1

NXB i hc quc gia H Ni 2007.

T kho: Gii tch ton hc, gii tch, tp hp, s thc, nh x, Hm lin tc, im
gin on, lin tc, lin tc u, hm s cp, Gii hn, gii hn dy s, gii hn hm
s, dy s, hm s, nguyn l Cantor, nguyn l Cauchy, gii hn trn, gii hn di,
v cng b, v cng ln, hm s hp, hm s ngc, Php tch vi phn, o hm, vi
phn, Cng thc Taylor, Khai trin Maclaurin, Quy tc Lhospital, tch phn khng
xc nh, tch phn, nguyn hm, Php th Euler, iu kin kh tch, Hm kh tch,
Din tch, th tch, Tch phn suy rng, Nguyn l Canto, Tp compact, Hm nhiu
bin, Lin tc, gii hn, lin tc u, o hm, cc tr hm nhiu bin, Php tch vi
phn, S hi t.

Ti liu trong Th vin in t H Khoa hc T nhin c th c s dng cho mc
ch hc tp v nghin cu c nhn. Nghim cm mi hnh thc sao chp, in n phc
v cc mc ch khc nu khng c s chp thun ca nh xut bn v tc gi.

Mc lc

Chng 1 Tp hp v s thc ............................................................................................... 7
1.1 Khi nim v tp hp ................................................................................................. 7
1.2 S thc........................................................................................................................ 9
1.3 nh x ...................................................................................................................... 14
1.4 Bi tp chng 1 ...................................................................................................... 16


Gii tch ton hc
Tp 1

L Vn Trc
2
Chng 2 Gii hn ca dy s v hm s.......................................................................... 19
2.1 Gii hn ca dy s.................................................................................................. 19
2.1.1 nh ngha dy s................................................................................................. 19
2.1.2 Cc tnh cht ca dy hi t ................................................................................. 21
2.1.3 Gii hn v hn.................................................................................................... 24
2.2 Tiu chun hi t...................................................................................................... 25
2.2.1 Cc nh l ........................................................................................................... 25
2.2.2 S e....................................................................................................................... 26
2.2.3 Nguyn l Cantor v dy cc on thng lng nhau v tht li ........................... 27
2.2.4 S hi t ca dy b chn ..................................................................................... 28
2.2.5 Nguyn l Cauchy v s hi t ca mt dy s................................................... 29
2.2.6 Gii hn trn v gii hn di ............................................................................. 30
2.3 Khi nim v hm s mt bin s ............................................................................ 32
2.3.1 nh ngha............................................................................................................ 32
2.3.2 th ca hm s................................................................................................. 32
2.3.3 Hm s hp .......................................................................................................... 34
2.3.4 Hm s ngc ...................................................................................................... 34
2.3.5 Cc hm lng gic ngc................................................................................... 36
2.3.6 Cc hm s hypebol ............................................................................................. 38
2.3.7 Cc hm hypebol ngc....................................................................................... 39
2.4 Gii hn ca hm s................................................................................................. 41
2.4.1 Ln cn ca mt im.......................................................................................... 41
2.4.2 Cc nh ngha gii hn........................................................................................ 42
2.4.3 Gii hn mt pha................................................................................................. 45
2.4.4 Gii hn v cng.................................................................................................. 46
2.4.5 Cc tnh cht ca gii hn.................................................................................... 47
2.4.6 Tiu chun tn ti gii hn ca hm s................................................................ 47
2.4.7 V cng b. V cng ln...................................................................................... 48
2.4.8 Cc gii hn ng nh.......................................................................................... 51
2.5 Bi tp chng 2 ...................................................................................................... 54
Chng 3 Hm lin tc mt bin s .................................................................................... 61
3.1 nh ngha s lin tc ca hm s ti mt im.......................................................... 61
3.1.1 Cc nh ngha...................................................................................................... 61
3.1.2 Hm lin tc mt pha, lin tc trn mt khong, mt on kn.......................... 62
3.1.3 Cc nh l v nhng php tnh trn cc hm lin tc ......................................... 63
3.1.4 im gin on ca hm s ................................................................................. 65
3.2 Cc tnh cht ca hm lin tc ................................................................................. 68
3.2.1 Tnh cht bo ton du ln cn mt im......................................................... 68
3.2.2 Tnh cht ca mt hm s lin tc trn mt on ................................................ 68
3.3 iu kin lin tc ca hm n iu v ca hm s ngc ..................................... 72
3.3.1 iu kin lin tc ca hm n iu.................................................................... 72
3.3.2 Tnh lin tc ca hm ngc................................................................................ 73
3.4 Khi nim lin tc u ............................................................................................. 74
3.4.1 M u ................................................................................................................. 74
3.4.2 nh ngha............................................................................................................ 74
3.4.3 Lin tc ca cc hm s s cp ............................................................................ 76
3.5 Bi tp chng 3 ...................................................................................................... 77
3
Chng 4 Php tnh vi phn ca hm mt bin................................................................ 81
4.1 o hm v cch tnh..................................................................................................... 81
4.1.1 nh ngha o hm................................................................................................ 81
4.1.2 Cng thc i vi s gia ca hm s ...................................................................... 81
4.2 Cc qui tc tnh o hm................................................................................................ 82
4.2.1 Cc qui tc tnh o hm......................................................................................... 82
4.2.2 o hm ca hm s hp ........................................................................................ 82
4.2.3 o hm ca hm s ngc .................................................................................... 84
4.2.4 o hm theo tham s............................................................................................. 85
4.2.5 o hm mt pha ................................................................................................... 85
4.2.6 o hm v cng..................................................................................................... 87
4.2.7 o hm cc hm s s cp .................................................................................... 87
4.3 Vi phn ca hm s........................................................................................................ 88
4.3.1 nh ngha............................................................................................................... 88
4.3.2 Cc qui tc tnh vi phn........................................................................................... 89
4.3.3 Vi phn ca hm s hp.......................................................................................... 89
4.3.4 ng dng ca vi phn ............................................................................................ 90
4.4 Cc nh l c bn ca hm kh vi ................................................................................. 90
4.4.1 Cc tr a phng................................................................................................... 90
4.5 o hm v vi phn cp cao........................................................................................... 96
4.5.1 nh ngha o hm cp cao ................................................................................... 96
4.5.2 Cc cng thc tng qut i vi o hm cp n ..................................................... 97
4.5.3 Vi phn cp cao....................................................................................................... 97
4.6 Cng thc Taylor ........................................................................................................... 98
4.6.1 Cng thc Taylor .................................................................................................... 99
4.6.2 Khai trin Maclaurin ............................................................................................. 101
4.7 Qui tc Lhospital kh dng v nh....................................................................... 103
4.7.1 Dng v nh......................................................................................................... 103
4.7.2 Dng v dnh......................................................................................................... 105
4.8 Kho st hm s ........................................................................................................... 108
4.8.1 Kho st ng cong cho di dng phng trnh hin....................................... 108
4.8.2 ng cong cho di dng tham s ..................................................................... 110
4.8.3 Kho st ng cong trong ta cc.................................................................. 114
4.9 Bi tp chng 4 .......................................................................................................... 117
Chng 5 Tch phn khng xc nh ............................................................................... 123
5.1 Tch phn khng xc nh...................................................................................... 123
5.1.1 nh ngha nguyn hm..................................................................................... 123
5.1.2 Cc tnh cht....................................................................................................... 123
5.1.3 nh ngha tch phn khng xc nh................................................................. 123
5.1.4 Cc tnh cht ca tch phn khng xc nh....................................................... 123
5.1.5 Bng cc tch phn c bn.................................................................................. 124
5.2 Cch tnh tch phn khng xc nh....................................................................... 125
5.2.1 Da vo bng cc tch phn c bn.................................................................... 125
5.2.2 Tnh tch phn nh php i bin....................................................................... 126
5.2.3 Phng php tnh tch phn tng phn............................................................... 127
5.2.4 Cng thc truy hi.............................................................................................. 129
5.3 Tch phn cc phn thc hu t .............................................................................. 130
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5.3.1 Tch phn cc phn thc hu t n gin nht ................................................... 130
5.3.2 Tch phn ca cc phn thc hu t.................................................................... 132
5.4 Tch phn cc biu thc cha hm lng gic v cc hm hypebol ...................... 134
5.4.1 Tch phn cc biu thc cha hm lng gic................................................... 134
5.4.2 Tch phn cc biu thc cha hm hypebol ....................................................... 136
5.5 Tch phn mt vi lp hm v t ............................................................................ 137
5.5.1 Tch phn dng
( , )
m
ax b
I R x dx
cx d
+
=
+

............................................................................ 137
5.5.2 Tch phn dng
,( ) ,( ) ,
p r
q s
ax b ax b
I R x dx
cx d cx d

+ +
=
+ +

.................................................................... 138
5.5.3 Tch phn cc nh thc vi phn .......................................................................... 138
5.6 Tch phn cc biu thc dng
2
R( , ) x ax bx c + +
vi
0 a
...................................... 139
5.6.1 Php th Euler th nht ..................................................................................... 140
5.6.2 Php th Euler th hai ........................................................................................ 140
5.6.3 Php th Euler th ba ......................................................................................... 141
5.6.4 Tch phn eliptic................................................................................................. 142
5.7 Bi tp chng 5 .................................................................................................... 143
Chng 6 Tch phn xc nh........................................................................................... 145
6.1 nh ngha tch phn xc nh................................................................................ 145
6.1.1 Bi ton din tch hnh thang cong..................................................................... 145
6.1.2 Bi ton tnh khi lng..................................................................................... 146
6.1.3 nh ngha tch phn xc nh............................................................................ 146
6.1.4 ngha hnh hc ca tch phn xc nh ........................................................... 148
6.2 iu kin kh tch .................................................................................................. 148
6.2.1 iu kin cn hm kh tch ........................................................................... 148
6.2.2 Cc tng Darboux............................................................................................... 149
6.2.3 Cc tnh cht ca tng tch phn Darboux ......................................................... 150
6.2.4 Du hiu tn ti ca tch phn xc nh ............................................................. 151
6.3 Cc lp hm kh tch.............................................................................................. 152
6.4 Cc tnh cht c bn ca tch phn......................................................................... 154
6.4.1 Cc tnh cht ca tch phn xc nh.................................................................. 154
6.4.2 Cc nh l gi tr trung bnh .............................................................................. 158
6.5 Nguyn hm v tch phn xc nh........................................................................ 159
6.5.1 Cc nh ngha.................................................................................................... 160
6.5.2 Tch phn xc nh nh hm ca cn trn.......................................................... 160
6.6 Tnh tch phn xc nh.......................................................................................... 162
6.6.1 Php i bin trong tch phn xc nh.............................................................. 162
6.6.2 Php ly tch phn tng phn ............................................................................. 164
6.6.3 Tnh gn ng tch phn xc nh...................................................................... 168
6.7 Mt s ng dng hnh hc, vt l ca tch phn xc nh...................................... 172
6.7.1 Tnh din tch hnh phng................................................................................... 172
6.7.2 Tnh di ng cong phng........................................................................... 177
6.7.3 Tnh th tch vt th............................................................................................ 180
6.7.4 Din tch mt trn xoay...................................................................................... 183
6.8 Tch phn suy rng................................................................................................. 186
6.8.1 Tch phn suy rng loi 1................................................................................... 186
6.8.2 Tch phn suy rng loi 2................................................................................... 195
6.8.3 Thay bin s trong tch phn suy rng ............................................................... 199
5
6.9 Bi tp chng 6 ..................................................................................................... 200
Chng 7 Hm s lin tc trong
n
R
............................................................................... 206
7.1 Tp hp trong
n
R
.................................................................................................. 206
7.1.1 Khong cch trong
n
R
...................................................................................... 206
7.1.2 Ln cn ca mt im........................................................................................ 207
7.1.3 im trong, im bin, im t ca tp hp...................................................... 208
7.1.4 Tp m, tp ng................................................................................................ 210
7.1.5 Tp lin thng..................................................................................................... 210
7.2 S hi t trong
n
R
, cc khi nim c bn ca hm s nhiu bin s................... 211
7.2.1 S hi t trong
n
R
............................................................................................. 211
7.2.2 Dy c bn.......................................................................................................... 212
7.2.3 Nguyn l Canto ................................................................................................. 213
7.2.4 Ch .................................................................................................................. 213
7.2.5 Tp hp compact ................................................................................................ 214
7.2.6 nh ngha hm nhiu bin s............................................................................ 214
7.2.7 Tp xc nh ca hm nhiu bin s .................................................................. 214
7.2.8 ng mc v mt mc..................................................................................... 215
7.3 Gii hn ca hm s trong
n
R
............................................................................... 216
7.3.1 Gii hn ca hm s ti mt im...................................................................... 216
7.3.2 Gii hn lp........................................................................................................ 217
7.3.3 Quan h gia gii hn theo tp hp cc bin v cc gii hn lp...................... 218
7.3.1 Ch .................................................................................................................. 219
7.4 Hm s nhiu bin s lin tc ................................................................................ 221
7.4.1 Hm s lin tc ti mt im............................................................................. 221
7.4.2 Hm s lin tc u............................................................................................ 222
7.4.3 Lin tc theo tng bin....................................................................................... 223
7.5 Php tnh vi phn ca hm s nhiu bin s .......................................................... 224
7.5.1 o hm ring v vi phn cp mt..................................................................... 224
7.5.2 o hm v vi phn cp cao............................................................................... 230
7.6 o hm ca hm s n.......................................................................................... 233
7.6.1 Khi nim v hm s n mt bin s ................................................................. 233
7.6.2 Khi nim hm s n ca hai bin s................................................................. 235
7.7 o hm theo hng .............................................................................................. 237
7.7.1 o hm theo hng .......................................................................................... 237
7.7.2 Gradien............................................................................................................... 238
7.8 Cng thc Taylor. Cc tr ca hm s nhiu bin s............................................. 239
7.8.1 Cng thc Taylor ............................................................................................... 239
7.8.2 Cc tr ca hm nhiu bin s............................................................................ 241
7.8.3 Gi ln nht v nh nht ca hm s nhiu bin s trn compac ...................... 244
7.9 Cc tr c iu kin ................................................................................................ 245
7.9.1 nh ngha: ......................................................................................................... 245
7.9.2 Phng php tm cc tr ..................................................................................... 245
7.10 ng dng ca php tnh vi phn trong hnh hc.................................................... 250
7.10.1 Tip tuyn ca ng cong............................................................................ 250
7.10.2 Mt phng tip xc ca mt cong................................................................... 251
6
7.10.3 cong .......................................................................................................... 253
7.10.4 Bao hnh ca mt h ngcong ................................................................... 255
7.11 Bi tp chng 7 .................................................................................................... 258
7.12 Hng dn gii bi tp v p s........................................................................... 262
Ti liu tham kho............................................................................................................ 302






























7

Chng 1
Tp hp v s thc
1.1 Khi nim v tp hp
1.1.1 Tp hp
Cho tp hp M, ch x l phn t ca tp M ta vit x M (c l x thuc M), ch x
khng phi l phn t ca tp M ta vit x M (c l x khng thuc M).
Tp hp M ch c mt phn t a, k hiu l { } a .
Tp hp M khng c phn t no gi l tp rng, k hiu l .
Cho hai tp A v B. Nu mi phn t ca A u l phn t ca B ta ni rng A l tp con
ca B v ta vit A B .
Nu A l tp con ca B v A B ta ni rng A l tp hp con thc s ca tp hp B v
vit l A B . Trong trng hp ny tn ti t nht mt phn t trong B m khng phi l
phn t ca A. V d nh tp hp cc s nguyn Z l tp con ca tp hp cc s hu t .
Cho A, B, C l ba tp hp. Khi c tnh cht sau:
a) A (1.1.1)

)
)


b
c
v = (1.1.2)
v (1.1.3)
A B B A A B
A B B C A C.

1.1.2 Mt s tp hp thng gp
Trong cc gio trnh i s trng ph thng trung hc ta lm quen vi tp hp cc
s t nhin `
`={ 0,1,2,, n,} (1.1.4)
`*={1,2, n,}. (1.1.5)
xt nghim ca phng trnh x+n = 0 trong ` n ta a thm tp cc s nguyn
]:
{ } 0, 1, 2,..., ,... = ] n . (1.1.6)
xt nghim ca phng trnh mx + n = 0 trong , m n ] ta a thm tp cc s hu
t
8
| , 0,

= =


m
x x n m,n
n
_ ] . (1.1.7)
Ta bit bn php ton c s (cng, tr, nhn, chia) ca s hu t v cch sp xp
chng theo ln (nu a, b l hai s hu t, th mt trong chng b hn s th hai). Tng
a+b, hiu a - b, tch a.b, thng ( 0)
a
b
b
ca hai s hu t a,b li l s hu t, nhng vi
cc php ton khc nu ch xt trn tp cc s hu t, ta thy nhng iu nu trn khng cn
ng na. V d php ly cn l php ton nh vy. Ta hy tm cn bc hai ca s 2, tc l
tm mt s x m bnh phng ca n bng 2. Ta khng nh rng khng c s hu t no m
bnh phng ca n bng 2. Gi s rng s hu t x nh vy tn ti, ta c th vit di dng
phn s ti gin
p
q
, trong p v q ch c c s chung l 1 . Khi
2
2 2
2
2; 2 = =
p
p q
q
cho
nn p
2
l s chn v do p cng l s chn, p = 2m, trong m l s nguyn, do
4m
2
=2q
2
, 2m
2
=q
2
cho nn q
2
l s chn v v th q l s chn. Nh vy p,q l cc s chn,
iu ny mu thun vi gi thit l p,q ch c c chung l 1 . Mu thun nhn c chng
minh khng nh trn.
T nguyn nhn ny, trong ton hc ta a thm vo nhng s mi, l cc s v t. V
d v s v t l 2, 3, lg3, , sin20
o

Tp cc s hu t v cc s v t c gi l tp cc s thc v k hiu l \. Nh vy ta
c bao hm thc:
. N Z R (1.1.8)
1.1.3 Cc php ton trn tp hp
a) Hp A B ca tp hp A v tp hp B, c l A hp B l tp hp c nh ngha
bi:
{ | } = A B x x A B hoc x . (1.1.9)
b) Giao A B ca hai tp hp A v B, c l A giao B l tp hp nh ngha bi:
{ | } A B x x A = v x B . (1.1.10)
c) Hiu = | { | v } A B x x A x B . (1.1.11)
Ta ni rng cc tp A v B l ri nhau nu A B = .
d) B sung C
A
B ca B trong A ( B A) l tp hp nh ngha bi
= { | v }
A
C B x x A x B (1.1.12)
Php giao, hp v b sung c cc tnh cht sau:
i) ( ) ( ) = A B C A B C (1.1.13)
ii) ( ) ( ) = A B C A B C (1.1.14)
iii) ( ) ( ) ( ) = A B C A C B C (1.1.15)
iv) ( ) ( ) ( ) = A B C A C B C (1.1.16)
9
v) \ , \ A= = A A (1.1.17)
vi)
1 2 1 2
( ) =
A A A
C B B C B C B (1.1.18)
vii)
1 2 1 2
( ) =
A A A
C B B C B C B . (1.1.19)
1.1.4 Tch cc
Cho hai tp hp A,B khng rng. Tch cc ca hai tp hp A v B, k hiu l AB l
tp hp cc cp (x,y) trong , x A y B , ng thi (x,y)= (a,b) khi v ch khi x = a, y =
b.
Nh vy
AB ={(x,y)| , x A y B } (1.1.20)
Thay cho AA ta vit l A
2

V d: {1,2}{2,3,4} = {(1,2); (1,3); (1,4); (2,2); (2,3); (2,4)}
Ngoi ra {1,2}
2
={(1,1); (1,2); (2,1); (2,2)}.
1.1.5 Cc k hiu lgic
By gi gi s M l mt tp hp v t l mt tnh cht no ca cc phn t ca tp M.
Nu phn t x M c tnh cht t ta vit t(x). Gi c(t) l tp hp ca tt c cc phn t ca tp
M c tnh cht t:
c(t) ={ x M |x c tnh cht t} (1.1.21)
hay
c(t) ={ x M |t(x)} (1.1.22)
khi nu
c(t) = M
th mi phn t ca M u c tnh cht t, ta ni rng vi mi x M , x c tnh cht t v ta
vit x M : t(x) hay ( )
x M
t x

.
K hiu gi l k hiu ph bin.
Nu ( ) c t , th c t nht mt phn t x M , x c tnh cht t

v vit
: ( ) hay ( )
x M
x M t x t x

K hiu gi l k hiu tn ti.
1.2 S thc
1.2.1 Php cng v nhn cc s thc
Xt tp hp cc s thc R. Ta c th xc nh php cng v nhn hai s thc bt k a v
b. Php ton cng cho tng ng hai s thc a v b vi s thc c k hiu l a+b, php
10
nhn cho tng ng hai s thc a v b vi s thc c k hiu l a.b sao cho tho mn cc
tnh cht sau: Vi mi s thc a,b v c.
a) a+b = b+a (tnh cht giao hon),
b) a+(b+c) = (a+b)+c (tnh cht kt hp),
c) a.b = b.a (tnh cht giao hon ),
d) a(b.c) = (a.b).c (tnh cht kt hp),
e) (a+b).c = a.c+b.c (tnh cht phn phi),
f) Tn ti duy nht s 0 sao cho a+0 = a R a ,
g) Vi mi a, tn ti s a sao cho a + ( a) = 0,
h) Tn ti duy nht s 1 0 sao cho a.1 = a R a ,
i) Vi mi s a 0, tn ti s a
-1
sao cho a.a
-1
= 1, s a
-1
cn c k hiu l
1
a
.
Ch : S ( a) v s a
-1
ni trong tnh cht g) v i) l duy nht. Tht vy, v d nh nu tn ti
s b a tho mn iu kin a+b =0, th a+b+ ( a)= a, t y a+ ( a)+b= a hay 0+b =
a v b= a, mu thun.
1.2.2 So snh hai s thc a v b
Cho hai s thc bt k a v b. Khi ch c th xy ra mt trong ba trng hp sau:
a = b (a bng b), a > b (a ln hn b) hay b > a (b ln hn a).
Mnh = c tnh cht: nu a=b v b=c th a=c.
Mnh > c tnh cht sau: Vi mi s thc a,b v c.
a) Nu a > b v b > c th a > c
b) Nu a > b th a+c > b+c.
c) Nu a > 0, b > 0 th ab > 0.
Mnh ab ngha l hoc a=b, hoc a>b.
Cc mnh a < b, a b, a > b, a b c gi l cc bt ng thc. Cc bt ng thc
a < b, a > b c gi l cc bt ng thc thc s.
S thc a tho mn bt ng thc a>0 c gi l s dng.
S thc a tho mn bt ng thc a<0 c gi l s m.
1.2.3 Tnh lin tc ca tp hp s thc
nh l 1.2.1 Gi s X v Y l hai tp hp cc s thc tho mn iu kin sau:
x y , x X y Y . (1.2.1)
Khi tn ti mt s c sao cho
x c y x X, y Y . (1.2.2)
11
Ch rng ch c tp hp cc s thc mi c tnh cht ny. V d nh, gi s
X = {x hu t | x < 2 } v
Y = {y hu t | y > 2 }.
Khi i vi mi x X vi mi y Y tho mn xy, nhng khng tn ti s hu t c
no sao cho x c y . Tht vy, s nh vy ch c th l 2 , nhng 2 khng phi l s
hu t.
Trong l thuyt s v t ngi ta chng minh c rng vi hai s thc bt k , trong
< lun lun tm c mt s thc v c bit mt s hu t r nm gia hai s (v
thnh th c mt tp v s cc s v t nh vy nm gia v ).
1.2.4 Cn ca tp hp s
Gi s M l tp hp s (tc l tp hp m cc phn t ca n l nhng s thc). Tp hp
M c gi l b chn trn nu tn ti mt s thc k sao cho
x k x M . (1.2.3)
S k bt k c tnh cht nh vy c gi l cn trn ca tp M. Do tp hp M l b
chn trn nu c t nht mt cn trn. Nu tp M c mt cn trn th n c v hn cn trn, bi
v nu s k l cn trn th bt k s l no ln hn k l cn trn. Mt cu hi c t ra l liu
c tn ti s nh nht trong cc cn trn ca tp M. S nh nht nh vy gi l cn trn ng
ca tp M v k hiu l sup M.
Cn trn ng ca tp M c tnh cht sau:
> 0, sao cho > sup x M x M - .
Tht vy, nu s x nh vy khng tn ti th s supM cng l cn trn v khi s
supM khng phi l cn trn ng ca tp M. Ni mt cch khc, tnh cht ny ni ln supM
l s nh nht trong s cc cn trn ca M.
V d 1: Tm cn trn ng ca tp
1 1 1
{1, , ,..., ,...}.
2 3
M
n
=
Gii: Ta thy < N
*
1
0 1 n
n
, v th tp hp M b chn trn, d thy s 1 l cn
trn. Ta hy chng minh s 1 l cn trn ng ca M. Tht vy 0 > , ta phi tm c s
t nhin n sao cho
1
1
n
> . S n ny, v d l n = 1.
V d 2: sup(0,1) = sup[0,1] = 1.
By gi ta c th nh ngha cn trn ng ca tp M mt cch khc nh sau:
S supM c gi l cn trn ng ca tp M b chn trn nu
a) sup x M x M (1.2.4)
b) > 0, sao cho sup x M x > M - (1.2.5)
12
Tp hp s M c gi l b chn di, nu tn ti s g sao cho
x g x M . (1.2.6)
Mi s g c tnh cht ny gi l cn di ca tp hp M. Do tp M b chn di, nu
n c t nht mt cn di.
S ln nht trong cc cn di ca tp M gi l cn di ng ca M v c k hiu l
inf M.
V d 3: Xt tp M=(a,b)
Hin nhin s a v s bt k b hn a l cn di ca M. Hin nhin s a l cn di
ng ca tp M, tc l a= inf M.
Tng t nh i vi cn trn ng, cn di ng c tnh cht sau:
, x M sao cho x < inf M + . (1.2.7)
V d 4: Xt tp
1 1 1
{1, , ,..., ,...}
2 3
M
n
=
Ta chng minh rng s 0 l cn di ng ca tp M.
Tht vy, 0 > , ta phi tm c s t nhin n sao cho
< +
1
0 ,
n
hay < >

1 1
n
n
.
iu ny ngha l s 0 l cn di ng ca tp M, tc l inf M = 0.
V d 5: inf(0,1) = inf[0,1] = 0.
Trong cc v d trn, ta thy sup M, inf M c th thuc M, cng c th khng thuc M.
nh l 1.2.2 Tp hp s khng rng bt k b chn trn (di) c cn trn (di) ng.
Chng minh: Gi s X l tp hp s khng rng b chn trn. Khi tp hp Y cc s l
cn trn ca tp X khng rng. Theo nh ngha ca cn trn suy ra rng i vi bt k x X
v bt k y Y ta c bt ng thc.
x y .
Da vo tnh cht lin tc ca tp hp cc s thc, tn ti mt s c sao cho
x c y x X, y Y . (1.2.8)
T bt ng thc th nht trong (1.2.8) suy ra s c chn trn tp hp X, t bt ng thc
th hai trong (1.2.8) suy ra c l s b nht trong cc cn trn ca X, tc l cn trn ng ca
tp X.
V d 6: Chng minh rng tp hp cc s nguyn
X= {,3, 2, 1,0,1,2,3,}
khng b chn trn, cng khng b chn di, tc l
supX= + v inf X= .
Tht vy, gi s ngc li, tp hp X b chn trn. Khi theo nh l trn, n c cn trn
ng
13
c = sup X.
Theo tnh cht ca cn trn ng, i vi 1 = , ta tm c mt s nguyn x X sao
cho
x > c 1
nhng khi x+1> c. Bi v 1 x X + , iu ny c ngha l c khng phi l cn trn ng
ca tp hp X, mu thun vi iu ni trn.
V d 7: Gi s X v Y l hai tp hp s. Hy chng minh rng nu Y X th supX supY.
Gii: Gi s supX = A, supY = B. Ta phi chng minh BA. Gi s ngc li B > A. Khi
da vo tnh cht cn trn ng, > 0, sao cho > y Y y B .
Bi v: B A >0, nn ta c th ly B A = . Ta nhn c y >B = B B +A, tc l y
> A.
Nhng y Y v Y X nn y X , theo nh ngha sup suy ra y A . Mu thun nhn
c chng t rng B A .
Ta c th chng minh khng nh trn bng cch khc nh sau:
Bi v Y X nn x X v y Y ta c
sup , sup x X y X v sup y Y .
Nhng supY l s thc nh nht trong cc cn trn ca Y v supX l mt trong s cn trn
ca Y nn
sup Ysup X.
Nu tp M ng thi b chn di v b chn trn, ta gi l tp b chn.
Cui cng nu tp M khng b chn trn, th ta ni rng cn trn ng ca tp l +,
sup M = +. Tng t nu tp M khng b chn di, ta ni rng cn di ng ca tp l
, inf M= .
V d nh sup(0,+ ) = +, inf(,0)= .
Gi s M l tp hp cc s thc, nu tn ti mt phn t ln nht trong cc phn t ca
tp M, th ta k hiu phn t l maxM. Tng t ta k hiu phn t nh nht ca tp M l
minM.
V d nh max{2, 3, 5,0} = 2, min{2,3, 5,0}=5,
|x|=max {(x,x)} x .
1.2.5 Trc s thc
By gi ta tm cch biu din hnh hc tp cc s thc.
Ta ly mt ng thng nm ngang v trn ta ly mt im 0 no lm gc. Ta chon
mt di thch hp lm n v v t di lin tip nhau t im 0 sang tri v sang
phi sao cho tri khp ng thng. V d nh s 2 c biu din bng im 2, tc l im
bn phi im 0 vi khong cch 2 n v.
Ta gi ng thng ni trn l ng thng thc hay trc s. Bt k mt s thc no
cng c ng vi mt im trn ng thng thc v ngc li, bt k mt im no trn
14
ng thng thc cng c ng vi mt s thc. S thc a ng vi im M trn trc s c
gi l to ca im M. Thng thng ngi ta khng phn bit im a nm trn ng
thng thc v s thc a (l to ca im ).
Tp hp R khng c phn t cc i v phn t cc tiu, bi v i vi mt s thc x bt
k lun lun tn ti hai s y v z sao cho y< x< z (v d y = x 1, z = x+1). V th ta hy b
sung vo tp R hai phn t mi m ta k hiu l +, v ta gi chung l cc im v tn
ca trc thc. Ta k hiu tp mi xut hin nh vt l R
*
. Nh vy l
R
*
= R {, +}. (1.4.2)
Tp hp R
*
ta s gi l trc thc m rng. Cui cng ta ch thm l
< a < +, R a . (1.4.3)
1.3 nh x
Trong phn ny chng ta s trnh by mt vi khi nim v nh x m n rt c ch cho
vic nghin cu l thuyt hm s sau ny.
1.3.1 nh ngha
Cho hai tp hp A v B. nh x t tp hp A ti tp hp B l mt quy lut f cho tng
ng mi phn t x A vi mt v ch mt phn t y B .
V d 1: Cho A = B =R.
Qui lut y = x
3
cho tng ng mi R x vi mt v ch mt R y , nn qui lut trn l
mt nh x t R ti R.
V d 2: Cho A = B = {x | R x , 0 x }.
Qui lut y x = cho tng ng mi x A vi mt v ch mt y B, nn l mt nh x
t A ti B
din t f l nh x t tp hp A ti tp hp B ta vit f: AB hay
f
A B v gi
A l tp xc nh ca nh x f.
Phn t y B tng ng vi x A bi qui lut f gi l nh ca x v x c gi l
nghch nh ca y v ta vit:
( ) hay ( ) y f x x y f x = = .
Ta gi tp
( ) { | ( ), } = = f A y y f x x A (1.3.1)
hay
( ) { | , ( )} = = f A y x A y f x (1.3.2)
l nh x ca tp A qua nh x f.
Ch rng ta lun c ( ) f A B. Nu f(A)=B, ta ni rng f l nh x t tp hp A ln tp
hp B hay nh x : f A B l mt ton nh.
15
V d 3: nh x cho bi qui lut = R ( ) si n , f x x x l nh x tp R ti tp R v ng thi
nh x tp R ln tp hp tt c cc s thc y sao cho 1 1 y .
Nu nh N M A th ( ) ( ) N f M f . (1.3.3)
1.3.2 n nh, song nh
nh x : f A B gi l nh x n nh nu
1 2 1 2
( ) ( ) f x f x x x = = (1.3.4)
v d nh nh x c cho bi sinx l n nh t tp hp { | 0 }
2
< < R x x

ln tp hp
{ | 0 1} < < R y y .
V d 4: Xt nh x cho bi qui lut
2
y x = . V phng trnh = R
2
, y x y c hai nghim
khc nhau x
1
v x
2
nu y > 0, c ngha l f(x
1
) = f(x
2
) nhng
1 2
x x , vy nh x ny khng
phi l n nh.
nh x : f A B gi l mt song nh nu n va l n nh va l ton nh.
V d 5: nh x : R R f cho bi qui lut
3
y x = l mt song nh
V d 6: nh x :
+
R R f cho bi qui lut
2
y x = khng phi l song nh, nhng nh x
:
+ +
R R f cho bi qui lut
2
y x = l mt song nh.
V d 7: Cho R, x [x] k hiu phn nguyn ca x (ngha l [x] l s nguyn ln nht khng
ln hn x chng hn [4,5] = 4; [2] = 2; [2,5] = 2; [2,7] = 2). Ta c [x] x[x]+1.
nh x R Z : f cho bi qui lut y=[x] khng phi l song nh.
1.3.3 nh x ngc
Gi s f l mt nh x tp hp A ln tp hp B. Khi ng vi mi phn t c mt v ch
mt x A sao cho y f x ( ) = . nh x cho tng ng phn t y B vi phn t x A sao
cho y f x ( ) = gi l nh x ngc ca nh x f k hiu l f
1
.
Nh vy f B A
1
:

f y x f x y
1
( ) ( )

= = (vi x A , y B ). (1.3.5)

16

Hnh 1.3.1

V d 8: Nu A l tp hp cc vng trn ng tm nm trn cng mt phng v f(x) l bn
knh ca vng trn x, khi f l nh x n tr tp A ln tp cc s thc dng. Khi nh x
ngc f
1
tng ng mt s thc dng x vi vng trn nm trong tp A m bn knh ca n
l x.
1.3.4 Hp (tch) ca hai nh x
Cho hai nh x:
: v : g M A f A B .
Xt nh x t tp M ti tp hp B c xc nh nh sau:
( ( )) x M z f g x B = . (1.3.6)
nh x ny gi l hp ca nh x g v nh x f (hay tch ca g v f ), k hiu l f g
Nh vy
: f g M B
( ) ( ( )), f g x f g x x M = . (1.3.7)
V d 9: nh x cho bi qui lut sinx
2
, R x l hp ca nh x trong cho bi qui lut x
2
,
R x v nh x ngoi c cho bi qui lut siny, R y
nh x sin
2
x, R x l hp ca nh x trong cho bi sinx, R x v nh x ngoi cho bi
y
2
, R y .
1.4 Bi tp chng 1
1.1 Cho a l s v t, r l s hu t
1) Hy chng minh rng a+r v a r l cc s v t
2) Gi s 0 r hy chng minh rng cc s , ,
a r
ar
r a
l cc s v t.
1.2 Cho a,bR, gi s
17
( , ) | | = d a b a b l khong cch gia hai im a v b ca trc s
Hy chng minh rng
1) d(a,a) = 0
2) d(a,b)>0 khi a b
3) d(a,b) =d(b,a)
4) d(a,b) + d(b,c) ( , ) d a c .
1.3 Hy chng minh mnh tp hp R M l b chn khi v ch khi tn ti s thc r>0
sao cho: |x| r x M .
1.4 Cho R X . nh ngha: (X) = {x|xX}
Hy chng minh:
1) inf(X) = sup X
2) sup(X)= inf X
1.5 Cho R , X Y . nh ngha
X+Y = { = + R| , , a x X y Y a x y}
{ R| , , } XY a x X y Y a xy = =
Ngha l X+Y l tp hp cc s thc c dng x+y vi , x X y Y , cn XY l tp hp
cc s thc c dng xy vi , x X y Y .
1) Gi s X,Y b chn trn, chng minh:
sup(X+Y) = supX+ supY
2) Gi s X, Y b chn di, chng minh:
inf(X+Y) = inf X + inf Y
3) Gi s X, Y b chn trn,
+ +
R R , X Y .
Chng minh: sup(XY)= (sup X)(sup Y)
4) Gi s X, Y b chn di, ,
+ +
R R X Y .
Chng minh: inf(XY) = (inf X)(inf Y).
1.6 Gi s N R
*
M . Chng minh rng:
i nf i nf sup sup N N M M .
1.7 Cho R A v { | : } F f f A A = . Chng minh rng nu f,g,hF v i l nh x ng
nht trn tp A, tc l i(x) =x, xA th:
1) ( ) ( ) f g h f g h = ,
2) f i f = .
1.8 Cho F l tp hp ni trn v
18
*
{ | : F f f A A = v f l n nh}
Chng minh rng nu f,gF
*
th
1) f g F
*
2)
1
f f i

=





























19

Chng 2
Gii hn ca dy s v hm s
2.1 Gii hn ca dy s
2.1.1 nh ngha dy s
Cho
*
N ={1,2,3,} l tp hp cc s t nhin. Mt nh x f:
*
N R c gi l
mt dy s thc. Nu t x
n
= f(n) th ta c th biu din dy s di dng:
1 2 3
, , ,..., ,...
n
x x x x (2.1.1)
Phn t x
n
c gi l s hng th n ca dy s.
cho gn ta s k hiu dy s bng {x
n
}. Ch s n trong s hng x
n
ch v tr ca s
hng ny trong dy (2.1.1).
Trc ht ta hy nu ra mt vi v d v dy:
1 2 3 4
1 1 1 1 1
: 1, , , ,..., ,...
2 3 4

= = = = =


n
x x x x x
n n
(2.1.3)
1 2
1 2
: , ,..., ,...
1 2 3 1

= = =

+ +

n
n n
x x x
n n
(2.1.4)
1 2 3 2 1 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
, : , 1, ,..., , ,...
2 2 1 2 4 2 2 1

= = = = =



n n
x x x x x
n n n n
(2.1.5)
Ta thy rng cc s hng ca dy (2.1.3) v dy (2.1.5) gn 0 tu khi n tng, cc s
hng ca dy (2.1.4) gn 1 tu khi n tng. Ta ni rng dy (2.1.3) v dy (2.1.5) c gii hn
0, cn dy (2.1.4) c gii hn 1.
By gi ta a ra nh ngha chnh xc v gii hn ca dy.
nh ngha 1: Ta ni rng s a l gii hn ca dy {x
n
} nu i vi mi s dng b tu
u tm c mt s N
*
p sao cho > N
*
, n p n ta u c:
|x
n
a|< , tc l a < x
n
< a+ . (2.1.6)
Nu a l gii hn ca dy {x
n
} th ta vit:

= l i m hay khi
n n
n
x a x a n . (2.1.7)
Ta ch rng s p trn ni chung ph thuc vo vic chn . nhn mnh iu
i khi thay cho p ta s vit p

.
20
Khong m (a , a+ ) c tm ti im a c gi l ln cn ca im a. Nh vy, a
l gii hn ca dy {x
n
} th vi ln cn b bt k ca im a tt c cc phn t x
n
ca dy
bt u t mt ch s no cn phi ri vo trong ln cn (tc l ngoi ln cn ch
c th c mt s hu hn cc phn t x
n
).

