse: 2-port networks
g-parameters

i
v
g g
g g
v
i
g
i
v
g
i
i
g
v
v
g
v
i
i
v
i
v
1
2
11 12
21 22
1
2
11
1
1
0
12
1
2
0
21
2
1
0
22
2
2
0
2
1
2
1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
(open-circuit port 2)
(short-circuit port 1)
(open-circuit port 2)
(short-circuit port 1)
+
v
1

i
1
+
v
2

i
2
1 2
20
Prof. C.K. Tse: 2-port networks
Example
+
v
1

i
1
+
v
2

i
2
R
1
R
2

h
v
i
R R
R R
R R
h
v
v
R
R R
h
i
i
R
R R
h
i
v R R
v
i
v
i
11
1
1
0
1 2
1 2
1 2
12
1
2
0
2
1 2
21
2
1
0
2
1 2
22
2
2
0
1 2
2
1
2
1
1
= = =
+
= =
+
= =

+
= =
+
=
=
=
=
||
21
Prof. C.K. Tse: 2-port networks
Connecting two-ports series-series
Z
+
v
1

i
1
+
v
2

i
2
Z
+
v
3

i
3
+
v
4

i
4
Total [Z]
T
= [Z]+[Z]
22
Prof. C.K. Tse: 2-port networks
Connecting two-ports shunt-shunt
Y
+
v
1

i
1
+
v
2

i
2
Y
+
v
3

i
3
+
v
4

i
4
Total [Y]
T
= [Y] + [Y]
23
Prof. C.K. Tse: 2-port networks
Connecting two-ports shunt-series
G
+
v
1

i
1
+
v
2

i
2
G
+
v
3

i
3
+
v
4

i
4
Total [G]
T
= [G] + [G]
24
Prof. C.K. Tse: 2-port networks
Connecting two-ports series-shunt
H
+
v
1

i
1
+
v
2

i
2
H
+
v
3

i
3
+
v
4

i
4
Total [H]
T
= [H] + [H]
25
Prof. C.K. Tse: 2-port networks
Circuit models
We can develop circuit model for each type of two-port descriptions.
Example: h-parameter

v
i
h h
h h
i
v
v h i h v
i h i h v
1
2
11 12
21 22
1
2
1 11 1 12 2
2 21 1 22 2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
=
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

= +
= +
|

|
|
|

+

h
11
h
12
v
2
1/h
22
h
21
i
1
i
2
i
1
+
v
1

+
v
2

26
Prof. C.K. Tse: 2-port networks
Example: BJT model
We can model the BJT as a h-parameter model:
h
11
= r

input resistance
h
12
0
h
21
= h
fe
=
h
22
= 1/r
o
Early resistance
r

r
o
i
1
= g
m
v
1
i
2
i
1
+
v
1

+
v
2