ImfnZmks\ tXSn Dbn\nbneqsS: Hcp BkzmZ\w

IhnXtbm IhnXmJymbnItbm ]WvUntXmNnXambn a\nemphm\pw hnainphm\pap Ignhv Cu teJI\n. IhnXIfnepw CXc IrXnIfnepw {]ISamIp {]Xn`mhnemkns _unIamb HcmkzmZ\w am{XamWv ]cnanXamb Imhy]cnNbw am{XamWv F\npXv. {io. H..hn.Ipdpns Dbn\n ImfnZmks\nbmsWdnv HukpIytmsS hmbnv \ncmis kmlNcyn IrXnbpsS btim[mhfyw Fs BkzmZ\aXbpsS sshIey s shfnsSppXmsW \nKa\n\p am{Xta bpn km[yX \Inbpp. As\ sbmcp ]mew a\n \ne\nshbmWv Cgn hjw {io.]n.]n.ZmtamZcs\ Immp shp ImWm\nSbmbXv. k`him Dbn\n RfpsS kwkmcn\p hnjbamIpIbpw ImfnZmks hnIeamb Nn{XamWv Dbn\nbn sXfnbpsX RfpsS s]mXphoWw _unIamb Hcp kulrZn\v ImcWamIpIbpw sNbvXp. Cu BkzmZ\pdnns ]meanXmWv. {io.ZmtamZcs IrXn DSn\v A\pcq]amb {]uVamb apJhpc sImpw AhXmcnIbmepw Gsd {itbamWv. {ioP AhXmcnIbn kqNnnpXp t]mse {io. ZmtamZcs ]T\w DctIcfn Cpw kPohambn \ne\n p kwkvIrXImhym\pioe\nsbpw imkv{XhymJym\nsbpw ]mccys `wKnbm bn {]Xn^ennppshv \nwibw ]dbmw. aebmfns Cs ipjvIamb _unI \nehmcw ImcWw th{X {insSmsX t]mb ka{Kamb Cu ]T\ns km[pX sXfnbnp Nne hkvXpXI NqnmWnpIbmWv Cu BkzmZ\ns eyw.

1. lrZbangnbpsS kXynse A]mIXI

ImfnZmks kXyw F BapJpdnn {io.H.F.hn. ]pshp lrZbangnbpsS kXy sa {]kvXmhnse A]mIXI D]{Ian Xs {io.ZmtamZc shfnsSpppv. ImfnZmks kXyw (Dbn\n) Hv XpSnse ]dbs. CXv KthjWw \Sn Isp Ncn{XkXya. ImfnZmk IrXnIfneqsS Akzamb Hcmmhv \Snb ]cyS\n\nSbn tiJcn `mh\m^e am{Xw. CXp Ncn{Xw Ccpnemhptm lrZbangn ImWp kXyw am{Xw. (adp]Snbmbn ImfnZmks\tSn, ]pdw 7) Cu Zi\w \psS IhnbpsS kzmX{y ns {]iv\amWv. ]s, ChnsS cv A]IS ]Xnbncnpv. ]cyS\w \Snb Bmhns Akzamb Ah. AXv Ah[m\Xv ]Icamhn. cv t\SnbX{Xbpw `mh\m^efpw. AXpw ImfnZmk`mh\bpsS ^ew Fmhn. kzw `mh\bpsS ^e... Akzamb a\ns\ Bmhnt\mSv Xpe\sSpp {]tbmKhpw `mh\m^ev lrZbangn ImWp kXyw Fp \Ip hnhcWhpw hfsc D]cnhamb imkv{XkmlnXy kao]\s ImWnpp. Bmhv \nhnImcXbpsS, \nKpWXzns ]cymbamWv. kmlnXyImcs A\nbanXamb `mh\bn am{Xta AXv hyn AYhm at\mkqNI amIppp. a\msWtm hynsb krjvSnpXpw hynhoWv CcnnSamIp Xpw. a\v Ahncmaamb NnIfpsS {]hmlamWv. `mh\mXoXamWv \nem NnIfpsS temIw. ImWp temIns F{Xtbm hymJym\fneqsSsbms Nnbnse temIw P\yamIpp. knXk]fpsS BsIpIbmb hnI]amWv hymJymXmshv ]dbmw. As\bp hnI]angnsb lrZbangnsbv hntijnnncnpp. lrZbw Bmhns
1

CcnnSw F k]a\pkcnv lrZbangn B\njvTamb, AXmbXv \nhnI]amb hoWw, AYhm Is F [mcW ]cpp. \ncp]{ZhIcsav tXmpsXnepw sXmb Aw [z\nnv A\phmNIs\ I_fnnpXmWv lrZbangn F {]tbmKw. ]T\KthjWfpsS, Adnhns taJebn {]am, A{]am Fns\ cp ]ncnhpIfpv. hmkvXhnIw AhmkvXhnIw Fpw ]dbmw. hmkvXhnIamb Adnhv Adnhn\\pcp]amb hkvXphns kmnyw sImv [\yhpw AhmkvXhnIamb A\p`hw Adnhn\p hncpamb hkvXphns kmnyhpw Dfhmpp. {io. H.F.hn. Ipdpns lrZbangn I kXyw hnI]kwLmXfm hymJym\ns ImfnZmk\mIbm Dbn\n bn ZriyamIp ImfnZmks Nn{Xw BImiIpkpaw t]mse km]nIw am{XamWv. ImfnZmkIrXnIfpsS kuc`yns hensbmcp ]v {]] \ncoW, IYm]m{X fpsS at\mLS\, PohnXhoWw, Zmi\nIamb ImgvNmSpI apXembhbnep imkv{Xo bX, DmgvN apXemb LSIfn \npw Dhnpp. {ipXnIfpw kvarXnIfpw, tPymXnx imkv{Xw, jUvZi\, kmaqlyimkv{Xw, Fpth Imakq{Xw hscbp hnjbfn AKm[amb ]mWvUnXyw kqNnnphbmWv ImfnZmkIrXnI. ]ucpjw AXns ]qX bn hnfn ]n\mInsbtmse AmwKn\nbmbn kv{XoXzs Adnv Pohsbpw PohnX nsbpw k Idnv AXns\ kmaqly kwthZ\n\v am[yaamnb B alm{]Xn` sb ]qXtbmsS a\nemphm, A{Xam{Xw Xs hnIkzcamb, A]ucptjbw Fv hntijnnmhp Xcnep {]Xn`mhnemkw Xs AhiyamWv. ImfnZmk Ihn am{Xam bncpn. AXpey\mb Zi\Imc\pw imkv{XImc\pw Bbncppsh kXyw hnkvacnp IqSm. Ccp]Xmw \qmnse IhnXzns CSpnb CS\mgnIfneqsS ImfnZmks sIna s tImew ]nSnp \Sn lrZbangn I kXyw FmWbnSpXv Xopw ]cnlmky amb {]hnbmWv. kmlnXy{]h\n kXyns AhXcWw AhImisSpI F{Xam{Xw _pn]chpw AhktcmNnXhpamb {]hnbmWv? AhnZym]camb at\mhrnIp \nb{WanmsX, \njvImk\anmsX at\mhym]mcneqsS kXyw IspXv Fs\bmWv? AhnZym]camb Ap at\mhrnIfpsv tbmKimkv{Xw ]dbpp. (I) {]amWw: {]amWn\v aqv ]ncnhpIfpv. {]Xyw: C{nbtemIw, mt\{nbfpw _pnbpw IqSn krjvSnp m\ hnm\ taJe A\pam\w: emWnIamb Dulmt]mlw BKaw: ]qmnXhpw A]mcmnXhpamb m\w B[nImcnIsav IcpXsSp Xv.