Hnh 2.1.1

Nu dy (2.1.1) c gii hn, ta ni rng n hi t, nu khng c gii hn c gi l phn
k.
V d 1
Hy chng minh dy


+

1
n
n
c gii hn l 1.
Ta c: =
+
1
| 1|
1
n
x
n
. Vi mi cho trc
1
1 n
<
+

1 1
1 1 + > > n n

.
Nu ta ly
1
1 1

= +


p

(phn nguyn ca (
1
1

)) th n p

> ta c: |x
n
1|< .
Do l i m 1.
1

=
+
n
n
n

V d 2
Hy ch ra rng dy:
{( 1) } : 1,1, 1,...,
n
(2.1.8)
khng c gii hn.
Gi s rng dy c gii hn l a. Khi vi =1, tn ti s p sao cho vi n>p ta c |x
n

a|< =1.
Ta hy chn n ln hn p, khi n+1>p, cho nn
|x
n+1
a|<1.
T ta suy ra vi n>p
|x
n
x
n+1
|= |(x
n
a)+ ( a x
n+1
)| | x
n
a|+| x
n+1
a|
n
< 1+1 = 2
iu ny mu thun vi tnh cht ca cc s hng ca dy (2.1.8) l: | x
n
x
n+1
|= 2 N
*
n .
21
2.1.2 Cc tnh cht ca dy hi t
a) Tnh duy nht
nh l 2.1.1 Mi dy hi t u c gii hn duy nht.
Chng minh:
Gi s dy: (2.1.1) c hai gii hn khc nhau a v b vi a< b
Ta ly s = >
1
( ) 0
2
b a . Bi v, a l gii hn ca dy (2.1.1), ta tm c s p
1
sao cho
vi n> p
1
ta c:
|x
n
a|<
tc l a < x
n
< a+ (2.1.9)
nhng b cng l gii hn ca dy (2.1.1), nn vi s ni trn, ta tm c p
2
sao cho vi
n>p
2
ta c:
|x
n
b|<
tc l b < x
n
< b+ (2.1.10)
Nu ly n > max(p
1
, p
2
) th b < x
n
< a+ b < a+ ba < 2 , iu ny mu
thun vi gi thit b a = 2 .
nh l 2.1.2 Mi dy hi t u b chn.
Chng minh:
Gi s l i m
n
n
x a

= . Theo nh ngha vi =1, ta tm c mt s t nhin p sao cho vi

mi s t nhin np, ta c:
n
x a < 1. Do
n
x a
n
x a nn
n
x < a + 1
Gi k = max {|x
1
|,|x
2
|,|x
3
|,,|x
n
|,|a|+1}. Khi |x
n
| k n=1,2,3,, tc l dy {x
n
} b chn.
Ta ch rng dy b chn khng nht thit phi hi t.
V d:
Dy c s hng tng qut x
n
= (1)
n
l dy b chn nhng khng hi t v:
1 khi 2 ; 1 khi 2 1 ; = = +
n n
x n k x n k
Tuy nhin |x
n
|=1, n.
b) Dy con
nh ngha 2 Gi s {
n
k } l dy tng cc ch s, tc l
1 2 3
... k k k < < <
Khi dy vi cc s hng
1 2 3
, , ,...
k k k
x x x (2.1.12)
22
c gi l dy con ca dy (2.1.1). Hin nhin dy con ca dy (2.1.12) cng l dy con ca
dy (2.1.1).
Ta ch rng
n
k n n N
*
. (2.1.13)
Tht vy k
1
1, cho nn k
2
>1 v do k
2
2, bi v k
2
l s t nhin.
Mt cch tng qut gi s ta chng minh c
n
k n, ta nhn c
1 n
k n
+
> v do
+
+
1
1
n
k n . Cc v d v dy con l:
= = =
2 4 6 8 1 2
, , , ,...,( 2, 4,..., 2 )
n
x x x x k k k n (2.1.14)
= = =
1 3 5 7 1 2
, , , ,...( 1, 3,..., 2 1)
n
x x x x k k k n (2.1.15)
= = =
2
1 4 9 16 1 2
, , , ,...( 1, 4,..., )
n
x x x x k k k n (2.1.16)
=
1 3 5 7 11 13 17
, , , , , , ,...( ,
n n n
x x x x x x x x p p l s nguyn t) (2.1.17)
nh l 2.1.3 Mi dy con ca mt dy hi t l mt dy hi t v c cng gii hn.
Chng minh:
Gi s dy (2.1.1) c cng gii hn a v {
n
k
x } l mt dy con ca dy (2.1.1). Ta hy
chng minh dy {
n
k
x } cng c gii hn l a. t y
n
=
n
k
x .
Gi s cho trc >0 v l i m ,

=
n
n
x a nn tn ti s p sao cho vi n>p ta c
| | <
n
x a .
Mt khc vi n>p th k
n
>p (v k
n
n) v do
| | | | = <
n
n k
y a x a
Cho nn l i m

=
n
n
y a, iu phi chng minh.
c) Cc php ton v gii hn
nh l 2.1.4 Cho hai dy hi t

= l i m ,
n
n
x a

= l i m
n
n
y b
Khi :
(i)

+ = + l i m( )
n n
n
x y a b (2.1.18)
(ii)

= l i m( )
n
n
c x ca ;

+ = + l i m( )
n
n
c x c a vi c l hng s (2.1.19)
(iii)

= l i m( )
n n
n
x y ab. (2.1.20)
(iv)

1
l i m( )
n
n
y
=
1
b
vi
n
y 0, b 0. (2.1.21)
(v)

= l i m( )
n
n
n
x a
y b
vi
n
y 0, b 0. (2.1.22)
23
Chng minh:
(i) V ,
n n
x a y b nu vi >0 ta tm c p
1
v p
2
sao cho: khi n>p
1
th |x
n

a|<
2

, khi n>p
2
th |y
n
b|<
2

. Gi p = max(p
1
, p
2
) th khi n>p ta c:
| ( ) ( )| | | | |
n n n n
x y a b x a y b + + + < .
T y suy ra iu phi chng minh.
(ii) Chng minh tng t nh trn
(iii) Ta c ng thc:
( )( ) ( ) ( ) = + +
n n n n n n
x y ab x a y b a y b b x a .
V ,
n n
x a y b, nn vi > 0 cho trc, tm c p
1
, p
2

sao cho:
khi n>p
1
th |x
n
a|< , khi n>p
2
th |y
n
b|< .
Gi p =max(p
1
,p
2
) th khi n>p ta c:
| | | | . | | . , < + +
n n
x y ab a b t l i m( ) 0.

=
n n
n
x y ab
(iv) Do y b
n
, nn ta c th chn m sao cho khi n>m th |
n
y b |<
1
| |
2
b . Ngoi ra do
||y
n
| |b|| |
n
y b |<
1
| |
2
b ,
suy ra
1
| |
2
b <|y
n
| |b|<
1
| |
2
b
T bt ng thc trn suy ra khi n >m th
|y
n
| >
1
| |
2
b . (2.1.23)
Mt khc, cng do
n
y b nn vi >0 cho trc tm c p >m sao cho khi n > p ta
c
|
n
y b |<
2
1
| |
2
b (2.1.24)
Do vy khi n>p ta c:
2
1 1 2
| |
| |

= < <
n
n
n n
y b
y b
y b by b
, iu ny chng t rng
1 1
khi
n
n
y b
.
(v) Kt lun ny l h qu ca (iii) v iv
d) S bo ton th t qua gii hn trong bt ng thc
nh l 2.1.5 Gi s l i m l i m

<
n n
n n
x y . Khi tm c mt s p sao cho vi n>p th <
n n
x y .
24
Chng minh: t l i m , l i m
n n
n n
x a y b

= = v
1
( )
2
b a = . Do a+ = b . Theo gi thit
tm c p
1
,p
2
sao cho khi:
1
> n p th < < +
n
a x a v khi
2
> n p th < < +
n
b y b .
Nu gi p =max(
1 2
, p p ) th bt ng thc:
, < + = < >
n n
x a b y n p c tho mn.
Do : , < >
n n
x y n p .
Ch :
Trng hp c bit khi
*
, = N
n
y b n ta c khng nh sau:
Nu nh l i m

= <
n
n
x a b

, th psao cho > n p ta c <

n
x b .
Mt cch tng t nu l i m

= >
n
n
y b a

, th p sao cho > n p ta c . >

n
y a
nh l 2.1.6 Cho hai dy s {x
n
} v {y
n
}. Khi :
(i) Nu

= =

v l i m , l i m t h
n n n n
n n
x y x a y b a b
(ii) Nu {z
n
} l mt dy tho mn

= = = v l i m l i m t h l i m .
n n n n n n
n n n
x y z n x z a y a
Chng minh:
(i) Hy chng minh khng nh ny bng phn chng. Gi s a < b, khi tn ti s r
tho mn a< r <b.
Mt khc v
n
x a v a < r nn tn ti p
1
sao cho khi n > p
1
th x
n
< r.
Tng t ta tm c p
2
sao cho khi n > p
2
th y
n
> r.
Nu gi p =max(p
1
,p
2
) th khi n>p ta c x
n
<r v y
n
>r, ngha l x
n
<y
n
, v iu ny mu
thun vi gi thit.
(ii) V x
n
a nn vi 0 > cho trc tm c p
1
sao cho khi n >p
1
th:
| | hay
n n
x a a x a < < < + .
Tng t, v
n
z a , ta tm c p
2
sao cho khi n>p
2
ta c < < +
n
a z a .
T y, t p = max(p
1
,p
2
), th khi n > p ta c
< < +
n n n
a x y z a .
Suy ra < < +
n
a y a , tc l
n
y a , iu phi chng minh.
2.1.3 Gii hn v hn
nh l 2.1.7 Cho dy s {x
n
}. Nu vi mi M > 0 ln tu , bao gi cng tn ti mt s p
sao cho , n p > ta c x
n
>M, th ta ni rng dy {x
n
} c gii hn cng v cng v k hiu l
25
l i m
n
n
x

= +.
Nu vi mi M >0 ln tu , bao gi cng tn ti mt s p sao cho , n p > ta c x
n
<
M, th ta ni rng dy {x
n
} c gii hn tr v cng v k hiu l
l i m
n
n
x

= .
Cui cng ta hy ch rng mt dy hi t khi v ch khi n c gii hn hu hn. Dy c
gii hn l khng c xem l dy hi t.
2.2 Tiu chun hi t
2.2.1 Cc nh l
nh ngha 1 Dy
1 2 3
, , ,... x x x gi l tng nu (2.2.1)
+
N
*
1

n n
x x n (2.2.2)
Nu
+
< N
*
1 n n
x x n (2.2.3)
ta ni rng dy (2.2.1) l dy thc s tng. Tng t, nu nh
*
1

+
N
n n
x x n (2.2.4)
dy (2.2.1) l gim.
Nu nh
*
1

+
> N
n n
x x n (2.2.5)
th ta ni rng dy (2.2.1) thc s gim.
Cc dy ni trn gi chung l cc dy n iu. Tt c cc dy n iu to nn mt lp
dy rt quan trng. By gi i vi nhng dy ny ta c hai nh l quan trng sau.
nh l 2.2.1 Gi s dy (2.2.1) l khng gim. Nu nh dy khng b chn trn th
l i m

= +
n
n
x . (2.2.6)
Nu nh dy b chn trn th c gii hn hu hn
1,2,...
l i m sup

=
=
n n
n
n
x x . (2.2.7)
Chng minh:
(i) Gi s dy (2.2.1) khng b chn trn. Khi 0 > M ln tu , ta u tm c
mt s t nhin p sao cho x
p
>M (tc l t nht mt s hng ca dy ln hn M). Bi v,
dy l khng gim, nn khi n>p, ta c:
n p
x x v do x
n
>M, cho nn
l i m

= +
n
n
x .
(ii) Gi s dy(2.2.1) b chn trn, ta t
26
1,2,...
sup
n
n
a x
=
= . (2.2.8)
Theo nh ngha
*
N
n
x a n
Mt khc, 0, > ta tm c chng hn phn t x
p
ca dy sao cho >
p
x a . Vi n>p
ta c
n p
x x , nn:
< < +
n
a x a a tc l |x
n
a|< do l i m

=
n
n
x a.
H qu 1
Nu dy (2.2.1) khng gim v b chn trn th
*
l i m

N
k n
n
x x k . (2.2.9)
Tng t ta c nh l sau
nh l 2.2.2 Gi s dy (2.2.1) l khng tng. Nu n khng b chn di th
l i m

=
n
n
x . (2.2.10)
Nu n b chn di, th c gii hn hu hn
1,2,...
l i m

=
=
n n
n
n
x i nf x . (2.2.11)
H qu 2
Nu (2.2.1) khng tng v b chn di th
*
l i m

N
k n
n
x x k . (2.2.12)
nh l sau y suy ra t hai nh l trn.
nh l 2.2.3
Dy s n iu l hi t khi v ch khi n b chn.
Ta thy rng dy hi t bt k l b chn. Tt nhin, ta cng bit rng dy b chn khng
nht thit phi hi t. V d nh dy
1
{( 1) }
+

n
l b chn nhng khng hi t. Nhng dy b
chn n iu lun lun hi t. V d sau y c mt vai tr cc k quan trng trong gii tch
cng nh trong ng dng.
2.2.2 S e
Xt dy
1
1


= +





n
n
x
n
. Ta chng minh rng l i m

n
n
x tn ti.
Chng minh:
Trc ht xt dy
1
1
1
+

= +


n
n
y
n
. Ta thy rng dy {y
n
}l dy gim, tc l
27
1 2
1 1
1 1
1
+ +

+ > +

+

n n
n n
. (2.2.13)
Tht vy, bt ng thc (2.2.13) tng ng vi bt ng thc:
1 2
1 2
1
+ +
+ +
>

+

n n
n n
n n
(2.2.14)
hay
2 2
1 2 1
.
1
+ +
+ + +
>

+

n n
n n n
n n n
(2.2.15)
hay
2
2
( 1) 1
1
( 2)
+
+
> +

+

n
n
n n n
(2.2.16)
hay
2
1 1
1 1
( 2)
+

+ > +

+

n
n n n
(2.2.17)
bi v (n+1)
2
=n (n+2)+1.
Mt khc, theo bt ng thc Bernoulli vi h >0, k >1, k nguyn ta c:
(1 ) 1 + > +
k
h kh (2.2.18)
Bng cch thay
1
, 2
( 2)
= = +
+
h k n
n n
vo (2.2.18) ta thy rng bt ng thc (2.2.17)
hin nhin c chng minh v do dy {y
n
} l dy gim. Hn na dy {y
n
} b chn di
(bi v y
n
>0
*
N n ).
Do tn ti gii hn l i m .

n
n
y Mt khc
1 1
1 1
1 l i m 1
1
l i m l i m 1 l i m l i m
1 1
1 l i m 1
+ +

+ +



= + = = =



+ +


n n
n
n
n n
n n n
n
n
n n
x y
n
n n

T y suy ra gii hn l i m
n
n
x

tn ti. Theo Euler gii hn ny c k hiu bi ch e:

e =
1
l i m 1

+


n
n
n
. (2.2.19)
S e l mt s v t, 15 s u trong khai trin thp phn ca n l
e =2,718281828459045
2.2.3 Nguyn l Cantor v dy cc on thng lng nhau v tht li
nh l 2.2.4 Gi s
1 1 2 2
[ , ] [ , ] ... [ , ] ...
n n
a b a b a b l dy v hn cc on thng lng
nhau v tht li:
l i m( ) 0.

=
n n
n
b a (2.2.20)
28
Khi tn ti duy nht mt phn t
1
[ , ]

n n
n
a b . (2.2.21)
Chng minh:
Xt cc dy {a
n
} v {b
n
}, ta thy rng b
n
*
1
N b n v <
n n
a b n nn
1
<
n
a b
*
N n .
Dy {a
n
} tng, b chn trn nn c gii hn
1,2,...
l i m sup

=
= =
n n
n
n
a a (2.2.22)
Theo nh ngha supremun
*
N
n
a n . Hn na ta thy rng
*
N
n
b n v
trong trng hp ngc li
0
n sao cho
0
<
n
b .
Mt khc do dy cc on thng lng nhau, nn
0

n n
a b
*
N n , suy ra
0

n
b , iu
ny dn n mu thun.
Vy
1
[ , ]

n n
n
a b . (2.2.23)
Tng t dy {b
n
} l dy gim, ta c
1
>
n n
b a a
*
n N nn dy {b
n
} cng dn ti
mt gii hn hu hn
l i m

=
n
n
b (2.2.24)
Tng t nh trn
1
[ , ]

=

n n
n
a b (2.2.25)
Nhng theo nh l v hiu ca hai gii hn:
l i m l i m l i m( ) 0,

= = =
n n n n
n n n
b a b a do = v nh l c chng minh.
2.2.4 S hi t ca dy b chn
Xt dy {x
n
}, x
n
= (1)
n
, 1. n
Ta bit dy ny b chn nhng khng hi t trn R. Ta hy xt dy con ca dy trn:
{x
m
}, x
m
= (1)
m
vi m= 2n.
D dng thy rng dy con {x
m
} hi t v c gii hn l i m 1.

=
m
m
x
V d n gin ny l trng hp c bit ca nh l Bolzano Weirtrass v s hi t
ca dy b chn.
nh l 2.2.5 Mi dy v hn b chn u cha mt dy con hi t.
y ta khng chng minh nh l ny (c gi c th c trong cun [1]) v ch lu
rng y l mt nh l rt quan trng v mt l thuyt. Sau ny ta s thy rng khi dng nh
l Bolzano Weierstrass c th chng minh mt s tnh cht rt c trng ca hm lin tc.
29
2.2.5 Nguyn l Cauchy v s hi t ca mt dy s
nh ngha 2 Dy {x
n
} c gi l dy c bn (hay dy Cauchy) nu 0 > cho trc bao
gi cng
*
N p sao cho , > m n p ta c | | <
n m
x x .
nh l 2.2.6 (Nguyn l Cauchy): Mt dy s hi t khi v ch khi n l dy c bn.
Chng minh:
i) iu kin cn
Gi s l i m

=
n
n
x a. Khi 0 > cho trc tn ti s p sao cho > n p ta c:
| |
2
<
n
x a

.
T suy ra , > n m p ta c
| | | | | | | |
2 2
= + + < + =
m n m n m n
x x x a a x x a x a

.
Vy {x
n
} l dy c bn.
ii) iu kin
Gi s {x
n
} l dy c bn. Trc ht ta hy chng minh dy {x
n
} b chn. Tht vy
1, = p sao cho , > m n pta c:
m n
x x <1.
C nh m=p+1, khi
1
| | 1
+
< >
n p
x x n p. T y suy ra:
*
| | ,
n
x M n N .
Nh vy {x
n
} l mt dy b chn, theo nguyn l Bolzano Weierstrass tn ti mt dy con
{
k
n
x } hi t, gi s l i m

=
k
k
n
n
x a .
Khi 0 > cho trc,
1
>
k
n p ta c | |
2
<
k
n
x a

.
Mt khc do dy {x
n
} l dy Cauchy nn
2
p sao cho
2
, > m n p ta c
|
m n
x x |<
2

.
Chn p = max(p
1
,p
2
) v ly n
k
>p th > n p ta c:
.
2 2
= + + < + =
k n n n
k k k
n n n n
x a x x x a x x x a


Vy l i m

=
n
n
x a.
V d 1: Dng tiu chun Cauchy xt s hi t ca dy
1 1
1 ...
2
= + + +
n
x
n

Ta thy, vi n bt k, m = 2n th:
30
2
1 1 1 1 1 1
| | ... ...
1 2 2 2 2 2
= + + + > + + =
+ +
n n
x x
n n n n n
.
Do
2
1
1
2
>
n n
x x n , vy dy {x
n
} phn k.
V d 2: Dng tiu chun Cauchy xt s hi t ca dy
2 2 2
1 1 1
1 ...
2 3
= + + + +
n
x
n

Gi s m > n, ta c
2 2 2
1 1 1
...
( 1) ( 2)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
...
1 1 2 1
= + + + <
+ +
+ + + = < <
+ + +
m n
x x
n n m
n n n n m m n m n


1
> n

.
Nh vy, khi cho trc 0 > b tu , nu chn s
1
1 p

> +


(k hiu
1

l phn
nguyn ca
1

), khi :
, > m n p th | | <
m n
x x .
Vy dy hi t.
2.2.6 Gii hn trn v gii hn di
a) Gii hn ring.
Cho dy {x
n
}. Nu c mt dy con {
k
n
x } ca dy trn hi t n a:
l i m
k
n
k
x a

=
th ta ni rng a l mt gii hn ring ca dy {x
n
}.
V d nh dy{(1)
n
} c hai gii hn ring l 1 v 1.
b) Gii hn trn v gii hn di:
Cho {x
n
} l mt dy b chn. Vi mi n ta t
1 2
1,2,...
1 2
1,2,...
sup{ , ...} sup
i nf { , ...} i nf
+ + +
=
+ + +
=
= =
= =
n n n n k
k
n n n n k
k
u x x x
v x x x

D thy
n
u n iu gim v b chn di, nn tn ti gii hn
l i m i nf

=
n n
n n
u u .
31
Gii hn ny c gi l gii hn trn ca dy{ }
n
x v k hiu l l i m

n
n
x .
Nh vy l
l i m

n
n
x =i nf sup
+ n k
n
k
x (2.2.26)
Tng t, dy l dy v
n
tng v b chn trn nu tn ti gii hn
l i m sup
n n
n
n
v v

= .
Gii hn ny gi l gii hn di ca dy {x
n
} v k hiu l: l i m

n
n
x
Nh vy ta c
l i m
n
n
x

=supi nf
n k
k
n
x
+
. (2.2.27)
nh l 2.2.7 Cho dy {x
n
}. Gii hn trn l i m
n
n
x

l gii hn ring ln nht ca dy {x

n
}, cn
gii hn di l i m

n
n
x l gii hn ring nh nht ca dy .
Chng minh: Ta chng minh cho l i m
n
n
x

, i vi l i m

n
n
x c chng minh tng t.
Gi s a = l i m

n
n
x . Theo nh ngha i nf =
n
n
a u trong sup
+
=
n n k
k
u x . Khi
0, > >
n
u a n . Theo tnh cht ca supremun ta c , n k
+
<
n k
a x a .
T y ta thy rng dy {x
n
} c v s s hng nm trong ( , ] a a . Vy a l gii hn
ring ca dy {x
n
}.
Sau y ta chng minh a l gii hn ring ca ln nht.
By gi gi s ngc li c mt dy con { }
k
n
x ca dy {x
n
} m l i m

=
k
n
k
x b v b > a.
Khi
2
+
< <
a b
a b. Theo gi thit a = l i m

n
n
x , nn i nf sup .
2
+
+
<
n k
n
k
a b
x
Theo tnh cht ca infimum
0
n
0
sup
2
+
+
<
n k
k
a b
x .
Do
0
n
0
t h
2
+
+
<
n k
a b
k x .
Ta thy rng ch c mt s hu hn s hng
0
1 2
, ,...,
n
x x x thuc vo khong ( , )
2
+ a b
b ,
do b khng th l gii hn ring. Mu thun ny la do gi thit b > a, nh l c
chng minh.
nh l 2.2.8 iu kin cn v dy hi t l gii hn trn v gii hn di bng nhau.
Chng minh:
i) iu kin cn
32
Gi s l i m
k
n
k
x a

= . Gi l i m
n
n
x

= , l i m
n
n
x

= .
Khi tn ti cc dy con v
k l
n n
x x
V dy { }
n
x hi t nn cc dy con cng hi t v c cng gii hn, suy ra a = = .
ii) iu kin
Gi s l i m

n
n
x = l i m

n
n
x = a.
Khi vi mi k c nh
i nf sup
+ + +
= =
n n k n k n k n
k
k
v x x x u
Cho n theo gi thit l i m l i m
n n
n n
v u a

= = , theo tnh cht ca gii hn lin quan n
bt ng thc, suy ra l i m
+

=
n k
n
x a , do l i m

=
n
n
x a.
2.3 Khi nim v hm s mt bin s
2.3.1 nh ngha
Cho R R , : , X Y X Y . nh x : f X Y c gi l mt hm s mt bin s thc,
tp X gi l tp xc nh ca hm s. Ngi ta cn k hiu tp xc nh ca hm s f l D
f
. Tp
Y thng c gi l tp gi tr ca hm s.
Phn t x X c gi l bin c lp, hay i s, cn ( ) f x Y c gi l bin ph
thuc hay hm s. chng t hm s f cho tng ng mi phn t x X vi mt phn t
xc nh ( ) f x Y ta thng vit ( ) hay ( ) = x f x y f x .
V d: x x l hm s ng nht, thng k hiu l id(x)
3 5 x x + l hm s bc nht,
3 2
1 1
2 5
3 2
x x x x + + l hm s bc ba.
2.3.2 th ca hm s
Gi s trn mt mt phng cho hai trc to vung gc, trc Ox v trc Oy, trc Ox gi
l trc honh, trc Oy gi l trc tung, th ca hm f vi tp xc nh X l tp hp cc im
(x,y) tho mn phng trnh y = f(x) , vi x X .
V d 1:
Xt hm s
2
( ) 3 f x x = .
Tp xc nh ca hm s ny l tp [ 3, 3] D = .
S y c xc nh bi phng trnh
2
3 y x = l s khng m tho mn
2 2 2 2
3 hay l 3 = + = y x x y .
33
Cho nn th ca hm s trn l na ng trn pha trn v na ng trn pha di
(nt t) l th ca hm
2
3 x (Hnh 2.3.1)
3 3

2
1
y
x

Hnh 2.3.1 Hnh 2.3.2
V d 2: Phng trnh
2
1
= y
x
tng ng mi 0 x vi mt gi tr xc nh y. Ni mt cch
khc, hm
2
1
( ) = f x
x
c xc nh vi mi 0 x (Hnh 2.3.2)
V d 3: ( ) [ ] = x E x x trong [ ] x l s nguyn ln nht khng ln hn x, l hm s phn
nguyn ca x.
V trong khong [2,1), [1,0), [0,1), [1,2), [2,3) hm nhn gi tr hng s 2,
1,0,1,2 cho nn th l mt dy cc on thng nm ngang, khng k cc u mt bn
phi (Hnh 2.3.3a).
V d 4: Cho x l s t nhin, gi T(x) l s lng c s dng ca x, v d nh T(1)=1,
T(6)=4 (c s dng ca 6 l 1,2,3,6)
Cho nn ( ) x T x l hm s m tp xc nh ca n l tp hp cc s t nhin. th
ca hm ny gm nhng im ri rc (Hnh 2.3.3b)
-1 0 2 3 x 1
2
1
-1


Hnh 2.3.3a Hnh 2.3.3b

34
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
T(x) 1 2 2 3 2 4 2

Theo nh ngha trn cho hm s : f X Y ngha l
i) Cho tp xc nh X ca hm ny,
ii) Cho quy lut tng ng mi x X vi mt s xc nh ( ) f x Y .
Hai hm f, g c xem l nh nhau nu nh c cng tp xc nh X v nu f(x)=g(x)
x X . Ni mt cch khc hai hm xem l nh nhau nu nh c th nh nhau.
2.3.3 Hm s hp
Cho , , R R Z R X Y ngoi ra cho hm s : f X Y v hm s : Z g Y . Xt
hm s : Z h X c nh ngha bi
( ) [ ( )] = h x g f x vi x X . (2.3.2)
Hm s h c gi l hm s hp ca hm s g v hm s f. Ngi ta thng k hiu hm
s hp l h = gof, c th
( ) ( )( ) [ ( )] = = h x gof x g f x x X . (2.3.3)
V d 5: Cho X=Y=Z=R v xt cc hm s:
: si n , f x x :
x
g x e .
Khi :
=
si n
( ) ,
x
gof x e = ( ) si n( )
x
fog x e .
2.3.4 Hm s ngc
Cho hm s : , , R f X Y X Y . Gi s Y l tp gi tr ca hm s, tc l tp
( ) { | ( ), } = = R f x y y f x x X (2.3.4)
Nh vy hm f nh x tp X ln tp Y. Ngoi ra ta gi thit rng f cng l n nh, ngha
l vi
1 2 1 2
, , x x x x X th
1 2
( ) ( ) f x f x . Khi mi phn t y Y u l nh ca ng
mt phn t x X nn ta c th t tng ng mi phn t y Y vi mt phn t x X .
Php tng ng xc nh mt hm s t tp Y sang tp X. Hm s ny c gi l hm
s ngc ca hm f v c k hiu l
1
:

f Y X ,
ngha l
1 1
: ( )

= f y x f y (2.3.5)
T nh ngha hm s ngc ta c
1
( ) ( ) x f y y f x

= = . (2.3.6)
35
Cho nn trong cng mt h trc to th hm s ( ) = y f x v
1
( )

= x f y trng nhau.
Tuy nhin ta cng c th k hiu i s ca hm ngc bng ch x, ch y ch bin s
ph thuc, vi qui c hm s ngc ca hm s f l
1 1
: ( )

= f x y f x . (2.3.7)
Do nu (x,y) l mt im ca th hm s y=f(x) (2.3.1) th (y,x) mt im ca th
hm s ngc (2.3.7)
Hai im (x,y) v (y,x) i xng nhau qua ng phn gic th nht, cho nn ta c kt
lun sau:
th ca hm s ngc
1
( ) y f x

= i xng vi th hm s y = f(x) qua ng phn

gic th nht.
x
y=x
y=x
1
2
= y x
y=x

Hnh 2.3.4
V d 6: Hm s lu tha x x

vi 0 > xc nh trong khong [0, ) + v nh x khong

ny ln khong [0, ) + . Bi v vi 0 x ta c 0 x

, v i vi mi 0 y tn ti 0 x
sao cho = x y

. Ta ch cn t
1
= x y

. Nh vy hm s
1
y

l hm ngc ca hm s
x

trong min [0, ) + , tc l phng trnh x y

= nghim ng vi 0 x , 0 y v khi v
ch khi
1
x y

= .
th ca hm s y= x

, 0 > lun i qua gc to v im (1,1)

Tng t ta c th xt hm s y= x

vi 0 < , trong trng hp ny hm s khng xc

nh khi x=0.
V d 7: Cho hm s , ( 0, 1)
x x
x a y a a a = > nh x khong ( , ) + ln khong
( 0, + ). Ngc li, i vi mi y > 0 tn ti x sao cho
x
a =y, ta t l og =
a
x y. Hm ngc
1
f

c xc nh nh sau:
1
( ) l og hay l og

= = =
x
a a
f y y x y a y .
36
By gi hy v th ca hm s l og =
a
y x. Hm s ny nhn c t hm s
l og =
a
x y bng cch i x thnh y nn th ca hm s l og =
a
y x i xng vi th hm
s y=
x
a qua ng phn gic th nht. Ch ta c h thc sau
1
( )

=

f f x x x Y (2.3.8)
ngc li

1
( )

=

f f x x x X . (2.3.9)
V d nh vi 0, 1 a a ta c
l og v , 0 = = >
a
l og x x
a
a x x a x x .
2.3.5 Cc hm lng gic ngc
a) Hm s y =arcsinx
Hm s y=sinx c xc nh trong khong X=( + , ) v gi tr ca n lp y on
Y=[1,1]. ng thng song song vi trc Ox ct ng sin, tc th ca hm s y = sinx ti
mt tp v hn cc im, ni mt cch khc mi gi tr y[1,1] s ng vi mt tp v hn
cc gi tr ca xX. V vy, hm ngc m ta k hiu l x = Arcsiny, s l hm a tr.
= ar csi n y x
y
x
2

ar ccos y x =
2

Hnh 2.3.5
Thng thng ta ch xt mt nhnh ca hm s ng vi x bin thin gia v
2 2


. Mi gi tr y[1,1] s ng vi mt gi tr ,
2 2
x




, n c k hiu bng x = arcsiny
v gi l nhnh chnh ca hm Arcsiny.
Bng cch ly i xng ng sin qua ng phn gic th nht ta c th ca hm
a tr y = Arcsinx. Bng cch thu hp th trn vi ,
2 2
y




ta c th hm s
y=arcsinx c xc nh trn on [1,1] vi tp gi tr ,
2 2
y




v l mt hm s tng
(xem Hnh 2.3.5).
37
Ta c cng thc cho tt c cc gi tr ca hm ngc
ar csi n 2
Ar si n v i 0, 1, 2,...
(2 1) ar csi n
x k
c x k
k x

+
= =

(2.3.10)
b) Hm s y = arccosx
Ta thy y = cosx, = 0 ar ccos x x y.
Hm s ngc ca hm s y = cosx l hm s y = arccosx. Hm s y = arccosx c min
xc nh l tp [1,1] v min gi tr l [0, ] v l hm s gim. (xem hnh v Hnh 2.3.5)
Do si n cos( )
2
= x x

nn d dng suy ra cng thc:

ar csi n ar ccos
2
+ = x x

. (2.3.11)
c) Hm s y = arctgx
Hm s y=tgx l mt n nh tp ,
2 2

ln tp R, hm s ngc ca n l x=arctgy:
R y , x ,
2 2

.
Do hm s y=arctgx c tp xc nh l tp R v tp gi tr l khong m ,
2 2

v
l hm s tng.
d) Hm s y=arccotgx
Hm s y = arccotgx l mt n nh tp X=(0, ) ln tp Y=( , ) + nn c hm ngc
l x = arccotgy, y( , ) + , x X=(0, ).
Do hm s y = arccotgx c tp xc nh l X= R, v tp gi tr l Y(0, ) v l mt
hm s gim.
Ta c th chng minh cng thc
ar ct g ar ccot g
2
x x

+ = (2.3.12)
2

y ar ct g = x

y ar ccot g = x
2

38
Hnh 2.3.6 Hnh 2.3.7
e) Khi nim cc hm s cp
Trong ton hc cc hm s sau y c gi l cc hm s s cp c bn: hm s lu
tha: R

, x x ; hm s m: , 0, 1
x
x a a a > ; hm s logarit: l og
a
x x ; cc hm
s lng gic: x sinx, xcosx, x tgx, xcotgx v cc hm s lng gic ngc. Ngi
ta gi hm s cp l nhng hm s c to thnh bi mt s hu hn cc php ton s hc
(cng, tr, nhn, chia), cc php ly hm s hp i vi cc hm s s cp c bn. Trong
phn ny, ngoi cc hm s s cp nu trn, ta cn nghin cu lp cc hm s hypebol.
2.3.6 Cc hm s hypebol
Xt t hp tuyn tnh ca hm s m
1 1
v i >1
2 2 2

+
= + =
x x
x x
a a
y a a a (2.3.13)
Ta thu c th ca hm s y bng cch cng cc th ca cc hm
1
2
x
a v
1
2
x
a .
1
2
x
a

2
x x
a a
y

+
=
1
2
x
a
1
2

2

=
x x
a a
y
1
2

Hnh 2.3.8 Hnh 2.3.9
l ng cong i qua im (0,1) v i xng qua trc Oy. Hm y l hm s chn.
Trong gc to th nht khi x + th ca hm s (2.3.1) dn n th ca ng
1
2
x
a v trong gc to th hai, khi x th ca hm s (2.3.1) dn n th hm s
1
2
x
a

.
Hm s

= =
1 1
v i 1
2 2 2
x x
x x
a a
y a a a > (2.3.14)
l mt hm s l. th ca hm s ny i qua gc to v i xng qua gc 0.
t:
1 2
( ) ( )
2 2
x x x x
a a a a
h x h x

+
= =
39
ta c th thit lp nhng h thc n gin nh sau:
2 2
1 2
( ) ( ) 1 = h x h x
2 2
1 2 1
( ) ( ) (2 ) + = R h x h x h x x
Ni chung
1
( ) h x c nhng tnh cht tng t vi cosx,
2
( ) h x c nhng tnh cht tng
t vi sinx. Khi a = e ta gi hm th nht l cosinhypebol, k hiu l chx, hm th hai l
sinhypebol, k hiu l shx, nh vy
ch , sh
2 2
x x x x
e e e e
x x

+
= = . (2.3.15)
Ta cn c cc hm hypebol khc xc nh tng t nh cc hm lng gic tng ng,
chng hn
sh ch
t h , ct h
ch sh
x x
x x
x x
= = (2.3.16)
Trn hnh v Hnh 2.3.10 biu din th ca cc hm thx v cthx.
t h y x =
ct h y x =
ct h y x =

Hnh 2.3.10
T nh ngha ta suy ra cc cng thc nu di y, mang tn l nhng nh l cng:
2 2
2 2
ch sh 1
ch sh ch2
ch( ) ch .ch sh .sh
sh( ) sh .ch ch .sh
a a
a a a
a b a b a b
a b a b a b
=
+ =
+ = +
+ = +
(2.3.18)
V d, ta c th chng minh hai cng thc cui ca (2.3.18) nu vit:
ch( ) , sh( )
2 2
a b a b a b a b
e e e e e e e e
a b a b

+
+ = + =
v s dng h thc:
ch sh , ch sh
ch sh , ch sh .
a a
b b
e a a e a a
e b b e b b

= + =
= + =

2.3.7 Cc hm hypebol ngc
40
a) Hm y= Argshx
Hm s shx nh x tp R ln R nn n c hm ngc, ta k hiu l y=Argshx. Vy
y=Argshx x=shy vi R R , x y .
Ar gsh y x =

Hnh 2.3.11
By gi ta biu din hm y=Argshx di dng lga. Ta thy y=Argshx tng ng vi
sh
2
y y
e e
x y

= = .
t
y
e t = hay y =lnt v
2
1
1
2 2

= =
t
t
t
x
t
. Vy nu x cho trc th t l nghim ca
phng trnh bc hai
t
2
2tx1=0.
Vi mi R x , phng trnh trn c hai nghim, trong c mt nghim dng
2
( 0) : 1 = > = + +
y
t e t x x .
Vy vi mi R x ta c
2
Ar gsh l n( 1) = + + x x x . (2.3.19)
b) Hm y =Argchx
Hm y=chx nh x khong [0, ) + ln khong [1, ) + , vy ta c th xc nh mt hm
ngc, k hiu l Argchx.
Vy y=Argchx, [1, ), [0, ) + + x y ch , = x y [0, ), + y [1, ) + x . th ca
hm s y = Argchx suy t th ca y=chx, 0 x bng php ly i xng qua ng phn
gic ca gc phn t th nht.
41
Ar gch y x =
x

Hnh 2.3.12
By gi ta hy biu din ngc di dng lga. Ta thy
Ar gch ch v i 0
2

+
= = =
y y
e e
y x x y y
t
y
e =t hay y=lnt, ta c
2
1
1
2 2
+
+
= =
t
t
t
x
t

Vy vi 1 x cho trc th t l nghim ca phng trnh bc hai t
2
2tx+1=0.
Vi 1 x phng trnh trn c hai nghim dng m tch ca chng bng 1. Vy trong
hai nghim th nghim ln hn c lga dng v ta c
y
e = t =
2
1 + x x
y=Argchx =ln(
2
1 + x x ).
Vi 1 x th ca hm s y=Argchx trng vi th hm s y= ln(
2
1 + x x ).
Mt cch tng t, do hm thx nh x khong ( , ) + ln khong (1,1) ta c th xt
hm ngc ca n y=Argthx. Trong khong (1,1) hm y=Argthx tng ng vi hm.
1 1
l n
2 1
+
=

x
y
x

cn trong khong x <1, x> 1, hm y=Argcthx tng ng vi hm
y= Argcthx=
1 1
l n
2 1
+

x
x
.
2.4 Gii hn ca hm s
2.4.1 Ln cn ca mt im
a) Ln cn ca mt im
42
Cho mt im R
0
x . Mt tp hp con R U c gi l ln cn ca im
0
x nu c
mt s 0 > sao cho
0 0
( , ) + x x U .
T nh ngha, ta suy ra:
i) Nu U l ln cn ca
0
x th mi tp V U cng l ln cn ca im
0
x .
ii) Nu U
1
, U
2
l ln cn ca im
0
x th
1 2
U U l ln cn ca im
0
x .
iii) Khong l ln cn ca mi im ca n. Ta thng gi khong
0 0
( , ) + x x l
ln cn ca
0
x v k hiu l
0
0 ( ) x

.
b) im t
Ta xt tp hp R A . im a c gi l im t (im gii hn) ca tp A nu ln cn
bt k ( , ) + a a ca im a u cha t nht mt im ca A m im khc a.
im t ca tp A c th thuc A hoc c th khng thuc A, v d nu A=[a,b] hoc
A=(a,b], im a, trong c hai trng hp, l im t ca A, nhng trong trng hp u n
thuc A, cn trong trng hp th hai th khng.
Nu A = (0,1), th mi im (0,1) a u l im t ca A, ngoi ra cc im
0 1
0, 1 a a = = tuy khng thuc A nhng vn l im t ca A.
Mt dy im {x
n
} c gi l dy phn bit nu nh mi cp phn t bt k ca dy u
khc nhau, tc l
m n
x x nu m n .
Ta thy rng nu a l im t ca A th c th trch ra t A, theo v s cch, mt dy im
phn bit
1 2 3 4
, , , ,.... x x x x cc phn t ca A khc a hi t n a. Tht vy, bng cch chn
mt dy cc s dng 0
n
, ri trong mi ln cn ( , ) +
n n
a a ca im a (vi n =
1,2,3,) ta chn mt im x = x
n
thuc A khc a. Khi v 0
n
v |x
n
a|<
n
nn

n
x a.
c) Ch
Nu c mt dy im phn bit {x
n
} A v l i m

= +
n
n
x (hoc l i m

=
n
n
x ) th ta cng
ni rng l im t ca tp hp A.
d) Tp ng tp m
Tp hp R A gi l tp m nu n l ln cn ca mi im ca n. Nu phn b
( )
R
C B ca tp hp B l tp m th ta ni rng B l tp ng trong R.
V d (0,1) l tp m, [0,1] l tp ng.
2.4.2 Cc nh ngha gii hn
a) nh ngha 1 Gi s hm f(x) xc nh trn tp R A v a l mt im t ca A. Ta ni
rng f(x) c gii L (hu hn) khi x dn n a v vit l l i m ( )
x a
f x L

= , nu vi mi dy
{x
n
} A m
n
x a th dy cc gi tr tng ng ca hm s {y
n
}={f(x
n
)} u dn n gii
hn L.
43
Thay cho k hiu l i m ( )
x a
f x L

= ta c th vit ( ) , f x L x a . nh ngha gii hn ca

hm s nh trn c thun li l ta chuyn gii hn ca hm s v gii hn ca dy s m ta
quen bit, nhng c ch khng thun li l mun chng t ( ) , khi f x L x a l phi
chng t ( )
n
f x L vi mi dy s
n
x a . V l do ta a ra nh ngha tng ng
sau.
b) nh ngha 2 Cho R A v a l im t ca A. Gi s f l mt hm xc nh trn A. Nu
c mt s thc L sao cho 0 > cho trc b tu bao gi cng tn ti mt s 0 > sao
cho
0
,0 | | x A x x < < , ta c | ( ) | f x L < , th ta ni rng L l gii hn ca hm s f
khi x tin n a.
nh l 2.4.1 Hai nh ngha trn l tng ng nhau.
Chng minh:
Gi s l i m ( )
x a
L f x

= theo nh ngha 2 v gi s
n
x a ta hy chng minh
( )
n
f x L .
Tht vy, theo gi thit 0, 0 > > sao cho , x A < | | x a th | ( ) | f x L < .
V
n
x a nn p sao cho > , n p < | |
n
x a . T suy ra ,| ( ) |
n
n p f x L > < , vy
l i m ( )
x a
f x L

= . By gi gi s vi mi dy
n
x a , ta u c dy cc gi tr tng ng ca
hm s ( )
n
f x L .
Ta s chng minh l i m ( )
x a
f x L

= theo nh ngha 2. Gi s ngc li, khi

0
, 0,
j j
x A > sao cho 0 | | <
j j
x a < nhng
0
| ( ) |
j
f x L .
Ta hy ly dy { }
j
c tnh cht 0
j
> v 0
j
khi j , khi ta chn c dy
{
j
x } c tnh cht
j
x a khi j nhng f(
j
x ) khng tin n L, tri vi gi thit.
V d 1: Cho f(x)= x. Ta chng minh rng
0
0
l i m ( ) .
x x
f x x

=
Tht vy, do
0 0
| ( ) | | | f x x x x = nn cho trc 0 > , ta cn chn = th khi
0
| | x x < ta lun c
0 0
| ( ) | | | f x x x x = < .
V d 2: Chng minh rng
0
0
1 1
l i m
x x
x x

=
0 > , gi s l mt s sao cho
0
| | x x < .
Xt
0
0 0
| | 1 1
| |
| | | |
x x
x x x x

= . Vi x
0
l s c nh, chn l sao cho
0
| |
2
x
< . Khi do
0 0
| | | | x x x x < < nn
0
| | | | x x < < hay |x|>|
0
x |
0
| |
| |
2
x
x > v
44
2
0 0
1 1 2
| |
| | x x x

< . By gi ta hy chn

=

2
0 0
| | | |
mi n ,
2 2
x x
, th
0
,| | x x x < ta c
0
1 1
| | <
x x
, iu phi chng minh.
V d 3: Cho f(x) = sinx ta hy chng minh rng

=
0
l i m ( ) 0.
x
f x
Do 0 x nn c th ch xt cc gi tr x vi | | , 0
2
x x

< . Ta hy chng minh khi

|sinx|<|x|. Tht vy khi 0
2
x

< < , (xem hnh v (Hnh 2.4.1)), di cung AM bng x,
= PM sinx, suy ra sinx < x. Do sinx > 0 nn |sinx|<|x|. Khi < <

0,
2
x nn |sin(x)|<|x| hay
|sinx|<|x|, bt ng thc c chng minh.
By gi cho trc 0 > ta hy chn = th khi |x0|< ta c |sinx0|< , iu phi
chng minh.

