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Seismic Code Requirements
Seismic Code Requirements
Prof. J. W. Wallace
CE243A
CE243A
Fall 04
Prof. J. W. Wallace
Soft-story
Fall 04
Prof. J. W. Wallace
Fall 04
Prof. J. W. Wallace
Confinement
Ties @ 18 o.c.
Spiral @ 3 o.c.
Fall 04
Prof. J. W. Wallace
Fall 04
Prof. J. W. Wallace
Barrington Building
Barrington Building
Fall 04
Prof. J. W. Wallace
stricter detailing for non-participating nonelements deformation compatibility requirements chords & collectors designed for real forces redundancy factor added to design forces
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Prof. J. W. Wallace
Summary
Observation of the behavior of real buildings in real earthquakes have been the single largest influence on the development of our building codes The lull in earthquakes in populated areas between approximately 1940 and 1970 gave a false since of security at a time when the population of California was expanding rapidly Performance of newer buildings and bridges has generally been good in recent earthquakes; however, older buildings pose a substantial hazard.
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Prof. J. W. Wallace
Material Codes
International Building Code
Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-02) and Commentary (ACI 318R-02)
An ACI Standard Reported by ACI Committee 318
aci
Second Edition
CE243A
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Prof. J. W. Wallace
CE243A
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Shaking
CE243A
Fall 04
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Prof. J. W. Wallace
Time
Sa Sd
F4 F3 F2 F1
CE243A
Vbase
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Shaking
Time
Sa
T
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Fall 04
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Prof. J. W. Wallace
M K
Shaking
CE243A
Time
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Structural Period, T
T = 2 M K
M K
Shaking
CE243A
Time
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Prof. J. W. Wallace
Modal Analysis
Sd,1 Sd,2 Sd,3 T3 T2 T1
Tn = 2
CE243A
T n M n
T n K n
max,n = n S d ,n
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Base Shear
CE243A 26
Fall 04
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Prof. J. W. Wallace
ADRS Spectrum
Alternative format for response spectrum Capacity Spectrum approach ATC 40 Spectrum for a given earthquake versus smooth spectrum Spectral Displacement
CE243A 27
CE243A
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Prof. J. W. Wallace
CV/T
Long-Period Limits
CA
T0
TS
Period (Seconds)
CE243A
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Cv I W RT 2.5Ca I W R 0.11Ca IW
Fall 04
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Prof. J. W. Wallace
Modal Analysis
Eigen Analysis Requires mass (M) and stiffness (K) matrices M is often assumed to be diagonal K (e.g., from direct stiffness assembly) Frequencies (, T=2/) and mode shapes () ( T=2 ( Mode shapes are columns of matrix (orthogonal property) Modal Analysis solve uncoupled equations
[ M ]{v} + [C ]{v} + [ K ]{v} = { p}(t ); M n = [ ] [ M ][ ] = {m } [ M ]{n }
T T
{v} = [ ]{ y} m=n
M n yn + Cn yn + K n yn = p (t )
T n
solve for yn
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Base Shear
CE243A 32
Fall 04
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Prof. J. W. Wallace
F1=M1Sa,1
T1 = 2 M1
F1 = M 1Sa ,1
K1
Vbase,1 = M 1Sa ,1 Sd ,1 = 1 Sa ,1
2
T1 = Ct (hn )3 / 4
V/W (Acce leration) Acceleration, g
K1
Vbase,1
CE243A
UBC-97 Approach: Response Spectrum Peak modal responses 2nd to nth Mode
{ x =1, 4 }2 = {12 ,22 ,32 ,42 } Sd , 2
T
T = {T1 , T2 , T3 , T4 } Ti = 2 Mi Ki
F2 = M 2 S a , 2 Vbase, 2 = M 2 S a , 2 S d , 2 = S a , 2 (T22 / 4 2 )
K2
Vbase,2
CE243A
T2 T0
Fall 04
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Prof. J. W. Wallace
PFm,n =
{n }T [ M ]{r = 1} {n }T [ M ]{n }
Typical mass participation factors: PFm Frame buildings: 1st Mode 80 to 85% Shear wall buildings: 1st Mode 60 to 70% To achieve 100% mass participation, all modes must be included in the modal analysis
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Prof. J. W. Wallace
CE243A
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m = 0.7 R s T < 0.7 sec : m < 0.025hs T 0.7 sec : m < 0.025hs
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Fall 04
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Prof. J. W. Wallace
CV/T
Long-Period Limits
CA
T0
T1
TS
Period (Seconds)
CE243A
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Cv I W RT 2.5Ca I W R 0.11Ca IW
Fall 04
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Prof. J. W. Wallace
Cv = 0.40 N v Ca = 0.40 N a
Z = Seismic Zone Factor (0.075 to 0.4) S = Soil Profile Type Nv = Near Source Coefficient (velocity) Seismic Source A (M > 7.0, SR > 5 mm/yr) Distance = 5 km Nv = 1.6 (Table 16-T) Na = Near Source Coefficient (acceleration) Seismic Source A (M > 7.0, SR > 5 mm/yr) Distance = 5 km Na = 1.2 (Table 16-S)
CE243A 41
Cv I W RT
Eq. (30 - 4)
Importance Factor (1.0 to 1.25; Table 16-K) Building Seismic Dead Load Force Reduction Coefficient (Table 16-N) Fundamental Structural Period
Fall 04
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Prof. J. W. Wallace
Ft
F4
F3
F2 F1
Fx =
(Vbase Ft ) wx hx
wi hi
i =1
Vbase
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CE243A
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Fall 04
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Prof. J. W. Wallace
Non-Participating System
Also referred to as: Gravity System Flat plate floor systems (Gravity loads) Efficient and economical Easy to form, low story heights Strong column weak beam concept
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Prof. J. W. Wallace
CE243A
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12 ft 12 ft 12 ft
50 ft Floor Plan
Note: Neglecting torsion CE243A
Fall 04
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Prof. J. W. Wallace
W2 = (100' x 50' )(100 psf) = 500 kips W1 = (100' x 50' )(100 psf) = 500 kips
W = 500 kips (4 floors) = 2000 kips
CE243A 49
R = Force Reduction Coefficient (Table 16-N) Accounts for nonlinear response of building (Building strength, ductility, damping) R = 1 is associated with elastic response Typical Values: R = 8.5 for a rc special moment frame R = 5.5 for a rc wall building
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Prof. J. W. Wallace
Response Spectrum Design Spectrum (CN) Design Force - R/I = 4.5 Design Force - R/I = 8.5
Period (Seconds)
CE243A 52
Fall 04
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Prof. J. W. Wallace
Confinement
Ties @ 18 o.c.