(J) hn]cybw: DZmlcWw: Ibdp Iv ]mmsWv [cnpI, acoNnI Dfhmp Pe {]XoXn. (K) hnI]w: tIdnXpw hmbndnXpamb Imcy a\ns (Ipdpns lrZbangn) \ndam ISI _pnbpsS Dmp aphn[nI.

(L) \n{Z: Ddnset]mse a\v hmkvXhnIm\n\v XSamb \n{Z.

Pm{KZhsb

XyPnpXmWv

(M) kvarXn: ap ]d at\mhnt\mZfpsS HmI Dfhmp a\ns NcnhpI

2

{io. Ipdpns lrZbangn I kXyw Cu ]men F{Xam{Xw hmkvXhnIamsW tNmZyw ChnsS Dbcpp. CXv KthjWw \Sn Isp Ncn{XkXya... CXp Ncn{Xw Ccpnemhptm lrZbangn ImWp kXyw am{Xw F Ipdpns BapJ{]kvXmh\ shp t\mptm As\sbmcp kXyaptm? F asmcp henb tNmZyw \s Xpdnp t\mpp. {]amWw, {]Xyw, A\pam\w Chsbmpw CmsX Ncn{Xw ]hInemIptm ]ns _mnbpXv hn]cybw, hnI]w, \n{Z ChbmWv. {io. H.F.hn.Ipdpns Dbn\nbnse ImfnZmk As\bp hnI]mZn{Xbn \npw cq]w sImXmWv. A]w IqSn hniZambn ]dm Atlns lrZbangn hnI]hpw hn]cybhpw tNp sh Hcp ISbmWv. As\sbmcp ISbneqsS _pn \n{Zmhsb {]m]ntmfmWv Dbn\nsb ImfnZmks\nbp ImhymJymbnIbpsS ]ndhn.

2. ImfnZmks\ hnIeamp hnI]hn]cybmZnI

{io.]WncpsS hnai\w Ipdnp sImphbpw IhnbpsSbpw IhnXbpsSbpw D]cnhamb DSs shfnp sImp hcphbpamWv.

(I)

Ipdpns ImfnZmmk\pw A[nImchpw

{io.]WncpsS hnai\w hfsc icnbmWv. ham\Imen \ma\p`hnpsXmw ImfnZmk\nepw Btcm]nmizmkw tXSm\p {iaambn am{Xta A[nImchpambn _s [kShpw BkwLjhpambn ImfnZmk Cpw Pohnppsh {]kvXmh\sb ImWphm Ignbq. Cmhynse ImfnZmk A[nImcns apn s]cpamdnb hn[w CXnp kmyw Xcpn `qXImes ham\Ime hnI]kbw sImv hymJym\npI, XtXmb C{nb sshIeyfn IqSn aphsc ImWpIbpw hnebncppIbpw sNpI, a\v _pnbpsS Pm{KZhsb XyPnptmfpmIp hnIShrnIfmWnh. IhnbpsS kmaqlnI {]Xn_X, A[nImctmSp BIjWhnIjW Ch Imew tZiw Ipew Chv A\pkrXambn `hnp hyn\njvTamb kao]\fmWv. ]Wn ]dbpw t]mse IhnbpsS A[nImchnIjWs Bimkyamb Hcp imizXaqeyambn sImmSphm temIm\p`hw A\phZnpn. `Ww, hkv{Xw, ]mnSw Cu aqp Ahiy kwKXnIfnm sX AYhm hbdp]ngns\ hgnbnmsX BmWp IhnX FgpXphm IgnbpI? {InkvXp hjw \memw \qmnse Kp]vXIme`mcXn cmPm[nImcns XWenmsX Fs\ bmWv ImfnZmks\tmse hntizmcamb Hcp {]Xn`v {]IS\thZn DmIpI? `mcXw I Ghpw biznbmb N{Ihn, N{Kp]vXhn{IamZnXy\pambn alm\p`mh\mb ImfnZmk Fn\p thn CSbWw? {io.Ipdpns ImfnZmk\nse BkwLjn\v ImcWsamsWv F{X Nnnnpw ]nSn Inpn. sFizcy]qambncp Dbn\nbn, IemkmwkvImcnIamb DWns ]mcayXbn N{IhnbpsS B{inX\pw `Kn\nbpsS ImapI\pambncp sFXnlyfnse ImfnZmk Fn\p thn [kSw A\p`hnp? sFXnlyfnse ImfnZmks\ hnNn{XhXvIcnp Ipdpns IhnXbn IrXlkvX\mb Hcp in]nbpsS NmcpX Hpw Xs Zriya. Ipdpns ImfnZmk ImhyImc\p ]nb AafnbneqsS kwPmX\mb Ir{XnaImfnZmk\mWv. ]qPnsSp ]pcmX\ hn{Klsa \ne bn ]WncpsS hnai\fpsS ap\ XmsX B[p\nI Iho{ kaqln csp \npIbmImw. Fm aebmfkmlnXycwKv ]WncpsS hnai\w KpW]camb \qX\ ImgvNmSpIv hgn sXfnpw. hn{Kl[zwk\s {_lXy t]mse ]m]ambn ImWp
3

a\pkvarXnIfpambn \Sp tIcfnse _pnPohnI ]Wnsc HsSpnbncnmsa nepw A`n\\ns ]qspI Imemcn Atls tXSnsbpI Xs sNpw.