Hnh 2.4.1
V d 4: Chng minh rng
0
l i mcos 1

=
x
x
Ta thy
2
2
cos 1 2si n 2
2 2 2
x
x x
x = < = , cho nn 0 > , ta hy chn 2 = th khi
|x0|< ta c |cos x1|< .
V d 5: Hm s
1
( ) si n = f x
x
xc nh 0 x . Ti x = 0 hm ny khng c gii hn.
Tht vy, ta ly hai dy cc gi tr ca i s x:
1 1 1 1
, , , . . . , , . . .
2 3 n

v
2 2 2 2
, , ,..., ,...
5 9 (4 3) n

hi t ti 0. Bi v
1
( ) f
n
= sinn = 0 n
45
v
1 (4 3)
si n 1
(4 3) 2

= =

n
f n
n

, nn i vi dy th nht
l i m ( ) l i msi n 0

= =
n
n n
f x n v i vi dy th hai
(4 3)
l i m ( ) l i msi n 1
2

= =
n
n n
n
f x

. Vy,
theo nh ngha, l i m ( )
n
f x khng tn ti.
V d 6: S dng nh ngha 2, chng minh rng hm
1
( ) si n = f x x
x
c xc nh vi mi
0 x , ti im x = 0 c gii hn bng 0, tc l
0
1
l i m si n 0

=
x
x
x
.
Tht vy, vi mi 0 x , ta c
1
( ) 0 si n 0 = = f x x
x

1 1
si n si n = = x x x
x x
(bi
v
1
si n
x
1 0 x ).
T y suy ra nu ly th khi |x|< th
1
si n <
x

Do
0
1
l i m si n 0

=
x
x
x
.
2.4.3 Gii hn mt pha
Khi xt gii hn ca hm s ta thng gp tp A c dng sau: trong ln cn bt k ca a
nhng v bn phi (hoc bn tri) im a ta lun tm c cc im x thuc A. V vy ta hy
thu hp nh ngha v gii hn a ra trn bng cch ch xt cc gi tr x > a (hoc x < a).
Hm s f(x) c gii hn L khi x dn n a t bn phi nu i vi mi s >0 ta c th
tm c s 0 > sao cho i vi mi , ( , ) + x A x a a ta c ( ) < f x L .
Ta gi gii hn trn l gii hn bn phi ti a ca hm f(x) v k hiu l
,
l i m ( ) l i m ( ) ( ).
+
+
>
= =
x a x a x a
f x f x f a
Tng t, ta gi L l gii hn bn tri ti a ca hm f(x) nu 0, 0 > > sao cho
, ( , ) x A x a a ta c ( ) < f x L v k hiu l
,
l i m ( ) l i m ( ) ( ).

<
= =
x a x a x a
f x f x f a
Nh nh ngha gii hn ta d dng chng minh nh l sau.
nh l 2.4.2 iu kin cn v l i m ( )

=
x a
f x L l
l i m ( ) l i m ( )
+

= =
x a x a
f x f x L .
V d 5: Ta xt hm s thng gp sgnx:
46
1 khi 0
sgn 0 khi 0
1 khi 0.
x
x x
x
<

= =

>

D dng thy rng
0
l i msgn 1

=
x
x v
0
l i msgn 1
+

=
x
x . Gii hn
0
l i msgn
x
x khng tn ti,
bi v ti im 0 gii hn tri khng bng gii hn phi.
V d 6: Xt hm s:
x
x

1 nu l hu t
( )
1 nu l v t
f x
Ta khng nh rng hm f(x) khng c gii hn ti bt c im no. Tht vy, ta gi s
rng ti im c no , hm f(x) c gii hn hu hn L v bn phi. Theo nh ngha, vi
1 = c th tm c 0 > sao cho ( , ) x c c + th |f(x)-L|<1. Ta hy chn khong
( , ) c c + s hu t x
1
v s v t x
2
khi
1 2 1 2
1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 1 1 2.
= +
+ < + =
f x f x f x L L f x
f x L L f x

Nhng iu ny khng c th, bi v theo nh ngha ca hm f(x), f(x
1
) =1, f(x
2
) = 1,
|f(x
1
) f(x
2
)|=2.
Tng t ta c th chng minh c rng f(x) khng c gii hn hu hn bn tri ti bt
c im no.
2.4.4 Gii hn v cng
nh ngha 3 Cho tp A c im t l , : + R f A . Ta ni rng f(x) c gii hn hu hn l
L khi x + nu 0 > cho trc, 0 K > sao cho , x A x K > , ta c ( ) f x L <
v k hiu l
+
= l i m ( )
x
f x L .
Nu 0 > M ln tu , tn ti mt s K > 0 sao cho , > x A x K ta c f(x) > M th ta ni
rng f c gii hn l + khi x + v k hiu l l i m ( )
+
= +
x
f x .
Nu 0 M > ln tu , tn ti mt s K > 0 sao cho , > x A x K ta c f(x) < M th ta ni
rng f c gii hn l khi x + v k hiu l l i m ( )
+
=
x
f x .
nh ngha 4 Cho tp A c im t l , : R f A . Ta ni rng f(x) c gii hn hu hn l
L khi x nu 0 > cho trc, 0 K > sao cho , x A x K < , ta c | ( ) | < f x L
v k hiu l

= l i m ( )
x
f x L .
Nu 0 M > ln tu , tn ti mt s K > 0 sao cho , < x A x K ta c f(x) > M th

= + l i m ( )
x
f x .
Nu 0 > M ln tu cho trc, bao gi cng tn ti mt s K > 0 sao cho
, < x A x K ta c f(x) < M th l i m ( )

=
x
f x .
47
V d 7: Chng minh rng sin x khng c gii hn khi x +.
Tht vy, chn dy s (2 1)
2
= +
n
x n

. R rng rng khi n th

n
x +
Khi dy {sin x
n
} nhn cc gi tr
1,1, 1,(1)
n
,...
Dy s ny phn k, t suy ra l i msi n
x
x khng tn ti. Tng t l i m cos
x
x khng tn
ti.
2.4.5 Cc tnh cht ca gii hn
Ta c th d dng chuyn cc kt qu i vi gii hn ca dy sang trng hp gii hn
ca hm, c th, ta c cc nh l sau.
nh l 2.4.3 Nu hm f(x) c gii hn ti a th gii hn l duy nht.
nh l 2.4.4 Gi s trn tp A cho hai hm f(x), g(x) v a l im t ca A (a c th hu hn
hoc v hn). Ngoi ra gi s c hai hm c gii hn hu hn
1 2
l i m ( ) , l i m ( )

= =
x a x a
f x L g x L
Khi cc hm cf(x) vi c l hng s ( ) ( ), f x g x ( ). ( ), f x g x
( )
( )
f x
g x
cng c gii hn
hu hn (trong trng hp thng c thm gi thit
2
0 L ), c th l:
1
a
) l i mc ( )=c ;
x
i f x L
[ ]
[ ]
1 2
1 2
1
2
2
) l i m ( )+ ( ) ;
) l i m ( ). ( ) . ;
( )
) l i m ( 0).
( )

=
=
=
x a
x a
x a
i i f x g x L L
i i i f x g x L L
L f x
i v L
g x L

Ch rng nh l trn cha c kt lun g trong cc trng hp sau:
Trong trng hp ii), khi L
1
=+ v L
2
=v mt hnh thc ta c dng v nh .
Trong trng hp iii), khi L
1
=0( ) v L
2
=(0) v mt hnh thc ta c dng v nh
0. .
Cui cng trng hp iv), khi L
1
=0( ) v L
2
=0( ), v mt hnh thc ta c dng v nh
0
0
hoc

.
2.4.6 Tiu chun tn ti gii hn ca hm s
Sau y ta pht biu cc nh l ni v s tn ti gii hn ca hm s.
nh l 2.4.5 Cho A R v x
0
l im t ca tp A. Gi s ba hm s tho mn ng thc:
( ) ( ) ( ) f x g x h x x A
48
Khi nu
0 0
l i m ( ) l i m ( )

= =
x x x x
f x h x L th
0
l i m ( )

=
x x
g x L .
nh l 2.4.6 (Tiu chun Cauchy)
Hm s f c gii hn ti x
0
khi v ch khi 0, 0 > > sao cho x v
0 0
, 0 | | , 0 | | < < < < x A x x x x ta c
| ( ) ( )| < f x f x .
nh l 2.4.7 (Tiu chun gii hn ca hm n iu)
i) Gi s hm f(x) l hm tng trn
[ )
0
, x x , khi nu f b chn trn trn
[ )
0
, x x th hm f
c gii hn tri ti x
0
.
ii) Nu f(x) l hm gim trn
[ )
0
, x x , khi nu f b chn di trn
[ )
0
, x x th f c gii
hn tri ti x
0
.
Chng minh:
Gi s f(x) l hm tng trn
[ )
0
, x x .
Gi
) 0
,
sup .

=
x x
L f
Khi
[ )
>
1 0
0, , x x x sao cho
1
( ) L f x L < . Do hm tng nu
1 0
( , ) x x x
ta c
1
( ) ( ) L f x f x L < . Chn sao cho
1 0
x x = .
Khi 0, 0 > > sao cho
0 0
( , ) x x x th
( ) | ( ) | L f x L f x L < < + <
v do
0
l i m ( )
x x
f x L

= .
2.4.7 V cng b. V cng ln
a) Khi nim:
Cho A R, x
0
l im t ca A, R : f A (x
0
c th l hu hn hay v hn). Ta ni
rng f l mt v cng b (vit tt l VCB) khi
0
x x , nu
0
l i m ( ) 0
x x
f x

= .
Ta ni f l mt v cng ln (vit tt l VCL) khi
0
x x nu

= +
0
l i m| ( )|
x x
f x . Ta c th d
dng kim tra cc tnh cht sau.
Tnh cht 1
Nu f, g l nhng VCB khi
0
x x , th , f g fg cng l nhng VCB khi
0
x x
Tnh cht 2
Nu f, g l nhng VCL khi
0
x x , th fg cng l VCL khi
0
x x
Tnh cht 3
49
Nu f l VCB khi
0
x x , th
1
f
l VCL khi
0
x x . Ngc li, nu g l VCL khi
0
x x , th
1
g
l mt VCB khi
0
x x .
Tnh cht 4
Cho R A , x
0
l im t ca A, R : f A l VCB khi
0
x x v R : g A l hm
b chn, th f.g l VCB khi
0
x x .
V d 8: Hm
1
( ) ( 1)si n
1
=

f x x
x
l VCB khi 1 x , tc l
1
1
l i m( 1)si n 0.
1

x
x
x

Tht vy, bi v
1
lim( 1) 0

=
x
x nn hm 1 x l VCB khi
1 x

Mt khc hm
1
si n
1 x
( 1 x ) b chn
1
si n 1 1
1

x
x

Do hm f(x) l VCB khi 1 x .
b) So snh cc v cng b
xt k hn v tc hi t v s khng ca cc VCB trong cng mt qu trnh
0
x x ta hy xt t s ca chng.
Cho
1 2
, f f l hai VCB khi
0
x x , ta ni rng
i)
1
f c bc cao hn
2
f (hoc
2
f c bc thp hn
1
f ) nu
0
1
2
( )
l i m 0
( )

=
x x
f x
f x
v k hiu l
1 2
( ) = f f ,
0
x x .
ii)
1
f c cng bc vi
2
f trong qu trnh
0
x x nu
0
1
2
( )
l i m 0
( )

=
x x
f x
c
f x
, trong c l
hng s, v k hiu l
1 2
( ) = f O f ,
0
x x .
iii) c bit, nu
0
1
2
( )
l i m 1
( )

=
x x
f x
f x
, th ta ni rng
1
f tng ng vi
2
f khi
0
x x v vit
l
1 2
f f ,
0
x x .
Nu
1 2
f f ,
0
x x v
2 3
f f ,
0
x x th
1 3
f f ,
0
x x
V d: Ta c sinx~x, tgx~x nn si n t g x x .
50
Ch : Nu khng tn ti
0
1
2
( )
l i m
( )
x x
f x
f x
th ta ni rng l hai v cng b khng so snh
c vi nhau, v d nh hai VCB
1 2
1
( ) si n , ( ) = = f x x f x x
x
khi
0
x x khng so snh
c vi nhau.
thun tin khi kh cc dng v nh ngi ta thng s dng cc tnh cht sau.
nh l 2.4.8 Nu trong qu trnh
0
x x ta c f f v g g th
0 0
( ) ( )
i ) l i m l i m
( ) ( )

=
x x x x
f x f x
g x g x

0 0
i i ) l i m ( ) ( ) l i m ( ) ( )

=
x x x x
f x g x f x g x .
Chng minh:
Tht vy
0 0 0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
l i m l i m l i m
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

= =
x x x x x x
f x f x f x g x f x
g x g x f x g x g x

V d 11: Tm
0 0
2 2
si n .
1) l i m l i m ,
t g

+ +
= =
x x x x
a x x ax x a
bx bx b

0
2 2
3 3
0
3 si n 3 3
2) l i m l i m
si n 2 si n 2 2

+ +
= =

x x x
x x x x
x x x x

0
(1 )(1 ) 1
3) l i m
t g

+ +
x
x x
x

D thy:
1 1 . , 1 1 . , t g n n
2 2
+ + + + x x x x x x




+ +

+ + +

= =
0 0
1 1 1
(1 )(1 ) 1 2 2
l i m l i m
t g . 2
x x
x x
x x
x x




2
2
0 0
1
( )
1 1 1
2
4) l i m l i m
si n 2 2 4

+
+ +
= =
x x
x x
x x
x x
.
Trong khi xt nhiu i lng VCB, ngi ta chn mt trong cc i lng lm c s
v so snh cc VCB khc vi cc lu tha ca i lng c s . Ta quy c rng VCB f khi
0 x l VCB cp k (i vi VCB c s x khi 0 x nu f v x
k
(k>0)) l cc v cng b
cng bc.
Chng hn VCB 1- cosx l VCB cp hai i vi VCB x khi 0 x v VCB tgx sinx l
VCB cp ba i vi VCB x khi 0 x bi v
51
2 3
0 0
1 cos 1 t g si n 1
l i m , l i m
2 2


= =
x x
x x x
x x
.
c) So snh cc v cng ln
Ta hy quay li trng hp xt cc v cng ln.
V d 1: Hm s
2 si n
( )
+
=
x
f x
x
l VCL khi 0 x
V d 2: Xt hm s
1 1
( ) cos = f x
x x
khi 0 x . Ti cc im
1
2
=
+
k
y
k

, k=1,2,3,
f(y
k
)=0 1,2,3... = k Khi , k 0, ( ) 0
k k
y f y , cho nn f(x) khng phi l VCL khi
0 x
.
Cho R A v x
0
l im t ca A. Ngoi ra cho cc hm R , : f g A l VCL khi

0
x x .
i) Nu
f
g
l VCL khi
0
x x c ngha l nu
0
l i m

= +
x x
f
g
, th ta ni f l VCL bc cao
hn g khi
0
x x
ii) Nu
0
( )
l i m 0
( )

=
x x
f x
l
g x
, th ta ni rng f v g l hai VCL cng bc khi
0
x x
c bit khi l = 1, ta ni rng f v g l VCL tng ng khi
0
x x . Trong khi xt
nhiu i lng VCL ngi ta chn mt trong cc i lng lm c s v so snh cc VCL
khc vi lu tha ca i lng c s .
Chng hn, nu tt c cc i lng u l hm ca x v tr thnh VCL khi
0
x x
th dng lm VCL c s ngi ta ly|x|nu x
0
= v ly
0
1
x x
khi x
0
l hu hn.
2.4.8 Cc gii hn ng nh
0
si n 1
) l i m 1 ) l i m 1
+

= + =


x
x x
x
a b e
x x

1
0
1
) l i m 1 ) l i m(1 ) .


+ = + =


x
x
x x
c e d x e
x

Chng minh:
Gii hn a) c trnh by bc ph thng. By gi ta hy chng minh gii hn b).
Gii hn b): Tht vy, ta chng minh c
1
l i m 1 .

+ =


n
n
e
n

52
By gi ta rng vi s dng bt k x no cng tn ti s t nhin n ( 0 n ) sao cho
1 + n x n ngha l
1 1 1
1

+ n x n
t y
1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1
+

+ + +

+

n x n
n x n

Chuyn qua gii hn bt ng thc kp trn ta suy ra
1
l i m 1
+

+ =


x
n
e
x

Gii hn c): S dng php bin i x = y ta c:
1
1 1 1
l i m 1 l i m 1 l i m l i m
1
1 1 1
l i m 1 l i m 1 1
1 1 1

+ + +

+ +

+ = = =

= + = + + =



y x x x
y x x x
x x
x x
x x
y x x x
e
x x x

(theo gii hn b)).
T y suy ra gii hn c) c chng minh.
Gii hn d):
chng minh gii hn d) ta t
1
y
x
= v p dng gii hn b) v gii hn c)

Ni chung
1
( ) h x c nhng tnh cht tng t vi cosx,
2
( ) h x c nhng tnh cht tng t
vi sinx. Khi a = e ta gi hm th nht l cosinhypebol, k hiu l chx, hm th hai l
sinhypebol, k hiu l shx, nh vy
ch , sh
2 2
x x x x
e e e e
x x

+
= = (2.3.15)
Ta cn c cc hm hypebol khc xc nh tng t nh cc hm lng gic tng ng, chng
hn
sh ch
t h , ct h
ch sh
x x
x x
x x
= = (2.3.16)
Trn hnh v Hnh 2.3.10 biu din th ca cc hm thx v cthx.
t h y x =
ct h y x =
ct h y x =

53
Hnh 2.3.10
T nh ngha ta suy ra cc cng thc nu di y, mang tn l nhng nh l cng:
2 2
2 2
ch sh 1
ch sh ch2
ch( ) ch .ch sh .sh
sh( ) sh .ch ch .sh
a a
a a a
a b a b a b
a b a b a b
=
+ =
+ = +
+ = +
(2.3.18)




52
52
V d, ta c th chng minh hai cng thc cui ca (2.3.18) nu vit:
ch( ) , sh( )
2 2
a b a b a b a b
e e e e e e e e
a b a b

+
+ = + =
v s dng h thc:
ch sh , ch sh
ch sh , ch sh .
a a
b b
e a a e a a
e b b e b b

= + =
= + =

2.4.9 Cc hm hypebol ngc
a) Hm y= Argshx
Hm s shx nh x tp R ln R nn n c hm ngc, ta k hiu l y=Argshx. Vy
y=Argshx x=shy vi R R , x y .
Ar gsh y x =

Hnh 2.3.11
By gi ta biu din hm y=Argshx di dng lga. Ta thy y=Argshx tng ng vi
sh
2
y y
e e
x y

= = .
t
y
e t = hay y =lnt v
2
1
1
2 2

= =
t
t
t
x
t
. Vy nu x cho trc th t l nghim ca phng
trnh bc hai
t
2
2tx1=0.
Vi mi R x , phng trnh trn c hai nghim, trong c mt nghim dng
2
( 0) : 1 = > = + +
y
t e t x x .
Vy vi mi R x ta c
2
Argsh l n( 1) = + + x x x . (2.3.19)
b) Hm y =Argchx
Hm y=chx nh x khong [0, ) + ln khong [1, ) + , vy ta c th xc nh mt hm
ngc, k hiu l Argchx.


53
53
Vy y=Argchx, [1, ), [0, ) + + x y ch , = x y [0, ), + y [1, ) + x . th ca
hm s y = Argchx suy t th ca y=chx, 0 x bng php ly i xng qua ng phn gic
ca gc phn t th nht.
Ar gch y x =

Hnh 2.3.12
By gi ta hy biu din ngc di dng lga. Ta thy
Ar gch ch v i 0
2

+
= = =
y y
e e
y x x y y
t
y
e =t hay y=lnt, ta c
2
1
1
2 2
+
+
= =
t
t
t
x
t

Vy vi 1 x cho trc th t l nghim ca phng trnh bc hai t
2
2tx+1=0.
Vi 1 x phng trnh trn c hai nghim dng m tch ca chng bng 1. Vy trong hai
nghim th nghim ln hn c lga dng v ta c
y
e = t =
2
1 + x x
y=Argchx =ln(
2
1 + x x ).
Vi 1 x th ca hm s y=Argchx trng vi th hm s y= ln(
2
1 + x x ).
Mt cch tng t, do hm thx nh x khong ( , ) + ln khong (1,1) ta c th xt
hm ngc ca n y=Argthx. Trong khong (1,1) hm y=Argthx tng ng vi hm.
1 1
l n
2 1
+
=

x
y
x

cn trong khong x <1, x> 1, hm y=Argcthx tng ng vi hm
y= Argcthx=
1 1
l n
2 1
+

x
x
.




54
54
2.5 Bi tp chng 2
2.1 Chng minh rng dy ( 1,2,3,...)
n
x n = c gii hn bng khng bng cch s dng
ngn ng " " .
1)
1
=
+
n
n
x
n

2)
1
( 1)
+

=
n
n
x
n

3)
3
2
1
=
+
n
n
x
n

4)
1
!
=
n
x
n

5) ( 1) .0,999 =
n n
n
x .
2.2 S dng nh ngha hy chng minh rng cc dy sau c gii hn v cc khi n +
1) x
n
=(1)
n
n(n=1,2,3,)
2) 2 ( 1,2,3,...)
n
n
x n = =
3) l n(l n ) ( 1,2,3,...)
n
x n n = = .
2.3 Tm l i m
n
n
x
+
vi
1)
( 1) .
1
n
n
n
x
n

=
+
2)
8cos .
2
4
n
n
x
n

=
+

3)
2 ( 1)
n
n
n
x
n
+
= 4) 2 . . cos
n
n
x a n

= , a=const.
2.4 Tm cc gii hn sau
1)
( )
1
l i m 1
2
n
n n n
+
+ +
2)
( )
3 3
l i m 1
n
n n
+
+
3)
1 1 1
l i m ...
1 2
n
n n n
+

+ + +

+


4)
2 2
1 1 1
l i m ...
( 1) (2 )
n
n
n n n
+

+ + +

+


5)
2 2 2
1 1 1
l i m ...
1 1
n
n n n n
+

+ + +

+ + +

.


55
55
2.5 Chng minh rng
+
=
+ =

0
l i m 0
k
i
n
i
a n i nu
=
=

0
0
k
i
i
a
2.6 Tm cc gii hn sau
1)
1 1 1
l i m ...
1.2 2.3 ( 1)
n
n n
+

+ + +

+


2)
( )
2 4 8
l i m 2 2 2... 2
n
n+

3) l i m
2
n
n
n
+

4)
2 2 2
3 3 3
1 3 (2 1)
l i m ...
n
n
n n n
+

+ + +



5)
+

+ + +


2
1 3 2 1
l i m ...
2 2 2
n
n
n

6)
1
1 2 3 ( 1) .
l i m ...
n
n
n
n n n n

+ + + .
2.7 Chng minh rng
1)
1 3 2 1
l i m . ... 0
2 4 2
+

=


n
n
n
,
2) l i m 0 nu | | <1
+
=
n
n
q q ,
3) l i m . 0 nu | | <1
+
=
n
n
n q q ,
4)
2
l i m 0,
!
+
=
n
n
n

5)
l og
l i m 0 nu a>1,
+
=
a
n
n
n

6) l i m 1
+
=
n
n
n .
2.8 Dng tiu chun Cauchy chng minh s hi t ca dy
1)
2
si n1 si n 2 si n
...
2 2 2
n n
n
x = + + +
2)
cos1! cos2! cos !
...
1.2 2.3 ( 1)
n
n
x
n n
= + + +
+
.
2.9 Dng tiu chun Cauchy chng minh s phn k ca dy


56
56
1)
1 1
1 ... ( 1,2,3,...)
2
n
x n
n
= + + + =
2)
1 1 1
... ( 1,2,...)
l n 2 l n3 l n
n
x n
n
= + + + = .
2.10 S dng nh l v s hi t ca dy n iu v gii ni, xt s hi t ca cc dy
sau:
1)

= = + = + = +
1 2 1 3 2 1
6, 6 , 6 ,..., 6
n n
x x x x x x x
2)
1
0
... ( 1,3,...)
10 10
n
n n
p p
x p n = + + + =
trong 0, 0 9 1,2,3,...
0 i
p p i =
3)
1 1 1
1 1 ... 1
2 4 2
n n
x

= + + +


.
2.11 Cho dy x
n
(n=1,2,3,) c xc nh nh sau:
0 1
1 1
0, ( ),
2
n n
n
x x x n N
x
+
> = + . Hy tm l i m
n
n
x

.
2.12 Cho dy
1
1 ; 1,2,3,...
n
x n
n
= =
Hy tm l i m v l i m

n n
n
n
x x .
2.13 Cho dy
1
1
( 1) 2
n
n
x
n

= +



Hy tm l i m , l i m
n n
n n
x x

.
2.14 Cc dy s:
0 1
0 1
, ,..., ,...
, ,..., ,...
n
n
x x x
y y y

c xc nh bng cng thc:
0 0
, x a y b = = vi 0, 0; a b > >
1
,
n n n
x x y
+
=
1
2
n n
n
x y
y
+
+
= .
Chng minh rng:
1) {x
n
} l dy tng, {y
n
} l dy s gim.
2) Cc dy s trn hi t v c gii hn bng nhau.
2.15 Tm tp xc nh v tp gi tr ca cc hm sau


57
57
1)
2
2 y x x = + 2) l g(1 2cos ) y x =
3)
2
2
ar ccos
1
=
+
x
y
x
4) ar csi n l g
10

=


x
y .
2.16 Cho f xc nh trn tp A=(0,1). Tm tp xc nh ca hm s
1) (si n ) f x 2) (l n ) f x 3)
| |


x
f
x

2.17 Tm cn di ng v cn trn ng ca hm s
( )
1
x
f x
x
=
+
trong min 0 x < +
2.18 Cho hm f(x) xc nh trn khong ( , ) + v tha mn ng thc
( ) ( ) f x T kf x + = , trong k v T l nhng s dng. Chng minh rng khi
( ) ( )
x
f x a x = , trong a l hng s dng v ( ) x l hm tun hon vi chu k T.
2.19 Xt tnh tun hon v chu k ca cc hm s sau
1) ( ) 2t g 3t g
2 3
x x
f x =
3
2) ( ) cos cos
2 2
x x
f x =
3) ( ) si n si n v i l s f x x x = + v t
2
4) ( ) | si n | | cos |
5) ( ) cos
6) ( ) si n .
f x x x
f x x
f x x x
= +
=
= +

2.20 Chng minh rng hm
1 nu hu t
( )
0 nu v t

x
x
x
l hm tun hon.
2.21 Cho
1
( )
1
f x
x
=

Hy tnh [ ( )], { [ ( )]}. f f x f f f x
2.22 Gi s ( ) ( (... ( )))
n
f x f f f x = . Hy tnh ( )
n
f x nu
2
( )
1
x
f x
x
=
+
.
2.23 Tm hm s ngc ca cc hm s sau
= +
< < +
2
1) 3 v i
) 0, ) 0
y x
a x b x

2 3
1
2) , 1
1
3) 1 v i
) 1 0, ) 0 1.

=
+
=
< <
x
y x
x
y x
a x b x



58
58
2.24 Tm hm s ngc R R : g ca hm s R R : f cho bi
3
2
khi 0,
( )
khi 0.
x x
f x
x x

=

>

2.25 1) Cho hm s R R : f c xc nh bi
( )
1 | |
x
f x
x
=
+

Chng minh hm s f(x) c hm ngc v tm hm ngc n.
2) Tm hm f(x) bit rng
1 1
( 1) ( ) ( )
1
x f x f
x x
+ =

khi 0, 1 x x
2.26 Tm hm s f(x) bit rng n c xc nh vi mi gi tr x v tho mn h thc
( ) ( ) 2 ( )cos f x y f x y f x y + + = vi mi x v y.
2.27 Tm cc gii hn sau
1)

1
1
l i m
1
m
n
x
x
x
(m,n l nhng s nguyn dng)
2)

+ 1 cos
l i m
si n
x
x
x

3)

4
si n 2 cos2 1
l i m
cos si n
x
x x
x x
.
2.28 Tm cc gii hn sau
2
2
1
2
1
( 2)
2
2
2
2
2
0
ar csi n(1 2 )
1) l i m
4 1
si n(2 )
2) l i m 2
4
ar si n( 2)
3) l i m
2
si n
4) l i m .
1 si n cos

+
+
+
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
c x
x x
x
x x x

2.29 Tm cc gii hn sau
2
0
2
1 1
1) l i m
si n
4si n
2

x x
x



59
59
2
2
2
si n
2) l i m t g
cos

x
x
x
x

2.30 Tm cc gii hn sau

+
2
0
1 si n cos2
1) l i m
si n
x
x x x
x

4
0
2) l i m
1 2 1

+
x
x
x

3
0
( 1)
3) l i mcos
1

+
+
x
x
x

2
0
1
si n
4) l i m
x
x
x
x

0
1
5) l i m ( 1 ).
2

+
x
x x x
2.31 Tm cc gii hn sau
0
1
1) l i m

x
x
x

2) l i m v i 0.

>

x a
x a
x a
a
x a

2.32 Tm cc gii hn sau
2
1) l i m si n( 1)
+
+
n
n
2 2
2) l i m si n ( )
+
+
n
n n
2
1
3) l i m si n .
+
=

n
n
k
ka
n

2.33 Chng minh
2
l i m(cos )
m
m
x

tn ti vi mi gi tr x v tm gii hn.
2.34 1) Tm gii hn l i msi n si n...si n
n
x

.
2) Tm gii hn
2
lim[ lim(cos( !) ) ]


m
n m
n x







60
60



61
61
Chng 3
Hm lin tc mt bin s
Khi nim lin tc ca hm s l khi nim rt c bn, ng mt vai tr rt quan trng
trong vic nghin cu hm s c v l thuyt v ng dng. Trc ht, ta hy tm hiu v tnh
lin tc ca hm s.
3.1 nh ngha s lin tc ca hm s ti mt im
3.1.1 Cc nh ngha
nh ngha 1 Cho R : f A v
0
x A . Ta ni rng hm f lin tc ti im
0
x nu vi bt
k s 0 > cho trc c th tm c s 0 > sao cho x A m
0
| | x x < ta c
0
| ( ) ( )| f x f x < .
Hm f lin tc ti mi im x A th ta ni f lin tc trn A.
Nu f khng lin tc ti x
0
, ta ni rng f gin on ti x
0
.
Quay tr v nh ngha gii hn ca hm s ta c th pht biu s lin tc ca hm f ti x
0

nh sau:
Tnh cht
Gi s A R f : v
0
x A . Khi hm f lin tc ti x
0
khi v ch khi

=
0
0
l i m ( ) ( )
x x
f x f x .
nh ngha 2 Hm f lin tc ti im
0
x A nu nh mi dy {x
n
} nm trong A, m
0 n
x x
ta u c
0
( ) ( )
n
f x f x khi n .
V d 1: Xt hm s ( ) | | . f x x = Ly bt k R
0
x
Do
0 0 0
| ( ) ( )| | | | | | | | | f x f x x x x x = .
Cho nn 0 > , chn = , th < R
0
, | | x x x ta c
0
| ( ) ( )| f x f x < .
Vy hm ( ) | | f x x = lin tc ti mi R. x
V d 2: Dng ngn ng ( ) hy chng minh
2
2
l i m(3 2) 10.
x
x

=
Ta thy:
2
| ( ) 10| | 3 2 10| 3| 2| | 2|
3| 2| | 2 4| 3| 2| (| 2| 4) 3 ( 4)
f x x x x
x x x x
= = + =
= + < + < +

khi | 2| x <


62
62
Trc ht, nu chn 1 < th | ( ) 10 | 3 .5 15 f x < =
T y, nu ta chn
15

< th | ( ) 10| f x < .

Cui cng ta hy chn = mi n{1, }
15

th khi | 2| x < ta c | ( ) 10| f x < , iu phi

chng minh.
V d 3: Dng ngn ng ( ) hy chng minh hm s y = x
2
lin tc ti mi im. Gi s
x
0
l tu , cho 0 > v
0
| | x x < . Ta thy
2
0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
| ( ) ( )| | | | | | |
| | | 2 | | | (| | 2| | )
y x y x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x
= = + =
= + +

nn
0 0
| | (2| | ) y y x < + . Nu chn 1, < theo trn ta c
0 0
| | (2| | 1) y y x < + . Mt khc,
nu
0
2| | 1 x

<
+
th
0
| | y y < . Vy hy chn
0
mi n{1, },
2| | 1 x

=
+
th khi
0
| | x x < ta c
0
| | y y < . Vy hm s lin tc ti x
0

V d 4: Xt hm s f(x)=sinx. Ly x
0
bt k thuc R . Ta thy
0 0
0
0 0
0
| si n si n | | 2cos .si n |
2 2
2| si n | 2| | | |
2 2
x x x x
x x
x x x x
x x
+
=

=

(ta bit | si n | | | x x < vi 0 x )
Cho trc >0 chn = , khi
0
| | x x < ta c
0
| si n si n | x x < . Vy hm f lin tc ti
mi x R.
3.1.2 Hm lin tc mt pha, lin tc trn mt khong, mt on kn
Cho hm : f A R v
0
x A
nh ngha 3 Hm f lin tc bn phi ti im
0
x A nu > 0 cho trc, 0 > sao cho
x A m
0 0
x x x < + ta c
|f(x)f(x
0
)|< , (3.1.4)
k hiu
0
0
l i m ( ) ( )
x x
f x f x
+

= (3.1.4)

nh ngha 4 Hm f lin tc bn tri ti im
0
x A nu > 0 cho trc, 0 > sao cho
x A m
0 0
x x x <
ta c |f(x) f(x
0
)|< , (3.1.5)
k hiu
0
0
l i m ( ) ( )
x x
f x f x

= (3.1.5)

Cc hm s lin tc bn phi hoc bn tri c gi l lin tc mt pha.


63
63
nh l 3.1.1 iu kin cn v hm f lin tc ti im
0
x A l n lin tc theo c hai
pha ti
0
x .
Chng minh:
iu kin cn l hin nhin.
Ngc li, nu f lin tc theo c hai pha ti
0
x , th > 0 ,
1
0 > sao cho
x A ,
0 1
0 x x < ta c
|f(x) f(x
0
)|<
v
2
0 > sao cho x A , <
2 0
0 x x ta c
|f(x) f(x
0
)|< .
Khi gi
1 2
mi n( , ) = , th
0
,| | x A x x < ta c
|f(x) f(x
0
)|< .
Vy f lin tc ti x
0

nh ngha 5 Cho hm f xc nh trn khong (a,b). Ta ni rng hm f lin tc trn khong
(a,b) nu n lin tc ti mi im ca khong .
By gi cho hm f xc nh trn on [a,b]. Nu hm f lin tc trn (a,b), lin tc bn
phi ti im a v lin tc bn tri ti im b, th ta ni rng hm f lin tc trn [a,b].
V d 5: Xt hm s
1 v i 0 2
( ) 1 v i 2 3
0 v i c c gi t r cn l i .
x
f x x
x

<
Ta thy hm s khng lin tc ti cc im x = 0, x = 2, x = 3 v chng hn ti x = 2, ta
c:
2 2
l i m ( ) 1, l i m ( ) 1
x x
f x f x
+

= = .
V d 6: Hm s
1
( ) f x
x a
=

khng lin tc ti im x = a v ti a hm s khng xc nh.