Spiral @ 3 o.c.
F3 F2 F1
Fx =
(Vbase Ft ) wx hx
wi hi
i =1
Fall 04
27
Prof. J. W. Wallace
F3 F2 F1
= 60,000 kip - ft Fx = 4 = Fx =3 = Fx = 2 = Fx =1 =
4
(435 0)(500 k )(48' ) = 0.4V = 174 k 60,000 ft k (435 0)(500 k )(36' ) = 0.3V = 131k 60,000 ft k (435 0)(500 k )(24' ) = 0.2V = 87 k 60,000 ft k (435 0)(500 k )(12' ) = 0.1V = 43k 60,000 ft k
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F4 F3
F2 F1
Base Shear = Eh
CE243A
Load Combinations UBC-97 - S16.12.2.1 UBC U = 1.2D + 0.5L + 1.0E U = 0.9D +/- 1.0E +/ Where: E = Eh+ Ev Ev=0.5CaID = 0.24D U = 0.9D +/- 1.0(Eh+ Ev) +/- 1.0( U = (0.9+/-0.24)D +/- Eh (0.9+/+/ = redundancy factor 1.0 Conduct static analysis e.g., use SAP2000
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Fall 04
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Prof. J. W. Wallace
Vbase
CE243A
Load Combinations UBC-97 - S16.12.2.1 UBC U = 1.2D + 0.5L + 1.0E U = 0.9D +/- 1.0E +/ Where: E = Eh+ Ev Ev=0.5CaID = 0.24D U = 0.9D +/- 1.0(Eh+ Ev) +/- 1.0( U = (0.9+/-0.24)D +/- Eh (0.9+/+/ = redundancy factor 1.0 Conduct static analysis e.g., use SAP2000
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Elevation View
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Prof. J. W. Wallace
UBC-97 Requirements
1633 Detailed systems design requirements 1633.1 General: Only the elements of the designated LFRS shall be used to resist design forces Consider both seismic and gravity (D, L, S) For some structures (irregular), must consider orthogonal effects: 100% of seismic forces in one direction, 30% in the perpendicular direction
CE243A
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UBC-97 Requirements
16333.2 Structural Framing Systems 1633.2.1 General: Defined by the types of vertical elements used 1633.2.2 For structures with multiple systems, must use requirements for more restrictive system 1633.2.3 Connections if resisting seismic forces, then must be on drawings 1633.2.4 Deformation compatibility
CE243A
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Prof. J. W. Wallace
CE243A
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s,x=4
Story Displ.: s s,x=4 s,x=3 s,x=2 s,x=1
diaphragm
Fall 04
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Prof. J. W. Wallace
UBC-97 Requirements
1633.2.4 Deformation compatibility Requires that non-participating structural nonelements be designed to ensure compatibility of deformations with lateral force resisting system Non-participating elements must be capable of Nonmaintaining support for gravity loads at deformations expected due to seismic forces Design of LFRS:
Model LFRS and apply design seismic forces Neglect lateral stiffness and strength of nonnonparticipating elements
CE243A 63
UBC-97 Requirements
1633.2.4 Deformation compatibility For LFRS M = 0.7RS for
lateral frame at each story That is, compute story displacements for design seismic forces applied to the LFRS, then multiple by them by 0.7R
Fall 04
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Prof. J. W. Wallace
UBC-97 Requirements
1633.2.4 Deformation compatibility Non-participating frame Model the system (linear - element stiffness) Shear and flexural stiffness limited to gross section values Must consider flexibility of diaphragm and foundation Impose story displacements on the model of nonparticipating frame The imposed displacements produce element forces, consider these to be ultimate check stability (support for gravity loads) Detailing requirements: 21.11 in ACI 318-02 CE243A 65
UBC-97 Requirements
Other items of interest Collectors (1633.2.6)
Must provide collectors to transfer seismic forces originating in other portions of the structure to the element providing the resistance to these forces
Diaphragms (1633.2.9)
Deflection of diaphragm limited by the permissible deflection of the attached elements Design forces specified in (33-1)
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Prof. J. W. Wallace
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