(J) Dbn\nsbn kplrkwhmZw: hn{Klmcm[Icpw IhSX{hpw

Dbn\nbnse {]amZp t\sc ISv H.F.hn.Ipdps Iho{hn{Klns au\ ap{ZnXamb B{]iwkIv BinpIsftmWw ]ptcmKanp Hcp kwhmZamWv Ahkm\w ImWpXv. {]kncmb hn{Klmcm[I Hcpanp IqSn Ipdpns ImhymJymbnI Ftm henb kw`hamsWv hcpnopw hn[amWv kwhmZw ]ptcmKanpXv. kmlnXysn, ImfnZmks\n, henb Xnanm _lp`qcn]w hmb\mv BkzmZ \ns Hcp Nw (s{^bnw) DmnsmSpv hn{Klmcm[I \Ip A`n\\w hmb\ mcpsS At_m[a\n \p hfpIbmWv ChnsS eyw. Fw.Sn.bpw F.]n.aplZpw Fw.Fw._jodpw N sNbvXv A`n\\w Nmnb IrXnsb BcmWv hnai\mIambn ]cntim[npI? hnai\ns \mpIsf K`n shv Xs On{ZnnWsaXmWv {]knoIcns kplrkwhmZns eyw. A\phmNIcpsS Nnv ]mXbnp sImSp pIbmWv hn{Klmcm[I. BkzmZ\w kuP\yambn ]nSpIbmWv. XfpsS BkzmZ\ _oPsf hmb\mcpsS akvXnjvIntev ke\w sNnv Iho{s\ \n{Zmhbn (a\v _pnbpsS Pm{KZmhsb XyPnpp) A\ptamZnp \nnjvSamb KpWtfmSp IqSnb Hcp kcmkzmZ\w ZrjvSnpIbmWv kmlnXydhmnse ImcWhm.

(K) kwhmZnse a IY ]mhw Jeo Pn{_m

sFXnlyv Imemcn kw`hnp cq]`mhmNypXnIv DZmlcWambn {io. F.]n.aplZv Jeo Pn{_ms IhnXsb Dcnpp.
Fgp\qdp

sImw apv se_t\m\nse Ggp ImcWhm cmhnse BImitv t\mnbtm Ggp shfp ]dhIsf I IY. ImcWhmcn HcmfpsS CSXpIn\v ImgvNpdhpmbncpp. Atlw Hcp ]dhbpsS CSs NndIn Hcp Idp ]pnbpsv ]dncpp. Cu IY Ctmgpw e_t\m\n ]dbpps{X. Hcp kp{]`mXn RfpsS GgpImcWhm BImitv t\mnbtm Ggp Idp ]dhIsf IpshmWntm ]dbp IY. sFXnlysf AhaXnm Cuhn[samcp a IY sImp km[ymaIptam? sFXnlyfn ]XncpmImw. aTbcw DmIpI hncfamWv. apIfn ]dbp hn[samcp KZyIhnXtbm ]ZyIhnXtbm Jeo Pn{_m FgpXnbnptm? Pn{_ms IhnXsbs kwhmZn sFXnlyamn amntbm? CSXp In\v ImgvN Ipdhmb ImcWhv shfp ]dhbpsS CSs NndInse Idp ]pn Fs\bmWv ImWphm IgnbpI? hnizmktbmKyam AYhm A_{]kvXmhfmb sFXnlyfpsv IcpXn sFXn lysfbmsI Xnfm ]ns Ncn{Xw henb CcpnemIpw. B Ccpn shfnw hoim Ipdppkmdns lrZbangn km{XnIambn {]hnpI km[yamtWm? IqSmsX, lrZbangnbpsS kXyv sFXnlysfm tabpmIpw F hkvXpX temIv kzoImcyamtWm?

(L) \m Ipcpm \pWI

{io.Ipdpv kwhmZns Bcw`n hyamp sFXntlyXccamb ImfnZmk krjvSn p {]tNmZ\ambno hyn\njvTamb A\p`hsasv t\mmw:
4

ImfnZmkIrXnI ]TnpIbpw ]TnnpIbpw sNpXn\nSbn Fs a\n cq]s

IhnbpsS {]Xnmbbpw sFXnlyfn \npbph ImfnZmk{]Xnmbbpambn s]mcp sSpnsv tXmn. Atm ImfnZmks\ B IrXnIfn Xs Xncp Is Wsav tXmn. tI IYI ]eXpw \m Ipcpm \pWbmsWv B hcnInSbn sXfnp hcp Hc\p`hw.... kmlnXyIrXnIfn F{X iXam\w kzbw Ax\n{ZsSphm kmlnXyImcmv Ignbp p? AYhm kzw IrXnIfn Adntm, AdnbmsXtbm Xss F{Xam{Xw Hcp Ihn Ahtijnnpp? Cs\ a{][m\amsbmcp tNmZyn\v kmlnXyNcn{Xn Dcw e`yamtWm? DZmlc Ww sImv tNmZyw hniZamnbm, cmambWnse cma\n F{Xam{Xw hmoInbpv? cmambWnse cmhW\n F{Xam{Xw hmoInbpv? cmaIYbnse cmhWcma IYm]m{X fn IncmX\mb cXv\mIcs almap\nbmbn amdp sFXnlyw F{Xam{Xw \ngenpp v? cmaIY hmbnptm hmoInbpsS ]qm{iasnbp sFXnlyw \m FhnsS sbnepw Ipcppsav Ipdpv kmdn\v ]dbm\mIptam? hmoInbnse IncmX cmambWn FhnsS \ngenpp? {io.Ipamc\mims IrXnI ]Tnv Bims PohnXkmbmnep mb {]Wb_sn {]hNnpI {io. Ipdpns knma\pkcnv km[yamIWw. a\pjy\nse khmk\bpw PohnXbm{Xbpw kzXz{]t]Whmk\bpw (IrXnIfnse B IYmk) Fs\ CS]nWp InSpp? \Xpw Nobpamb hmk\I, A\p`h Ch IYm]m{XcN\bn Dfhmp kzm[o\n \npw IhnbpsS cq]cN\ km[yamtWm? hyn kzbw shw tNm ]mep t]mse IrXnbn knlnX\mIppthm? kzPohnX bm{Xbpw ktijnbpw kmaqlnIkmlNcyfpw IrXnIfn kn{iamIppshn A s\sbmcp an{iWn \npw Ihnsb thXncnsSppI km[yamtWm? ]mepw shhpw thXncnp IpSnp sFXnlyfnse Acbw hkvXpXbmsWv Dbn\oImc hnizknppthm? IncmX\mb hynv Xs kssh`hm XmI \Isf IrXnIfnepw IYm]m{X fnepw Btcm]npI km[yat? thiymkv{Xo\ncX\mb Hcp {]Xn`m[\\v Xs IrXnIfn GI]Xv\ohrX\mb Hcp cmas\ NmcpXtbmsS Nn{XoIcnphm IgnbpIbnt? ImfnZmkIrXnIfdnbmw. ImfnZmks temIw tIptIhnam{XamWv. As\sbmcp kmlN cyn ImfnZmkcN\sb A\ptemahrn `mKnIambn am{Xta IrXnIfn XnamIpp p. Atm B[p\nI Iho{ Fs\bmWv IrXnIfn \npw {]Xntemaambn ImfnZmk s\ krjvSnpI? ImfnZmkIrXnIfnse IhnbpsS BcnIhpw _mlyhpambncp {]] fpsS A\p]mXtasXdnbmsX IrXnIsf iojmk\n \nn IhnbpsS Nn{Xw hcm\p {iaw F{X am{Xw k^eamIpw? k{]{Inbsb B[p\nIKWnXktXa\pkcnv XmsgmWpw hn[w AhXcnnmw. Hcp A\ptemaKWnXkq{Xambn