3.1.3 Cc nh l v nhng php tnh trn cc hm lin tc
a) Tnh lin tc ca tng hiu tch v thng ca hm lin tc
T cc nh l v gii hn ca tng, hiu, tch v thng ca hai hm s m mi hm u
c gii hn ta c th chng minh nh l sau.
nh l 3.1.2 Nu hai hm s f v g xc nh trn cng mt tp R A v c hai u lin tc
ti im
0
x A th ti im cc hm c.f trong c l hng s; ; . f g f g v
f
g
(vi
0
( ) 0 g x ) cng lin tc.
V d 7: Hm a thc
1
0 1 1
...
n n
n n
y a x a x a x a

= + + + + lin tc trn ton tp R v phn thc

hu t


64
64
1
0 1 1
1
0 1 1
...
...
n n
n n
m m
m m
a x a x a x a
y
b x b x b x b

+ + + +
=
+ + + +
lin tc ti cc gi tr x tr cc gi tr lm cho mu s
trit tiu.
ii) Hm m = > ( 0, 0)
x
y a a a lin tc trn ton tp R
iii) Hm lgarit y = log
a
x (a>0, a 0) lin tc trong khong (0,+)
iv) Hm lu tha = N ( )
n
y x n lin tc trong khong ( , +)
v) Cc hm y = sinx, y = cosx lin tc trn tp R , cc hm
si n 1
t g , sec
cos cos
x
x x
x x
= = lin
tc tr ra cc gi tr

+ (2 1)
2
k v cc hm
cos 1
cot g , cosec
si n si n
x
x x
x x
= = lin tc tr ra cc gi
tr k .
b) Tnh lin tc ca hm s hp
nh l 3.1.3 Gi s hm R R : ( , ) f A B A B lin tc ti im
0
x A cn hm g:
R B lin tc ti im
0 0
( ) y f x B =
Khi hm hp R
0
: g f A lin tc ti x
0
.
Chng minh:
Cho mt s tu 0 > . V hm lin tc ti y
0
, nn vi 0 > c th tm c
1
0 > sao
cho
0 1
, | | y B y y < ta c
0
| ( ) ( )| g y g y < .
Mt khc v f lin tc ti x = x
0
nn vi
1
ni trn ta c th tm c 0 > sao cho
0
,| | x A x x < suy ra
0 0 1
| | | ( ) ( )| y y f x f x = < .
Tm li, theo cch chn s suy ra
0
,| | x A x x < ta c
0 0 0 0 0
| ( )( ) ( )( )| | ( ( )) ( ( ))| | ( ) ( )| g f x g f x g f x g f x g y g y = = < .
Vy hm
0
g f lin tc ti im x
0
.
V d 8:
i) Do hm lu tha x

(x >0) biu din c di dng

l n x
x e

= l hp ca hm logarit
v hm m nn lin tc.
ii) Hm
x
x lin tc ti im bt k x >0. Tht vy
l n l n
( )
x x x x x
x e e = = .
V d 9:
Xt s lin tc ca hm s
+
+
=
+
2
l i m
1
nx
nx
n
x x e
y
e

Vi x >0 ta c
+ +
+
+
=
+
+
2
2
l i m l i m
1
1
1
nx
nx
nx
n n
nx
x
x
x x e
e
e
e



65
65
Vi x >0, khi ch l
nx
e khi n + ta c
+
+
=
+
2
2
l i m
1
nx
nx
n
x x e
x
e

Vi x <0, khi ch l 0
nx
e khi + n ta s
2
l i m
1
nx
nx
n
x x e
x
e
+
+
=
+

Ta thy vi x =0
2
l i m 0
1
nx
nx
n
x x e
e
+
+
=
+

Vy
2
khi 0
( )
khi 0
x x
y f x
x x

= =

>

Hin nhin l khi 0 x hm s lin tc. Mt khc ta thy
0 0
l i m ( ) l i m ( ) 0 (0)
x x
f x f x f
+

= = = ,
vy hm s cng lin tc ti x=0.
Do f(x) lin tc

R x .
V d 10:
Cho
1
2
khi 2
1
( )
khi 2.
1
x
a x
f x
x
e

=

+

Tm a hm lin tc

R x .
D thy khi 2 x hm s lin tc. hm s lin tc x R th n phi lin tc ti x=2.
Ta thy
1
2 2
2
1
l i m ( ) l i m 0
1
x x
x
f x
e
+ +

= =
+
(bi v
1
2 x
e

+ khi 2 x
+
)
1
2 2
2
1
l i m ( ) l i m 1
1
x x
x
f x
e

= =
+
(bi v
1
2
0
x
e

khi 2 x

).
Vy a hm s khng th lin tc ti x = 2.
3.1.4 im gin on ca hm s
Hm s f(x) c gi l gin on ti x
0
nu ti x = x
0
hm f(x) khng lin tc. Vy x
0
l
im gin on ca hm s f(x) nu: hoc x
0
khng thuc tp xc nh ca f(x), hoc x
0
thuc
tp xc nh ca f(x) nhng
0
0
l i m ( ) ( )
x x
f x f x

, hoc khng c
0
l i m ( )
x x
f x

.
im gin on x
0
ca hm s f(x) c gi l im gin on loi 1 nu cc gii hn
mt pha
0
l i m ( )
x x
f x
+

,
0
l i m ( )
x x
f x

tn ti hu hn v t nht mt trong hai gii hn ny khc f(x

0
).
im gin on khng phi loi 1 s c gi l im gin on loi 2. Nh vy im x
0

l im gin on loi 2 nu hm s khng c gii hn mt pha hay mt trong hai gii hn
l v hn.


66
66
Gi s x
0
l im gin on ca hm s y = f(x). Nu tha mn ng thc
0 0
lim ( ) lim ( )
x x x x
f x f x
+

=
th im gin on x
0
gi l kh c. Nu t nht mt trong cc gii hn mt pha ni
trn bng th x
0
gi l im gin on v cng.
V d 11: Cho hm s:
khi 0
( )
1 khi 0.
x x
f x
x x

=

+ <

im x = 0 l im gin on loi 1 ca hm s.
V d 12: Cho hm s
1
( ) f x
x
=
im x=0 l im gin on loi 2, bi v
0 0
1 1
l i m , l i m
x x x x x x
+

= + = .
V d 13: Cho
+
= l i m 0
x
x
x
e
(trong chng 4 ta c th tnh gii hn ny mt cch d dng nh
qui tc Lhospital).
Xt hm s
2
1
2
1
khi 0
( )
khi 0
x
e x
f x
x
a x

Vi gi tr no ca a hm s gin on ti x = 0. Khi hy xt xem x = 0 l im gin
on loi g?
t
2
1
, khi 0 t x
x

= th t + .
Ta thy:
0
l i m ( ) l i m 0,
t
t x
f x te
+

+
= =
0
l i m ( ) l i m 0
t
t x
t
f x
e

+
= = .
Vy vi 0 a hm s gin on tai x = 0. Mt khc do
0 0
l i m ( ) l i m ( ) 0,
x x
f x f x
+

= = nn x = 0
l im gin on kh c.
V d 14: Cho hm s:
si n khi 1
( ) ar csi n khi 1 1,
cos khi 1.
x x
f x x x
a x x

= < <

a l tham s
Hy xt tnh lin tc ca hm s. Khi 1 x , hm s lin tc, ta cn phi xt tnh lin tc
ca hm s ti 1 x = . Mt khc


67
67
1 1
1 1
l i m ( ) l i m si n si n( 1) si n1,
l i m ( ) l i m ar csi n ar csi n( 1)
2
x x
x x
f x x
f x x

+ +


= = =
= = =

Suy ra hm s gin on loi 1 ti x =1
Hn na
1 1
1 1
l i m ( ) l i m( cos ) cos1,
l i m ( ) l i m ar csi n ar csi n1 .
2
x x
x x
f x a x a
f x x

+ +



= + = +
= = =

Vy ti x = 1 hm s lin tc nu cos1
2
a

= v gin on loi 1 nu cos1
2
a

.
Cui cng, nu x
0
l im gin on loi 1 ca hm s, ta gi hiu

0 0
0 0
| ( ) ( )| | l i m ( ) l i m ( )|
x x x x
f x f x f x f x
+
+


=


(3.1.6)
l bc nhy ca hm s ti x
0
.
nh l 3.1.4 Mi im gin on ca hm s n iu xc nh trn [a,b] u l im gin
on loi mt.
Chng minh:
Gi s R : [ , ] f a b l mt hm tng v
0
[ , ] x a b l im gin on ca f.
t
0
sup{ ( )| [ , )} f x x a x = (3.1.7)
0
i nf{ ( )| ( , ]} f x x x b = . (3.1.8).
Trong trng hp c bit nu x
0
=a ta ch xt , nu x
0
= b ta ch xt . Theo (3.1.17)
v (3.1.8) , l hu hn.
nh l c chng minh nu ta chng minh c rng
0
0
l i m ( )
x x
x x
f x

<
= (3.1.9)
v
0
0
l i m ( )
x x
x x
f x

>
= (3.1.10)
Tht vy, theo nh ngha supremum
0
0, x x

> < sao cho ( ) f x

< . Chn
0
x x

= .Ta thy x m
0 0
x x x < < th
0
x x x

< < ,ta c

( ) ( ) f x f x

< (3.1.11)
hay
0 0
| ( ) | ( , ) f x x x x < (3.1.12)
Vy
0
0
l i m ( )
x x
x x
f x

<
= .


68
68
Bng cch tng t ta chng minh c
0
0
l i m ( )
x x
x x
f x

>
= .
3.2 Cc tnh cht ca hm lin tc
3.2.1 Tnh cht bo ton du ln cn mt im
nh l 3.2.1 Gi s hm s f(x) xc nh trn tp A, lin tc ti im
0
x A . Khi
i) Nu f(x
0
)> th 0 > sao cho f(x) >
0
0 ( ) x x A

,
trong
0 0
0 ( ) { :| | } x x x x

= < . (3.2.1)
ii) Nu <
0
( ) f x th tn ti >0 sao cho
0
( ) 0 ( ) . f x x x A

<
(3.2.2)

Chng minh:
i) Do hm s f lin tc ti
0
x A nn 0, 0 > > sao cho x A
0
| | x x < th
0
( ) ( ) f x f x < < , c ngha l
0
( ) ( ) f x f x >
0
0 ( ) x x A

.
By gi hy chn = >
0
( ) 0 f x khi
0 0
( ) ( ) ( ) f x f x f x > + =
0
0 ( ) x x A

.
ii) Tng t hy chn
0
( ) f x = .
ngha:
Hm lin tc f(x) bo ton du ca n trong mt ln cn ca im x
0
.
3.2.2 Tnh cht ca mt hm s lin tc trn mt on
nh l 3.2.2 (nh l Weierstrass th nht)
Nu hm f xc nh v lin tc trn on [a,b] th n b chn, tc l tn ti cc hng s m
v M sao cho
( ) [ , ] m f x M x a b . (3.2.3)
Chng minh:
Ta hy chng minh nh l bng phn chng. Tht vy, ta gi s rng hm s khng b
chn. Khi vi mi s t nhin n ta tm c trn [a,b] gi tr x = x
n
sao cho:
( )
n
f x n > (3.2.4)
Theo b Bolzan - Weierstrass t dy {x
n
} c th trch ra mt dy con { }
k
n
x hi t n
mt gii hn hu hn:
0
k
n
x x khi k +, trong hin nhin
0
. a x b


69
69
V hm lin tc ti x
0
nn
0
( ) ( )
k
n
f x f x . Nhng khi t (3.2.4) ta suy ra
( )
k
n
f x +, khc f(x
0
) l mt hm s hu hn. Mu thun ny suy ra nh l c chng
minh.
Ta ch rng nh l khng cn ng i vi nhng khong khng ng. V d nh hm
1
x
lin tc trn khong (0,1) nhng trong khong ny hm s khng b chn.
nh l 3.2.3 (nh l Weierstrass th hai)
Nu hm R : [ , ] f a b lin tc th n t cn trn ng v cn di ng trong [a,b], tc l
tn ti
1 2
, [ , ] c c a b sao cho
1
[ , ]
sup ( ) ( )
x a b
f x f c

= v
2
[ , ]
i nf ( ) ( )
x a b
f x f c

= . (3.2.5)
Chng minh:
Theo nh l trn, do hm lin tc nn n b chn. Ta c
M=
[ , ]
sup ( )
x a b
f x

< +.
Theo nh l supremum ta c mt dy {x
n
} [a,b] sao cho l i m ( ).
n
n
M f x

= Dy {x
n
} b
chn nn n cha mt dy con {
k
n
x } hi t, c th
1
k
n
x c khi k .
Mt khc t cc bt ng thc
k
n
a x b suy ra l i m
k
n
k
a x b

tc l
1
[ , ] c a b . theo gi
thit hm f lin tc ti c
1
, nn
1
l i m ( ) ( )
k
n
k
M f x f c

= = .
Hon ton tng t
2
c sao cho:
2
[ , ]
i nf ( ) ( )
x a b
f x f c

= .
c) Ch :
i) Cui cng ta ch rng gi tr c
1
, c
2
ni trn khng phi l duy nht. V d trn hnh
3.2.1

Hnh 3.2.1
V d trn hnh 3.2.1 hm f(x) trong on [a,b] nhn gi tr ln nht ti hai im c
1
, c
2
v
nhn gi tr b nht ti nhiu v hn im ca on [d
1
, d
2
].


70
70
nh l khng cn ng i vi nhng khong khng ng, v d hm f(x) = 2x
2
nh x
khong [0,1) ln khong [0,2), do sup ( ) 2 f x = nhng hm f(x) khng nhn gi tr 2 trong
khong [0,1).
ii) Nu hm f(x) khi bin thin trn mt khong X no d l b chn th ta gi dao ng
ca n trong khong l hiu M m = gia cn trn ng v cn di ng ca n. Ni
cch khc
,
sup {| ( ) ( )| }.
x x X
f x f x

= Nu xt hm f(x) lin tc trn on hu hn X=[a,b], th
theo nh l va chng minh trn, dao ng ca hm f(x) s ch n gin l hiu gia gi tr
ln nht v b nht ca hm trn on .
nh l 3.2.4 (nh l Bolzano - Cauchy th nht)
Gi s hm f(x) xc nh v lin tc trn [a,b] v f(a).f(b) < 0. Khi tn ti t nht mt
im c(a,b) sao cho f(c)=0.
Chng minh:
xc nh ta gi s f(a)< 0 cn f(b)>0. Ta chia i on [a,b] bi im
2
a b +
. C th
xy ra l f(x) trit tiu ti im , khi nh l c chng minh, ta c th t c =
2
a b +
.
By gi gi s f(
2
a b +
) 0, khi ti cc u mt ca mt trong cc on [a,
2
a b +
],
[
2
a b +
,b] hm s ly cc gi tr khc du nhau (c th gi tr m ti mt tri v gi tr dng
ti mt phi). Gi on l [a
1
,b
1
], ta c (xem hnh 3.2.2) f(a
1
)< 0, f(b
1
)> 0


Hnh 3.2.2
By gi ta li chia i on [a
1
,b
1
]. C th xy ra hai kh nng:
Hoc l f(x) trit tiu ti trung im
1 1
2
a b +
ca on , khi ta c th chn im c =
1 1
2
a b +
, nh l c chng minh.
Hoc l ta thu c on [a
2
,b
2
] l mt trong hai na ca on [a
1
,b
1
] sao cho f(a
2
) < 0,
f(b
2
) > 0. (Xem hnh 3.2.2)
Ta tip tc qu trnh lp cc on . Khi hoc sau mt s hu hn bc ta s gp
trng hp im chia l im ti hm trit tiu v khi nh l c chng minh.


71
71
Hoc c mt dy v hn cc on cha nhau. Khi i vi on th n, [a
n
,b
n
]
(n=1,2,3) ta s c f(a
n
) <0, f(b
n
) >0 v di ca on r rng bng b
n
a
n
=
2
n
b a
.
Dy cc on ta lp c tho mn cc iu kin ca b v dy cc on lng nhau, bi v
theo trn l i m( ) 0
n n
n
b a

= . V vy, c hai dy {a
n
}, {b
n
} dn ti gii hn chung

= = l i m l i m
n n
n n
a b c, m r rng c[a,b]. Ta hy chng minh im c ny tho mn yu cu
ca nh l.
Tht vy, do tnh lin tc ca hm s ti x = c, ta c
( ) l i m ( ) 0
n
n
f c f a

= v

= ( ) l i m ( ) 0
n
n
f c f b .
Vy f(c)=0, nh l c chng minh.
nh l 3.2.5 (nh l Bolzano - Cauchy th hai)
Gi s hm f(x) xc nh v lin tc trn on [a,b] v ti cc u mt ca on hm
f(x) nhn cc gi tr khng bng nhau f(a) = A, f(b) = B.
Khi vi s C bt k nm trung gian gia A v B, ta c th tm c im ( , ) c a b sao
cho f(c)=C.
Chng minh: Khng mt tnh tng qut ta c th gi thit rng A<B, vy A<C<B. Xt
trn on [a,b] hm g(x)=f(x) C.
Hm s ny lin tc trn [a,b] v ti cc u mt ca on hm f(x) c du khc nhau
g(a) = f(a) C = A C, g(b) = f(b) C = B C >0.
Khi theo nh l th nht tn ti mt im ( , ) c a b sao cho g(c)=0, tc l f(a) C
=0, hay f(c)=C, l iu phi chng minh.
Ta ch rng iu kin lin tc ca hm f(x) trn on [a,b] l iu kin khng th thiu
c. Chng hn ta xt hm (Hnh 3.2.3):
1 1
khi 0
3 2
( )
2 1
khi 1
3 2
x
f x
x

x 1 0
2
3
1
3
1
2



72
72
Hnh 3.2.3
s
2
5
nm trung gian gia s
1
(0)
3
f = v
2
(1)
3
f = nhng khng c gi tr c no trn (0,1)
sao cho
2
( ) .
5
f c =
3.3 iu kin lin tc ca hm n iu v ca hm s ngc
3.3.1 iu kin lin tc ca hm n iu
nh l 3.3.1 Cho f(x) l hm n iu. iu kin cn v hm f(x) lin tc trn on
[a,b] l tp gi tr ca n chnh l on vi hai u mt f(a) v f(b).
Chng minh:
iu kin cn: Gi s f(x) l n iu tng v lin tc trn [a,b], ta phi chng minh:
= ([ , ]) [ ( ), ( )] f a b f a f b . (3.3.1)
Tht vy, ly bt k ([ , ]) f a b , khi [ , ] x a b sao cho ( ) f x = . Do f n iu tng,
nn khi
=

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ( ), ( )]
([ , ]) [ ( ), ( )].
a x b f a f x f b f x f a f b
f a b f a f b

Ngc li, ly [ ( ), ( )] f a f b do f(x) lin tc trn on [a,b] nn [ , ] c a b sao
( ) ([ , ]). f c f a b = Suy ra [ ( ), ( )] ([ , ]) f a f b f a b v h thc (3.3.1) c chng minh.
iu kin
Gi s f(x) l n iu tng v f([a,b])= [f(a),f(b)]. Ta hy chng minh f(x) lin tc trn
[a,b].
Gi s ngc li, f(x) gin on ti
0
[ , ] x a b . Nu a <
0
x < b, ta hy t
0 0
l i m ( ) , l i m ( )
x x x x
f x f x
+

= = (Hnh 3.3.1).
Khi hoc <
0
( ) f x , hoc
0
( ) f x < .
Nu
0
( ) f x < , th f([a,b]) khng cha khong
0
( , ( )) f x . Nu f(x
0
)< th f([a,b])
khng cha khong (f(x
0
), ), iu ny tri vi gi thit f([a,b])=[f(a),f(b)].
Trng hp x
0
= a hoc x
0
= b chng minh tng t.


73
73

Hnh 3.3.1

3.3.2 Tnh lin tc ca hm ngc
nh l 3.3.2 Gi s f(x) l hm tng thc s v lin tc trn [a,b]. Khi f(x) c hm ngc f
-
1
xc nh trn tp [f(a),f(b)], ng thi
1
f

cng tng thc s v lin tc trn [f(a),f(b)].
Chng minh:
Theo nh l trn f([a,b])=[f(a), f(b)], nn
[ ( ), ( )], [ , ] y f a f b x a b sao cho
1 1 2 2
( ) ( ) y f x f x y = < = ( ) f x y = . Phn t x ni trn l
duy nht. Tht vy, ta gi s , x [ , ], x a b x x < sao cho ( ) ( ) f x f x y = = , iu ny v l
do hm f thc s tng.
By gi cho tng ng phn t [ ( ), ( )] y f a f b vi phn t duy nht [ , ] x a b ni trn ta
thu c hm ngc n tr
1
: [ ( ), ( )] [ , ] f f a f b a b

. (3.3.2)
By gi ta hy chng minh f
-1
l hm tng thc s.
Tht vy
1 2 1 2
, [ ( ), ( )], y y f a f b y y < khi
1 2
, [ , ] x x a b sao cho
1 1 2 2
( ), ( ). y f x y f x = = do, v do f tng thc s nn
1 1
1 2 1 2
( ) ( ) x x f y f y

< < .
Cui cng ta thy f
1
l hm tng v c min gi tr l
[a,b]=[ f
1
(f(a)), f
1
(f(b))]. (3.3.3)
Vy f
1
l hm lin tc.
Nhn xt:
nh l cn ng khi f l hm gim thc s hoc thay [a,b] bng (a,b).


74
74
V d 1: Hm sin x: [ , ] [ 1,1]
2 2

n iu tng v lin tc, nn theo nh l trn hm
arcsinx: [1,1] [ , ]
2 2

cng n iu tng v lin tc.
Hm cos x: [0, ] [1,1] n iu gim v lin tc , nn hm arccos x: [1,1] [0,
] cng n iu gim v lin tc.
Hm tg x: ( , ) ( , )
2 2

+ n iu tng v lin tc nn hm arctg x:
( , ) ( , )
2 2

+ n iu tng v lin tc.
vi) Tng t hm cotgx: (0, ) ( , ) + n iu gim v lin tc nn hm ngc
arccotg x: ( , ) + (0, ) n iu gim v lin tc.
3.4 Khi nim lin tc u
3.4.1 M u
Cho hm f(x) xc nh trn tp A (c th l khong ng hay m, hu hn hay v hn) v
lin tc ti mi im x
0
A
.
Theo ngn ng ta c th pht biu nh sau: i vi mi
>0 ta c th chn c mt s >0 sao cho x A m |x x
0
|< ko theo
|f(x) f(x
0
)|< (3.4.1)
iu ny c ngha l i vi im
0
x A , theo tng s 0 > cho trc s tm c mt
s sao cho bt ng thc (3.4.1) c tho mn. Ta thy khi
0
x bin thin trn tp A, cho
d c nh, s ni chung s thay i. Ni cch khc s khng nhng ch ph thuc
vo m cn ph thuc vo
0
x .
Nh vy, i vi hm f(x) lin tc trn tp A, ny ra vn l: vi 0 > cho trc, tn
ti hay khng mt s >0 ph hp vi mi im
0
x A . Ta c nh ngha sau.
3.4.2 nh ngha
Ta ni rng hm s : f A R lin tc u trn A, nu 0 > cho trc 0 > ch ph
thuc vo sao cho , x x A m | | x x < , th
| ( ) ( )| f x f x < . (3.4.2)
V d 1:
i) Chng minh rng hm f(x) = x lin tc u trn ton trc s. Tht vy 0 > ly =
ta thy , x x R m | | x x < th
| ( ) ( )| | | f x f x x x = < .
ii) Hm y = sinx, y = cosx lin tc u trn R. Tht vy, chng hn xt hm y = cosx, ta
thy


75
75
| | | cos cos | 2| si n .si n |
2 2
| |
2 | | .
2
x x x x
y y x x
x x
x x
+
= =

=

Vi 0 > cho trc bt k, ta ch cn chn = th khi , x x R , | | x x < ta c
| | y y < .
V d 2: Chng minh rng hm f(x) = x
2
lin tc u trn khong (1,1). Tht vy, ly hai
im bt k , ( 1,1) x x , khi
2 2
| ( ) ( )| | | | ( )( )|
| | | | 2| |
f x f x x x x x x x
x x x x x x
= = +
= + <

Vi 0 > nh ty , ta ch cn chn
2

= , khi x x , ( 1,1) m x x | | < th

f x f x | ( ) ( )| 2 2.
2

< = =
Nhn xt: chng minh hm f(x) khng lin tc u trn tp A ta ch cn chng minh
mnh sau:
n n
x x A 0, , > sao cho
n n
x x | | 0 th
n n
f x f x | ( ) ( )| . (3.4.3)
nh l 3.4.1 (nh l Cantor): Nu : [ , ] f a b R lin tc th n lin tc u trn [ , ] a b .
Chng minh:
Ta hy chng minh nh l bng phn chng. Gi s f(x) khng lin tc u trn [ , ] a b ,
tc tn ti mt s dng sao cho 0, > tn ti , [ , ] x x a b

m x x | |

< th
0
| ( ) ( )| f x f x

.
Ln lt ly
1
n
= (n=1,2,3,) ta s tm c cc dy , [ , ]
n n
x x a b , m
1
| |
n n
x x
n
<
nhng
*
0
| ( ) ( )|
n n
f x f x n N . (3.4.4).
Theo b Bolzann - Werierstrass dy {x
n
} b chn, n cha mt dy con hi t:
0
[ , ].
k
n
x x a b
Khi vi dy
n
x { } ta cng c dy con tng ng
k
n
x x
0
{ } . Tht vy,
0 0
| | | | | | 0 +
k k k k
n n n n
x x x x x x khi k .
Mt khc theo gi thit f(x) lin tc ti x
0
ta c
0
lim ( ) lim ( ) ( )

= =
k k
n n
k k
f x f x f x ,
suy ra lim| ( ) ( ) | 0

=
k k
n n
k
f x f x , iu ny mu thun vi (3.4.4). nh l c chng minh.


76
76
Ch rng nh l khng cn ng nu hm f(x) ch lin tc u trn khong (a,b).
V d 3: Hm
1
y
x
= lin tc trn khong (0,1) nhng khng lin tc u trn khong ny.
Tht vy,
0
1 1
1, ,
2
n n
x x
n n
= = = .
Khi
1
| | 0,
2
n n
x x
n
= nhng
| ( ) ( ) | | 2 | 1
n n
f x f x n n n = = = .
3.4.3 Lin tc ca cc hm s s cp
T nh l v cc php tnh ca cc hm lin tc v nh l v tnh lin tc ca hm hp ta
c nh l sau:
nh l 3.4.2 Cc hm s cp lin tc ti mi im thuc tp xc nh ca n.
Ch :
Ta ch rng nu f(x) lin tc ti im x
0
, th
0 0
0
lim ( ) ( ) (lim ).

= =
x x x x
f x f x f x
Nh vy, nu hm f(x) lin tc th c th thay i th t vic ly gii hn v vic tnh gi
tr ca hm.
Sau y da vo tnh lin tc ca nhng hm s cp, chng ta s a ra hng lot gii
hn quan trng:
a)
0
log (1 )
lim log

+
=
a
a
e . (3.4.5)
Gii hn c dng
0
0
. Ta c
1
log (1 )
log (1 )
a
a

+
= + .
V biu thc nm bn phi di du lgarit tin n e khi 0 , nn theo tnh lin tc,
lgarit ca n tin n log
a
e. Cng thc c chng minh, ni ring khi a = e ta c cng thc
0
1
1
l n( )
l i m

+
= (3.4.6)
b)
0
1
l i m l n
a
a

= (3.4.7)
Gii hn ny c dng
0
0
.
Ta t 1

= a , khi theo tnh lin tc ca hm s m khi 0 th 0 . Ngoi ra

chng ta c l og (1 )
a
= + , nh vy l
0 0
1 1
l i m l i m l n
l og (1 ) l og
a a
a
a
e

= = =
+
.


77
77
Ni ring, nu ly
1
( 1, 2,3...) n
n
= = th ta nhn c cng thc
n
n
n a a l i m ( 1) l n

= (3.4.8)
c)
a 0
(1 ) 1
l i m

+
= (3.4.9)
Ta t (1 ) 1

+ = . Do tnh lin tc ca hm lu tha khi 0 th 0 . Ly

lgarit hai v ca ng thc (1 ) 1

+ = + ta nhn c
l n(1 ) l n(1 ) + = +
Nh h thc ny, ta bin i biu thc cho nh sau
(1 ) 1 l n(1 )
. .
l n(1 )

+ +
= =
+

Theo cc gii hn trn, c hai biu thc
l n(1 )

+
v
l n(1 )

+
u c gii hn l 1 khi
0 , 0 , v vy cng thc c chng minh.
3.5 Bi tp chng 3
3.1 Cho
2 1
( )
3
x
f x
x
+
=
+
. Chng minh
1
1
l i m ( )
2
x
f x

= bng ngn ng .
3.2 Chng minh hm s
1
( )
1
f x
x
=
+
lin tc ti mi im 1 x bng ngn ng .
3.3 Kho st lin tc ca cc hm s sau:
1)
2
1
( ) khi 1
(1 )
f x x
x
=
+
v ( 1) f tu .
2)
1
( ) si n khi 0, (0) 0 f x x x f
x
= =
3)
2
1
( ) khi 0, (0) 0
x
f x e x f

= = .
3.4 Xt xem hm s
[ ]
: 0,2 f R c cho bi
2 khi 0 1
( )
2 khi 1 2
x x
f x
x x

=

<

c lin tc khng?
3.5 Tm a hm s


78
78
khi 0
( )
khi 0
x
e x
f x
a x x

<
=

+

lin tc.
3.6 Xt tnh lin tc ca hm s

=

=

2
l n khi 0
( )
khi 0
x x x
f x
a x

3.7 Xc nh cc im gin on v kho st tnh cht ca cc im i vi cc hm s
sau:
1)
2
3
1
3 2
x
y
x x

=
+

2)
2
1
cos y
x
=
3)
1
x
x
y e
+
=
4)
1
l n
y
x
=
3.8 Xt tnh lin tc ca hm
si n khi hu t
( )
0 khi v t
x x
f x
x

=

3.9 Xt xem phng trnh
2si n 3 10cos5 0 x x + = c nghim thc khng?
3.10 Cho hm
2
( ) 1 x x = + vi xR v
2 khi 1
( )
0 khi 1
y
f y
y

=

<

Xt tnh lin tc ca hm ( ( )) f x ti im x = 0.
3.11 Chng minh rng nu hm f(x), lin tc trn on [a,b] v
1 2
, ,..., ( , )
n
x x x a b th trong
khong (a,b) tm c mt s sao cho:
1
1
( ) ( )
n
k
k
f f x
n

=
=

.


79
79
3.12 Chng minh rng nu hm f(x) lin tc trong khong a x < + v tn ti gii hn
hu hn l i m ( )
x
f x
+
th hm s ny b chn trong khong cho.
3.13 Chng minh rng hm ( ) si n f x
x

= lin tc v b chn trong khong (0,1) nhng

khng lin tc u trong khong .
3.14 Chng minh rng hm f(x) =sin
2
x lin tc v b chn trong khong v hn
x < < + nhng khng lin tc u trong khong .
3.15 Chng minh rng hm khng b chn f(x)=x+sinx lin tc u trn ton trc s
x < < +.
3.16 Xt tnh lin tc u ca cc hm sau:
1)
2
( ) khi [ 1,1]
4
x
f x x
x
=

2)
1
( ) cos khi (0,1)
x
f x e x
x
=
3) ( ) khi [1, ) f x x x = +
3.17 Nghin cu tnh lin tc v v phc ho th ca hm s sau

1 1 1
ar ct g
1 2
y
x x x

= + +




3.18 Nghin cu tnh lin tc v v tnh lin tc v v th cc hm s sau:
1)
1
l i m ( 0)
1
n
n
y x
x
+
=
+
2)
l n(1 )
l i m
l n(1 )
xt
t
t
e
y
e
+
+
=
+

3.19 Chng minh rng phng trnh:
1 0
x
xe =
c t nht mt nghim dng nh hn 1.
3.20 S dng cng thc tng ng tnh gn ng:
1) 105
2) 1632
3) 0,31 .
3.21 Chng minh rng hm
| si n |
( )
x
f x
x
= lin tc u trn cc khong (1,0) v (0,1)
nhng khng lin tc u trn (1,0) (0,1).


80
80
3.22 Xt tnh lin tc ca cc hm s sau:
1)
1 khi hu t
( )
0 khi v t
x
f x
x

2)
khi hu t
( )
0 khi v t .
x x
f x
x

81
81

Chng 4
Php tnh vi phn ca hm mt bin
4.1 o hm v cch tnh
4.1.1 nh ngha o hm
Gi s U l mt tp m trong R, : f U R v
0
x U .
Cho x
0
mt s gia 0 x nh sao cho
0
x x U + . Khi ta gi
0 0
( ) ( ) y f x x f x = + l mt s gia ca hm s tng ng vi s gia i s x ti im x
0
.
Xt t s gia s gia hm s vi s gia i s.
Nu t s dn n mt gii hn hu hn xc nh khi 0 x , th ta ni rng hm f kh vi
ti im x
0
, gii hn gi l o hm ca hm s ti x
0
v

k hiu l
0 0
0
0
( ) ( )
( ) l i m
x
f x x f x
f x
x

+
=

. (4.1.1)
Cc k hiu y hay ( ) f x l cc k hiu o hm theo Largrange, cn
dy
dx
hay
0
( ) df x
dx
l
cc k hiu theo Leibnitz v Dy hay Df(x
0
) l cc k hiu theo Cauchy.
i khi nhn mnh bin s ly o hm, ngi ta thng vit bin thnh ch s
di:
0 0
, ( ), hay ( )
x x x x
y f x D y D f x (4.1.2)
Hm f c gi l kh vi trn U nu n kh vi ti mi im thuc U.
4.1.2 Cng thc i vi s gia ca hm s
Nu hm y = f(x) kh vi ti
0
, x U ta c th biu din s gia ca hm s
0 0 0
( ) ( ) ( ) = = + y f x f x x f x nh sau.
Theo nh ngha
0
0
0
( )
lim ( )

x
f x
f x
x
.
t
0
0
( )
( )

= +

f x
f x
x
vi 0 khi 0 x .
(4.1.3)
Ta c
0 0
( ) ( ) . = + f x f x x x vi
0
lim 0


x
. (4.1.4)
K hiu . ( ) = x x v hin nhin
0
( )
lim 0


=

x
x
x
.


82
82
Do (4.1.4) c th vit di dng
0 0
( ) ( ) ( ). = + f x f x x x (4.1.5)
nh l 4.1.1 Nu hm y = f(x) kh vi ti
0
x U th f(x) lin tc ti x
0
.
Chng minh: Tht vy ta c
0 0 0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) + = + f x x f x f x x x ,
suy ra
[ ]
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0
0
lim ( ) ( ) lim ( ) lim ( )
lim ( ) ( ).


+ = +
+ =
x x x
x
f x x f x f x x x
f x x f x

4.2 Cc qui tc tnh o hm
4.2.1 Cc qui tc tnh o hm
Trc ht ta hy nhc li cc qui tc tnh o hm bit
nh l 4.2.1 Cho , : f g U R, trong U l tp hp m trong R, cn f, g l hai hm kh vi
ti
0
x U . Khi
1 2
, c c R cc hm
1 2
, c f c g + . f g v
f
g
(nu g(x
0
)
0
cng l cc hm
kh vi ti im x
0
v ta c cc cng thc sau:
a)
1 2 0 1 0 2 0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) c f c g x c f x c g x + = + (4.2.1)
b)
0 0 0 0 0
( , ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ). ( ) f g x f x g x g x f x = + (4.2.2)
c)
0 0 0 0
0 0 2
0
0
( ) ( ) ( ). ( )
( ) , ( )
( )
f x g x g x f x f
x g x
g g x

=


. (4.2.3)
4.2.2 o hm ca hm s hp
nh l 4.2.2 Cho : g U V v : f V R trong U, V l hai tp hp m trong R, hm
u=g(x) kh vi ti
0
x U v hm y=f(u) kh vi ti u
0
=g(x
0
) V . Khi hm hp
0
f g kh vi ti
x
0
v ta c cng thc

0 0 0 0
( ) ( ) ( ( )) ( ) f g x f g x g x = (4.2.4)
hay gn hn
.
x u x
y y u = . (4.2.5)
Chng minh: Theo cng thc (4.1.5) hm f kh vi ti u
0
, nn ta c
0 0 0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
u
f f u u f u f u u u = + = + .
Mt khc hm g kh vi ti x
0
nn
0 0 0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
x
u g x x g x g x x x = + = + .
Th u vo biu thc f ta c


83
83
[ ]
0 0 0 0
0 0 0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
= ( ). ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ).
u x
u x u
f u u f u f u g x x x u
f u g x x f u x u

+ = + +
+ +

Chia c 2 v cho x
0 0
0 0 0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ). ( ) ( ) .
u x u
f u u f u x u
f u g x f u
x x x
+
= + +


Ta thy do hm u lin tc ti x
0
nn khi 0 x th 0 u v
0 0 0
0
( ) ( ( )) ( ),
( ) ( ) ( ( )) ( ).
o
o
f u f g x f g x
f u u f u f g x f g x
= =
+ = = =

By gi ta hy vit li biu thc trn di dng:
0 0 0
0 0 0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ). ( ) ( ) . .
u x u
f g x f g x x u u
f u g x f u
x x u x

= + +


Cho 0 x ta c
0 0 0 0
( ) ( ) ( ( )). ( ),
u
f g x f g x g x = v cng thc c chng minh.
V d 3:
i) Ta thy 0
l n

x x a
a e a = >
nn
l n
( ) ( )
x x a
a e = , t u = xlna,
l n
( )' . l n l n
u x a x
e e a a a = =
Do ta c cng thc sau
ln ( )
x x
a a = a vi 0 a > . (4.2.6)
ii) Ta c 0
l n
x e x

= >
x
v R
Do :
1 1
l n l n
( ) ( ) . . . .
x x
x e e x
x x

= = = .
V ta c cng thc sau:
1
( ) . x x

= . (4.2.7)
V d 4: Tnh
1
1
cos
x
x
d
I e
dx

+
= vi 1 x
t
1
1
cos
x
u
x

=
+

1
1
1
1
cos
. . cos
x
u u
x
x
d x
I e e u e
dx x

+


= = =

+


Li t
1
1
x
v
x

=
+

ta c
2
1 1 1 2
1 1 1 1
(cos ) si n . si n si n .
( )
x x x
v v v
x x x x

= = =

+ + + +


Cui cng


84
84
1
1
2
1 1
2
1 1
cos
. .si n
( )
x
x
x
I e
x x

+

=

+ +

.
V d 5: Cho , : f g U R trong f(x)>0, x U v tn ti ( ), ( ) f x g x vi x U .
Khi
( ) ( )l n ( ) ( )l n ( )
( )
( ( )) ( ( ). l n ( ))
( )
=( ( )) . ( ) l n ( ) ( ). .
( )
g x g x f x g x f x
g x
d d d
f x e e g x f x
dx dx dx
f x
f x g x f x g x
f x
= =


+



4.2.3 o hm ca hm s ngc
nh l 4.2.4 Gi s hm f(x) kh vi lin tc trn (a,b) vi 0 ( ) f x ( , ) x a b . Khi hm
f(x) n iu thc s nn c hm ngc x = g(y), : ( ( ), ( )) ( , ). g f a f b a b
Khi g(y) cng kh vi ti y = f(x) v c o hm g(y) tho mn h thc:
1
( )
( )
g y
f x
=

(4.2.8)
hay gn hn:

1
y
x
x
y
=

. (4.2.9)
Chng minh: Do (g.f)(x) = x ( , ) x a b
Hay ( ( )) g f x x = ( , ) x a b .
Ly o hm hai v ng thc trn theo x ta c
1 hay 1 ( ( )). ( ) ( ). ( ) g f x f x g y f x = =
suy ra
1
( )
( )
g y
f x
=

( , ) x a b .
V d 6:
i) Xt hm s y = arcsinx vi 1< x <1 v
2 2
y

< < .
Ta bit rng y = arcsinx, tng ng vi x = siny, do
do
2 2
cos , ,
y
x y y

=


th 0 cos y >
nn
2
1
y
x x = , suy ra
2
1
1
x
y
x
=

.
Tng t, tao c cc cng thc sau:
ii) y = arccosx vi 1< x <1,
2
1
1
x
y
x
=

85
85
iii) y = arctgx vi x < < +,
2
1
1
x
y
x
=
+

iv) y = arccotgx vi x < < + ,
2
1
1
x
y
x

=
+
.
4.2.4 o hm theo tham s
Xt hm y ca bin x c cho di dng tham s
( )
( )
x x t
y y t
=

vi ( , ). t
Gi s x l hm kh vi, lin tc v '( ) 0 x t ( , ) t .
Khi x(t) l hm n iu thc s trn ( , ) , v vy n c hm ngc t = t(x). Khi
ta c hm hp y = y(t) = y(t(x)).
Hy tnh
x
y . Cho t mt s gia t, x l s gia tng ng ca t, y l s gia tng
ng ca x. Ta c
y
y
t
x
x
t

suy ra
0
0
0
l i m
l i m
l i m
t
t
x
x
t
t
y
y y
t
y
x
x x
t

= = =

. (4.2.10)
V d 7: Xt hm s
1 ( si n ), ( cos ) x a t t y a t = = vi 0 2 ( , ) t .
Khi
2
2
2 2
1 2
2
2
si n cos
si n
( ) cot g
( cos )
si n
t t
a t t
y x
t
a t
= = =

.
4.2.5 o hm mt pha
Gi s f(x) c xc nh trn (a,b) v
0
( , ) x a b . Ta ni gii hn hu hn, nu tn ti
0 0
0 0
( ) ( )
l i m l i m
x x
f x x f x y
x x
+ +

+
=

(4.2.11)
l o hm bn phi ca hm f(x) ti im x
0
, k hiu l
0
( )
+
f x (xem hnh 4.2.1).
Tng t, ta c o hm bn tri ca hm f(x) ti im x
0
k hiu l
0
( ) :

f x
0 0
0
0 0
( ) ( )
l i m l i m ( )
x x
f x x f x y
f x
x x



+
= =

(4.2.12)


86
86
Ta thy mun c
0
( ) f x A = iu kin cn v l
0 0
( ) ( ) f x f x A
+
= = .

Hnh 4.2.1
V d 8: Cho hm f(x) =|x|, hy xt o hm ca hm s ti x
0
= 0.
Ta c 0 0 y f x f x = + = ( ) ( ) | | ,
0 0
0 0
0 1
0 1
( ) l i m l i m ,
( ) l i m l i m .
x x
x x
y x
f
x x
y x
f
x x
+ +

+

= = =


= = =


Vy hm f(x) lin tc ti x
0
= 0, nhng f(0) khng tn ti.
V d 9: Cho hm s
3
khi 0
khi 0
si n

( )

x
x
f x
x
a x

1) Tm a hm s lin tc ti x = 0.
2) Vi a tm c, hy xt s kh vi ca hm s ti x = 0
Gii: 1) Do
3
2
0 0
0
si n si n
l i m l i m si n
x x
x x
x
x x

= =
Vy hm lin tc ti x = 0 th phi c a = 0.
2) Vi a=0 ta c
3
khi 0
khi 0
si n

( )
0
x
x
f x
x
x

Ta thy
3
0 0
0
0
0
( ) ( ) si n
l i m l i m
x x
f x f x
x x

= =

.
Vy 0 0 ( ) f = v hm kh vi ti x=0.


87
87
V d 10: Chng minh rng hm s f(x) =|xa| ( ) x , trong ( ) x l hm lin tc v
0 ( ) a , khng kh vi ti x = a.
Ta c
0 0
( ) ( ) | | ( )
( ) l i m l i m
x x
f a x f a x a x
f x
x x

+ +
= =

.
Suy ra:
( )
+
f a = ( ) a v ( )

f a = ( ) a .
Do ( ) ( )
+
f a f a nn hm s f(x) khng kh vi ti x=a.
4.2.6 o hm v cng
Nu
0 0
0 0
hay
( ) ( )
l i m l i m
x x
f x x f x y
x x

+
= = +

th ta ni rng ti x = x
0
hm f(x) c
o hm v cng. Khi tip tuyn vi th f(x) ti x = x
0
song song vi trc Oy.
Ta cn ch rng nu nh
0
( ) f x khng l hu hn th hm f(x) khng nht thit phi
lin tc ti im x
0
. V d xt hm
1 khi 0
0 khi 0
1 khi 0

( )
.
x
f x x
x
<

= =

>

Vi 0 x , ta c
0 1 ( ) ( )
| |
f x f
x x

=

, do 0 ( ) f = + nhng ng nhin f(x) khng
lin tc ti im x
0
= 0.
4.2.7 o hm cc hm s s cp
Sau y l bng o hm ca mt s hm s cp:
1 0
2 1
)
)
y c y
y x y
= =
= =

1
2
3 1
1 1
1
2
) , , .


y x R y x
y y
x x
y x y
x



= =

= =
= =

4)
x x
y e y e = =

x
y a = vi 0 l n
x
a y a a > =
5) l og
a
y x = vi
1
0
l n
a y
x a
> =


88
88
1
l n y x y
x
= =
6) si n cos y x y x = =
7) cos si n y x y x = =
2
2
1
8 tg ) sec
cos
y x y x
x
= = =
2
2
1
9) cot g cosec
si n
y x y x
x
= = =
2
1
10) ar csi n
1
y x y
x
= =

2
1
11) ar ccos
1
y x y
x
= =

2
1
12) ar ct g
1
y x y
x
= =
+

2
1
13) ar ccot g
1
y x y
x
= =
+

14) sh ch y x y x = =
15) ch sh y x y x = =
2
1
16) t h
ch
y x y
x
= =
2
1
17) ct h
sh
y x y
x

= =
2
1
18) ar gsh
1
y x y
x
= =
+

2
1
19) ar gch
1
y x y
x
= =

2
1
20) ar gt h
1
y x y
x
= =

2
1
21) ar gct h .
1
y x y
x
= =

4.3 Vi phn ca hm s
4.3.1 nh ngha
Cho hm y = f(x) xc nh trn tp hp m U R v
0
x U . Cho x
0
mt s gia 0 x
nh sao cho
0
x x U + .


89
89
Gi s f(x)kh vi ti
0
x U , khi
0 0 0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f x x f x f x x x + = + . (4.3.1)
Ta gi biu thc
0
( ) f x x l vi phn ca hm f(x) ti im x
0
ng vi s gia x ca i
s v k hiu l
0 0
( , ) ( ) df x x f x x = . (4.3.2)
By gi ta xt trng hp c bit khi f(x) = x. Ta c ( ) 1 f x = , do dx = 1. x = x , v
th trong biu thc (4.3.2) ta c th vit dx thay cho x v dx gi l vi phn ca bin s c
lp. T y, ta c th xc nh vi phn ca hm f ti x U theo cng thc
Df = ( ) f x dx (4.3.3)
hay dy = ( ) y x dx (4.3.4)
H thc ny gii thch l do ta k hiu o hm ca hm y = f(x) l ( )
dy
y x
dx
= .
4.3.2 Cc qui tc tnh vi phn
T cc qui tc tnh o hm, ta d dng suy ra cc qui tc tng ng cho vi phn.
1 2 1 2 1 2
) ( ) , i d c f c g c df c dg c c + = + R
) ( . ) i i d f g gdf fdg = + (4.3.5)
2
) ( ) nu 0
f gdf fdg
i i i d g
g g

= .
4.3.3 Vi phn ca hm s hp
Gi s cc hm y = f(x) v x = g(t) sao cho i vi chng c th thit lp hm hp y =
f(g(t)). Nu tn ti cc o hm
x
y v
t
x th theo quy tc o hm hm hp s tn ti o
hm
t
y =
x
y .
t
x . (4.3.6)
Nu xem x l bin c lp th vi phn dy c biu th bi cng thc (4.3.4). By gi ta
xem x l hm ca bin t, ta c
t
dy y dt = (4.3.7)
Tuy nhin nu thay o hm
t
y bi biu thc (4.3.6) v ch rng dx =
t
x dt, th cui
cng ta c
x t x
dy y x dt y dx = =
hay dy = ( ) y x dx, tc l quay tr li dng ban u ca vi phn.
Nh vy, ta lun lun c quyn vit vi phn ca y di dng (4.3.4) d x c phi l bin
c lp hay khng . iu khc nhau ch l ch, nu chn t l bin c lp th dx khng phi


90
90
l s gia tu m l vi phn ca x xem l hm ca t. Tnh cht gi l tnh bt bin ca
dng vi phn,
V d 1: Cho hm s
1
l n
1
x
x
e
y
e
+
=

, hy tnh dy
Ta thy
2 2
1 1 2 2
.
1 1 1 1
x x x x
x x x x
e e e e
y dy dx
e e e e

+
= = =

+


V d 2: Tnh:
(si n )
(cos )
d x
d x

Ta c:
(si n ) cos
cot g
(cos ) si n
d x xdx
x
d x xdx
= =

vi , . x k k R
4.3.4 ng dng ca vi phn
Cho hm y = f(x) xc nh trn tp m U R v
0
x U . Gi s f kh vi ti
0
x U . Cho
x
0
mt s gia h sao cho
0
x h U + , khi
0 0 0 0
( , ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f x h f x h f x f x h h = + = + . (4.3.8)
Nu |h| nh th ( ) h nh tu v ta c xp x
0 0 0
( ) ( ) ( ) f x h f x f x h +
hay
0 0 0
( ) ( ) ( ) f x h f x f x h + + . (4.3.9)
V d 3: Tnh gn ng ar ct g1,05 .
Theo cng thc (4.3.9), ta c
1
2
1
ar ct g1,05 ar ct g1 | .0,05 0,81
1
x
x
=
+
+
.
V d 4: Tnh gn ng ar csi n 0,05
Theo cng thc (4.3.9), ta c
0
2
1
ar csi n 0,05 ar csi n 0 | .0,05 0.05
1
x
x
=
+ =

.
4.4 Cc nh l c bn ca hm kh vi
4.4.1 Cc tr a phng
Cho hm f(x) xc nh trn khong (a,b). Ta ni rng hm f(x) t cc i a phng ti
im ( , ) c a b nu tn ti mt s 0 > sao cho
( ) ( ) ( , ). f x f c x c c + (4.4.1)


91
91
Hm f t cc tiu a phng ti ( , ) c a b nu:
( ) ( ) ( , ) f x f c x c c + . (4.4.2)
im m ti hm t cc i hoc cc tiu a phng gi chung l im cc tr.
nh l Ferma Cho : ( , ) f a b R , nu hm t cc tr ti ( , ) c a b v nu f(x) kh vi ti c th
( ) 0 f c = . (4.4.3)
Chng minh:
Gi s hm t cc i ti c (trng hp t cc tiu ti c chng minh tng t).
Do hm t cc i ti c nn h nh ta c
0 ( ) ( ) f c h f c h +
suy ra 0 0
( ) ( ) f c h f c
h
h
+
>
0 0
( ) ( ) f c h f c
h
h
+
< .
Cho nn
0
0
( ) ( )
( ) l i m
h
f c h f c
f c
h
+
+

+
=
v
0
0
( ) ( )
( ) l i m
h
f c h f c
f c
h

+
= .
Mt khc v f c o hm ti im c nn ( ) ( ) ( ) f c f c f c
+
= = , do 0 ( ) f c = (xem hnh
4.4.1)

Hnh 4.4.1
Ch rng s trit tiu ca o hm ( ) f c v phng din hnh hc c ngha l tip
tuyn ti im tng ng ca ng cong song song vi trc Ox.
nh l Rolle Cho hm : [ , ] f a b R c tnh cht sau:
i) f(x) lin tc trn [a,b],
ii) f(x) kh vi trn (a,b),
iii) f(a)=f(b).
Khi tn ti t nht mt im ( , ) c a b sao cho ( ) 0 f c = .
Chng minh:


92
92
Do f(x) lin tc trn on [a,b] nn theo nh l Weierstrass th hai hm f(x) s t gi tr
ln nht M v gi tr b nht m trn on [a,b]:
[ , ] [ , ]
max ( ), mi n ( ).
x a b x a b
M f x m f x

= =
Ta hy xt hai kh nng c th xy ra:
1) M = m. Khi t bt ng thc
( ) [ , ] m f x M x a b suy ra ( ) , [ , ] f x m x a b =
V vy 0 ( ) , [ , ] f x x a b = . Do im c l ly im bt k thuc khong (a,b).
2) m<M. Do f(a)=f(b), hm f(x) khng th t c hai gi tr m, M ti hai u mt ca
khong, c ngha l t nht mt trong hai gi tr t ti mt im ( , ) c a b . Khi , theo
nh l Fermat ( ) 0 f c = . nh l c chng minh.
Ch :
Ta ch rng gi thit f(x) lin tc trn [a,b] l mt gi thit khng th b qua c. V
d nh xt hm s (xem hnh 4.4.2)
khi 0 1
1 khi 0
( )
x x
f x
x
<
=

=

Cho d f(0)=f(1), nhng hm s khng lin tc trn [0,1], nn khng th p dng nh l
Rolle c (o hm khng ni no bng 0 trn (0,1)).
Gi thit hm f(x) kh vi trong khong (a,b) cng l mt gi thit khng th b qua c.
Chng hn xt hm s (xem hnh 4.4.3)
1
1
0
1
2
1
2
0
1

Hnh 4.4.2 Hnh 4.4.3

1
v i 0
2
( )
1
1 v i 1
2
x x
f x
x x

<

Hm s ny lin tc trn on [0,1], f(0)=f(1), nhng khng c o hm ti
1
2
x = , do
cng khng p dng nh l Rolle c.


93
93
V d 1: Hm s f(x)=1
2 3
x trit tiu khi x
1
=1, x
2
=1 nhng ( ) 0 f x vi |x| 1 . iu
ny khng mu thun vi nh l Rolle.
nh l v s gia hu hn (nh l Lagrange).
Gi s : [ , ] f a b R c cc tnh cht
i) f lin tc trn [a,b]
ii) f kh vi trn (a,b)
Khi tn ti t nht mt im ( , ) c a b sao cho:
( ) ( )
( )
f b f a
f c
b a

. (4.4.4)
Chng minh: Ta hy xt hm b tr sau:
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
f b f a
F x f x f a x a
b a

.
Hin nhin F(x) lin tc trn [a,b] v n l hiu ca hm lin tc f(x) v hm tuyn tnh.
Trong khong (a,b) hm c o hm hu hn bng:
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) .
f b f a
F x f x
b a

y
x
b c a
0
C
B
A
f(b)
f(a)

Hnh 4.4.4
Cui cng ta thy F(a)=F(b)=0. Theo nh l Rolle tn ti mt im ( , ) c a b sao cho
( ) 0 F c = . Nh vy
( ) ( )
( ) 0
f b f a
f c
b a

.
Do
( ) ( )
( )
f b f a
f c
b a

ngha hnh hc:
T s
( ) ( ) f b f a
b a

l h s gc ca ct tuyn AB, cn ( ) f c l h s gc ca tip tuyn

vi ng cong y=f(x) ti im C(c,f(c)).


94
94
Theo nh l Lagrange trn cung AB tm c t nht mt im c, m ti tip tuyn
song song vi dy cung AB. Trng hp f(a) = f(b) ta c nh l Rolle.
Ch 1: Bi v ( , ) c a b , nn ta c th vit
c = a + ( ), 0 1 b a < < .
Khi cng thc Lagrange c th vit di dng
f(b) f(a )= [ ( )]( ),0 1 f a b a b a + < < . (4.4.5)
Ch 2: Nu t a = x, b = x+ x th ta nhn c
f(x + x) f(x)=f(x + x) x trong < < 0 1 (4.4.6)
nh l Cauchy
Gi thit
i) Cc hm f(x) v g(x) xc nh v lin tc trn[a,b]
ii) f(x) v g(x) kh vi trn (a,b)
iii) ( ) 0 ( , ). g x x a b
Khi tn ti t nht mt im ( , ) c a b sao cho
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
f b f a f c
g b g a g c

=

. (4.4.7)
R rng rng nh l Lagrange l trng hp c bit ca nh l Cauchy: c cng
thc s gia hu hn th trong cng thc Cauchy (4.4.5) ta t g(x)=x.
Chng minh:
Trc ht ta rng theo nh l Lagrange ta c th tm c mt s
1
( , ) c a b sao cho:
1
( ) ( ) ( )( ) g b g a g c b a =
Theo gi thit
1
( ) 0 g c , nn ( ) ( ) 0. g b g (4.4.8)
By gi ta xt hm s
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ( ) ( ))
( ) ( )
f b f a
F x f x f a g x g a
g b g a

. (4.4.9)
Ta thy hm s tho mn tt c cc gi thit ca nh l Rolle. Tht vy F(x) lin tc, o
hm ( ) F x tn ti trong khong (a,b), c th bng
( ) ( )
( ) '( ) ( )
( ) ( )
f b f a
F x f x g x
g b g a

,
v hin nhin F(a)=F(b). Do theo nh l Rolle ( , ) c a b sao cho ( ) 0. F c =
Ni cch khc
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 0
( ) ( )
f b f a
f c g c
g b g a

.
T y suy ra nh l c chng minh.
V d 1: Cho hm s


95
95
2
3
khi 0 1
2
( )
1
khi 1 .
x
x
f x
x
x

< <+

Xc nh gi tr trung gian c ca cng thc s gia hu hn i vi hm s ( ) f x trn on
[0,2].
Trc ht ta thy
1 1
1
1
( ) (1)
(1) l i m l i m 1
1 1
x x
f x f
x
f
x x
+ +
+

= = =


2
1 1
3
1
( ) (1)
2
(1) l i m l i m 1
1 1
x x
x
f x f
f
x x

= = =

.
Vy theo nh ngha hm s f(x) c o hm ti x=1 v (1) 1 f = . Do ta c
2
2
khi 0 1
khi 0 1
( ) 1 khi 1
1
khi 1< 2
1
khi 1 2
x x
x x
f x x
x
x
x
x

<

= = =

<

Cng thc s gia hu hn i vi hm s f(x) trn [0,2] l
(2) (0) ( )(2 0) f f f c = hay
1 3
2. ( )
2 2
f c = ,
suy ra:
1
( )
2
f c

= .
Mt khc theo biu thc o hm ( ) f x , ta c
Khi 0< c <1,
1
2
c = suy ra
1
2
c = ,
Khi 1< c <2,
2
1 1
,
2 c
= suy ra 2 c= .
V d 2: Gi s f(x) kh vi trn on [0,1] v (0). (1) 0 f f < . Chng minh (0,1) sao cho
( ) 0 f = .
Chng minh: Tht vy, theo gi thit hm s lin tc trn [0,1], nn t gi tr ln nht,
b nht trn [0,1].
Khng mt tng qut, gi s (0) 0, (1) 0 f f
+
< > , ta c
0
( ) (0)
(0) l i m 0,
x
f x f
f
x
+
+

= <
suy ra
( ) (0)
0 hay ( ) (0) 0
f x f
f x f
x

< < vi 0 x > kh b.

96
96
Hn na do
1
( ) (1)
(1) l i m 0
1 x
f x f
f
x

= >

nn
( ) (1)
0
1
f x f
x

>

hay ( ) (1) f x f <0, hay ( ) (1) f x f < khi x kh gn 1, x<1.

T l lun trn suy ra gi tr b nht ca hm s trn [0,1] khng th xy ra hai u mt
0 v 1. Vy gi tr b nht t c ti (0,1) . Theo nh l Ferma
( ) 0 f =
V d 3: Chng minh nu ( ) x l hm kh vi, n iu tng v | ( )| ( ) f x x khi
0
x x , th
ta c
0 0 0
| ( ) ( )| ( ) ( ) khi f x f x x x x x .
Chng minh:
Theo nh l Cauchy
0
0
( ) ( ) ( )
1
( ) ( ) ( )
f x f x f c
x x c

= <

vi
0
x c x < < .
T y suy ra:
0 0 0
| ( ) ( )| ( ) ( ) khi f x f x x x x x > . Cui cng ch rng ng thc
trn hin nhin ng khi x = x
0
.
4.5 o hm v vi phn cp cao
4.5.1 nh ngha o hm cp cao
Gi s : f U R l hm kh vi trn tp m U R, khi ta nhn c hm
: f U R . Nu ti
0
x U , ( ) f x c o hm th ta gi o hm ca ( ) f x ti
0
x l o
hm cp hai ca hm f(x) ti
0
x v k hiu l
0
( ) f x . Hm f c o hm cp hai ti
0
x cn gi
l kh vi cp hai ti
0
x .
Mt cch tng qut, o hm ca o hm cp (n1) c gi l o hm cp n ca hm
f(x) v k hiu l
( ) ( )
( )
( ); ; ;
n n
n n
n n
d f x d y
f x y
dx dx
.
ng nhin l
( ) ( ) ( )
( ( )) ( )
m n m n
f x f x
+
= . (4.5.1)
i khi ta vit f
(0)
thay cho f.
Ta ch rng, nu tn ti
( )
0
( )
n
f x , tc l nu hm
( 1)
( )
n
f x

c o hm ti im
0
x , th
hm
( 1)
( )
n
f x

c xc nh khng ch ti
0
x , m l trong ton b khong
0 0
( , ) x x + ,
trong l s dng c chn thch hp. Trong khong ny nhng hm
( 2) ( 3)
( ); ( ),...,
n n
f x f x

( ), ( ) f x f x c xc nh.


97
97
4.5.2 Cc cng thc tng qut i vi o hm cp n
Gi s : f U R v : g U R l hai hm kh vi cp n trn U. Khi
1 2
, . c f c f f g + l
nhng hm kh vi cp n trn U, trong
1 2
, c c R v
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
n n n
i c f c g x c f x c g x + = + (4.5.2)
( ) ( ) ( )
0
)( . ) ( ) ( ). ( )
n
n k k n k
n
k
i i f g x C f x g x

=
=

. (4.5.3)
Cng thc (4.5.3) cn gi l cng thc Leibnitz.
V d 1: Tnh o hm cp 3 ca hm s
3
si n y x x =
t
3
, si n f x g x = = . Khi
(3) (3) (2) (2) (3)
. 3 . 3 . . y f g f g f g f g = + + +
hay
(3) 3 2
si n 9 si n 18 cos 6si n . y x x x x x x x = + +
V d 2: Tnh o hm cp 3 ca hm s sau
( ) 3 ( ) y xf x a f a x = + trong a l hng s.
t
3
, ( ), ( ), ( ) u x v f x a v f a x v f a x = = = = ,
(3) (4)
( ) v f a x = ,
khi
(3) (3) (4) (3)
(3) (4)
3 ( ) ( ) 3 ( ) hay
( ).
y f a x xf a x f a x
y xf a x
=
=

4.5.3 Vi phn cp cao
Cho U m trong R v f l hm kh vi cp n trn tp m U. Ta gi vi phn cp hai ca
hm f, k hiu l d
2
f l biu thc d
2
f=d(df). Mt cch tng qut, ta gi vi phn cp n ca hm f
l vi phn ca vi phn cp n1 ca hm f:
1
( ).
n n
d f d d f

= (4.5.4)
Khi tnh vi phn cp cao ta ch rng dx l mt s tu v khng ph thuc x ( dx x = ),
nn khi ly vi phn theo x phi xem n l hng s. Trong trng hp ta s c
2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) d y d dy d y dx dy dx y dx dx y dx = = = = = .
3 2 2 3
( ) ( ) d y d d y d y dx y dx = = = .
Bng cch quy np ta chng minh c rng
( ) n n n
d y y dx = .
Do


98
98
( )
n
n
n
d y
y
dx
= . (4.5.5)
Nh vy, k hiu trn c th xem nh mt phn s. Nh cng thc (4.5.5) ta d dng bin
i cng thc Leibnitz thnh cng thc ca vi phn. Nhn c hai v ca (4.5.3) vi dx
n
ta s
c
0
( ) .
n
n k n k k
n
k
d fg C d f d g

=
=

(4.5.6)
Ch trong cng thc (4.5.6) ta s xem
0 0
, d f f d g g = = .
V d 3: Cho y=f(x
2
) vi f l hm kh vi. Tnh d
2
y.
Ta c:
2
2 ( ) dy f x xdx = ,
Ly vi phn ln th hai ta c
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 ( ) 2 ( ) ( ( ))
2 ( ) ( ).2
2 2 ( ) ( ) .
d y d f x x dx f x dx xd f x dx
f x dx xf x xdx dx
d y x f x f x dx
= = +

= +

= +


V d 4: Xt hm y = arctgx. Ta hy tnh y
(n)
theo y.
V x = tgy nn
2
2
1
cos cos si n( )
2 1
y y y y
x

= = = +
+

Ly o hm ln th hai theo x (v nh rng y l hm ca x) ta c
si n .si n( ) cos . cos( ) .
2 2
y y y y y y

= + + +




2 2
cos . cos(2 ) cos .si n(2 )
2 2 2
cos .si n 2( ).
2
y y y y
y y

= + = + +
= +

Ly o hm ln na ta c
(3) 2
3 3
2si n cos .si n 2( ) 2cos cos2( ) .
2 2
2cos cos(3 2. ) 2cos si n 3( )
2 2
y y y y y y y
y y y y



= + + +


= + = +

Mt cch tng qut
( )
( 1)! cos .si n ( )
2
n n
y n y n y

= + .
4.6 Cng thc Taylor


99
99
Trc y, ta bit nu hm f(x) kh vi ti im
0
x U , trong U l tp m trong R,
th ta c th biu din s gia ca hm s di dng
0 0 0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f x h f x f x h h + = +
trong ( ) h l v cng b bc cao hn so vi h.
Cng thc ny cho bit cch tnh gi tr ca f(x) trong ln cn ca im x
0
khi bit gi tr
f(x
0
) v o hm
0
( ) f x . Vn t ra l nu bit thm cc o hm cp cao ca hm f(x) ti
x
0
, ta c th bit chnh xc hn gi tr ca hm f(x) trong ln cn x
0
hay khng?
4.6.1 Cng thc Taylor
nh l 4.6.1 Cho
[ ]
: , f a b R. Nu hm f(x) kh vi (n+1) ln trong khong (a,b), th vi bt
k im ( , ), ( , ) c a b x a b m x c ta lun c

2
( ) ( 1)
1
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ...
1! 2!
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
! ( 1)!
n n
n n
f c f c
f x f c x c x c
f c f c
x c x c
n n
+
+

= + + + +
+ +
+
(4.6.1)
trong c l mt s nm gia x v c.
Chng minh: Trc ht ta hy tm a thc ( )
n
P x sao cho
( ) ( )
( ) ( ); ( ) ( );...; ( ) ( )
n n
n n n
P c f c P c f c P c f c = = = . (6.4.2)
Tht vy a thc ( )
n
P x phi tm c vit di dng
2
0 1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ... ( )
n
n n
P x a a x c a x c a x c = + + + + (4.6.3)
khi
0
( )
n
P c a = v
1
1 2
( ) 1. 2 ( ) ... . ( )
n
n n
P x a a x c n a x c

= + + +
1
2
2 3
2
( 1)
1
( )
( ) 2.1. 3.2. ( ) ... ( 1) ( )
( ) 2!
.................
( ) ( 1)( 2)...2.1. ( 1)...3.2.1. ( )
n
n
n n
n
n
n n n
P c a
P x a a x c n n a x c
P c a
P x n n a n n a x c

=
= + + +
=
= +

( )
( ) !
n
n n
P c n a =
Thay cc h s a
0
, a
1
, , a
n
vo (4.6.3), a thc P(x) phi tm c dng
( )
2
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ... ( )
1! 2! !
n
n
n
f c f c f c
P x f c x c x c x c
n

= + + + +
(4.6.4)
By gi ta t ( ) ( ) ( )
n n
R x f x P x = (4.6.5)


100
100
Theo gi thit
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ... ( ) 0
n
n n n n
R c R c R c R c = = = = =
(4.6.6)
Mt khc, nu t
1
( ) ( )
n
G x x c
+
= (4.6.7)
th cng c
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ... ( ) 0
n
G c G c G c G c = = = = = v
( 1)
( ) ( 1)!
n
G x n
+
= +
Gi s ( , ), , x a b x c t (4.6.6) v (4.6.7) ta c
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
n n n
R x R x R c
G x G x G c

p dng nh l Cauchy vo t s trn ta c
1
1
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
n n
R x R c
G x G c

vi c
1
nm gia x v c
Cng t cc h thc (4.6.6) v (4.6.7) ta c
1 1 2
1 1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
n n n n
R c R c R c R c
G c G c G c G c


= =


vi c
2
nm gia c
1
v c
Nh vy, p dng (n+1) ln nh l Cauchy ta c
( 1)
( 1)
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
n
n n
n
R x R c
G x G c
+
+
=
Theo nh ngha ca hm G(x) ta c
1
( ) ( 1)!,
n
G x n
+
= + do
1
( ) ( 1).
n
G c n
+
= +
T y suy ra
( 1)
1
( )
( ) ( )
( 1)!
n
n n
n
R c
R x x c
n
+
+
=
+
. (4.6.9)
T (4.6.5)
1 1 ( 1) ( 1)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ).
n n n n
n n
R x f x P x f x
+ + + +
= =
T y ta nhn c
( 1)
( 1)
( )
( ) ( )
( 1)!
n
n
n
f c
R x x c
n
+
+
=
+
. (4.6.10)
Cui cng


101
101
2
( ) ( 1)
1
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ...
1! 2!
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
! ( 1)!
n n
n n
n n
f x P x R x
f c f c
f c x c x c
f c f c
x c x c
n n
+
+
= +

= + + + +
+ +
+

trong c l mt s nm gia x v c, nh l c chng minh.
Ngi ta thng gi cng thc (4.6.1) l cng thc Taylor v biu din mt hm s f(x)
di dng (4.6.1) l khai trin Taylor ca hm s f(x) ti im x = c.
4.6.2 Khai trin Maclaurin
Ta thy khi c = 0, th (4.6.1) c dng
( ) ( 1)
2 1
(0) (0) (0) ( )
( ) (0) ...
1! 2! ! ( 1)!
n n
n n
f f f f c
f x f x x x x
n n
+
+

= + + + + +
+
(4.6.11)
trong c nm gia x v 0.
t c x = , trong 0 1 < < , khi (4.6.11) tr thnh
( ) ( 1)
2 1
(0) (0) (0) ( )
( ) (0) ...
1! 2! ! ( 1)!
n n
n n
f f f f x
f x f x x x x
n n

+
+

= + + + + +
+
(4.6.12)
Cng thc (4.6.12) gi l khai trin Maclaurin ca hm f, trong
1
1
( )
R ( ) .
( 1)!
n
n
n
f x
x x
n

+
+
=
+

Ch :
a) Trong nh l Taylor ta thng vit x = c + h, khi cng thc (4.6.1) c dng
2
( ) ( 1)
1
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ...
1! 2!
( ) ( )
.
! ( 1)!
n n
n n
f c f c
f c h f c h h
f c f c h
h h
n n

+
+

+ = + + + +
+
+ +
+
(4.6.13)
b) By gi trong cng thc trn, nu thay h bi dx v nh rng
2 2 ( )
( ) ( ), ( ) ( ),..., ( ) ( )
n n n
f c dx df c f c dx d f c f c dx d f c = = =
v
( 1) 1 1
( ) ( )
n n n
f dx d f
+ + +
= , ta c th biu din khai trin trn di dng
2 1
1 1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ... ( ) ( )
2! ! ( 1)!
n n
f c df c d f c d f c d f
n n

+
= + + + +
+
(4.6.11)
trong . , 0 1 c h = + < < .
V d 1: Trc ht hy xt f(x) = e
x
vi xR
Khi ta c:


102
102
( ) *
( ) 0 ( ) *
( ) .
(0) 1, ( ) .
k x
k k x
f x e k
f e f x e k

=
= = =
N
N

Theo cng thc (4.6.12)
2 1
1 ...
1! 2! ! ( 1)!
n n
x x
x x x x
e e
n n

+
= + + + + +
+
vi xR v 0 1 < <
hay
2
1 ... ( )
1! 2! !
n
x n
x x x
e x
n
= + + + + + vi xR. (4.6.15)
V d 2: Xt hm s f(x) = sin x vi xR.
Ta thy
( )
( ) si n( )
2
k
k
f x x

= + vi k R, do
(2 )
(0) 0, (0) si n 0
n
f f n = = =
(2 1) 1
1
1
( 1)
(0) si n( ) ( 1) ( 1,2,3,...)
2
| ( )| ( ) .
( 1)! ( 1)!
m m
n
n
n
n
f m m
x
x
R x f x
n n

+
+
+
= = =
=
+ +

V vy bng cch t trong cng thc (4.6.12) n = 2m, ta c
3 5 2 1
1
2
si n ... ( 1)
1! 3! 5! (2 1)!
m
m
m
x x x x
x R
m

= + + + +

(4.6.16)
trong
2
2
( )
(2 )!
m
m
x
R x
m

hay
3 2 1
1 2
si n ... ( 1) ( )
3! (2 1)!
n
n n
x x
x x x
n

= + + +

.
V d 3: Tng t ta c
2 2
2 1
cos 1 ... ( 1) ( )
2! (2 )!
n
n n
x x
x x
n

+
= + + + . (4.6.17)
trong
2 1
2 1
( ) cos
(2 1)!
n
n
x
x x
n

+
+
=
+
vi 0 1 < < .
V d 4: Xt khai trin ca hm
1
( )
1
f x
x
=
+
vi 1 x
Ta thy
( )
1
1 !
( 1)
1 (1 )
n
n
n
n
x x
+


=

+ +
, t ta c
2 ( )
(0) 1, (0) 1, (0) ( 1) 2!,..., (0) ( 1) !
n n
f f f f n = = = =


103
103
S dng cng thc (4.6.12) ta c:
2
1
1 ... ( 1) ( )
1
n n n
x x x x
x
= + + +
+
(4.6.18)
trong
1 1
1
1
( ) ( 1)
(1 )
n n n
n
x x
x
+ +
+
=
+
.
V d 5: Khai trin f(x) = ln(1+x) vi x>1
Ta ni rng
1
1
1 !
(0) 0, ( ) , ( ) ( 1)
1 (1 )
n n
n
n
f f x f x
x x
+
+
= = =
+ +

Do
2 3
1
l n(1 ) ... ( 1) ( )
2 3
n
n n
x x x
x x x
n

+ = + + +
trong
1
1
1 1
( ) ( 1) .
1 (1 )
n n n
n
x x
n x
+
+
=
+ +
.
V d 6: Xt khai trin ( ) (1 ) , , 0 f x x

= + R .
Tng t nh trn, ta c th chng minh c rng
2
( 1)
(1 ) 1 ...
2!
( 1)...( 1)
( ).
!
n n
x x x
n
x x
n

+ = + + + +
+
+ +
(4.6.20)
4.7 Qui tc Lhospital kh dng v nh
Trc ht ta xt gii hn
( )
l i m
( )
x c
f x
g x

trong trng hp f(x) v g(x) dn ti 0 khi x c .

Trng hp c bit ca gii hn ny l:
Nu nh f lin tc ti im x
0
, tc l
0 0
0 0
l i m( ( ) ( )) l i m( ) 0
x x x x
f x f x x x

= =
th ta gi gii hn
0
0
0
( ) ( )
l i m
x x
f x f x
x x

, nu tn ti, l o hm
0
( ) f x . Cho nn ta hy vng rng
bng cch s dng nhng nh l v o hm ta c th kh c mt s dng v nh ca gii
hn. Cc quy tc sau y gi chung l quy tc LHospital.
4.7.1 Dng v nh
0
0

Hy xt dng v nh
( )
l i m
( )
x c
f x
g x

, trong l i m ( ) 0 l i m ( )
x c x c
f x g x

= = ,
vi c c th v hn hoc hu hn.


104
104
nh l 4.7.1 Gi s
i) f v g l cc hm lin tc trn [a,b] v ( , ) c a b sao cho f(c) = g(c) = 0
ii) Nu trong mt ln cn no ca im c (c th tr im c) tn ti cc o hm , f g
vi ( ) 0 g x .
iii) Ngoi ra tn ti
( )
l i m
( )
x c
f x
g x

hu hn.
Khi
( ) ( )
l i m l i m
( ) ( )
x c x c
f x f x
g x g x

. (4.7.1)
Chng minh: Theo nh l Cauchy
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
f x f x f c f
g x g x g c g

= =

trong nm gia c v x
Khi x c th c , suy ra
( ) ( ) ( )
l i m l i m l i m
( ) ( ) ( )
x c c x c
f x f f x
g x g g x

= =

.
Ch : Nu c hai o hm f v g vn tin ti 0 khi x c v chng l cc hm kh vi
trong ln cn ca c th ta c th p dng quy tc LHospital mt ln na, mt cch tng qut:
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
l i m l i m ... l i m
( ) ( ) ( )
n
n
x c x c x c
f x f x f x
g x g x g x

= = =

.
V d 1:
0 0
l i m l i m 2
1
l n( 1)
1
x x x x
x x
e e e e
x
x


+
= =
+
+

V d 2:
2
2 0 0
si n (cos 1) 1
l i m l i m
ar csi n
1 1
x x
x x x x
x x
x


= =

2
2 0 0
2
2
0 0
(cos 1)
l i m 1 l i m
1 1
si n 1
l i m 1 l i m 1.
x x
x x
x
x
x
x x
x
x

= =


= =

Ch : quy tc c pht biu trn vn ng cho c gii hn phi, gii hn tri m vic
chng minh c lm tng t.
V d 3: Tm gii hn
2
2
cos
l i m
( )
2
x
x
I
x

Trc ht ta thy theo quy tc LHospital
2
si n
l i m
2( )
2
x
x
I
x

.


105
105
Mt khc
2 2
si n si n
l i m , l i m
2( ) 2( )
2 2
x x
x x
x x

+


= + =

,
suy ra gii hn I khng tn ti.
Quy tc LHospital cn ng cho trng hp ( ) 0, f x ( ) 0 g x khi x + hay
. x Ta xt trng hp khi x +.
nh l 4.7.2 Gi s f v g l nhng hm xc nh trn (a,
+
) sao cho:
i) l i m ( ) l i m ( ) 0,
x x
f x g x
+ +
= =
ii) f v g kh vi trn (a, +) v ( ) 0 g x khi x ln,
iii)
( )
l i m
( )
x
f x
A
g x
+

.
Khi
( )
l i m
( )
x
f x
A
g x
+
= . (4.7.2)
Chng minh: t
1
x
y
= , ta thy khi x + th 0 y
+

Ta c
1
( )
( )
1
( )
( )
f
f x y
g x
g
y
= .
Nu t
1 1
1 1
( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) f y f g y g
y y
= = th
1
1
( ) ( )
.
( ) ( )
f y f x
g x g y
=
Suy ra
1 1
0 0
1 1
( ) ( ) ( )
l i m l i m l i m
( ) ( ) ( )
x y y
f y f y f x
g x g y g y
+ +
+

= = =

2
0 0
2
1 1
( )( )
( )
l i m l i m
1 1
( )
( )( )
y y
f
y f x y
A
g x
g
y y
+ +

= = =

,
Do
( )
l i m
( )
x
f x
A
g x
+
= , iu phi chng minh.
4.7.2 Dng v dnh

nh l 4.7.3 Gi s
i) im ( , ) c a b v trong ln cn no ca im c (tr im c) cc hm f, g kh vi v
( ) 0 g x .
ii) l i m| ( )|
x c
f x

= + v l i m| ( )|
x c
g x

= + .