temILSI
5

Ihn

IrXnI

kmaqlnIamb Npp]mSpIfpsS sshhn[yamWv ChnsS A F 3x3 NXpct{iWnbmbn ImWnncnpXv. IhnbpsS BcnILSIfmb hmk\, {]Xn` apXembh x F tImfw sImpw IrXnIsf b tImfw sImpw kqNnnm cN\Isf Ax = b F A\ptema kahmIyw sImv hyammw. IrXnIfn \npw Ihnsb krjvSnWsan F {Inb Ahiyambn hcpp. {]Xntemaambn

Ihn (temILSI)-1IrXnI

Cu {]Xntemakq{Xa\pkcnv Ihnsb IrXnIfneqsS IsWsan kmaqlnIhpw sshb nIhpamb kmlNcysf bYmhn[amb A\pam\adnv iojoIcnv IrXnIfpambn KpW\]cambn kwtbmPnntXpv. k`mh\v Imemcn Acsamcp {]Xn tema{Inb km[yampI AkmyamWv. Imens Ipsmgpn \jvSamb euInIhpw hyn\njvThpamb hmkvXhnIXIsf ]p\P\nnpI Bcmepw km[ya. Acsamcpw kokmlNcysbmWv {io.H.F.hn.Ipdpv lrZbangnbpsS kXyw F emLhtmsS AhXcnnpXv. kXys iojmk\n \np, kzIt]meI]nXamb Hcp Imfn ZmkNn{XamWv ]cnWXnsbv {io.ZmtamZcWn hyamppv. ImetZimZnkzX{ amb ImhycN\Ifn. Dbn\nbpsS am{Xw krjvSnbmbncpn ImfnZmk. Ames _unIhpw, sshImcnIhpw, cmjv{Sobhpamb tNmZ\Ifpsmp `mh\bnemWv cN\ \SpXv. \nhnI]amWv ImhykrjvSnsbv Bcpw AhImisSntm? A person who is rooted in some spot of a native land is rooted not only in a geographical landscape, but also in a social landscape (in a community), in an emotional landscape (in a family or intimate relationship with a few individuals), and in an intellectual landscape (in the knowledge and ideas which he has acquired). An individual is also located in a temporal landscape; his life in a particular place had been lived at a particular time.1 Hcp cN\bpsS ]qamb N{IhmfanmsX cN\mImcs\ Isphm\p {iaw bpn _pn cmlnXyamWv. Hcp cN\bpsSbpw ]qamb N{Ihmfw Hcnepw e`yamIbpan. ]nXrXzw amXmhv am{Xw Adnbp kXyamsW t]mse Hmtcm cN\bpw Hmtcm \nKqVX t]dnbmWv ]ndpXv. B \nKqVXsb lrZbangn sImv adn ISm\mIn. IhnbpsS amXrXzw hlnp cN\Isfms Ihn`mh\bpsS _lpcq]amb `mh\bpsS ]nXrXzam PmckXnIfmWv. As\bp cN\IfneqsS IhnbqsS kzcq]w Ism\mIn. {io.]Wn amfhnIbpsS A`n\h XqenImNn{Xs kw_n Nbn hfsc at\mlc ambn Dbn\oImc\v \Ip D]tZiw CcpWn {itbamWv.
lrZbangn IsSp kXyw! ImemXnhnbmbn IrXnIfneqsS NncRvPohnbmbn ]pecp

ImfnZmk IhntbmSp kwkmcnpdmb hkvXpXIfmWv Xs efnXtImafIm]Zmhenbn

1

Douglas Charles David Pocock, Humanistic geography and literature: essays on the experience of place, p.101
6

eqsS A\mhrXamIpsX ]cakXyw. AXpsImv, IcpXtemsS AXnhnZKvsanepw A\ kqbhnipamb bpnhnNmcioens, A]Izsanepw AXn{iamb HuNnXyt_m[n s, A\XnhnkvXrXsanepw kXykamb Imhym\pioe\m`ymkfpsS Fmw BsIp Ibmb BnXkwkvImcns _en thWw IYm]m{Xns AaWvUen ]cn{IaWn\ndm. IrXlkvXcmb Ihn]pwKhmcpsS cN\Isf Ahew_nv ]pXnb IYmIY\, hymJym\ , IYm]m{XfpsSbpw IhnbpsSbpw AxcwK]cn{IaWw n{]km[yamb H. tZinI hpw sshImcnIhpw _unIhpw ImenIhpamb Xesf ]qcq]n Dsmv A\p tema{]Xntema]cambn kahniIe\w sImp am{Xta IpISnm BkzmZyamb ]p\cmhnjvImc km[yamIq.

(M) tamiamb sFXnlyp ]nnse Akqb

Dbn\oImc Xs ham\Imem\p`hs \n{Zmhew_nbmbn ImfnZmk\n Btcm]n pIbmWnhnsS. sFXnlyv ImemtcW A]{`wi kw`hnpXmbpw AYhm hkvXpXI cq]{`wiw hv sFXnlyfmIpXmbpw Hs kwhmZn kqN\ \Ish bmWv ChnsS sFXnlyv AkqbbpsS ]nXrXzw I]npXv. GXp Xcw AkqbbmWv tamiamb Xcw sFXnly krjvSnpXv. ImfnZmks\n am{XamtWm ]gbtemIw Akqb sImXv? NmWIys\n Ft tamiamb sFXnlyfn? `rlcnsbnbpw icmNmcyscnbpap sFXnly Akqbbn ]ndhbmtWm? sFXnlysmcp P\nXIimkv{Xw Ahiyambn hcpp. {io.Ipdpn\v Btcmjw Dfhmnb sFXnlysf smssbv kwhmZn \npw a\nemmw. Fw.Sn. a acw shp IYsbn ]cmainpXn\p adp]Sn ]dpsImv {io.Ipdpv ]dbpXv
kv{Xo]pcpj_snbpw t{]asnbpap Ihnk]samWv? hmpw Ahpw

t]msebp ]mckv]cyamWv ]mXo]ctaizcmv. CWbpsS Iq sImn Xpv Iap\ tNv shv Dckp t]Sam\n\v kvt\lsaXv hnizmkns ]ctImSnbmWv. sshcmKnbn cmKapZnnm ]mna[yn X]psNp ]npI\yIsbbpw a\pjys\ kvt\ln A]vkcns\bpw krjvSn Ihnv sFXnly Nmn sImSpXv Ipgn PohnXhpw thiymebn InSp ZpcWhpsamsbt?. Cu JWvUnIbmsI A_{]kvXmhfmWv. cLphwin\v \mn Ipdnp h\tmIw ]cassih\mbncp ImfnZmks ssihZi\nep hypXv]nsb ImWnpXmWv. kv{Xo]pcpj_ns am\ns^tm AXn ImWpXv henp \onbp hymJym\amWv. AssZzXw apf \mn NmXphWyns `oIcXmWvUhw \SXpw {ioicmNmcy Xs Iminbnse NWvUme\v injysSpw hsc Abnw BNcnncpXmbpw BsWtm sFXnly? _unIambtXm `mh\mIambtXm Bb {]h\s BNcWns kqN\bmbn hymJym\npXv a\pjys\ Pohnsbpdnp AdnhptISn\v \nZi\amWv. {]kwKhpw {]hrnbpw Xnep hnShmWv a\pjys Fmesbpw henb JnX. imimw`hZi\sf Xs IrXnIfn knthinnXp sImpam{Xw imZi\n s kqvaamb s]mcp Xs PohnXbm{Xbn B[p\nIhymJymImcm DulnpXp t]mse {]mhnIamnbncpp Fv Aan. t]Sam\ns Imcyw FSpm, AXns {]hnbn hnizmkns ]ctImSntbm Hcp IWnI t]meptam C. shdpw PpklPamb {]mIrXnI hmk\ am{Xw. Ihn As\sbmcp ]iphmk\sb DZmambn `mh\ sNbvXp hnizmksav hymJym\nXp sImv As\ sbmcp hnizmkns ]ctImSn PohnXn Isnbncpp Fv IcpXpI _meniamWv.
7

sshcmKnbn cmKapZnnm ]npI\yI ]mn a[yn X]p sNbvXXv AXntesd hnNn{Xamb hymJym\w. GXp ]np{]mbnemWv I\yIv As\sbmcp hmin tXmpI? ]npI\yIbnens\ Hcp hnIrXn ImfnZmkIrXtam? B[p\nI Iho{\v ImfnZmk kqNn np Aw Xs ]nSn Inntbm Fv Xnan. ]mnbnse X]n\v shbnep \nv X]p sNbvXp Fs Aapp. kqcys\mgnp AnI ]npI\yImKXambn hcWw. {InkvXphjw \memw \qmn Pohnncp imalmIhn ImfnZmks PohnXw Ipgn mXmbncppsh sFXnlyw tIv Akz\mIp Hcp B[p\nIIhn. Bbncpdp hjw `mcXnse k{]Xn`Ipn An]Xw t]mse _lnKa\n\mbn X]w sNbvX JnX, {io.IpdpneqsS BfnsbmgpInbtmfmWv Dbn\nsb ImhymJymbnIbpsS P\\w. `rlcnbpsS PohnXw ImfnZmks PohnXtm IpgnXmbncpnt? thiymebn InSp ZpcWw ZpcWw FXv B[p\nIIho{s ZphymJym\ amWv. im]mccyn thiy AYhm IpeSm FXv ImfnbpsS ]cymbamWv. \macq]mZnI pdw, inhiymIambn, \nnI]bmbn ]pcpj\n inhs\ am{Xw ImWp thiy `KhXnbpsS ambmXoXamb AkvXnXzns {]XoIamWv. ImfnZmk\v apn thiybpsS aSnnemsX FhnsS e`nm? acwshnsb almIhnbmnb almthiysb adp \psS almIhn ImfnZmks\n ]Tnpw ]Tnnpw Akz\mbn Fsms lrZbangnIfneqsS cq]w \In? PKXv ]nXcu ht ]mXo]ctaizcu Fv ]mSnb Ihn PKns\bmsI {]khnp Iqnb ]mXnsb Cu `qanbn FhnsSbmWv IsnbncnpI? k]pcpj {]Wbn\nbmbn hmW Hcp hmkhZbpsS tIfo\nIpRvPnemWv ImfnbpsS Ghpw {]Xn `m[\\pw {]kn\pamb Zmk acWspshXn {io.Ipdpv tcmjw sImpsXn\v? thiyIsfbpw thiymKrlsbpw ]pnv kZmNmcns Duw sImp almIhnamcpsS AxcwKnse ImftaL]mfnIfmcdnbpp? GXmbmepw Bcnepw Hpw Xs Akqb Dfhmm IrXnbmWv Dbn\nsbXn kwibn\v AhImian.

(N) hcnInSbn {io.Ipdpv I hnhImcn IfnZmk

cmPkvXpXn ]mSnb sImmcw Ihnbmbncpn ImfnZmk F Imcyw {io.Ipdpv kanp Xv Fs\sbv t\mmw. IrXnIsf kmn \nn ]dbpIbmWv, _jodn\pcambn
imIpfnse apph Ahs Ipesmgnens\ ]cnlknp A[nImcnItfmSv

]dbpp, F{X \nnmepw AXv Xs PmXnsmgnemsWv. sshZnI{_mW bmKn\p thn arKs sImp Imcyw Ah FSpp ]dbpp. AXp t]mse ZpjycmP[m\n Inv IWzinjym ]dbpnt AXv Xo ]nSn ]pc t]msebpsv. amfhnImnan{Xw Hmans HSphn amfhnIsb kmwKkujvThtmSpw ImWphm Xhw thja[nIamhmsX Xs apn hcpm\p Iuiew Inv cmn [mcnWn ]dbpp, cmPyImcyfnepw Ccw D]mb\n]pWX Bcy]p{X\pmbn cpsn F{X \mtbs\ Fv. AXpw cmPmhns apJp t\mn!. hmkvXhn ImfnZmk Xsbt AXv ]dbpXv.? shdpsamcpw sImmcw Ihnv kqvahpw ihpamb Cu [ocX Dmhptam? hcnInSbn sXfnbp F{Xtbm thsdbpa CXp t]mse!.