106
106
iii)
( )
l i m
( )
x c
f x
A
g x

.
Khi
( )
l i m
( )
x c
f x
A
g x

= . (4.7.3)
Chng minh:
Do ( , ) c a b v
( )
l i m
( )
x c
f x
A
g x

nn vi 0 > tu cho trc, ta c th tm c mt s

0 > sao cho
( )
( )
f t
A A
g t

< < +

khi t c < < hay khi c t c < < +

Chn
0
x c = + th
( )
( )
f t
A A
g t

< < +

khi
0
c t x < < . (4.7.4)
Mt khc, vi ( , ) x a b sao cho
0
c x x < < , khi p dng nh l Cauchy ta c
0
0
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
f x f x f
g x g x g

=

vi
0
x x < < . (4.7.5)
Hn na
0
0
0
0
( )
1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
.
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1
( )
f x
f x f x f x f x
g x
g x g x g x
g x

,
suy ra
0
0
0
0
( )
1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
.
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1
( )
g x
f x f x f x g x
f x
g x g x g x
f x

. (4.7.6)
T (4.7.5) v (4.7.6) ta thy
0
0
( )
1
( ) ( ) ( )
.
( )
( ) ( )
1
( )
g x
f x f g x
f x
g x g
f x

. (4.7.7)
V
0
c x x < < < nn
( )
(
f
A A
g

< < +

(4.7.8)
By gi cho x c , theo gi thit l i m| ( )| ,
x c
f x

= + l i m| ( )|
x c
g x

= +
suy ra


107
107
0
0
( )
1
( )
l i m 1,
( )
1
( )
x c
g x
g x
f x
f x

(4.7.9)
nn ta c th vit
0
0
( )
1
( )
1 ( ),
( )
1
( )
g x
g x
x
f x
f x

= +

(4.7.10)
trong ( ) 0 x khi x c
Theo h thc (4.7.7), ta c
( )
( )(1 ( )) ( )(1 ( ))
( )
f x
A x A x
g x
+ < < + + . (4.7.11)
Do nh tu , nn
( )
l i m
( )
x c
f x
A
g x

= . nh l c chng minh.
V d 4:
2 2
0 0 0
l n 1 l n
l i m l i m l i m
cot
1 cot 1
x x x
x x
gx
x gx x
+ + +

= =
+ +

2
2 2
0 0 0 0
2
1
1 1 si n
l i m . l i m l i m . l i m 0.
1
1 1
si n
x x x x
x
x
x
x x
x
+ + + +

= = =
+ +

Ch : Quy tc LHospital c th dng kh cc dng v nh khc
0
; 0. ; ;1

.
V d 5: Tnh
0
l i m l n
x
I x x

= do 0 > .
1
0 0 0
1
l n 1
l i m l i m l i m 0
x x x
x
x
I x
x x

+ + +

= = = =

do 0 > .
V d 6: Tnh
2 2
0
1 1
l i m( )
si n
x
I
x x

=

2 2
2 2 2 2
0 0
si n 2si n cos 2
l i m l i m
si n 2 si n 2 si n cos
x x
x x x x x
x x x x x x x


= =
+


2 2
0
si n 2 2
l i m
2 si n si n 2
x
x x
x x x x

=
+

2 2
0
2
2 2
2 os2 2
l i m
2si n 4 si n 2 2 cos2
2si n
l i m
si n 2 si n 2 cos2
x
c x
I
x x x x x
x
x x x x x

=
+ +
=
+ +



108
108

2
0
2 2
2 1
l i m
3 si n 2 cos2
1 2
si n si n
x
x x x
x
x x

= =
+ +
.
V d 7:
l n 0
0 0
) l i m l i m 1,
x x x
x x
a x e e
+ +

= = =
1 l n
1 1
1 1
) l i m l i m .
x
x x
x x
b x e


=
Ta thy
1 1
1
l n
l i m l i m 1
1 1
x x
x
x
x

= =

, nn
1
1
1
l i m
x
x
x e

= .
Cui cng ta hy xt tng ca cc hm , v l og
x m
a
a x x
V d 8: Cho a>1 v nu m l s tu , th
l i m
x
m
x
a
x
+
= + (4.7.12)
Do
2 1
2 1
l n l n l n l n
1 ...
1! 2! ! ( 1)!
n x n
x n n
a a a a a
a x x x x
n n
+
+
= + + + + +
+
.
By gi ta hy chn s t nhin n sao cho n>m. Vi x>0, t (4.7.13) ta thy
l n
,
!
n
x n
a
a x
n
> hay
l n
!
x n
n m
m
a a
x
n x

> .
T y suy ra l i m
x
m
x
a
x
+
= + .
V d 9: cho a>1 v m>0,
l og
l i m 0
a
m
x
x
x
+
= (4.7.14)
Tht vy, t l og . l og ,
m y m
a a
x a y x m x = = = khi x + th y +. Do
l og 1
,
a
m y
x y
m x a
= theo v d trn
l og 1
l i m l i m 0
a
m y
x y
x y
m x a
+ +
= = , iu phi chng minh.
T cc v d trn ta thy khi x +, hm a
x
vi a>1 tng nhanh hn bt c hm lu tha
no ca x. Khi x +, hm l og , 1
a
x a > tng chm hn bt k hm lu tha x
m
vi s m
dng.
4.8 Kho st hm s
4.8.1 Kho st ng cong cho di dng phng trnh hin
Xt hm s ( ), ( , ) y f x x a b = . (4.8.1)


109
109
trng ph thng, kho st s bin thin ca hm s ta thng tm cc i, cc tiu
ca hm s theo qui tc I v quy tc II v tm im un ca th.
V d 1: Ta hy xt hm s
2
( )
1
x
f x
x
=
+
.
Min xc nh ca hm s l ( , ) Df = + .
Ta c
2 2
2 2 2 3
1 2 ( 3)
( ) , ( )
( 1) ( 1)
x x x
f x f x
x x

= =
+ +
.
Theo du ca o hm f(x) ta thy rng hm s tng trong khong (1,1), gim trong
cc khong ( ,1 ) v (1, +). Do ti im 1 hm s t cc tiu, ti im 1 hm s t
cc i:
1 1
( 1) , (1)
2 2
f f = = .
o hm cp hai m trong khong ( , 3 ) v trong khong (0, 3 ), dng trong
khong ( 3 ,0) v ( 3 ,+).
Do nhng im (
3
3,
4
); (0,0); ( 3 ,
3
4
) l nhng im un ca th. Ngoi ra
ta ch rng
2 2
l i m 0 v l i m 0
1 1
x x
x x
x x
+
= =
+ +
.
Sau y chng ta s gii thiu hai nh l khi f(x) c o hm cp cao m phn chng
minh ca n c gi c th c trong cun [1].
nh l 4.8.1 Gi s trong ln cn ca im x = c hm f(x) c o hm cp n v o hm cp n
ti im x = c lin tc. Ngoi ra gi s
( ) ( )
( ) 0 v i 1 v ( ) 0.
k n
f c k n f c = < Khi
i) Nu n chn,
( )
( ) 0
n
f c > , th hm f(x) t cc tiu a phng ti x = c
ii) Nu n chn,
( )
( ) 0
n
f c < , th hm f(x) t cc i a phng ti x = c
iii) Nu n l th hm f(x) khng t cc tr ti x = c.
nh l 4.8.2 Gi s trong ln cn im x = d hm f(x) c o hm cp m v o hm cp m
ti im x = d lin tc. Ngoi ra gi s
( ) ( )
( ) 0 v i 1 , nh- ng ( ) 0
k m
f d k m f d = < . Khi
nu m l th (d, f(d)) l im un ca th.
Kt hp hai nh l trn ta c iu cn nh sau y:
Nu
0 0
( ) 0, ( ) 0 f x f x = th hm s t cc tr ti im x = x
0
(t cc tiu nu
0
( ) f x

>0, cc i nu
0
( ) f x

<0
Nu
0
( ) f x

= 0,
(3)
0
( ) 0 f x th im (x
0
, f(x
0
)) l im un.
V d 2 Hy tm cc tr a phng v im un ca hm s


110
110
7 6 5 4
1 1 1 1
( )
7 6 5 4
f x x x x x = + .
Ta c
6 5 4 3 3 3 2 3 2
2 2 2
1 2
1 1 1
1 6 3 6 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )( ) ( )( )( ),
f x x x x x x x x x x x x
f x x x x x x x x x
= + = + = +
= + = +

trong
1 2
1 1
1 73 1 73
12 12
( ), ( ). = + =
Do
1 2
5 10 8 7
12 12 12 12
; < < < < , cho nn
2 1
1 0 1. < < < <
Ngoi ra
(3) 4 3 2
( ) 30 20 12 6 . f x x x x x = +
Phng trnh ( ) 0 = f x c nghim x= 0, 1, 1 v phng trnh ( ) 0 = f x c nghim x = 0,
1,
1 2
, .
Ta thy
3 4
0 0 0 0 0 0
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) , ( ) ; f f f f = = = <
3
1 0 1 0
( )
( ) , ( ) ; f f = >
1 0 1 0 ( ) , ( ) . f f = >
Cho nn hm s t cc i ti x = 0, cc tiu ti x = 1, im un ti x = 1,
1 2
, .
Ch i vi hm s ny ta c th tm cc i, cc tiu theo qui tc I v xt du o
hm cp hai tm im un.
4.8.2 ng cong cho di dng tham s
Cho h hai phng trnh
( )
, ( , )
( )
x x t
t
y y t

=

. (4.8.2)
Khi vi mi gi tr ( , ) t h phng trnh (4.8.2) cho ta mt im M(x,y) tng
ng trong mt phng Oxy v khi t bin thin trong ( , ) im M vch nn mt ng cong
no trong mt phng, v th ta gi h phng trnh (4.8.2) l h phng trnh tham s
ca ng cong , trong t l tham s.
V d 3: Phng trnh tham s ca ng thng i qua hai im A(a,c) v B(b,d) l
,
x mt a
t
y nt b
= +

= +

R (4.8.3)
trong m = b a, n = d c.
V d 4: Phng trnh tham s ca ellip
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
+ = l
0 2
cos
v i [ , ]
si n
x a t
t
y b t

=

. (4.8.4)
kho st ng cong cho di dng tham s ta cn thc hin cc bc sau y:


111
111
a) Tm tp xc nh ca cc hm s x = x(t), y= y(t)
b) Xt chiu bin thin ca x, y theo t
c) Tm cc ng tim cn:
i ) Nu
0
( )
l i m
t t
t
y

= v
0
( )
l i m
t t
t
x a

= (hu hn)
th ng cong c tim cn ng l x = a.
ii) Nu
0
( )
l i m
t t
t
x

= v
0
( )
l i m
t t
t
y b

= (hu hn)
th ng cong c tim cn ngang l y = b.
iii) Nu
0
( )
l i m
t t
t
x

= ,
0
( )
l i m
t t
t
y

= , v nu

0 0
( ) ( )
l i m , l i m ( )
t t t t
t t
y
a b y ax
x


= =
th ng cong c tim xin l y = ax+b.
V d 5: Kho st v v ng cong axtrit
2 2 2
3 3 3
0 , x y a a + = > . D thy phng trnh tham s ca ng cong ni trn l
3
3
0
cos
, ( , ),
si n
x a t
t a
y a t
=

+ >

. (4.8.5)
Trc ht, ta thy ng cong y khng c tim cn. Hn na x,y l cc hm tun hon
vi chu k 2 nn ta ch cn kho st ng cong cho trong on [0, 2 ] .
2
2
3
3 0 0 2
2 2
3
3 0 0 2
2 2
( ) cos .si n khi ; ; ; ;
( ) si n . cos khi ; ; ; ; .
x t a t t t
y t a t t t




= = =
= = =

Cui cng ta nhn xt rng i vi ng cong axtrit ta c
2
2
3
tg
3
si n cos
cos si n
t
t
y dy a t t
t
dx x a t t

= = =

.
Do 0
dy
dx
= ti 0 2 ; ; t = v ti cc im ny tip tuyn thng ng (xem hnh 4.8.1).



112
112


Hnh 4.8.1
V d 6: Kho st v v ng cong cho bi phng trnh
3 3
3 0 0 , x y axy a + = > . (4.8.6)
Ta thy rng khi thay x bi y v y bi x th phng trnh (4.8.6) khng thay i. Do ,
th ca n i xng nhau qua ng phn gic th nht.
Ta t y = tx v thay vo phng trnh trn ta c
3 3 3 2
3 0 x x t ax t + = , t y suy ra

2
3 3
3 3
1 1
,
at at
x y
t t
= =
+ +
vi 1 t . (4.8.7)
Ly vi phn ta thu c
3
3 2
3
1 2 1
( ) 3 ; ( ) 0 khi v
(1 ) 2
t
x t a x t t
t

= = =
+



113
113
3
3
3 2
2
( ) 3 ; ( ) 0 khi 2
(1 )
t
y t at y t t
t

= = =
+
.
Khi 1 t th x, y u dn ti v
1 1
l i m l i m 1
t t
y
a t
x

= = =
3
3 3
1 1
3 3
l i m( ) l i m[ ]
1 1
t t
at at
b y ax
t t

= = + =
+ +


2
3 2
1 1
1 ( 1)
3 l i m 3 l i m
1 ( 1)( 1)
t t
t t t
a a a
t t t t

+ +
= = =
+ + +
.
Vy tim cn xin ca ng cong l y = x a. T cc kt qu trn ta c bng bin
thin.
Cui cng ta hy ch thm rng
3
3
(2 )
1 2
dy t t
dx t

Do
3
3
1
0 khi 0, 2, khi ,
2
dy dy
t t t t
dx dx
= = = = = = .
Cc tip tuyn ca ng cong ng vi hai gi tr = 0, t =
3
2 t song song vi trc Ox.
Cc tip tuyn ng vi hai gi tr = =
3
1
v
2
t t song song vi trc Oy (xem hnh 4.8.2)



114
114


Hnh 4.8.2
Hnh 4.8.3
4.8.3 Kho st ng cong trong ta cc
a) H ta cc
Trong mt phng chn mt im O c nh v tia Ox i qua im O. Ta gi im O l
cc, tia Ox gi l trc cc. H ta xc nh bi cc v trc cc gi l h ta cc. Gi
,
OP l vc t n v nm trn tia Ox. V tr ca im M trong mt phng c xc nh bi
vc t
,
OM , ngha l xc nh bi gc =
, ,
( , ) OP OM v =
,
| | r OM , c gi l gc cc, r
c gi l bn knh cc. Gc gi l gc nh hng, ly gi tr dng nu chiu quay
,
OP
n trng vi
,
OM ngc chiu kim ng h v ly gi tr m nu ngc li.
Cp s c th t ( , ) r gi l ta ca im M trong mt phng.
b) Mi lin h gia ta Descartes vung gc v ta cc
By gi ta ly trc honh trng vi trc cc v trc tung ng vi tia

=
2
ta c h ta
Descartes vung gc.
Gi (x,y) v ( , ) r ln lt l ta ca im M ni trn trong h ta Descartes vung
gc v h ta cc. Khi , ta c
cos
v i 0 2 , 0
si n
x r
r
y r

=
<

Cho hm s ( ) r f = . Trc khi kho st hm s ta c nhn xt sau. Gi s cho im
M(x,y) nm trn th. Gi l gc dng gia vct OM
,
v vct ch phng ca tip
tuyn vi th ti im M. Gi l gc dng gia trc cc v tip tuyn, ta c.

= =
+
t g t g
, t g
1 t g t g
. (4.8.8)
Mt khc theo ngha hnh hc ca o hm


115
115
' si n cos
t g
' cos si n
dy r r
dx r r

+
= =

,
trong
'
dr
r
d
= (4.8.9)
Thay vo (4.8.9) vo (4.8.8) ta c
Hnh 4.8.4
' si n cos si n
' cos si n cos
t g
' si n cos si n
1
' cos si n cos
r r
r r
r r
r r

=
+
+

Sau cc php bin i n gin t g
'
r
r
= . (4.8.10)
V d 7: Hy v ng xon c lgarit c phng trnh:
, 0, 0
b
r ae a b

= > > . (4.8.11)

Ta thy hm s r xc nh vi mi . Khi tng r cng tng, khi 0 = th r = a, khi
+ th r +, khi th 0 r v khi ng cong qun v hn quanh cc O;
O c gi l im tim cn ca ng cong. Theo cng thc (4.8.9) ta c
1
t g
'
r
r a
= = ,
Do vc t ch phng ca tip tuyn vi ng cong lun lun to vi OM
,
mt gc
khng i (xem hnh 4.8.5).


116
116

Hnh 4.8.5
V d 8: Hy v ng hoa hng ba cnh c phng trnh si n 3 , 0 r a a = > . y r l mt
hm tun hon vi chu k
2
3

v th ch cn kho st hm s trong mt on c di bng

chu k, chng hn on [0,
2
3

].
Ta c ' 3 cos3 ; ' 0 khi , ,
6 2
r a r

= = = =
1
t g t g3
' 3
r
r
= = .

th ng vi khong [0,
2
3

] gm hai cnh, sau o cho th quay cc gc quanh cc ta s

c ton b th (xem hnh 4.8.6)

Hnh 4.8.6


117
117

4.9 Bi tp chng 4

4.1 Cho hm
1
( )
1
x
x
f x
e
=
+
vi 0 x v f(0)=0. Chng minh rng hm f(x) lin tc ti
mi im, nhng (0) 0, f
+
= (0) 1 f

= .
4.2 Chng minh rng hm
1
( ) si n f x x
x
= vi 0 x , v f(0)=0 lin tc ti x = 0, nhng
khng c o hm bn tri v bn phi ti x = 0.
4.3 Chng minh rng hm
2
nu l hu t
( )
0 nu v t
x x
f x
x

ch c o hm ti x=0.
4.4 Da vo nh ngha hy tnh f(a) nu
( ) ( ) ( ), f x x a x =
trong ( ) x lin tc ti x=a.
4.5 Cho hm y=sgnx c nh ngha sau
1 nu 0,
sgn 0 nu 0,
1 nu 0.
x
x x
x
<

= =

>

Chng minh rng |x|=xsgnx
4.6 Tnh o hm ca cc hm s sau
1) y=|x|
2) y=x|x|
3) y=ln|x| vi 0 x .
4.7 Tnh o hm cc hm sau
1) y x x x = + +
2)
2 3
| ( 1) ( 1) | y x x = + .
4.8 Tnh y nu
1) y=f(x
2
)
2) y=f(sin
2
x)+ f(cos
2
x)
3) y=f(f(f(x))), trong f(x) l hm kh vi.


118
118
4.9 Chng minh rng hm
2
1
si n nu 0
( )
0 nu 0
x x
f x x
x

c o hm gin on.
4.10 Tnh o hm cc hm sau
1) y=x
x

2) y=x
slnx
, trong s l hng s.
4.11 Tnh o hm y
x
nu hm s y c cho di dng
2 2 2 2
cos , si n
t t
x e t y e t = = .
4.12 Xc nh min tn ti hm ngc x = x(y) v tm o hm ca n nu
1) y=x+lnx (x>0) 2) y=x+e
x

4.13 a v dng F(x,y) = 0 (hay y = f(x)) phng trnh cc ng cong cho di dng
tham s.
1) x = acost, y = bsint 2) x = acos
3
t, y = asin
3
t
3) ,
2 2
t t t t
e e e e
x y

+
= = 4) x = tgt, y = cos
2
t.
4.14 Cho hm f(x)=x
3
2x+1. Hy xc nh (1) f v (1) df nu 0,1 x = .
4.15 Tm vi phn ca hm
1) ( ar ct g )
a x
d
x a
+ , a l hng s
2) (1 cos ) d u
3) ( )
bt
d bt e

, b l hng s.
4.16 Hy tnh
1)
3 6 9
2
( 2 )
( )
d
x x x
d x

2)
2
si n
( )
( )
d x
x d x

3)
(t g )
(cot g )
d x
d x

4.17 Hy tm hm ( , ) x x = sao cho ( ) ( ) f x x f x + = = '( ), xf x x + (0 1) < < nu
1)
2
( ) ( 0) f x ax bx c a = + +
2) ( )
x
f x e = .


119
119
4.18 Cho hm
(1)
( , ) f C + v h thc ( ) ( ) . '( ) f x h f x h f x + = c nghim ng
, x h R .
Chng minh rng
( ) f x ax b = + trong a,b l hng s.
4.19 Cho hm s
3
( ) , [ 1,1] f x x x = . Hi c th tm c hai s
1 2
, ( 1,1) x x sao cho
2 1
2 1
( ) ( )
'(0)
f x f x
f
x x

hay khng?
4.20 Cho hm f(x) kh vi trn on
1 2
[ , ] x x , trong
1 2
. 0 x x > . Chng minh rng
1 2
1 2 1 2

1
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
x x
f f
f x f x x x
=

, trong
1 2
x x < < .
4.21 Cho hm f(x) lin tc trn [a,b] v c o hm ti mi im ( , ) x a b . Chng minh
rng bng cch p dng nh l Rolle i vi hm
( ) 1
( ) ( ) 1
( ) 1
x f x
x b f b
a f a
= ta s thu c nh l Lagrange
4.22 Cho : f R R chng minh rng nu
( 1)
(0) '(0) (0) ... (0) 0
n
f f f f

= = = = =
th
( )
( ) ( )
!
n
n
f x f x
n x

= trong 0 1 < < .

4.23 Tm o hm cp 2 ca cc hm sau
1) cos
x
y e x =
2)
3 x
y a x =
3)
2
si n y x x = .
4.24 Tm o hm cp 3 ca cc hm sau
1) si n
x
y e x

=
2)
2
l n y x x =
3) cos y x x = .
4.25 Cho ( )
x
a
f x xe = . Tm
(4) ( ) ( )
( ), ( ), (0)
n n
f x f x f
4.26 Cho ( )
1
x
f x
x
=
+
. Chng minh rng vi 2 n
( ) 1
1
1.3.5...(2 3)
(0) ( 1)
2
n n
n
n
f n

= .


120
120
4.27 Cho
2
1
( )
1
f x
x
=

. Chng minh rng

( )
! khi 2
(0)
0 khi 2 1.
n
n n m
f
n m
=
=

=

4.28 Cho hm s
2
( ) , 0
x
a
f x x e a

= . Chng minh rng

( )
2
( 1)( 1)
(0)
n
n
n
n n
f
a


= .
4.29 1) Cho
*
( ) ,
n
f x x n N = . Chng minh rng
( )
(1) (1) (1)
(1) ... 2
1! 2! !
n
n
f f f
f
n

+ + + + =
2) Cho ( si n ), (1 cos ) x a t t y a t = = . Tnh
2
2
d y
dx

3) Cho = =
2 3
, 3
t t
x e y . Tnh
2
2
d y
dx
.
4.30 Cho a thc Legendre:
2 ( )
1
( ) [( 1) ] ( 0,1,2...)
2 . !
m m
m
m
P x x m
m
= =
Chng minh rng ( )
m
P x tha mn phng trnh
2
(1 ) ( ) 2 ( ) ( 1) ( ) 0.
m m m
x P x xP x m m P x + + =
4.31 Cho a thc Lague:
( )
( ) ( )
x m x m
m
L x e x e

=
tha mn phng trnh
( ) (1 ) ( ) ( ) 0
m m m
xL x x L x mL x + + =
4.32 Chng minh cng thc:
1
1
( l n ) !(l n )
n n
n
n
k
d
x x n x
k dx
=
= +

vi x>0.
4.33 Khai trin hm
2
2
( )
x x
f x e

= n s hng cha x
5
.
4.34 Khai trin hm ( )
1
x
x
f x
e
=

n s hng cha x
4
.
4.35 Tm 3 s hng u tin ca khai trin Taylor trong ln cn ca im x=0.
1) (sinx)
2

2) cos x .


121
121
4.36 Cho n s
1 2
, ,...,
n
a a a . Xc nh x sao cho hm s.
2
1
( ) ( )
n
k
k
x a x
=
=

c gi tr b nht.
4.37 Tm 3 s hng ca khai trin hm ( ) f x x = theo cc ly tha nguyn dng ca
hiu x1.
4.38 Khai trin hm f(x)=x
x
1 theo cc ly tha nguyn dng ca nh thc (x1) n s
hng cha (x1)
3
.
4.39 p dng qui tc Lhospital tm cc gii hn sau:
1)
1
1 1
l i m( )
l n 1
x
x x

2)
2
1
0
si n
l i m( )
x
x
x
x

3)
2
0
2 l n(1 2 )
l i m
2
x
x x
x

+
4)
2
2
0
1 2
l i m
2
x
x
e x
x

.
4.40 Hy tm gii hn sau, xt xem c th p dng qui tc Lhospital hay khng
1)
2
0
1
si n
l i m
si n
x
x
x
x

2)
si n
l i m
si n
x
x x
x x

+

3)
si n
1 si n cos
l i m
( si n cos )
x
x
x x x
x x x e

+ +
+
.
4.41 Tm cc gii hn sau:
1)
0
1 1
l i m( )
1
x
x
x e

2)
0
l n(si n )
l i m
l n(si n )
x
ax
bx

3)
2
2
4
0
l i m
si n
x
x
e x
x

4)
0
l i m(si n )
tgx
x
x

5)
1
2
1
0
l i m(1 )
x
e x
x
x

+ 6)
2cos
2
l i m( )
x
x
tgx

.
4.42 Chng minh rng khi 0 x ta c
1)
3
ar ct g
3
x
x x 2) ~ l n
x x
a
a b x
b

3)
2 2
1 2 ~ 2
x
e x x 4)
2
2 l n(1 2 ) ~ 2 x x x + .
4.43 Cho hm
6
1
( ) si n g x x
x
= vi 0; (0) 0 x g = v
6
( ) 2 ( ). f x x g x = +
Xt cc tr a phng ca cc hm g, f ti im x=0.
4.44 Kho st v v th hm s
2
2
( 1)
1
x
y
x

=
+
.


122
122
4.45 Kho st v v th hm s
l n
.
x
y
x
=
4.46 Kho st v v th hm s
2 x
y x e

= .
4.47 Kho st v v th hm s
2 2
1 1 y x x = + + .
4.48 Kho st v v th hm s
1 2cos r = + .


























123
123

Chng 5
Tch phn khng xc nh
5.1 Tch phn khng xc nh
Trong nhiu vn ca khoa hc v k thut, ta cn tm hm s khi bit o hm ca n.
V d nh bit gia tc a=a(t) ca chuyn ng, ta cn tm vn tc v=v(t) ca chuyn ng bit
rng
dv
a
dt
= . Sau khi bit vn tc v, ta cn tm qung ng s=s(t) ca chuyn ng, bit
rng
ds
v
dt
= .
5.1.1 nh ngha nguyn hm
Hm F(x) c gi l nguyn hm ca hm f(x) trn tp D, nu c hai hm cng c xc
nh trn tp D v
( ) ( ) , F x f x x D D = R . (5.1.1)
5.1.2 Cc tnh cht
Ta c cc tnh cht sau m c th d dng thu c t nh ngha.
a) Nu F v G l cc nguyn hm ca hm f v hm g tng ng trn tp D, th F G
trong v l cc hng s, l nguyn hm ca hm f g trn tp D.
b) Nu F l nguyn hm ca hm f trn tp D, th hm F+C, trong C l hng s tu cng
l nguyn hm ca hm f trn tp D.
Ta gi biu thc F(x) + C, trong C l hng s tu , l h nguyn hm ca hm f trn
tp D.
5.1.3 nh ngha tch phn khng xc nh
H tt c cc nguyn hm ca hm f trn mt khong I no c gi l tch phn
khng xc nh ca hm ny trn khong I v c k hiu l ( ) : f x dx

( ) ( ) f x dx F x C = +

. (5.1.2)
5.1.4 Cc tnh cht ca tch phn khng xc nh
a) ( ) ( ) Af x dx A f x dx =

trong A l hng s (5.1.3)


124
124
b)
1 2 1 2
( ( ) ( )) ( ) ( ) f x f x dx f x dx f x dx =

. (5.1.4)
Vic tm mi nguyn hm ca mt hm s c gi l php ly tch phn ca hm v
bi ton ny l bi ton ngc ca php tnh vi phn.
5.1.5 Bng cc tch phn c bn
1
1) 0 ,
2) ( 1, )
1
du C dx x C
u
u du C R

+
= = +
= +
+

3) l n| |
4)
u u
du
u C
u
e du e C
= +
= +

5) cos si n udu u C = +

6) si n cos udu u C = +

2
1
7)
cos
du tgu C
u
= +

2
1
8) cot g
si n
du u C
u
= +

9) ch sh udu u C = +

10) sh ch udu u C = +

2
1
11) t h
ch
du u C
u
= +

2
1
12) ct h
sh
du u C
u
= +

2
ar csi n 1
13)
ar ccos
1
u C
du
u C
u
+
=

+

2
ar ct g du
14)
ar ccot g . 1
u C
u C u
+
=

+ +

thun tin cho vic p dng, ta b sung vo bng trn cc cng thc sau:
4 ) ( 0, 1)
l n
u
u
a
a a du C a a
a
= + >

2 2
ar csi n
13 )
ar ccos

u
C
du
a
a
u
a u
C
a



125
125
2 2
1
ar ct g
du
14 )
1
ar cot g

=

+

+

u
C
a a
a
u a u
C
a a

2 2
du 1
15) l n
2
a u
C
a a u a u
+
= +

2
2
du
16) l n . u u a C
u a
= + + +
+

5.2 Cch tnh tch phn khng xc nh
5.2.1 Da vo bng cc tch phn c bn
V d 1:
a) Tnh
2
1
(1 ) I x dx = +

.
Bi v
2
(1 ) 1 2 , n n x x x + = + +
1
2
1
3
2
2
2
(1 2 ) 2
4 1
2 .
3
2 3 2
2
I x x dx dx x dx xdx
x x
x C x x x x C
= + + = + +
= + + + = + + +


b) Tnh
2 2 2
si n cos
dx
I
x x
=

.
Bi v
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 si n cos 1 1
si n cos si n cos cos si n
x x
x x x x x x
+
= = +
nn
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
cos si n cos si n
I dx dx dx
x x x x

= + = +




t g cot g x x C = + .
c) Tnh
2
3
6si n
2
x
I dx =

3
3(1 cos ) 3( si n ) I x dx x x C = = +

d) Tnh
4 2
1
x
x
e
I e dx
x

= +

2
4 2
1
1
.
x x
x
I e dx e dx x dx
x
e C
x

= + = +


= +




126
126
5.2.2 Tnh tch phn nh php i bin
Gi s cn tnh tch phn ( ) f x dx

. Ta hy a vo bin mi ( ) x u = hay ( ) u x = ,
trong cc hm ( ) u , ( ) x l cc hm s ngc ca nhau
a) Php i bin th nht
S dng ( ) x u = , khi ( ) dx u du = v nhn c cng thc
( ) [ ( )]. ( ) ( ) f x dx f u u du g u du = =

(5.2.1)
trong ( ) [ ( )]. ( ) g u f u u =
b) Php i bin th hai
Gi s hm f(x) c vit di dng
( ) [ ( )]. ( ) . f x g x x dx =
Khi
( ) [ ( )]. ( ) ( ) f x dx g x x dx g u du = =

(5.2.2)
trong ( ) u x = .
Nu ( ) ( ) , t h g u du G u C = +

( ) ( ) ( ) f x dx g u du G u C = = +

(5.2.3)
V d 2:
1
2
2
1
ar csi n
a) Tnh
1
1
ar csi n (ar csi n ) (ar csi n ) .
2
x
I dx
x
I xd x x C
=

= = +

2
2
) Tnh t g
si n (cos ) (cos )
cos cos cos
l n| cos | .
b I xdx
x x d x
I dx dx
x x x
x C
=

= = =
= +

3 2
3 2
)
( 2 2)ar ct g( 1)
[( 1) 1]ar ct g( 1)
dx
c I
x x x
dx
I
x x
=
+ + +
=
+ + +

3 2
t 1, , t a c
(ar ct g )
l n| ar ct g | .
ar ct g (1 )ar ct g
u x du dx
du d u
I u C
u u u
= + =
= = = +
+


2
2 4
2
2
)
1
x
x
xe dx
d I
e
=
+

127
127
2
2
2
2
2
4
2
4 2 2
Do , t t a c
1
ar ct g
1 ( ) 1 ( )
x
x
u u
x
u u
e dx
I u x
e
e du de
I e C
e e
= =
+
= = = +
+ +

10
5
) (1 ) e I x dx = +

2
t 1+ ( -1) , 2( 1) . x = u, x = u dx u du =
Khi
( )
10
11 10
5
2 ( 1) 2 I u u du u du u du = =



12 11
2
12 11
u u
I C

= +




11
1
(11 12)
66
u u C = +

11
1
(1 ) (11 1) .
66
x x C = + +
5.2.3 Phng php tnh tch phn tng phn
Theo qui tc ly o hm mt tch:
( ) d uv udv vdu = + .
Ly tch phn c hai v ta c
. uv udv vdu = +


T y ta c cng thc sau
udv uv vdu =

. (5.2.4)
Cng thc (5.2.4) gi l cng thc tch phn tng phn.
V d 3: a) Tnh tch phn
3 2
1
l n I x xdx =

t
2
l n u x =
1
2l n du x dx
x
=
3
dv x dx =
4
4
x
v =
4 4 4
2 2
1
1
2
4 4 4
l n l n l n
dx x x
I x x x dx
x
= =



4
2 3
1
4 2
l n l n
x
x x xdx =

4 4
2
1
4 2 4
l n l n
x dx
x x =




128
128
4 4 4
2
1
1 1
4 2 4 4
l n l n
x x x
I x x dx
x

=

4
2 4 4
1 1
4 8 32
l n l n
x
x x x x C = + + .
b) Tnh
2
ar csi n I xdx =

t u = arcsinx, dv = dx, ta c
2
1
1
du dx
x
=

v x =
2
2
1
ar csi n
x
I x x dx
x
=

2
2
1 ar csi n I x x x C = + + .
c) Tng t
2
3
1
ar ct g ar ct g l n(1 )
2
I xdx x x x C = = + +

d)
2
4
I x bdx = +

t u =
2
x b + , dv = dx v = x. Ta c
2
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
x
I x x b x dx
x b
x b b
x x b dx
x b
= +
+
+
= +
+

2
2
4
2 2
2 2 2
l n( ) .
2
x b dx
I x x b dx b
x b x b
b
x x b x bdx x x b C
+
= + +
+ +
= + + + + + +

Suy ra
2 2 2
l n( ) .
2 2
x b
x bdx x b x x b C + = + + + + +

V d 4:
a) Tnh cos
ax
I e bxdx =

t u = cosbx, du = bsinx
dv = e
ax
dx,
1
ax
v e
a
=
cos cos si n
ax ax
ax
e e b
I bxd bx e bxdx
a a a
= = +

(5.2.5)
Mt khc


129
129
si n si n
ax
ax
e
e bxdx bxd
a
=

si n cos
ax
ax
e b
bx e bxdx
a a
=

(5.2.6)
Thay (5.2.6) vo (2.2.5), sau mt vi php bin i n gin, ta c
2 2
cos si n
cos
ax ax
a bx b bx
e bxdx e C
a b
+
= +
+

(5.2.7)
b) Tng t
2 2
si n cos
si n
ax ax
a bx b bx
e bxdx e C
a b

= +
+

. (5.2.8)
5.2.4 Cng thc truy hi
a) Xt tch phn cos
n
n
I xdx =

vi
*
n N .
Ta c
1 1
cos cos cos cos si n
n n n
xdx x xdx xd x

= =



1 2 2
1 2
1
1 1
cos si n ( ) cos si n
cos si n ( ) cos ( ) cos .
n n
n n n
x x n x xdx
x x n xdx n xdx


= +
= +

T y chng ta nhn c cng thc truy hi
1 2
1 1 ( )
cos cos si n cos
n n n
n
xdx x x xdx
n n

= +

. (5.2.9)
Cng thc ny cho php gim s m ca lu tha ca hm di du tch phn mi ln 2
n v cho n khi ta nhn c tch phn tu theo n l l hay chn:
hay cos si n . xdx x C dx x C = + = +


Tng t ta nhn c cng thc truy hi
1 2
1 1
si n si n cos si n
n n n
n
xdx x x xdx
n n

= +

. (5.2.10)
b) Xt tch phn
2 2
( )
n n
dx
J
x a
=
+

vi 0
*
, n N a
Ta bit
1 2 2
1
arctg
dx x
J C
a a x a
= = +
+

.
xy dng cng thc truy hi cho tch phn J
n
, ta hy xt
2 2 1
1 2 2 1
2 2
2 2 1
1 2
( )
( )
( )( )
( )
n
n n
n
n
dx
J x a dx
x a
x
x n x a xdx
x a
+

= = +
+
= + +
+

hay
2
1 2 2 1 2 2
2 1 ( )
( ) ( )
n n n
x x
J n dx
x a x a

= +
+ +

130
130
2 2 2
1 2 2 1 2 2
2
1 1 2 2 1
2 1
2 1
( )
( ) ( )
( )[ ]
( )
n n n
n n n n
x x a a
J n dx
x a x a
x
J n J a J
x a


+
= +
+ +
= +
+

Suy ra
2
1 2 2 1
2 1 2 3 ( ) ( )
( )
n n n
x
n a J n J
x a

= +
+

hay
1 2 2 1 2 2
2 3
2 1 2 1
( )
( )( ) ( )
n n n
x n
J J
n x a a n a


= +
+
(5.2.11)
5.3 Tch phn cc phn thc hu t
5.3.1 Tch phn cc phn thc hu t n gin nht
Cc phn thc hu t n gin nht l cc phn thc c dng
2 2
I ) , I I ) , I I I ) , I V)
( ) ( )
k k
A A Mx N Mx N
x a x a x px q x px q
+ +
+ + + +

trong A,M,N,p,q l cc s thc, k = 2,3,4, cn tam thc bc hai khng c nghim
thc, tc l p
2
4q < 0 . By gi ta hy kho st tch phn cc phn thc hu t trn.
a) Tch phn dng I
l n| |
A
dx A x a C
x a
= +

.
b) Tch phn dng II
1
1
1
1
( )
( ) ( )
k k
A A
dx C k
k x a x a

= +

.
c) Tch phn dng III

2 2
2
2 2
( ) ( )
M Mp
x p N
Mx N
dx dx
x px q x px q
+ +
+
=
+ + + +


2 2
2
2 2
( )
M x p Mp dx
dx N
x px q x px q
+
= +
+ + + +

. (5.3.3)
Ta hy xt tch phn th hai v phi (5.3.3). t
2
2
2 4
, , ,
p p
x t q dx dt + = = =
2 2 2 2
2
2 4
( )
dx dx dt
x xp q p p t
x q

= =
+ + +
+ +


2
2 2
1 2 2
arctg arctg
4 4
.
dx t x p
C C
x xp q
q p q p

+
= + = +
+ +

131
131
Cui cng ta c

2
+
+ +

Mx N
dx
x px q
2
2 2
2 2
arctg
2
4 4
l n( ) .
+
= + + + +

M N Mp x p
x px q C
q p q p
(5.3.4)
d) Tch phn dng IV
2 2
2
2 2
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
k k
M Mp
x p N
Mx N
I dx dx
x px q x px q
+ +
+
= =
+ + + +

(5.3.5)
Tch phn v phi trong (5.3.5) c tch thnh hai tch phn. tnh tch phn th
nht ta t
2
x px q t + + =

1 2
2
,
( )
+
= =
+ +

k k
x p
J dx
x px q


1 2 1
1 1
1 1 ( ) ( )( )
k k k
dt
t k t k x px q

= = =
+ +

(5.3.6)
Cn tch phn th hai, k hiu bng
2,k
J , ta c
2 2 2 2 ,
( ) ( )
k k k
dx dt
J
x px q t
= =
+ + +


trong
2
,
p
t x = +
2
2
4
p
q = (5.3.7)
V d 1: Tnh
2
6 5
4 9
x
I dx
x x
+
=
+ +

Gii: Ta c
2 2
4 9 2 5 ( ) . x x x + + = + + t x+2 = t, x = t2, dx = dt, ta nhn c

2 2
6 5 6 2 5
2 5 5
( )
( )
x t
I dx dt
x t
+ +
= = =
+ + +



2 2 2
2
6 7 2
3 7
5 5 5
7
3 5 arctg
5 5
l n( ) .
t t dt
dt dt
t t t
t
t C

= = =
+ + +
= + +


Tr v bin x, ta nhn c
2
2
6 5 7 2
3 4 9 arctg
2 5
5 5
l n( )
( )
x x
dx x x C
x
+ +
= + + +
+ +

V d 2: Tnh
2 2
1
( 1)
x
I dx
x x
+
=
+ +

Gii:
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
(2 1)
1 (2 1) 1 1
2 2
2 2 ( 1) ( 1) ( 1)
x
x
I dx dx dx
x x x x x x
+ +
+
= = +
+ + + + + +




132
132
Ta c
1 1 2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2
(2 1) 1
( 1) 1
1
1 3
( 1)
[( ) ]
2 4
x
J dx C
x x x x
dx
J dx
x x
x
+
= = +
+ + + +
= =
+ +
+ +

t
1
,
2
t x dt dx = + = ta c
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 1
,
3 3 3
2 2
( )
4 4 4
dt t dt
J
a a
t t t
= = +
+ + +


trong
2
3
4
a =
2 2
2
2 2 1 2
ar ct g
3
3 3
3 3
4
t t
J C
t
= + +
+

2 2 2
1
2 2 1 2 1
2
. . ar ct g
3 3 1
3 3
x
x
J C
x x
+
+
= + +
+ +

Do
2 2
1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1
. . .ar ct g
2 6 1 1
3 3 3
x x
I C
x x x x
+ +
= + + +
+ + + +
.
5.3.2 Tch phn ca cc phn thc hu t
Xt phn thc hu t
( )
( )
( )
m
n
P x
f x
Q x
= (5.3.8)
trong ( )
m
P x v ( )
n
Q x l cc a thc hu t bc m,n tng ng l:
1
1 1 0
( ) ... ( 0)
m m
m m m m
P x b x b x b x b b

= + + + +
v
1
1 1 0
( ) ... ( 0)
n n
n n n n
Q x a x a x a x a a

= + + + +
vi
*
, m n N cn ,
i i
b a l cc s thc.
Nu n = 0, th (5.3.8) l a thc bc m.
Nu m < n, th phn thc hu t (5.3.8) c gi l phn thc hu t thc s.
Nu m n , ta hy s dng mnh sau a phn thc ni trn v dng phn thc
hu t thc s.
Mnh 5.3.1 Nu cho hai a thc ( )
m
P x v ( )
n
Q x ( m n ), th a thc ( )
m
P x c th c
vit di dng


133
133
1
( ) ( ) ( )
m m n n m
P x D Q x R x

= + (5.3.9)
trong ( )
m n
D x

v
1
( )
m
R x l cc a thc, ng thi: m
1
< n
V d nh
4 3 2 3
3 3 10 16 ( 3)( 3 4) (3 4) x x x x x x x x + + = + + + .
T (5.3.9), bng cch chia t s cho mu s ta c
1
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
m
m
m n
n n
R x
P x
f x D x
Q x Q x

= = + (5.3.10)
trong
1
( )
( )
m
n
R x
Q x
l phn thc hu t thc s.
nh l 5.3.1 a thc bt k
1
1 1 0
( ) ... ( 0)
n n
n n n n
Q x a x a x a x a a

= + + + +

c th biu din di dng
1 1
2 2
1 1 1
( ) ( ) ...( ) ( ) ...( )
k l
s t s t
n n k l l
Q x a x c x c x p x q x p x q = + + + +
(5.3.11)
trong
1 1
... 2( ... ) ,
k l i
s s t t n c + + + + + = l cc s thc v
2
4 0
j j
p q < vi i=1,, k;
j=1,, k.
V d nh
4 2 2
1 ( 2 1)( 2 1), x x x x x + = + + +
3 2 2
2 7 4 4 2( 2) ( 0,5). x x x x x + + = +

nh l 5.3.2 (nh l khai trin)
Mt s phn thc hu t thc s vi mu s ( )
n
Q x (a
n
=1) c th biu din mt cch duy
nht di dng t hp tuyn tnh ca cc phn thc n gin dng I, II, III, IV ni trn. C th
1
1
1 2
2
1 1 1
( )
( ) ... ...
( ) ( ) ( )
s
m
s
n
A
P x A A
f x
Q x x c x c x c
= = + + + + +


1 2
2
...
( ) ( )
k
k
s
s
k k k
B
B B
x c x c x c
+ + + +



1 1
2
1 1
C x D
x p x q
+
+ +
1 1
1
2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1 1
... ...
( ) ( )
t t
t
C x D
C x D
x p x q x p x q
+
+
+ + + +
+ + + +

1 1
2
l l
M x N
x p x q
+
+
+ +
2 2
2 2 2
...
( ) ( )
l l
l
t t
t
l l l l
M x N
M x N
x p x q x p x q
+
+
+ + +
+ + + +
(5.3.12)
Cc h s
1 1 1
1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2
, ,..., ;...; , ,..., ; , , , ,..., , ,...;
k
s s t t
A A A B B B C D C D C D
1 1
, ,..., ,
l l
t t
M N M N c tm bng phng php h s bt nh.