Dbn\oImcs ipjvI{]kvXmh\I, ImfnZmkIrXnIfpsS BkzmZ\nse hnckX, Hsmmbn FSpv ImWnpXn\v JWvUnI s]mp \In \membn XncnmWv \Inbncn
8

pXv. Ipesmgnens am\yX hyampXn \npw kvXpXn]mTI\mbncppthm Atbm Fv Fs\ hyamIpw? k[\\pw AKm[m\nbpambncp Ihn Xs kmaqlnINnbpsS N{Ihmfs Imhy\mSImZn krjvSnIfn DsmnXp t\mn IhnbpsS [t_m[sn \nbw kmytam? ImfnZmk Bm\Ihnbmbncpp, B{inX\mbncpp FXv \ntj[nm\mIm kXy amWv. hn{Itamiobw FgpXnbXv {]`hXnbpsS hnhmlmhkcn\v thnbmbncppshpw Ipamckw`hw IpamcKp]vXs P\\n\v `mhpIamiwknmsWpw sFXnly ]dbpp. Cu sFXnlytfm henb sXfnhmtWm apIfn Dcn hcnIfn ImWpXv? ssihmKanIamb 64 imkv{XIemt]mjnXamb `mh\bpw temIhyhlmcw sImp knamb A\p`hhpw ImXemb knIhn B \nev BcpsSbpw B{inXt\m B[p\nI {]v Bgw Ism\mIpht\m A. Ipnw amdm, hcnInSbnse hmb\ sImv, B alm{]ms hynhntijs Afv AhXcnnphm {ianpXv almaTbc amWv. IWzinjymcpsS Xo ]nSnstm ]pI]nSnstm D {]kvXmh\ Zriy]camWv ]pcmX\amb sImmcw F [z\nbmWv \IpXv AmsX IhnbpsS N{Ihnbpambp mbncp NmbpsS {]Xn^e\tam hnh[z\ntbm A. shdpsamcp sImmcw Ihnbmbn ImfnZmks\ ImWphm Bphm IgnbpI? N{Kp]vXhn{IamZnXy Amk\w \In BZcnpshmWv sFXnlyw. As\bp alm\p`mhs\n bpnp \ncm hmIvPmew krjvSnv km[mcWP\s ]oUnnp IrXnbmWv Dbn\n.

(O) IhnbpsS tZiImemXnhnbmb km{amPyw

IhnbpsS tabpw ^nZuknbpw XymKcmP\pw hsc kwhmZn ISp hcpp. {io.H.F.hn.Ipdppw Ahsmw \np \mat[bamsW [z\nbmtWm As\sbmcp NbpsS Dtiyw Fv kwibw DZnpp. hmb\mv henb Hcp IhnbpsS hensbmcp IrXnbmWv Dbn\n F tXm P\nnm Hcp ]s Cu ]pXnb kwhmZktXw D]Icntmw. Fw.Sn. Dbn\nv \Ip hntijWw kXyns XcnI AcnsSpv Hcp in]w FmWv. Fp kXyns XcnI? F.]n. ]dbpXv kXyns apJw ImWm IhnI \qX\LS\I Ispp hn{Klmcm[IcpsS kwhmZw FmsX Fp ]dbm? tZiImemXnhnbmb bmsXmcp kmIXbpw Dbn\nbpsS CXnhrn\n. Fw.Sn. bpsS hShocKmY, s]cp2 apXemb XncYIfpsS NphSp]nSnv ImfnZmks\ Xfp tSXmb s]mSnpw sXmepw tNv kmam\yP\s \qX\Xzns ]cnthjw sImv I_fnnm\pXIp Hcp ImhykrjvSn. ImfnZmks\ {KmaoW\mpXnsemWv ]pXpa? {In.]n. \memw \qmnse Dbn\nbnsebpw amfhnsebpw P\kwJy F{Xbmbncpncn Ww? \Kcw hnm \mep]mSpw {Kmafpw h\fpw \nd cmPys \yqtbmpambn XmcXaysSpn N sNpXv hfsc hnNn{XamWv. ImfnZmk A_ IhnbsXmWv kwhmZnsebpw ImhymJymbnIbnsebpw hensbmcp Ip]nSnw. Akzmyfn \nmWv IhnX DmIpsXsmcp \qX\ {]m]nIkXyhpw _jodns ]npWtbmsS Fw.SnbpsS hmpIfneqsS ]pdp hcpp (]pdw 190).

3. ]cam_amb CXnhrw Infnp t{]aIY ]cnlmkyw

2

s]cps XncY ChnwKvWns ssaemtemsbnbp t\mh AKWn Av FIvknsb B{ibnpXmWv.

9

ImfnZmk\pw {]hctk\\pw Htc s]Ipnsb t{]anp, sImpaIs {]mbns\m s]Ipnsb N{Ihn tamlnp apXemb IYmXp Iho{\pmb Bm\p`h ]camb s\mcfpsS {]Xn^e\fmtWm F tNmZyw DbpXmWv kwhmZn ZriyamIp Nnm[mc. taLktinse bsbpw imIpfnse Zpjysbpw IYmk`fn ImfnZmks AkzmyfpsS \ngemw Dsv ]pdw 190 _jodpw Fw.Snbpw ]dpshpp. AtX {]amWw D]tbmKnv Dbn\nbnse IYmk`sf A]{KYnm ImhyImcs at\mhym]mcns {]XnOmbIfmtWm ImfnZmk\nepw {]hctk\\nepw Dbn\nbnse N{Ihnbnepw ImWpsX kwibw kzm`mhnIambpw DmIpp. ImfnZmk\pw {]`hXnbpambp {]Wbw, ImfnZmks\ \nh\n (\mKv]qcn\v ASpmbncp hmImSI Xem\w) {]`hXnsb klmbnpXn\mbn AbpXv, A]hmZw, N{Ihn I]np cmaKncnbnse GImhmkw Chsbms {]knfmb sFXnlyfmWv. cma`bmb {]`hXnbpsS enJnXw cmaKncnbn (Cs cmwsSIv) e`yambnpv. cmat{Xhpw AhnsS ZriyamWv. {]`hXnbpsS t{]cWbmWv cLp hwiImhyn\p ]nn Fpw sFXnlyw {]knamWv. {]`hXnbpsS aI {]hctk\ cma ImfnZmks injy\mbncppshpw A\pam\nsSpp. {]IrXalmImhyamb tkXp_\w hmImSI {]hctk\s IrXnbmWv. Cs\bp {]_eamb sFXnlysf adnISv amfhnIsb hrcXnv hnjbamp hntema`mh\sb kXyhXvIcnphm\p hrkwhmZw ]cnlmkyamb hmembn, A\p_ambn, Ahtijnpp. {io.]Wn Ghpw mLyamwhn[w Cu Akw_Imhynsbpw ImhymImcsbpw s]mcw ]pdp sImphcppv. ImfnZmk\mscp ehteiw t]mepw t_m[anmsX, kmIambn ImfnZmks\ Dsmm A{]m]y\mb {io.H.F.hn.Ipdpv aebmfn\v \Inb \mWtSmWv Atlw ]Spmnb Dbn\nbnse ImfnZmk]pcmWw. ImfnZmks\tSn, ]pdw 39-40 {inpI.
CXp XsbmWv PptemIkm[mcWamb euInIhnImcs asmcp {]Xn`pw AXnh