134
134
nh l trn cho php kt lun rng vic ly tch phn mt phn thc thc s dn n vic
ly tch phn mt trong bn dng I,II, III, IV nu trn.
V d 3: Tnh
2 2
1 ( )( )
dx
x x x + +

.
Gii: Trc ht hy phn tch hm di du tch phn thnh tng cc phn thc n gin.
Theo nh l khai trin, ta c th vit
2 2 2 2
1 1
1 1 1 1 1 ( )( ) ( )( )
A B Cx D
x x x x x x x x x
+
= = + +
+ + + + + +

T khai trin trn suy ra
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) A x x Bx x Cx D x x = + + + + + + + (5.3.13)
cho x = 0 ta c A = 1
cho x = 1 ta c B =
1
2

cho x = i ta c 1 = CD+i(DC).
T y suy ra C = D =
1
2

Do
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
2 1 2 1 1 ( ) ( )( )
x
x x x x x x
+
=
+ + + +

v

2 2
1 ( )( )
dx
x x x
=
+ +

2
1 1 1
1 1 arctg
2 4 2
l n| | l n| | l n( ) x x x C = + + + x .
5.4 Tch phn cc biu thc cha hm lng gic v cc hm hypebol
5.4.1 Tch phn cc biu thc cha hm lng gic
Gi s ta cn tnh tch phn
R(si n , cos ) , I x x dx =

trong R l hm hu t ca hai i s. Ta c th hu t ho tch phn trn bng cch t
tg
2
,
x
t x = < < .
Tht vy
2
2 2 2
2 1 2
2arctg
1 1 1
si n , cos , ,
t t dt
x x x t dx
t t t

= = = =
+ + +
.
Do , c th a ra tch phn I v dng


135
135
2
2 2 2
2 1 2
R
1 1 1
, . .
t t dt
I
t t t

=

+ + +

(5.4.1)
V d 1: Tnh
2 1
.
si n cos
dx
I
x x
=

Gii: t tg
2
,
x
t x = < < .
Khi
2
2
2arctg
1
, x t dx dt
t
= =
+
.
2
2
2 2
2
1
2 1 2 1
2 1
1 1
dt
dt
t
I
t t t
t t
+
= =


+ +


1 1
2 1 2 1
2 2 2
l n| | l n| t g |
x
I t C C = + = + .
Khi tnh tch phn cc biu thc lng gic, trong mt s trng hp, khng i hi phi
hu t theo kiu thc hin php i bin tng qut tg
2
x
t = . Chng hn khi tnh tch phn dng
R(si n , cos )
n m
x x dx

nu m hoc n l, ta hy t t = sinx hoc t=cosx,
nu m, n cng chn, ta hy t t = tgx.
V d 2: a) Tnh
3 2
si n cos
dx
I
x x
=

1 3 2 3 2
1
cos si n
.
si n cos si n ( si n )
x d x
I dx
x x x x
= =

t t = sinx
1 3 2 3
2
1 1 1 1
2 1 2 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1
2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( )
l n| | l n| | l n| | .
dt
I dt
t t t t t t
t t t C
t

= = + + =

+

= + + +


Tr v bin x ta c
1 2
1 2
1 1
1 1
2 2
1
2
l n| si n | l n( si n )( si n )
si n
l n| t g | .
si n
I x x x C
x
I x C
x
= + + +
= + +

b) Tnh
3
2
2
si n
cos
x
I dx
x
=
+

2
2
1
2
( cos )si n
cos
x x
I dx
x

=
+

. t t = cosx


136
136
2 2
2
1 3
2 2 3 2
2 2 2
( ) l n| |
t t
I dt t dt t t C
t t

= = + = + + +
+ +

.
Tr v bin x ta c
2
2
1
2 3 2
2
cos cos l n(cos ) I x x x C = + + + .
V d 3: a) Tnh
1 4
1 si n
dx
I
x
=

1 2 2
1 ( si n ) cos
dx
I
x x
=
+

t
2
2
2 2 2
2
1 1 1
tg
1
1 g 1
1
, , si n ,
cos cot
t
t x dt dx x
x x t
t
= = = = =
+ +
+

2
2
2
2 1
1
1
si n .
t
x
t
+
+ =
+

Ta c
2
1 2 2
2
1 1 1 1 1
1 1
1
2 2 2 1 2 1
2
2
( )
( )
t
I dt dt dt
t t
t


+
= = + = + =

+ +

+



1 1 1 1
arctg 2 tg arctg 2tg
2 2
2 2
( ) ( ) t t C x x C

= + + = + +


.
b) Tnh
2 2 2 2 2
0 0 ( , )
cos si n
dx
I a b
a x b x
=
+

2
2 2 2 2
, t t g ,
cos ( t g )
dx
I t = x
x a b x
=
+

2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
2
1 1
arctg ( ( ))
dt dt b b
I t C
a a a b t b a b
t
b
= = = +
+
+


1
arctg tg ( ) .
b
x C
ab a
= +
V d 4: Tnh
3
2
1 cot
si n
gx
I dx
x
+
=

.
t
2
1 cot ,
si n
dx
t gx dt
x
= + =
1 4 4
3 3 3
3 3
(1 cot ) .
4 4
I t dt t C gx C = = + = + +

5.4.2 Tch phn cc biu thc cha hm hypebol


137
137
V d 5: Tnh
2 2
(1 ) 1
dx
I
x x
=
+

.
t sh , ch , x t dx tdt = =
2
1 ch x t + = .
2
2 2
2
(ct h )
sh
1
1 sh 2 ct h
1
sh
dt
dt d t
t
I
t t
t

= = = =
+

ch
2
1 2 ct h 1
sh
l n l n
ch
2 2 2 ct h 2 2
2
sh
t
t
t
C C
t
t
t
+
+
= + = +

2
2
1 1 2
l n .
2 2
1 2
x x
C
x x
+ +
= +
+

V d 6: Tnh
2 2
I a x dx = +

.
t sh , ch , ar sh( )
x
x a u dx a udu u
a
= = =
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 ch2
sh ch ch
2
u
I a a u a u du a udu a du
+
= + = =


2 2 2 2
sh2
( ) (ar sh )
2 2 2
a u a x x a x
u C C
a a a
+
= + + = + +
arsh
2
2 2
2 2
a x x
I a x C
a
= + + + .
5.5 Tch phn mt vi lp hm v t
5.5.1 Tch phn dng ( , )
m
ax b
I R x dx
cx d
+
=
+

(vi m nguyn dng)
t
m
m
m
ax b dt b
t x
cx d ct a
+
= =
+ +
v ta c cng thc
( , )( )
m m
m m
dt b dt b
I R t dt
ct a ct a

=
+ +

(5.5.1)
V d 1: Tnh
2 3
( 1)( 1)
dx
I
x x
=
+

138
138
3
3
3
1 1
1 1
1
( 1)
1
dx x
I dx
x x
x
x
x
+
= =
+

+
+


t
3 2
3
3 3 2
1 1 6
,
1 1 ( 1)
x t t
t x dx dt
x t t
+ +
= = =

, t y
3 2
1 2
3 ( )
1 1 1
dt t
I dt
t t t t
+
= = +
+ +


2
2
1 1 2 1
l n 3ar ct g
2 ( 1) 3
t t t
I C
t
+ +
= + +

trong
3
1
1
x
t
x
+
=

.
5.5.2 Tch phn dng ,( ) ,( ) ,
p
r
q
s
ax b ax b
I R x dx
cx d cx d

+ +
=
+ +

trong ,
p r
q s
l cc phn s ti gin.
Gi m l bi s chung nh nht ca q v i, t .
m
ax b
t
cx d
+
=
+

V d 2: Tnh
3
1 1
xdx
I
x x
=
+ + +

Gii: t
6 3 2 3
1 1 , 1 x t x t x t + = + = + =
6 5
8 7 6 5 4 3
3 2
( 1)6
6 ( )
t t
I dt t t t t t t dt
t t

= = + +
+


9 8 7 6 5 4
6( )
9 8 7 6 5 4
t t t t t t
I C = + + + trong
6
1 t x = + .
5.5.3 Tch phn cc nh thc vi phn
( )
m n p
I x a bx dx = +

, trong a,b l hng s, m,n,p l hu t

Trc ht t
1 1
1
1
,
n
n n
x z x z dx z dz
n

= = = v
1
1
1
( ) ( ) ( )
m
m n p p
n n
R x x a bx dx a bz z z dz
n

= + = +
1
1
1
( ) ( ) .
m
p
n
R x a bz z dz
n
+

= +
t
1
1
m
q
n
+
= . Ta thy p, q l c s hu t v


139
139
1
( )
p q
I a bz z dz
n
= +

Ta hy xt cc trng hp sau:
a) Nu q hu t, p nguyn. Gi s
r
q
s
= , hy t
1
s
t z = hay
s
z t =
b) Nu q nguyn, p hu t. Gi s
r
p
s
= , hy t
1
( )
s
t a bz = + hay
s
a bz t + =
c) Nu p+q nguyn: Ta vit li tch phn trn nh sau
1 ( ) 1
( )
p
p q p q p
p
a bz a bz
I z dz z dz
n n z z
+ +
+ +
= =


Gi s
r
p
s
= , t
1
( ) .
s
a bz
t
z
+
=
V d 3: Tnh
4 4
.
1
dx
I
x
=
+

Gii: Ta thy
1 1
0, 4, , 0
4
m
m n p p
n
+
= = = + = l s nguyn.
t
1 3
4
4 4
1
4
z x x z dx z dz

= = = .
3 1
4
4 4
1 1 1 1
4 4
1
1 ( )
dz
I dz
z
z
z z
z
= =
+
+


t
1
3
4
4 4 2
1 1 4
( ) ,
1 ( 1)
z t
t z dz dt
z t t
+
= = =


4 3 2
4 2 4
2 2 2
1 1 4
.
4 ( 1) 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
( ) ( )
2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1
t t t
I dz dt
t t t
dt dt
t t t t t

= = =


= + = +

+ + +





1 1
ar ct g (l n| 1| l n| 1| )
2 2
t t t C

= + + +



1 1 1
ar ct g l n| |
2 2 1
t
I t C
t

= + +

+

vi
1
4
4
4
1
( )
x
t
x
+
= .
5.6 Tch phn cc biu thc dng
2
R( , ) x ax bx c + + vi 0 a


140
140
Trc ht ta thy rng nu ng thi a < 0 v D = b
2
4ac 0 th tch phn
2
R( , ) x ax bx c dx + +

khng c ngha. Trong cc trng hp cn li biu thc di du

tch phn ang xt c hu t ho nh cc php th Euler.
5.6.1 Php th Euler th nht
Php th ny p dng cho trng hp a > 0.Ta t
2
ax bx c ax t + + = + (5.6.1)
Bnh phng hai v ta c
2 2 2
2 ax bx c ax axt t + + = + .
Gi s trong (5.6.1) ly du trc a , ta c
2
2
t c
x
b at

=
+
. (5.6.2)
Khi
2
2
2
at bt c a
ax bx c
at b
+ +
+ + =
+
v
2
2
2
(2 )
at bt c a
dx dt
at b
+ +
=
+
.
V d 1: Tnh
2
1
dx
I
x x x
=
+ +

Trong trng hp ny a=1>0. Ta t
2
1 x x x t + + = + , bnh phng hai v, suy ra
2 2
2
1 1
, ,
1 2 1 2
t t t
x ax bx c x t
t t
+
= + + = + =


2
2
2( 1)
(1 2 )
t t
dx dt
t
+
=

. Thay cc biu thc ny vo tch phn trn, ta thu c

2
2 1
l n| | .
1 1
dt t
I C
t t

= = +
+

Do
2
2 2
1 1
l n| | .
1 1 1
dx x x x
I C
x x x x x x
+ + +
= = +
+ + + + +

5.6.2 Php th Euler th hai
Php th ny p dng cho trng hp c > 0. Ta t
2
ax bx c xt c + + = (5.6.3)
Bnh phng hai v v rt gn
2
2 ax b xt c t + = .


141
141
Gi s ly du + trc c , ta c
2
2
,
ct b
x
a t

2
2
2
ct bt c
ax bx c xt c
a t
+
+ + = + =

(5.6.4)
2
2 2
2
( )
ct bt ca
dx dt
a t
+
=

. (5.6.5)
V d 3: Tnh
2
( 1) 1
dx
I
x x x
=
+ +

Gii: Do c =1>0, ta t
2
1 1 x x tx + =
2 2 2
2
2 1
1 2 1 ,
1
t
x x t x tx x
t
+
+ = + =
+

2 2
2
2 2 2
1 2( 1)
1 ,
1 ( 1)
t t t t
x x dx
t t
+ +
+ = =
+ +

2 2
( 1)
2 2 2ar ct g( 1)
2 2 ( 1) 1
dt d t
I t C
t t t
+
= = = + +
+ + + +


Thay
2
1 1 x x
t
x
+ +
= ta c
2
1 1
2ar ct g .
x x x
I C
x
+ + +
= +
5.6.3 Php th Euler th ba
Php th ny p dng cho tng trng hp tam thc bc hai
2
ax bx c + + c hai nghim
phn bit , :

2
( )( ) ax bx c a x x + + = (5.6.6)
t
2
( ) ax bx c t x + + = . Bnh phng hai v ta c
2
2 2
2
( )( ) ( )
t a
a x x t x x
t a



= =

(5.6.7)
2
2
2 2
( ) ( )
t a a a
ax bx c t x t t
t a t a


+
+ + = = = =



2
( ) a t
t a

=

(5.6.8)
v
2 2
2 ( )
( )
a t
dx dt
t a

=

(5.6.9)


142
142
V d 4: Tnh
2
2
dx
I
x x
=
+

Gii:
t
2
2
2
2
2 ( 1) ,
2
t
x x x t x
t
+
+ = =

2 2
6
,
( 1)
tdt
dx
t
=

2
2
3
2 .
1
t
x x
t
+ =

Thay vo tch phn trn ta c

2
1
2 l n
1 1
dt t
I C
t t
+
= = +

hay
2
2
2 2
2
1
2 1
1
l n l n
2 2 1
1
1
x x
x x x
x
I C C
x x x x x
x
+
+
+ +

= + = +
+ + +

.
5.6.4 Tch phn eliptic
Khc vi php tnh vi phn, trong php tnh tch phn tn ti nhng hm s s cp m
tch phn khng xc nh ca n khng th biu din c qua mt s hu hn cc hm s
cp khc. Nhng tch phn nh vy c gi l tch phn eliptic. V d nh
2
2 2
si n cos
, , , , si n , cos
l n
x
dx x x
e dx dx dx x dx x dx
x x x

Ngoi ra khi tnh tch phn nh thc ( ) ,
m n p
x a bx dx +

trong a, b l tu , cn m, n, p
l cc s hu t, ng thi a, b, n khc khng, nh ton hc v i Trbsep chng minh
c rng tch phn ny ch biu din c theo cc hm s cp khi v ch khi mt trong
nhng s
1 1
, ,
m m
p p
n n
+ +
+ l nguyn.



143
143
5.7 Bi tp chng 5
5.1 Tnh cc tch phn sau:
2
2
1)
2
x dx
x

2 2
2)
(1 )
xdx
x +

2 3 3
3) 1 x x dx +

3
8
4)
2
x dx
x

5)
x x
dx
e e

2
6)
1
x
dx
e +

.
5.2 Tnh cc tch phn sau:
1)
sh
dx
x

2)
ch
dx
x

2
3) sh xdx

2
4) ch xdx

2 2
5)
sh ch
dx
x x

5.3 Tnh tch phn sau
3
1)
1 3
xdx
x

3 2 3
2) 1 x x dx +

.
5.4 Tnh cc tch phn sau
1) l n ( 1)
n
x xdx n

3
2) ch3 x xdx

2
3) sh x xdx

4) si n l n(t g ) x x dx

5.5 Tnh cc tch phn sau
4
6
si n
1)
cos
x
dx
x

3 5
2)
si n cos
dx
x x
.
2 3
3)
cos si n
dx
x x

4)
t g
dx
x

3
5)
t g
dx
x

.
5.6 Tnh tch phn sau
2 4
1)
(1 )
dx
x x +

3 4
2)
(1 )
dx
x x +

144
144
3)
1 1
dx
x x + + +

1 1
4)
( ) ( )
n n
n
dx
x a x b
+

.
5.7 Tnh tch phn sau:
2
1)
1
dx
x x + +

2
2) 2 2 x x dx +

.






























145
145


Chng 6
Tch phn xc nh
6.1 nh ngha tch phn xc nh
6.1.1 Bi ton din tch hnh thang cong
Cho hm s y = ( ) f x xc nh, lin tc, khng m trn on [a,b]. Xt hnh thang cong
AabB (hnh 6.1.1) l hnh gii hn bi th ca hm s ( ) f x (trn [a,b]), cc ng thng x
= a, x = b v trc honh.

Hnh 6.1.1
Vi quan im ca gii tch, ta hy nh ngha din tch S ca hnh thang cong AabB.
Chia on [a,b] thnh n on nh bi cc im chia
0
x ,
1
x ,
2
x ...,
1 n
x

,
n
x c chn ty
sao cho
0
x a <
1
x <
2
x ... <
1 i
x

<
i
x < ... <
1 n
x

<
n
x b. t
i
x =
i
x
1 i
x

(i = 1,2,...,n).
T cc im chia
i
x (i = 1,2,...,n) ta dng cc ng thng x =
i
x , nh th ta chia hnh
thang cong AabB thnh n hnh thang cong nh
1 i
P
1 i
x
i
x
i
P (i=1, 2,...,n) . Chn cc im
i
[
1 i
x

,
i
x ]. Thay mi hnh cong nh
1 i
P
1 i
x
i
x
i
P bng mt hnh ch nht c cng y v
chiu cao l ( )
i
f . Din tch cc hnh ch nht l:
1
( ) f
1
x ,
2
( ) f
2
x , ..., ( )
n
f
n
x .
Hin nhin tng cc din tch ca n hnh ch nht biu din gn ng din tch cn tm S
ca hnh thang cong AabB cho. Ni mt cch khc, ta c th vit: S~
1
( )
n
i i
i
f x
=

.


146
146
Ta nhn thy nu s on chia cng nhiu sao cho ln ca cc an chia cng nh th
tng
1
( )
n
i i
i
f x
=

cng gn gi tr ng S.
T ta c th ni rng khi chuyn gii hn n sao cho
i
x 0 (i = 1, n ) th gi tr
gii hn ca tng
1
( )
n
i i
i
f x
=

chnh l din tch cn tm S ca hnh thang cong cho:

S=
0
1
lim ( )

=

i
n
i i
max x
i
f x . (6.1.1)
6.1.2 Bi ton tnh khi lng
Cho mt on thng vt cht [0,S] v gi thit l ta bit t khi ti mi im ca on
y. Hy tnh khi lng ca c on thng. Nu t khi khng i trong c on thng, th
khi lng m s bng tch ca t khi vi di on thng, tc l m = .S. Trong trng
hp tng qut l mt hm lin tc ca di s:
= ( ) s , vi s [0,S].
Vic tm khi lng ca on s tin hnh nh sau:
Ta hy chia on thng ra lm n phn bi cc im chia:
0
s =0,
1
s ,
2
s ,...,
1 i
s

,
i
s ,...,
1 n
s

,
n
s = S.
v gi thit rng trn mt on nh [
1 i
s

,
i
s ] vt cht c phn phi u, tc l t khi khng
i trn mi on nh v bng t khi ti mt tri =
1
( )
i
s . Khi , khi lng tng ng
ca c on [0,S] s bng:
0 1 0 1 2 1 1 1
( )( ) ( )( ) ... ( )( ) ...
n i i i
m s s s s s s s s s

= + + + + +

1 1
( )( ),
n n n
s s s

+
hay
n
m =
1
0
( )
n
i i
i
s s

, trong :
i
s =
1 i
s
+
-
i
s (i=1, n ).
Khi n tng v hn sao cho max 0
i
s , th di ca cc on chia dn n khng v
khi lng phn phi u tng khc s dn n khi lng phi tm:
m =
1
1
( ) 0
0
lim ( )
+

i i
n
i i
max S S
i
s s . (6.1.2)
Nh vy t vic tnh din tch, khi lng ta i n mt cch t nhin vic kho st gii
hn ca cc tng c dng (6.1.1) hay (6.1.2).
6.1.3 nh ngha tch phn xc nh


147
147
Cho hm y = ( ) f x xc nh trn [a,b]. Trc ht chia on [a,b] thnh n phn bi cc
im chia: a =
0
x <
1
x <
2
x <... <
1 n
x

<
n
x = b. t
k
x =
k
x
1 k
x

v d = max
k
k
x , vi
k=1, n
Ta gi b cc im chia T = {
k
x } l mt phn hoch ca on [a,b] v i lng d gi l
ng knh phn hoch. Trn mi on chia [
1 k
x

,
k
x ] chn im ty
k
, tnh gi tr ( )
k
f v
lp tng:
1
( )
n
n k k
k
f x
=
=

. (6.1.3)
Ta thy tng (6.1.3) ph thuc vo phn hoch T = {
k
x } v vo cch chn cc im
k

v c gi l tng tch phn Riman ca hm ( ) f x theo phn hoch {
k
x } ca on [a,b].
By gi hy thay i phn hoch {
k
x } v tm gii hn ca tng tch phn (6.1.3) khi d
0.
nh ngha
Nu tng tch phn Riman (6.1.3) c gii hn I khi d0 khng ph thuc vo phn
hoch {
k
x } ca on [a,b] v cch chn cc im
1
,
2
, ...,
n
tc l 0 > , 0 > sao
cho:
| I
n
|< (6.1.4)
vi bt k phn hoch {
k
x } ca on [a,b] sao cho ng knh d< v vi mi cch chn
cc im
k
[
1 k
x

,
k
x ] ,( k=1, n ), th gii hn I c gi l tch phn xc nh ( theo nh
ngha Riman) ca hm ( ) f x trn [a,b] v c k hiu l: ( )
b
a
f x dx

. Nh vy , theo nh
ngha ta c:
( )
b
a
f x dx

=
0
1
lim ( )

n
k k
d
k
f x . (6.1.5)
Trong trng hp ny hm f c gi l kh tch theo Riman trn [a,b]. S a v b c
gi l cn di v cn trn ca tch phn, hm f - hm di du tch phn v biu thc
( ) f x dx - biu thc di du tch phn.
Trong nh ngha trn thc cht ta gi thit rng a <b. Chng ta hy m rng khi
nim tch phn xc nh trong trng hp a = b v a > b.
Khi a > b, theo nh ngha, ta c:
( ) ( )
b a
a b
f x dx f x dx =

.
(6.1.6)
Khi a = b, theo nh ngha, ta c:


148
148
( )
a
a
f x dx

= 0. (6.1.7)
ng thc (6.1.7) ngha l tch phn xc nh vi cc cn bng nhau bng 0. Bi v tng
tch phn (6.1.3) khng ph thuc vo ch ci dng k hiu i s ca hm cho, nn
gii hn ca n, tc l tch phn xc nh khng ph thuc vo k hiu bin s tch phn:
( )
b
a
f x dx

= ( )
b
a
f t dt

= ( )
b
a
f z dz

,v.v...
(6.1.8)
V d 1: Cho ( ) f x = 1, x [a,b].
Vi mi phn im T = {
k
x } ca on [a,b] v vi mi cch chn
k
, ta c:
1
( )
=
=

n
n k k
k
f x =
1
1.
=

n
k
k
x = ba
Suy ra:
0
lim
n
d

= b a.
Do :
b
a
dx

= b a.
6.1.4 ngha hnh hc ca tch phn xc nh
Theo nh ngha tch phn xc nh va ni trn, din tch hnh thang cong c tnh theo
cng thc:
S = ( )
b
a
f x dx

. (6.1.9)
By gi ta hy a ra iu kin cn v hm kh tch.
6.2 iu kin kh tch
6.2.1 iu kin cn hm kh tch
nh l 6.2.11 Nu hm f kh tch trn on [a,b] th n b chn trn on ny.
Chng minh: Ta gi s ngc li rng hm f khng b chn trn [a,b]. Bi v hm f
khng b chn trn [a,b] nn vi phn im T bt k ca on [a,b], hm f khng b chn t
nht trn mt on con no . n gin cho vic chng minh, ta gi s n khng b chn
trn [
0
x ,
1
x ]. Khi trong cc on cn li [
1
x ,
2
x ], [
2
x ,
3
x ], , [
1 n
x

,
n
x ] ta hy chn cc
im ty
1
,
2
, ,
2
v k hiu:
2 2 3 3
' ( ) ( ) ... ( )
n n
f x f x f x = + + + . (6.2.1)
Do f khng b chn trn on [
0
x ,
1
x ], nn vi mi M>0, ta chn c
1
[
0
x ,
1
x ] sao
cho:


149
149
|
1
( ) f |
1
| ' |
| |
M
x
+

. (6.2.2)
Khi ,|
1
( ) f |.
1
| | x | ' | M + v tng tch phn tng ng
1 1
| | | ( ) ' |
n
f x = +
1 1
|| ( ) || | | ' || f x M (6.2.3)
Do , tng tch phn
n
khng th c gii hn hu hn, iu ny ngha l tch phn xc
nh ca hm f khng tn ti.
Nhn xt: nh l trn ch l iu kin cn m khng phi iu kin hm s l kh
tch, ngha l tn ti hm s b chn m khng kh tch. V d, ta hy xt hm Dirichlet
D: R R c cho di dng:
1 nu hu t
( )
0 nu v t
x
D x
x

Vi a b, hm D khng kh tch trn [a,b], bi v vi phn im T = { }
k
x ty :
1
1
1 1 2
1
1 1
1
( )( )
( ) ,nu , ,..., hu t

0.( ) 0,nu ... v t .
n
n k k k
k
n
k k n
k
n
k k n
k
D x x
x x b a
x x

=
= =

Do tng tch phn
n
khng th tin n gii hn hu hn.
6.2.2 Cc tng Darboux
Gi s hm f xc nh v b chn trn [a,b]. Khi tn ti cc hng s m v M sao cho:
m ( ) f x M, x [a,b] .
Ta xt phn im T = { }
k
x ca on [a,b]. K hiu:
k
m =
1
[ , ]
inf ( )
k k
x x x
f x

,
k
M =
1
[ , ]
sup ( )
k k
x x x
f x

,
k
=
k
M
k
m . i lng
k
gi l dao ng ca f trn
1
[ , ]
k k
x x

. Tng
n
S =
k=1
n
k k
m x

,
n
S =
k=1
n
k k
M x

(6.2.4)
ln lt gi l tng tch phn Darboux di v tng tch phn Darboux trn ca hm ( ) f x
trn on [a,b] tng ng vi phn im T ca on [a,b].
Nu { }
k
x l mt phn im ca on [a,b], ta c bt ng thc sau:

n
S
n

n
S . (6.2.5)


150
150
6.2.3 Cc tnh cht ca tng tch phn Darboux
Tnh cht 1: Tng tch phn Darboux trn (di) tng ng vi phn im { }
k
x ca on
[a,b] l cn trn (di) ng ca cc tng tch phn Riman tng ng vi cch chn cc im
khc nhau
k

[ ]
1
,
k k
x x

, k = 1, n , tc l:
n
S =
1 2
( , ,..., )
sup
n
n

,
n
S =
1 2
( , ,..., )
inf
n
n

. (6.2.6)
Do bt ng thc (6.2.5) ta ch cn chng minh rng c th tm c:
*
1
,
*
2
,...,
*
n
sao
cho:
*
1
( )
n
k k
k
f x
=

>
n
S .
Tht vy, theo nh ngha cc s
k
M , ta c th tm c *
k

[ ]
1
,
k k
x x

sao cho:
( * )
k
f >
k
M
b a

.
Khi :
*
1
( )
n
k k
k
f x
=

>
1
n
k k
k
M x
=

b a

1
n
k
k
x
=

=
n
S
suy ra phn u ca tnh cht 1 c chng minh. Phn th hai c chng minh tng t.
Tnh cht 2: Khi tng s im chia trong phn im T = { }
k
x th tng tch phn Darboux di
tng ln v tng trn gim i.
Chng minh: Gi s T nhn c t T bi thm im chia '
i
x
[ ]
1
,
i i
x x

. Khi :
n
=
#
( )
j j
j i
f x

+ ( )
i i
f x .
Theo nh ngha:
( )
n
S T =
#
j j
j i
m x

+
1
( )
i i i
m x x

,
trong :
[ ]
1
,
inf
i i
i
x x
m f

= .
( )
n
S T =
#
j j
j i
m x

+
1
* ( ' ) ** ( ' )
i i i i i i
m x x m x x

+
trong :
[ ]
1
, '
* inf
i i
i
x x
m f

= ,
[ ] ' ,
** inf =
i i
x x
m f .
Do *
i
m
i
m , **
i
m
i
m nn:
( ')
n
S T
#
j j
j i
m x

+
1
( ' ) ( ' )
i i i i i i
m x x m x x

+ = ( )
n
S T .
Tng t, ta chng minh: ( ') ( ) n n S T S T .




151
151
Tnh cht 3: Gi 1
1
, S S l tng di, tng trn ng vi phn im
1
T v 2
2
, S S l tng di,
tng trn ng vi phn im
2
T . Khi : 2
1
S S .
Chng minh:
Gi T phn im th ba c c bng cch hp tp cc im chia ca phn im
1
T v
ca phn im
2
T . Gi S , S ln lt l tng trn tng di ca phn im T. Khi :
2
1
S S S S .
Suy ra:
2
1
S S .
T tnh cht 2 v tnh cht 3 suy ra rng tp hp cc tng tch phn di { }
n
S ng vi cc
phn im T khc nhau ca on [a,b] l mt tp hp b chn trn, (v d bi tng tch phn
trn bt k) nn c cn trn ng hu hn:
{ }
* *
sup ,
n n
I S I S = . (6.2.7)
Tng t tp hp cc tng trn
{ }
n S b chn di, nn n c cn di ng:

{ }
* * *
*
inf , n n I S I S I I = v (6.2.8)
Hin nhin ta c bt ng thc:

*
*
n
n
S I I S . (6.2.9)
6.2.4 Du hiu tn ti ca tch phn xc nh
nh l 6.2.4 hm b chn ( ) f x kh tch trn on [a,b] iu kin cn v l:
max
k
k
d x = ,
( )
0
lim 0 n
n
d
S S

= . (6.2.10)
iu kin (6.2.10) ngha l:
0, ( ) 0 > = > , sao cho nu < d th:
< n
n
S S . (6.2.11)
khng ph thuc vo cch chn cc im
1,

k k k
x x .
Chng minh:
iu kin cn: Gi s ( ) f x kh tch trn [a,b], khi tn ti gii hn:
0
lim

=
n
d
I { } =
k
T x ,
1, k k k
x x



, 1, k n =
tc l
2

, 0 > sao cho nu d < th

152
152
2 2
n
I I

< < + T (6.2.12)
1 2
, ...,
n
.
T tnh cht 1 v tnh cht 2
1 1,
n
[ , ]
inf sup
2 2





+
k k k k k k
n
x x x x
I I (6.2.13)
2 2

+
n n
I S S I . (6.2.14)
T (6.2.13) v (6.2.14)
0 < n
n
S S T sao cho < d suy ra
( )
0
lim 0 n
n
d
S S

= .
iu kin : Gi s:
( )
0
lim 0 n
n
d
S S

= . (6.2.15)
Khi tn ti gii hn:
0 0
lim lim n
n
d d
S S

= (6.2.16)
T y vi (6.2.9) suy ra:
*
*
I I =
t: I =
*
*
I I =
Ta nhn c: n
n
S I S (6.2.17)
Mt khc: n
n n
S S
[ ]
1
,
k k k
x x

(6.2.18)
Suy ra:
( )
n n
n n n
S S I S S { }
k
T x = ,
[ ]
1
,
k k k
x x


Theo (6.2.16) ta thu c
0
lim

=
n
d
I , tc l tch phn xc nh tn ti.
6.3 Cc lp hm kh tch
Trong phn ny chng ta xt mt vi lp hm kh tch, tc l cc hm m tch phn xc
nh ca n tn ti. Trc ht ta hy vit iu kin (6.2.10) di dng khc.
K hiu
k k k
M m = , ta c
( )
1 1
n n
n
n k k k k k
k k
S S M m x x

= =

.
T y ta suy ra iu kin (6.2.10) c dng:

1
0
lim 0
n
k k k
d
x
=

= . (6.3.1)


153
153
nh l 6.3.1 Nu ( ) f x lin tc trn [a,b] th ( ) f x kh tch trn [a,b].
Chng minh: Do ( ) f x lin tc trn [a,b] nn lin tc u trn [a,b], tc l: 0 > , 0 >
, [a,b] x x sao cho x x < th ( ) ( ) f x f x < .
V th, 0 > , c th tm c 0 > sao cho nu chia on [a,b] thnh nhng an nh
c di
k
x < ( 1, ) k n = , th tt c:
k
b a

<

( 1, ) k n = .
T y i vi phn im bt k { }
k
x vi ng knh d< ta c:
1
n
k k
k
x
=

<
b a

1
n
k
k
x
=

=
b a

( b a ) = .
Theo nh l 2 6.2.2 hm ( ) f x kh tch trn [a.b].
iu kin ca nh l 1 l qu kht khe i vi hm di du tch phn. Chng ta hy
pht biu( khng chng minh) cc nh l yu cu nhng iu kin tn ti yu hn ca tch
phn xc nh.
nh l 6.3.2 Hm b chn v c cng lm mt s hu hn im gin on loi mt trn [a,b]
th kh tch trn [a,b].
V d 1: Xt hm s
1 khi 0
0 khi 0
1 khi 0

x >
y x =
x <

trn on [1,1] (Hnh 6.3.1)
Hm s y ch c mt im gin on loi mt x = 0. Theo nh l trn n kh tch. V
phng din hnh hc r rng rng:
I=
1
2 1
1
0 ydx S S

= =

.

Hnh 6.3.1


154
154
T v d trn, ta thy rng tnh lin tc ca hm s di du tch phn khng phi l iu
kin cn hm s kh tch.
nh l 6.3.3 Hm ( ) f x n iu, b chn trn [a,b] th kh tch trn on ny .
V d 2: Tnh tch phn I =
b
x
a
e dx

(0 < a < b).

Gii: Bi v hm f =
x
e lin tc trn [a,b], nn theo nh l 6.3.1 tch phn trn tn ti.
tnh tch phn ta hy chia on [a,b] thnh n phn bng nhau.
i
b a
x x
n

= = .
Khi max 0
i
x khi n , ta chn
1
a x = + ,
2
2 a x = + ,...,
i
a i x = + ,,
( )
1
1
n
a n x

= + ,
n
a n x = +
v lp tng tch phn:
1 1
0 0
( )
n n
a i x
n i i
i i
f x e x

+
= =
= =



( )
( )
1 2
...
a n x a a x a x
x e e e e
+ + +
= + + + +
n
=
( )
( )
1
1 ...
n x a x
e x e e

+ + + =
1
1
b a
a
x
e
e x
e

do
b a
x
n

=
n
=
1
1
b a
a
x
e
e x
e

=
1
a b
x
e e
x
e

.
Theo nh ngha:
( ) ( )( )
0
lim 1
1
b
x a b a b
x
x
a
x
e dx e e e e
e

= =

hay
b
x
a
e dx

=
( )
b a
e e .
6.4 Cc tnh cht c bn ca tch phn
6.4.1 Cc tnh cht ca tch phn xc nh



155
155
nh l 6.4.1 (Tnh cht tuyn tnh): Nu f, g l hai hm kh tch trn [a,b] th f g + , trong
, = const, cng kh tch trn [a,b] v:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) + = +

b b b
a a a
f x g x dx f x dx g x dx . ( 6.4.1)
Chng minh: Vi phn im T bt k v vi cch chn ty ( [ ]
1
,
k k k
x x

) ta c
[ ] ( )
0
1
( ) ( ) lim ( )

=
+ = +

b
n
k k k
d
k
a
f x g x dx f g x

0 0
1 1
lim ( ) lim ( )
n n
k k k k
d d
k k
f x f x

= =
= +


Do f, g kh tch trn [a,b] nn:
[ ] ( ) ( )
b
a
f x g x dx +

= ( ) ( )
b b
a a
f x dx g x dx +

, pcm.
nh l 6.4.2 Nu f. g l hai hm kh tch trn [a,b] th tch ca hai hm g. f cng kh tch trn
[a,b].
nh l 6.4.3 (Tnh cht cng ca tch phn): Cho ba on [a,b], [a,c] v [c,b]. Nu ( ) f x kh
tch trn on c di ln nht th n cng kh tch trn hai on cn li v
( ) ( ) ( )
b c b
a a c
f x dx f x dx f x dx = +

. (6.4.2)
Chng minh: a) Trc ht gi s a < c < b v ( ) f x kh tch trn [a,b]. Xt phn im T
trong c c chn lm im chia. Khi :
b c b
k k k k k k
a a c
x x x = +

. (6.4.3)
V 0, 0
k k k k
M m x = > > nn v tri ca (6.4.3) tin ti khng ko theo hai tng v
phi cng dn ti khng. Do f kh tch trn [a,c] v [c,b] .
Mt khc:
( ) ( ) ( )
b c b
k k k k k k
a a c
f x f x f x = +


Trong c hai v ca ng thc trn cho 0 d ta c
( ) ( ) ( )
b c b
a a c
f x dx f x dx f x dx = +

.
b) Gi s b< a < c v ( ) f x kh tch trn [b,c]. Khi theo chng minh trn ( ) f x kh tch
trn [b,a], v [a,c], ta c


156
156
( ) ( ) ( )
c a c
b b a
f x dx f x dx f x dx = +

.
Chuyn v ta c.
( ) ( ) ( )
a c c
b b a
f x dx f x dx f x dx = +


hay ( ) ( ) ( )
b c b
a a c
f x dx f x dx f x dx = +

, (pcm).
nh l 6.4.4: Tnh kh tch v gi tr ca tch phn khng thay i nu ta thay i gi tr ca
n ti mt s hu hn im.
nh l 6.4.5: Gi s ( ) f x kh tch trn [a,b]
a) Nu ( ) f x 0 x [a,b], a<b , th ( ) 0
b
a
f x dx

6.4.4)
b) Nu ( ) f x >0 x [a,b], a<b , th ( )
b
a
f x dx

>0. (6.4.5)
Chng minh: Ta hy chng minh tnh cht a)
Xt tng tch phn bt k ca hm ( ) f x trn [a,b].
1
( )
n
n k k
k
f x
=
=

Bi v ( ) 0
k
f ,
1
0
k k k
x x x

= > , k=1,2,,n
nn
0
lim 0
n
d

v ta c ( ) 0
b
a
f x dx

.
nh l 6.4.6 (Tnh n iu):
Nu
[ ]
( ) ( ), , f x g x x a b th
( ) ( )
b b
a a
f x dx g x dx

. (6.4.6)
Chng minh: Theo gi thit ( ) g x ( ) f x 0 x [a,b] ta c [ ] ( ) ( ) 0
b
a
g x f x dx

.
Mt khc theo tnh cht tuyn tnh
[ ] ( ) ( )
b
a
g x f x dx

= ( )
b
a
g x dx

( )
b
a
f x dx

0.
T y suy ra iu phi chng minh.


157
157
nh l 6.4.7 Nu ( ) f x kh tch trn [a,b], th ( ) f x kh tch trn [a,b] v
( ) ( )
b b
a a
f x dx f x dx

. (6.4.7)
Chng minh: Trc ht ta hy chng minh ( ) f x kh tch. Do
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f x f y f x f y , [a,b] x y , nn
( )
[ ]
[ ]
( )
1
1
k
,
k
,
, ( ) sup ( ) ( )
sup ( ) ( ) ,

=
k k
k k
x x
x x
T f x f x f x
f x f y T f

suy ra:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
k k
1 1
, , , ,
n n
k k
k k
T f T f x T f x T f
= =
= =


T y ta thy:
( ) ( ) 0 lim , lim , 0 T f T f = , nn
( )
lim , T f =0.
Vy f kh tch trn [a,b]
Hn na ( ) ( ) ( ) f x f x f x
Theo nh l 6.4.6. Ta nhn c
( ) ( ) ( )
b b b
a a a
f x dx f x dx f x dx


( ) ( )
b b
a a
f x dx f x dx

(pcm).
nh l 6.4.8 (nh gi tch phn xc nh): Nu m v M tng ng l gi tr nh nht v ln
nht ca hm ( ) f x trn [a,b], a < b, th:
m(ba) ( )
b
a
f x dx

M(ba). (6.4.8)
Chng minh: Theo gi thit ( ) m f x M
[ ]
, x a b
Suy ra: m
b
a
dx

( )
b
a
f x dx

M
b
a
dx

Hay m(ba) ( )
b
a
f x dx

M(b a).