nm\cpXmhn[w kwkvIcnp ]hn{XoIcnv AZrjvS]qammdv Fmetpambn Nn{XoIcnp X IhnnWp t{]aIY Fp hcpXn A`wKnbpv; A\]amb ZpJhpw. ZpxJw am{Xa A\]amb Aajhpw tIm]hpsamsbmWv aebmfnIv tXmtXv. A\izcbinbmb ImfnZmks\n C{X XcwXmW Hcp IrXn awKfw, at\mca XpSnb hmcnIIfnse t\mhepIfpsS am{Xw \nehmcap Hcp CXnhrw, Hcp ss]nfn t{]aIY ]Spmn ImfnZmk\nemtcm]npI Ahyamb A]cm[at? ssihmKanIamb m\hnm\fpsS adpIcI, k`qXlrZbXzw ssIhcn im intcmaWnbpsS, A]ucptjbhynXzs Dsmm\mImsX Ccp]Xmw \qmnse kn\n ammsgppImcpsS t{iWnbnencpp lrZbangn Fs\ kXyw ImWphm? imIpf n\p ImfnZmk Ipdn \mntmIw am{Xw aXn imhmMvabn ImfnZmk\pmbncp hypXv]n shfnsSpm. bm krjvSnx {kjvSpcmZym hlXn hn[nlnXw bm lhn bm N tlm{Xo tb tZz Imew hn[x {ipXnhnjbKpWm bm nXm hym]y hnizw bmw Blpx k_oP{]IrXncnXn bbm {]mWn\x {]mWhx {]Xym`nx {]]kvX\p`nchXp hkvXm`ncjvSm`ncoix krjvSmhns (Poh\m[mcamb) BZnI]\bmb Pew, Pohicocnse tZhXIv lhn snp Anbpw P]w sNp tlm{Xnbpw, Ime\nbmfmb kqcy\pw N{\pw,
10

khym]nbmb sNhnv A\p`hamIp KpWtmSp IqSnb BImiw, Fm Pohsbpw DdhnSamb `qanbpw {]mWnIfnse Pohhrnv km[\amb hmbphpw Cs\ Fphn[ambn ZriyamIp Cui, AjvSaqnbmb inh \ns cns. ImfnZmks `n{]lja Atlns IrXnIfpw {]knamb t]cpw {]Xn^ennp Xv. ImfnZmks\Xv aqecq]n almIhnbpsS \mat[ba. almImfnbpsS Binp t\Sn A\pZn\w Dbn\nbn AXoh tim`mbam\ambnsmncp kmlnXo{]Xn`v, amfh ns amWnIyn\v {]Xyamb Poh\I k]cysImv e`yamb _ncpZamWv. ssZzX Zi\nepw (kmwJyw) tPymXnximkv{Xnepsamw D A]mcamb ]mWvUnXyw IrXnIfn ZriyamWv. Acmn Xs ImfnbpsS Zmks {]Xn`mhnemkamWv Imhyfnepw \mSIfnepsamw \ngenpXv. kzhpw `qanbpw Atlns Iqnapp CXnhr fpw A\phmNIs Bmhns\ `n{]ljnemdmSnp AXo{nbXzhpw \apv ImWphm Ignbpp. inhXzns Ddn alm\p`mh\mbncpp Ihnsbv Ipamc kw`hw sXfnbnpp. Ipamckw`hn inhs X]ns\n ]dbpXv {itbamWv. X{Xmnam[mb kananw kztahaqycajvSaqnx kzbw hn[mXm X]kx ^em\mw tI\m]n Imta\ X]Nmc Xt]m^ev kzbw hn[mXmhmb ]ctaizc (AjvSaqn) Xs Xs aq cq]fnsemmb Ansb kmnbmn GtXm CjvSImcyn\mbn X]v sNbvXp. `Khms Xt]mtiyw Fmbncppshv Dulmt]mlw \Sphm\p AhnthIw ImfnZmk ImWnpn. {io.Ipdpv ImfnZmks\ ImWpXv sImmcsn\Iv \Sp, A]w [tm]tZiw \cktmsS BhnjvIcnp GtXm hyhlmchmIyfnemWv. Fm AXo{nbXzam ImfnZmks hnizcq]w Xs IrXnIfn Atlw {]XysSppXv {]thj[mcnbmb inh\v ]mXn \Ip adp]SnbneqsSbmWv. AInwN\x kw{]`hx k kZmw {XntemI\mYx ]nXrkQvatKmNcx k `oacq]x inh CXypZocytX \ kn bmYmyhnZx ]n\mIn\x `npshnepw Ah\mWv k[\kpfpsSbpw DdhnSw. NpSednemWv hmksan epw {XntemI\mY\mWv. hncq]s\nepw awKfImcnbmb inh\mWv. ]n\mInbpsS bmYmyw Adnbph hncfamWv. hn`qjtWmmky]n\[t`mKn hm KPmPn\mew_n ZpIqe[mcn hm I]men hm kymZ[ N{tiJcw \ hnizaqtch[mcytX h]px BSbm`cWfWntmw, B\tmepSptmw, ]mtm, N{etbm Xetbmntbm Hs [cnsp hcmw. hnizaqnbmb Ah\v cq]`mh amcmepw I]npI km[ya. Cs\ \Ipeoi\mb `Khms\ Dsm imtXPnemWv {io.Ipdpv ss]nfn t{]aIY Btcm]npXpw Xopw A\pNnXamb coXnbn ]m{XkrjvSn \SpXpw. ]pdw 34 {io.]Wn Dbn\oImc ImfnZmk\n tNpshp im]hNpI Dcnv th{X `mjyw \Ippv. B[p\nI Iho{s ]cnXm]Icamb at\m\nehmcw hyam pXmWv Cu \nebnep ImfnZmk Nn{XoIcWw. Ipamckw`hnse Km\sfgpXnb {]Xn`mimenbmWv Cs\sbmcp IrXyn\v apXnsXv hnizknm\mIpn. bix {]mnbmbn A\pjvTnsSp cN\Ifn kssh`hw XpSnbnsv am{Xa adnv hn]cybhnI]Pmefm \yq\X \ndsSpsa hkvXpXv DZmlcWamWv Dbn\n F IrXn.

4. Ipdpns ImhymJymbnIbnse kZmNmcaqey

11

lnamebs s]mXnIebpsS s]mtmSpIqSn Iv inhssieamn Ihnbimn almIhnbmb {io. H.F.hn.Ipdpv sFXnlyv t\sc hSnbpambn NmSnpdsSpXv ImfnZmks\ kpNcnX\mpXn\mWv. sFXnlyfneqsS ImfnZmks {]Wbn\nbmbncp hn{IamZnXys ]p{Xnbpw cp{Ztk\s hn[hbpambncp {]`mhXntZhnsb \njvImk\w sNpI, ImfnZmks thiymKa\w sI \pWbmn ampI, cmPm[nImctmSv hnt[bXzw ]penbnnm Xstmsebp Hcp BZiIhnbmbncpp ImfnZmks\v hcpn opI ChsbmsbmWv {io.Ipdpns {]Jym]nX ey. Cu {]Jym]nX ey v Iogn alsv kzbw IcpXp Xss ImfnZmk\nemtcm]nv At_m[ a\v kzbw ImfnZmks aqycamsWv ktmjnpIbmWv. Dbn\oImc ]pdw 188 ]dbpXv
ImfnZmk Zpoesfmpw Xom Hcmfmbncpp Fv thZ]pkvXIn sXmv kXyw

sNpI Fs \ntbmKa, eyhpa. `mhncamb P\\mckulrZsfn, ITn\ X]neqsS kmmXvImcw t\Sp A\pcmKsnsbmw ]mSnb B IhnbpsS PohnX nepw ]hn{Xamb Hcp kvt\l_ns Asn Hcp hnipZueyns Fv hnfntmfq IY Rm hmbnsSppp. acWn\papdtv \ofp Acw kvt\l_ IhnXspw {]tabamWv. Dbn\nbpsS _oPmhm]n\p ]nnse IhnbpsS hnipZueyw Imnqnb NcSp henIfpsS i_vZtcJbmWv kwhmZnse Cu JWvUnI. X\nv t\cn GtXm {]Wb ss\cmiys adm\mhmsX a\nten \SptmgmWv ]hn{Xamb kvt\l_ns (ttmWnb Akw_w) AesbmenI a\nepmIpXv. As\bp sshImcnI Zueys hnipsav hntijnnpI a\ns kzbw ISp hnipn t\Sp Ifnbp sS `mKamWv. ]gInb km[\w dnss^Uv (kwkvIcnXv) Fv te_semnv hnpXp t]mse a\ns Ahnipamb tNjvSsb hnipt{]asapw `mhncamb PmkulrZ sfpw Hs hntijnnv a\v kzbw I_fnnsv X\nv Xs hnp {]{Inb. Cs\ NnhrnbpsS sshImcnIXbn P\yamIp AkzXIfpWnb hnI] hym]mcfpsS ^eamWv {io.Ipdpns ImfnZmk. Cu ImfnZmk {io.Ipdpv XsbmWv. {io.IpdpsgpXnb `mhkpcfmb Nne kn\namKm\fneqsS Hv ItmSnm IhnbpsS sImpImfnZmks\ \apv Ahbn {]Xn^enp ImWmw. IpnaWnspXpdsnt\mptcw ]nn hp Ips]mpw tXmgs\p t]mbo IqSmsX kpJtam tZho, AcnIn \obpmbncpsn ... (cmaKncnbnse bs\tmse hnclm\mbn ]mSpIbmsWtm Ihnb) ]qhpw {]kmZhpw \on \nptmgpw GtXm hnjmZw Xpfpn s\ntetXm hnjmZw... Hm hnc sXm am{Xbn aIpSw s]maWnpcphmbn DjyX kwKoXambn lrZbn I\n ]ngn Nmbn FgpXnb Nn{Xw apgpann \o! apJw hcm apXncptm cp apJsfmmbn sXfnbpp apn hncepI Ipw XncnIfmhpp Hcp NnX s\nsecnp Imfpp
12

Cu hcnIfn ImWp NnXbneqsSbmWv `mhncfmb PmckulrZfpsS s\mcw t]dp {io.ImfnZmkv Ipdpns ]ndhn.

5. {io.]WncpsS At\zjWw
{io.Ipdpns Dbn\nbpsS AIhpw ]pdhpw tXmn {io. ]Wn AXns IYIgnpshv Xs ]dbmw. iamb `mjm{]tbmKNmXpcnsImv kamWv Ipdpns hn{Kl`RvPI amb ]WncpsS IrXn. Dbn\nsb Dzeamphsbv Ipdppw kwhmZnse hn{Klm cm[Icpw AhImis Fm LSIsfbpw \ninXambn ]nnopXmWv Dbn\nbn ImfnZmks\ tXSp ]WncpsS {]h\w. N{Kp]vXhn{IamZnXy\pw aIfpsS aI\mb {]hctk\\pw ImfnZmk\pw Htc s]Ipnsb ImanXmbp IYmIY\w hnIrX`mh\bm Wv. ImfnZmk\pw {]hctk\s Abpw {]Wbnembncpp F A]hmssZXnlys \ncmIcnp io. Ipdpv AXnepsa{Xtbm \oNamb A]hmZn\mWv Pw sImSppXv? ImfnZmks\ hnipoIcnp Cu amtamZokv sXfnhp \Ip IrXnIfn hn{IamZnXy N{Ihnsb A]hmZsSpm\pXIp kXyfpw lrZbangn ImWpI Dmtbm? hcnI nSbneqsS lrZbangn ISpt]mbtm hr\mb N{IhnbpsS ]npI\yItbmSp A`n\nthisn FhnsS \nmWv a{Ww knnXv? amfhnIsb Ipdpns am\k]p{Xnsbnbp Nbnse hfsc {itbamb Hcp `mKw ChnsS DcnpIbmWv.
H.F.hn.bpsS

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