158
158
V d: Chng minh
2
1
0
1
1
x
e dx
e

.
Gii: Do f =
2
x
e

n iu gim trn [0,1] nn

2
1 0 x
e e e


hay
2 1
1
x
e
e

.
T bt ng thc (6.4.8) ta nhn c.
( ) ( )
2
1
0
1
1 0 1 1 0
x
e dx
e

.
6.4.2 Cc nh l gi tr trung bnh
nh l gi tr trung bnh th nht: Gi s ( ) f x l kh tch trn [a,b], (a<b) v
[ ] a,b
inf m f = ,
[ ] ,
s up . =
a b
M f Khi , m M sao cho
( ) ( )
b
a
f x dx b a =

. (6.4.9)
Chng minh: Theo gi thit ( ) 0 M f x v ( ) 0 f x m x [a,b] ta c
( ) ( ) 0

b
a
M f x dx v ( ) ( ) 0

b
a
f x m dx
Suy ra ( ) ( ) ( )
b
a
m b a f x dx M b a

Hay
1
( )
b
a
m f x dx M
b a

.
t
1
( )
b
a
f x dx
b a
=

. (6.4.10)
T y ta thy m M v ( ) ( )
b
a
f x dx b a =

. S c xc nh bi cng thc
(6.4.10) c gi l gi tr trung bnh ca hm ( ) f x trn [a,b].
H qu: Nu ( ) f x lin tc trn [a,b] th c [a,b] sao cho
( )( ) ( )
b
a
f x dx f c b a =

. (6.4.11)


159
159
T cng thc (6.4.11) suy ra rng gi tr trung bnh ca hm ( ) f x lin tc trn [a,b]
bng gi tr ( ) f c ca hm di du tch phn, trong c l im no , c thuc on [a,b].
nh l gi tr trung bnh th hai: Gi s
a) ( ) f x v tch ( ) f x ( ) g x kh tch trn [a,b], a<b
b) ( ) m f x M [ , ], x a b
c) ( ) g x khng i du trn [a,b] .
Khi vi m M
( ) ( ) ( )
b b
a a
f x g x dx g x dx =

(6.4.11)
c bit nu ( ) f x lin tc trn [a,b] th vi c[a,b]
( ) ( )
b
a
f x g x dx

= ( ) f c ( )
b
a
g x dx

. (6.4.12)
Chng minh:
Gi s ( ) g x 0 vi a< b.
Khi ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) mg x f x g x Mg x ,
Suy ra: m ( )
b
a
g x dx

( ) ( )
b
a
f x g x dx

M ( )
b
a
g x dx

. (6.4.13)
Ngoi ra do ( ) g x 0 nn ( )
b
a
g x dx

0.
a) Nu ( )
b
a
g x dx

=0, cng thc (6.4.11) hin nhin ng

b) Nu ( )
b
a
g x dx

>0, chia c hai v (6.413) cho ( )

b
a
g x dx

ta c
1
( ) ( )
( )
b
b
a
a
m f x g x dx M
g x dx

.
t
( ) ( )
( )
b
a
b
a
f x g x dx
g x dx
=

, ta c m M suy ra iu phi chng minh

6.5 Nguyn hm v tch phn xc nh


160
160
Trong v d 1 ca mc 6.1 v v v d 2 ca mc 6.3 ta thy rng nu ch dng nh ngha
tnh tch phn xc nh th khi lng tnh ton rt cng knh. Trong mc ny ta s a ra
cch tnh tch phn thun tin hn.
6.5.1 Cc nh ngha
nh ngha 1 Cho hm f: [a,b] R
Hm s kh vi F: [a,b] R gi l nguyn hm ca ( ) f x trn [a,b] nu
( ) ( ) F x f x = x [a,b] (6.5.1)
Tp hp tt c cc nguyn hm ca ( ) f x , k hiu l
( ) f x dx

(6.5.2)
gi l tch phn khng xc nh ca ( ) f x .
nh ngha 2 Cho ( ) f x kh tch trn [a,b], khi x [a,b] hm ( ) f x kh tch trn [a,x]
(hnh 6.5.1). Ta c th xt hm s :[a,b] R cho bi
( ) ( )
x
a
x f t dt =

. (6.5.3)
Hm ( ) x gi l tch phn xc nh nh hm ca cn trn.

Hnh 6.5.1
6.5.2 Tch phn xc nh nh hm ca cn trn
nh l 6.5.1 Nu f(x) lin tc trn [a,b] th l mt nguyn hm ca f, tc l
( ) x = ( ) f x x [a,b]. (6.5.4)
Chng minh: Cho x [a,b], vi h b theo nh l trung bnh th nht ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+
+ =

x h x
a a
x h x f t dt f t dt ( )
+
=

x h
x
f t dt
[ ]
( ) ( ) ( ) . + = x h x f c h h (6.5.5)


161
161
trong
[ ]
( ) , c h x x h +
Suy ra
( )
( )
0 0
( )
( ) lim lim
h h
x h x
x f c h
h

+
= = =

( ) f x (khi ( ) 0, h c h x )
Vy ( ) x l nguyn hm ca ( ) f x .
nh l 6.5.2 Nu ( ) f x kh tch trn [a,b] th ( ) x lin tc trn [a,b]
Chng minh: Ly x ty , x[a,b] . Cho x mt s gia ty x h = sao cho x + h[a,b]. Khi
theo nh ngha ta c:
( ) x h + ( )
x h
a
f t dt
+
=

= ( )
x
a
f t dt

+ ( )
x h
x
f t dt
+
=

( ) x + ( )
x h
x
f t dt
+

Theo nh l gi tr trung bnh:
( ) x h + ( ) x ( )
+
=

x h
x
f t dt = h (6.5.6)
trong m M vi
[ ]
in =
x,x+h
m f ,
[ ]
sup =
x,x+h
M f
Gi
[ ]
[ ]
,
,
in , sup = =
a b
a b
m f M f . Hin nhin m M . By gi cho 0 h , hin nhin c:
( ) x h + ( ) x 0 , hay l ( ) x h + ( ) x , iu ny chng t tnh lin tc ca ( ) x .
nh l 6.5.3 Gi s ( ) f x lin tc trn [a,b], cn ( ) F x l mt nguyn hm ca ( ) f x . Khi :
( )
b
a
f x dx

= ( ) ( ) ( ) =
b
a
F b F a F x (6.5.7)
Chng minh: Ta thy ( ) x = ( )
x
a
f t dt

l mt nguyn hm ca f. Do : R C sao cho

( )
x
a
f t dt

( ) F x = +C. (6.5.8)

Thay x = a vo (6.5.8) ta c C = ( ) F a . Do
( )
x
a
f t dt

( ) ( ) F x F a = . (6.5.9)
Thay x = b vo (6.5.9) ta c
( )
b
a
f x dx

= ( ) ( ) F b F a
Cng thc (6.5.7) gi l cng thc Newton Leibnitz.
V d 1:


162
162
1
1
2
2
0
0
1 1 2 1
1
l n l n( ) l n
dx
x x
x
= + + = +
+

1 2 l n( ) = + .
V d 2: Tm gi tr trung bnh ca hm y = sinx trn on
[ ] 0, , ta c
( )
0
0
1 1 2
( ) si n os f c xdx c

= = =

x .
V d 3: Tnh o hm ca tch phn sau
a)
2
si n
x
a
d
t dt
dx

b)
2
1
b
a
d
t dt
da
+

c)
2
si n
b
a
d
x dx
dx

.
Gii: a)
2
si n
x
a
d
t dt
dx

=
2
si n x .
b)
2
1
b
d
t dt
da
a
+

=
2 2
1 1
a
b
d
t dt a
da

+ = +

.
c)
2
si n
b
a
d
x dx
dx

= 0.
6.6 Tnh tch phn xc nh
6.6.1 Php i bin trong tch phn xc nh
Gi s tnh tch phn ( )
b
a
f x dx

, trong ( ) f x lin tc trn [a,b] ta cn a vo bin s

mi
( ) x t = ,
[ ]
, t (6.6.1)
trong ( ) t l hm kh vi lin tc trn
[ ] , v ( ) a = , ( ) b = .
Gi s ( ) F x l nguyn hm ca ( ) f x , tc l ( ) f x dx

( ) F x = +C.
S dng php i bin (6.6.1) ta c dx = ( ) t dt v
[ ] [ ] ( ) ( ) ( ) f t t dt F t C = +

.
S dng cng thc Newton Leibnitz ta c
( )
b
a
f x dx

= ( )
b
a
F x = ( ) ( ) F b F a (6.6.2)
v
[ ] [ ] ( ) ( ) ( ) f t t dt F t

163
163
=
[ ] [ ] ( ) ( ) F F = ( ) ( ) F b F a (6.6.3)
T (6.6.2) v (6.6.3) suy ra cng thc
( )
b
a
f x dx

=
[ ] ( ) ( )

f t t dt . (6.6.4)
V d 1: a) Tnh tch phn
2 2 2
1
0
a
I x a x dx =

t: .sin , . ostdt x a t dx a c = =
( )
4 4 2 2 2
4 2 2 2
0 0 0
I=a sin os sin 2 1 os4t
4 8
a a
tc tdt tdt c dt

= = =


=
4 4
2
0
sin 4
8 4 16

=


a t a
t .
b)
2
2
2
0
sinx.cos I xdx

.
Ta thy
1
0 1 3 2
2 2
2
0 1 0 0
1
os dcos
3 3

= = = = =

u
I c x x u du u du .
c) Tnh
( )
2 3
3 2
4
1 tg
1 tg

+
=
+

x
I dx
x

t
2
1
tg arctgu, d =
1+u
= = u x x x du
( ) ( )
3
3 3 2
3 2 2 2
1 1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
u du du
I
u u
u u
+
= = =
+ +
+ +


1 1 2 3
2 2 3 1

= =

+

.
d) Tnh
2
4
0
2 os +3

dx
I
c x
. t tg
2
=
x
t 2arctg , = x t
2
2
d =
1+
x
t

1 1
2
4 2 2
0 0
2
2
2
1
1 5
2 3
1
t
I dt dt
t t
t
+
= =
+
+
+




164
164
1
0
2 2 1
arctg arctg
5 5 5 5
t
= =
e) Tnh
2
5 2 2 2 2
0
sin os
dx
I
a x b c x

=
+

(a,b>0)
5
I
( )
2
2 2 2 2
0
cos tg

=
+

dx
x a x b
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2
0 0
2
tg 1 tg
b tg +b
tg +

= =

d x d x
a x a
x
a

2
2
0
1 1 tg 1
. .arctg 0
2 2

= = =





x
b b
a ab ab
a a
.
6.6.2 Php ly tch phn tng phn
Gi s ( ) u x v v( ) x l hai hm kh vi lin tc trn [a,b]. Ta c ( ) v v v

= + u u u T y
v ( v) v

= u u u .
Ly tch phn hai v ca cng thc ny t a n b ta nhn c
( ) v v v

=

b b b
a a a
u dx u dx u dx .
hay
v v v =

b b
b
a
a a
ud u du . (6.6.5)
Cng thc (6.6.5) c gi l cng thc tch phn tng phn.
V d 2: a) Tnh
4
1 3
0
sin
cos

x x
I dx
x

t
-3
3 3 2
sin sin 1
, cos cos =
os cos 2cos
= = = =

x x
u x dv dx v dx xd x
c x x x

4
4
4
1 2 2 0
0 0
1 1 1 1
tg
2cos 2 cos 4 2 4 2

= = =

x
I dx x
x x
.
b) Tnh
1
2
0
( ) I xf x dx =

165
165
1 1
1 1
2
0 0
0 0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) = = =

I xd f x xf x f x dx f x f x
(1) (1) (0) f f f = + .
c) Tnh
1
4
3
0
arcsin I xdx =

t arcsin sin , ostdt t x x t dx c = = =
2 2
4 4
3
0 0
ost dsin I t c dt t t

= =

2
4 3
2
0
0
sin 4 sin t t t tdt

=


4
2
3
4 cos
16
0

= +

t d t
4 4 2 2
3 2 2
2
3
0
0 0
4 ost 3 ost 12 sin
16 16
|

= + =




I t c t c dt t d t
4 4 2 2
2 2
0
0 0
12 sin 2 sin 3 24 os
16 16

= =




t t t tdt tdc t
4 4 2 2
2 2
2
0
0 0
3 24. cos ost 3 24 ost
16 16

= = +




t t c dt c dt

4
2
3
3 24
16

= + I
V d 3: Tnh tch phn
( )
2 2
a
n
a
I x a dx

vi n nguyn dng
Gii: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
1
+

= + = +
+

a a
n n n n
a a
I x a x a dx x a d x a
n

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 1
1
+ +

= + +

+

a
a
n n n n
a
a
x a x a n x a x a dx
n

( )( )
( ) ( )
1 2
1 2
+

= +
+ +

a
n n
a
n
I x a d x a
n n

( )( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 2 2
1
1 2
+ +

= + +

+ +

a
a
n n n n
a
a
n
x a x a n x a x a dx
n n



166
166
.
( )
( )
( )( ) ( )
2 1
1 !
1 2 ... 2 1
+

+
=
+ + +
a
n
n
a
x a
n
n n n

( )
( )
( )( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2 1
2 2 1
2 1 ! 2
1 !
1 2 ... 2 1 2 1 !
+
+

= =
+ + + +
n
n n
n
a n a
I n
n n n n
.
V d 4: Xy dng cng thc truy hi cho cc tch phn
2
0
sin
n
n
I xdx

v
2
0
os
n
n
J c xdx

.
Gii: Trong tch phn
n
J ta s dng php i bin

2
x t dx dt

= = , ta c
0
2
0
2
os sin
2
n n
n n
J c t dt tdt I

= = =




V l do ta ch xy dng cng thc truy hi cho tch phn
n
I
2 2
1 1
0 0
sin sin sin cos
n n
n
I x xdx xd x


= =


( )
2
1 2
2
0
0
sin cos 1 cos sin cos
n n
n
I x x n x x xdx

( ) ( )
2
2 2
0
1 sin 1 sin

n
n x x dx
Suy ra: ( ) ( )
2
1 1
n n n
I n I n I

= hay
2
1
n n
n
I I
n

=
T y ta nhn c cng thc:
2 2
2
0 0
1
sin sin
n n
n
xdx xdx
n

=

vi n>1. (6.6.6)
p dng lin tip cng thc (6.6.6) i vi tch phn v phi ta c


167
167
2 2
2
0 0
2 1 2 3 3 1
sin . ... .
2 2 2 4 2
m
m m
xdx dx
m m


=

2 2
2 1
0 0
2 2 2 4 2
sin . ... . sin
2 1 2 1 5 3
m
m m
xdx xdx
m m

+

=
+


2
2
0
2 1 2 3 3 1
sin . ... . .
2 2 2 4 2 2

m
m m
xdx
m m
(6.6.7)
V
2
2 1
0
2 2 2 4 2
sin . ... .
2 1 2 1 5 3
m
m m
xdx
m m

+

=
+

. (6.6.8)
V d 5: Xy dng cng thc truy hi cho tch phn:
2
a
0
sin

x n
n
I e xdx .
Gii: Ta thy
2
a
0
1
sin

=

n x
n
I xde
a

2
a a 1
2
0
0
1
sin sin os

n x x n
xe n e xc xdx
a

2
a
1 a
2
2
0
1
sin os

=

n x
n
e xc xde
a a

a
2
1
=

I e
a
( )
2
a 1 a 2 2 1
2
2
0
0
sin os 1 sin cos sin sin

x n x n n
n
e xc x e n x x x x dx
a

= ( )
2 2
a
a 2 2 a
2
2 2
0 0
1
1 sin os sin

+

x n x n
n n
e n e xc xdx e xdx
a a a

( )
( )
2
a
a 2 2
2
2
0
1
1
sin 1 sin

= +

x n
n
n n
I e e x x dx
a a
2
a
2
0
sin

x n
n
e xdx
a

( )
2
a
a 2
2
2
0
1
1
sin

= +

x n
n
n n
I e e xdx
a a

( )
2 2
a a
2 2
0 0
1
sin sin

x n x n
n n
n
e xdx e xdx
a a



168
168
T y suy ra:
( )
a
2
2 2 2
1
1
n n n
n n
n
I e I I
a a a

= +
hay
( )
2
a
2
2 2 2
1
1
1
n n
n n
n
I e I
a a a

+ = +



( )
a
2
2 2 2 2 2
1
.
n n
n n
ae
I I
a n a n

= +
+ +

Do
( )
a
2 2
2
a a 2
2 2 2 2
0 0
1
sin sin

= +
+ +

x n x n
n n
ae
e xdx e xdx
a n a n
(6.6.9)
6.6.3 Tnh gn ng tch phn xc nh
Trong thc t ta thng gp phi nhng tch phn khng th tnh theo cng thc Newton-
Leibnitz. Do mt vn t ra l hy tm cch tnh gn ng tch phn xc nh min l t c
chnh xc thch hp v cch tnh n gin.
A) Cng thc hnh thang
Gi s cn tnh tch phn ( )
b
a
I f x dx =

, trong ( ) f x l mt hm s xc nh v lin tc
trn [a,b] .Chia on [a,b] thnh n on con bng nhau bi cc im chia:
0 1
, ,..., ,...,
k n
x a x a h x a kh x b = = + = + = ,
1
, 1, .

= = = =
k k k
b a
h x x x k n
n

Ti cc im chia ta tnh ( ) f x v t ( )
k k
y f x = , 1, k n = (xem hnh 6.6.1 )

Hnh 6.6.1



169
169
x
0
a x =
1
x ...
k
x ...
n
x b =
y
0
y
1
y ...
k
y ...
n
y
Ta c:
1 2
0 1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ... ( )
n
n
x x x b
a x x x
f x dx f x dx f x dx f x dx

= + + +

.
Trong mi on con hm ( ) f x c thay bng mt ng thng ni cc gi tr ti cc
u nt. Kt qu l:
( )
1
0
0 1 0 1
1 0
( )
2 2
x
x
y y y y
f x dx x x h
+ +
= =

.
Tng t:
2
1
1 2
( )
2
x
x
y y
f x dx h
+
=

,,
1
1
( )
2
k
k
x
k k
x
y y
f x dx h

+
=

1
1
( )
2
n
n
x
n n
x
y y
f x dx h

+
=

Cng cc tch phn ni trn li vi nhau ta c:
0 1 2 1
1 1
( ) ...
2 2
b
n n
a
f x dx h y y y y y

+ + + + +

(6.6.10)
trong
b a
h
n

=
Gi biu thc v phi ca (6.6.10) l
T
I ta c cng thc:
0
1 2 1
...
2
n
T n
y y
I I h y y y

+
= + + + +


. (6.6.11)
Cng thc (6.6.11) gi l cng thc hnh thang .
Nu hm di du tch phn ( ) f x c o hm cp 2 lin tc trn [a,b], cng thc trn
mc phi sai s l:
( )
( )
3
2 2
2 2
12 12
T
n T
b a M
R I I M h b a
n

= = , (6.6.12)
trong
[ ]
2
,
max ( )

=
x a b
M f x .
V d 1: Tnh gn ng tch phn
5
2
1
I x dx =

theo cng thc hnh thang vi cch phn on

ly tch phn thnh 8 phn bng nhau. So snh kt qu nhn c vi gi tr chnh xc ca
tch phn tnh theo cng thc Newton-Leibnitz.


170
170
Gii: Theo cng thc Newton-Leibnitz
5
5 3
2
1 1
124
41, 33.
3 3
x
I x dx = = = =

Ta hy chia on [1,5] thnh 8 phn bng nhau, khi
5 1
0, 5
8
h

= = .
Honh cc im chia v tung tng ng ca hm di du tch phn c cho
trong bng sau.
k
0 k
x x kh = +
2
k k
y x =
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
4,5
5
1
2,25
4
6,25
9
12,25
16
20,25
25
Theo cng thc (6.6.11) ta nhn c:
0 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0.5
2
+
= + + + + + + +


T
y y
y y
I y y y y y
1 25
0.5 2, 25 4 6, 25 9 12, 25 16 20, 25 41, 50
2
+
= + + + + + + + =




B. Cng thc Simpson: Chia on [a,b] thnh 2n khong bng nhau bi cc im chia:
0 1 2 2
... ...
k n
a x x x x x b = < < < < < = = ,
k
x a kh = + ,
2
b a
h x
n

= =
Ti cc im chia
i
x ta tnh ( )
i
f x v t ( )
i i
f x y = . Khi ta c:
2 1 2 1 2
0 1 2 2 2 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ... ( ) ( )
n n
n n
x x x x b
a x x x x
I f x dx f x dx f x dx f x dx f x dx

= = + + + +


2 2 4
0 2 2 2
( ) ( ) ... ( )
n
n
x x x
x x x
I f x dx f x dx f x dx

= + + +

.


171
171
tnh
2
0
( )
x
x
f x dx

ta thay ( ) f x bng parabn c a khp vo cc im c honh

:
0 1 2
, , 2 . x a x a h x a h = = + = +
thun tin ta tnh tin song song trc Oy n trng vi ng thng
1
x x = v xp x
f(x) bng parabon
2
. y x x = + + i qua cc im ( ) ( ) ( )
0 1 2
, , 0, , , A h y B y C h y
Ta c (xem hnh v 6.6.2):
( )
2
0
3 2
2
( )
3 2
h
x h
x h
h
x x
f x dx x x dx x

+ + = + +




( )
3 2
2 2 2 6
3 3
h
h h h

= + = + (6.6.13)
Bi v parabon i qua 3 im A,B,C nn:
2
0
= + + y h h ,
2
1 2
, y y h h = = + + (6.6.14)
T (6.6.14) suy ra:
2
0 1 2
4 2 6 y y y h + + = + (6.6.15)
T y v (6.6.13) suy ra:
( )
2
0
0 1 2
( ) 4
3
x
x
h
f x dx y y y + +

(6.6.16)

Hnh 6.6.2
Cng lm tng t nh vy i vi hai di sau ta thu c:
( )
4
2
2 3 4
( ) 4
3
x
x
h
f x dx y y y + +

(6.6.17)
2
2
2 2 2 1 2
( ) ( 4 )
3
n
n
x
n n n
x
h
f x dx y y y

+ +

. (6.6.18)
i vi hai di sau cng ta thu c:


172
172
( )
b
S
a
f x dx I =

( ) ( ) ( )
0 2 1 3 2 1 2 4 2 2
4 ... 2 ...
3

= + + + + + + + + +

n n n
h
y y y y y y y y
vi
2
b a
h
n

= (6.6.19)
Cng thc (6.6.19) gi l cng thc Simpson. Ngi ta cng chng minh c rng:
vi ( )
(4)
4
x [a,b]
max

= M f x , ( )
4
4
180
S
n S
h
R I I M b a = (6.6.20)
V d 2: Tnh tch phn
5
2
1
I x dx =

theo cng thc Simpson vi cch phn on ly tch

phn thnh 8 phn bng nhau.
Gii y 2n = 8 n = 4. Ta c:
( ) ( )
5
2
0 8 1 3 5 7 2 4 6
1
4 2 x dx y y y y y y y y y + + + + + + + +


Theo bng trn:
5
2
1
x dx

1
6
[1+25+4(2,25+6,25+12,25+20,25)+2(4+9+16)]=41,33.
6.7 Mt s ng dng hnh hc, vt l ca tch phn xc nh
6.7.1 Tnh din tch hnh phng
A. Trong h ta Descartes
a) T bi ton tnh din tch hnh thang cong, ta bit din tch ca hnh thang cong gii
hn bi cc ng thng 0 y = , x=a, x=b v ng cong lin tc y=f(x), f(x)0 trn on
[a,b] cho bi cng thc:
( )
b
a
S f x dx =

. (6.7.1)
Nu: ( ) 0, [a,b] f x x th:
( )
b
a
S f x dx =

(6.7.2)


173
173

Hnh 6.7.1 Hnh 6.7.2
Do trong mi trng hp vi ( ) f x lin tc trn [a,b], ta c (xem hnh 6.7.1)
( )
b
a
S f x dx =

(6.7.3)
b) Trong trng hp hnh phng c gii hn bi cc ng , x a x b = = , y=f
1
(x),
2
( ) y f x = vi
1 2
( ), ( ) f x f x l hai hm s lin tc trn [a,b] th (xem hnh 6.7.2)
1 2
( ) ( ) =

b
a
S f x f x dx
c) Nu ng cong cho di dng ( ) = x y , vi ( ) y lin tc trn [c,d], th din tch
hnh phng gii hn bi cc ng cong y=c, y=d, x=0 v ng cong ( ) = x y (xem hnh
6.7.3) c tnh theo cng thc:
( ) =

d
c
S y dy (6.7.5)

Hnh 6.7.3





174
174


Hnh 6.7.4 Hnh 6.7.5
V d 1: Tnh din tch ca hnh phng gii hn bi cc ng:
2
1
, , y x y
x
= = 0, 3 y x = =
(xem hnh 6.7.4)
Gii: Ta c th phn hnh thang cong cho bng ng x=1 thnh hai phn din, tch
ca mi phn c th d dng tnh theo cng thc:
3
1 3
1 2 2
1 0 1
1 1 1 2
, ,
2 3
S xdx S dx
x x
= = = = =


Da vo tnh cht cng ca din tch ta c:

1 2
7
6
S S S = + = .
V d 2: Tnh din tch ca hnh phng c gii hn bi cc ng , 2, 0 y x y x = = =
(Hnh 6.7.5)
Gii: Ta ch rng nu b sung vo hnh phng cho hnh thang cong pha di ta c
hnh ch nht din tch l 8 v th:
4
0
8
8
3
S xdx = =

V d 3: Tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn bi cc ng
1
y x = v
2
2
2 y x = (Hnh
6.7.6)

Hnh 6.7.6


175
175

Gii: Cn tch phn l honh giao im ca cc th cho, tc l nghim ca h phng
trnh:

{
2
2
y x
y x
=
=

Gii h trn ta thy:
1 2
2, 1 x x = = ,
( )
1
2
2
9
2
2
S x x dx

= =

.
d) Nu ng cong cho di dng tham s ( ), x t = ( ) = y t vi [ , ] t , trong
( ) t , ( ) t , (t) l cc hm lin tc trn [ , ] .
Din tch hnh cong cng c tnh theo cng thc (6.7.3) trong y= ( ) f x c thay
i ( ) = y t , dx c thay i bi dx = (t) dt, cn hai cn a,b c thay i bi hai cn mi
ln lt l nghim ca cc phng trnh ( ), ( ) = = a b .
( ). ( )

S t t dt . (6.7.6)
V d 4: Tnh din tch ca hnh elip

2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
+ (6.7.7)
Xt phng trnh tham s ca ng elip (xem hnh 6.7.7)
cos , sin , 0 2 = = x a t y b t t
Khi x trong on [0,a] th tham s t thay i t
2

n 0. Ta c:
( )( )
0
2
2
1
0
2
4 4 | sin asint | 4 sin

= = = =

S S b t dt ab tdt ab .

r r ( ) =

Hnh 6.7.7 Hnh 6.7.8


176
176
B) Trong h ta cc
Gi s ng cong gii hn hnh phng cho trong h ta cc, ngi ta gi hnh qut
cong l mt hnh gii hn bi hai tia i qua cc v ng cong, m mi tia i qua cc ct
ng cong khng qu mt im. By gi ta hy tnh din tch ca hnh qut cong gii hn
bi hai tia , ( ) = = < v cung

AB ca ng cong ( ) = r r trong ( ) r l mt
hm s lin tc trn [ , ] (xem hnh 6.7.8).
Chia gc

AOB thnh n gc nh c k hiu l , 1, =

i
i n . Nh vy hnh qut cong
c chia thnh n hnh qut cong nh c din tch , 1, =
i
S i n .
Gi s OKL l hnh qut nh th i, din tch ca n xp x bng din tch hnh qut trn
c cng gc tm
i
v c bn knh l ( ) =
i
r r , trong +
i i i i
, ngha l:
2
1
( )
2

i i i
S r .
Do din tch hnh qut cong cho xp x bng:
( )
2
1
1
2

=

n
i i
i
r .
Xp x cng tt nu n cng ln sao cho
i
cng nh, do din tch S ca hnh qut
theo nh ngha tch phn xc nh l:
( )
2
1
2

=

S r d . (6.7.8)
V d 5: Tnh din tch ca hnh trn bn knh R. Phng trnh ca ng trn trong ta
cc l r = R: (xem hnh 6.7.9)

Hnh 6.7.9
Gii: Dng cng thc (6.7.7) ta c
2
2 2
1
0
1
4 4.
2

= = =

S S R d R .
V d 6: Tnh din tch ca hnh gii hn bi ng os2 = a c (xem hnh 6.7.10)



177
177
Gii:
1
4 = = S S
1
4.
2
4
2 2
0
os2 d

a c a .

Hnh 6.7.10
6.7.2 Tnh di ng cong phng
a) Cho cung

AB xc nh bi phng trnh ( ) = y f x , trong f(x) lin tc v c o hm

lin tc trn [a,b] (Hnh 6.7.11).


Hnh 6.7.11
Ly trn cung

AB nhng im ( ) ( )
0 0, 0
, M x f x
( )
1 1, 1
( ) , M x f x
( )
,
..., ( ) ,
i i i
M x f x
( )
,
..., ( )
n n n
M x f x vi
0
, = x a ..., =
n
x b .
di l ca cung

AB l gii hn ca di ng gy khc
0 1 1
... ...
i i n
M M M M M , khi s
cnh ca ng gp khc tng v hn sao cho di cnh ln nht ca n tin ti khng, tc
l:


178
178
1
0
1
lim

=
=

n
i i
i
l M M trong
1
1 i n
max ,


=
i i
M M
2 2
1
( ) ( )

= +
i i i i
M M x y
vi ( ) ( )
1 1
,

= =
i i i i i i
x x x y f x f x
Theo cng thc Lagrange:
( ) ( )
1
( )

= =
i i i i i
y f x f x f x , vi
1

i i i
x x Suy ra:
( )
2
1
1

= +
i i i i
M M f x v ( )
2
0
1
lim 1

=
= +

n
i i
i
l f x .
Theo nh ngha tch phn xc nh:
2
1 ( ) = +

b
a
l f x dx . (6.7.9)
b) Nu ng cong cho di dng tham s ( ), ( ) = = x x t y y t vi [ , ] t .
Thay ( ) = dx x t dt , ( ) = dy y t dt ,
( )
( )
( )

= =

dy y t
f x
dx x t
vo (6.7.8), ta c cng thc:

2 2
( ) ( )

= +

l x t y t dt . (6.7.10)
Nu ng cong cho trong toa cc ( ) = r r trong hm ( ) r v o hm ca n
( ) r lin tc trn [ , ] .
S dng cng thc chuyn t ta cc sang ta
Descartes ( ) os , ( ) sin = = x r c y r . Theo cng thc (6.7.9)
[ ] [ ]
2 2
( ) os ( ) sin ( ) os ( ) sin

= + +

l r c r r c r d ,
T y:
[ ] [ ]
2 2
( ) ( )

= +

l r r d . (6.7.11)


V d 7: Tnh di ng cong cycloide c phng trnh
( sin )
(1 ost)
=

x a t t
y a c
vi 0 2 t (xem hnh 6.7.12)
Theo cng thc (6.7.9)


179
179
2 2
2 2
0 0
(1 ost) sin 2 sin 8
2

= + = =

t
L a c tdt a dt a
Hnh 6.7.12


Hnh 6.7.13 Hnh 6.7.14
V d 8: Tnh di ca ng (1 cos ) = r a (Hnh 6.7.13)
Do tnh i xng ta ch cn tnh di
1
l ca na ng cong. C th:
( )
0
2
2 2 2
1
2 2 sin 1 os = = +

l l a a c d
0
1 os
4
2

=

c
a d
0
4 sin 8
2

= =

a d a .
Ch : Ly im ( ) , ( ) M x f x trn cung

AB , di ca cung

AM bng (xem hnh

6.7.14)
2
1 ( )
x
a
l f t dt = +

.
o hm theo cn trn ta c:
2
1 ( )
dl
f x
dx
= + hay
2
1 ( ) dl f x dx = + (6.7.11)


180
180
V ( )
dy
f x y
dx
= = nn c th vit (6.7.11) di dng:
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
dl dx dy = + . (6.7.12)
Cng thc (6.7.12) c gi l cng thc vi phn cung.
6.7.3 Tnh th tch vt th
a) Tnh th tch vt th khi bit din tch thit din ngang:
Cho mt vt th gii hn bi mt mt cong v hai mt phng x=a, x=b, (a<b) (Hnh
6.7.15)

Hnh 6.7.15
Gi s chng ta bit din tch ca S ca thit din ca vt th trn mt mt phng vung
gc vi trc Ox l ( ) S S x = , trong x l honh ca giao im ca mt phng ct trc Ox.
Gi s ( ) S x l mt hm s lin tc trn on [a,b].
Chia on [a,b] thanh n on nh bi cc im chia
0 1 1
... ...
i i n
a x x x x x b

= < < < < < < = . Qua mi im chia

i
x , 0, i n = ta dng mt mt phng
vung gc vi trc Ox, cc mt phng chia vt th thnh n vt th nh. Trn mi on
[ ]
1
,
i i
x x

, ly mt im
i
ty , dng hnh tr ng gii hn bi cc mt phng x=
1 i
x

, x=
i
x
v mt tr c ng sinh song song vi trc Ox i qua bin ca thit din v. Th tch ca hnh
tr l ( )
i i
S x trong
i
x =
i
x
1 i
x

. Tng th tch ca tt c cc hnh tr l:

( )
1
n
n i i
i
V S x
=
=

.
Gii hn ca tng trn khi n + sao cho max 0
i
x c gi l th tch ca vt th
cho. Theo nh ngha ca tch phn xc nh, gii hn l ( )
b
a
S x dx

. Cui cng th tch

ca vt th ni trn c tnh theo cng thc:


181
181
( )
b
a
V S x dx =

. (6.7.13)
V d 9: Tnh th tch hnh nn bn knh y R v chiu cao h (xem hnh 6.7.16).
Gii: Ta t hnh nn sao cho trc i xng ca n trng vi trc Ox v nh ca n trng
vi gc ta .
y
x
z
S(x)
x
r (x)
R
h
0

Hnh 6.7.16
Gi tit din ca hnh nn ti im c honh
( ) r x
, l ( ) S x . Gi bn knh thit din l
( ) r x .Theo tnh cht ng dng
( )
( )
r x x R
r x x
R h h
= = .
Do :
2
2 2
2
( ) ( )
x
S x r x R
h
= = .
Theo cng thc ( 6.7.13)
2
2 2
2
0
3
h
x h
V R dx R
h
= =

.
b) Th tch vt th trn xoay: Cho hm s ( ) y f x = lin tc trn [a,b].
By gi ta hy tm th tch ca vt th trn xoay c to thnh khi quay hnh thang cong
AabB gii hn bi ng cong ( ) y f x = , x [a,b], trc Ox, cc ng thng x=a, x=b
quanh trc Ox (xem hnh 6.7.17).




182
182
Hnh 6.7.17
Ta thy mt thit din vung gc vi trc Ox u l mt trn c tm nm trn trc Ox v
c bn knh ( ) f x , nn din tch ca thit din ng vi honh x l:
2
( ) ( ) S x f x = .
Khi s dng cng thc (6.7.13) ta suy ra cng thc tnh th tch ca vt th trn xoay:
2
( )
b
a
V f x dx =

. (6.7.14)

Hnh 6.7.18
Tng t, nu hnh thang cong CcdD gii hn bi ng cong ( ), x y y = [c,d], ( ) y
lin tc trn [c,d], trc Oy v cc ng thng y=c, y=d (hnh 6.7.18), th th tch vt th trn
xoay to bi hnh thang cong khi quay n quanh trc Oy c tnh theo cng thc:
2
( )
d
c
V y dy =

. (6.7.15)
V d 8: Tm th tch vt th nhn c khi quay hnh phng c gii hn bi cc ng
y b = v
2 2
2 2
1 =
x y
a b
quay quanh trc Oy ( Hnh 6.7.19) .
Gii: Do tnh i xng ca vt th quay i vi mt phng xoz ta ch cn tnh na
1
V ca
ton b th tch:
2
2 2 2
1 2
0 0
8
2 2 2 1
3
b b
y
V V x dy a dy a b
b


= = = + =



.



183
183

Hnh 6.7.19
6.7.4 Din tch mt trn xoay
a) Cho cung

AB xc nh bi phng trnh ( ) y f x = , x [a,b] trong ( ) f x , ( ) f x

lin tc. Cho cung

AB quay quanh trc Ox, mt to thnh gi l mt trn xoay (Hnh 6.7.20).

Ly trn cung ( ) f x nhng im ( )
0
, ( ) , M A a f a ( )
1 1 1
, ( ) M x f x ,
( )
1 1 1
..., , ( ) ,
i i i
M x f x

... ( ) , ( ) ,
n
M B b f b .
Khi quay quanh trc Ox dy cung
1 i
M
i
M sinh ra mt nn ct c din tch xung quanh
l:
[ ] ( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 1 1
( ) ( ) 1
i i i i i i i
M M f x f x f x f x f x

+ = + +

.
0
y
x
0
M A
n
M B
a
x
i -1
x
i
b
M
i
M
i -1
f(x
i -1
)
f(x
i
)

Hnh 6.20
Din tch mt trn xoay sinh ra bi ng gp khc A
1
M
2
M B, khi n quay quanh
trc Ox bng:
( ) [ ]
2
1
1
1 ( ) ( )
n
i i i i
i
f f x f x x

=
+ +

.


184
184
Gii hn ca tng trn khi max
i
x 0 gi l din tch mt trn xoay. Theo nh ngha
tch phn xc nh:
2
2 ( ) 1 ( )
b
a
S f x f x dx = +

.
Nu f(x) c du bt k ta nh ngha:
2
2 ( ) 1 ( )
b
a
S f x f x dx = +

. (6.7.16)
b) Trong trng hp ng cong c phng trnh ( ) x y = , ( ) y lin tc trn [c,d], din
tch mt trn xoay khi quay cung quanh trc Oy l:
2
2 ( ) 1 ( )
d
c
S y y dy = +

. (6.7.17)
V d 9: Tm din tch ca mt cu bn knh R.
Gii: Mt cu c th xem l mt c sinh ra khi quay na ng trn quanh trc Ox.
Phng trnh ca ng trn bn knh R c dng
2 2 2
x y R + = , nn phng trnh ca na
ng trn pha trn l:
2 2
y R x = ,
2 2
x
y
R x
=

Khi ta c:
2
2 2
2 2
2 1
R
R
x
S R x dx
R x

= +

2
2 4
R
R
Rdx R

= =

V d 10: Tm din tch ca mt sinh ra khi quay quanh trc Oy phn parabon ( )
2
0
2
x
y x =
b ct bi ng thng
3
2
y = (xem hnh 6.7.21).
Gii: Ta c
1
2 ,
2
x y x
y
= =


185
185

Hnh 6.7.21
S dng cng thc (6.7.17) ta c:
3
2
0
1
2 2 1
2
S y dy
y
= + =

3
2
0
14
2 2 1
3
y dy

+ =

.
Cui cng ta hy trnh by mt vi v d ng dng vt l ca tch phn xc nh:
V d 11: Lc y gia hai in tch cng du
1 2
, e e t cch nhau mt khong r c cho bi
cng thc:
1 2
2
e e
F
r
= .
Gi s in tch
1
e c t c nh ti gc ta 0. Hy tnh cng ca lc y F sinh ra
do in tch
2
e di chuyn t im M
1
c honh
1
x n
2
M c honh trn
2
x trc Ox.
Gi ( ) A x l cng ca lc y F sinh ra do
2
e di chuyn t
1
M n M c honh x
(Hnh 6.7.22).

Hnh 6.7.22
Cho x mt s gia kh b dx. V dx kh b nn trong on [x, x+dx] c th coi lc y F
khng i v bng
1 2
2
e e
x
. Do cng ca lc y lm cho
2
e di chuyn t x n x+dx l vi
phn cng
1 2
2
e e
dA dx
x
= . V vy cng ca lc y F sn ra khi
2
e di chuyn t
1
M n
2
M l:
2 2 2
1 1 1
1 2
1 2 1 2 2
1 2
1 1 1
A= =
r r r
r r r
e e
dA dx e e e e
x x r r

= =



.



186
186
V d 12: Mt dng in xoay chiu
0
2
sin i I t
T

= +


chy qua mt on mch c in t
thun R. Hy tnh nhit lng Q ta ra trn mch trong thi gian mt chu k T.
Nhit lng ta ra trong thi gian mt chu k T tnh theo cng thc:

T
2
0
Q Ri dt =

T 2
2 2 0
0
0
2
sin
2
RI
Q RI t dt T
T

= + =

.
V d 13: t vo mt on mch mt hiu in th xoay chiu
0
2
sin u U t
T

= . Khi trong
mch c dng in xoay chiu ,
0
2
sin i I t
T

= +


, vi l lch pha gia dng in v
hiu in th. Hy tnh cng ca dng in xoay chiu thc hin trn on mch trong thi
gian mt chu k T.
Cng ca dng in ni trn c tnh theo cng thc:
0 0
0 0
0 0
2 2
sin .sin os
2
T T
U I
A uidt U I t t dt Tc
T T



= = + =



.
6.8 Tch phn suy rng
Khi nh ngha tch phn ( )
b
a
f x dx

ta gi thit rng:
a) on [a,b] hu hn
b) Hm di du tch phn ( ) f x b chn trong on [a,b]. Nu mt trong hai iu kin
trn khng c tha mn th tch phn c gi l tch phn suy rng. Nu iu kin a)
khng c tha mn th tch phn c gi l tch phn suy rng loai 1 (hay tch phn vi
cn v hn). Nu iu kin b) khng c tha mn , tc l hm di du tch phn c gin
on v hn trong [a,b], th tch phn c gi l tch phn suy rng loi 2 (hay tch phn ca
hm khng b chn).
6.8.1 Tch phn suy rng loi 1
6.8.1.1 nh ngha: Gi s hm s y = f(x) xc nh trong khong m [ , ) a + v kh tch
trong mi on hu hn [a,A] vi A>a.
Xt tch phn: ( ) ( )
A
a
A f x dx =

Nu


187
187
lim ( ) lim ( )
A
A A
a
A f x dx
+ +
=

(6.8.1)
tn ti v hu hn th gii hn c gi l tch phn suy rng loi mt ca hm ( ) f x
trong khong [ , ) a + v k hiu l: ( )
a
f x dx

Khi ta cng ni rng tch phn ( )
a
f x dx

hi t v vit:
( )
a
f x dx

= lim ( )
A
A
a
f x dx
+

(6.8.2)
Nu gii hn (6.8.1) khng tn ti hoc v hn th ta ni rng tch phn ( )
a
f x dx

phn k.
Tng t ta c nh ngha:
( ) lim ( )
a a
A
A
f x dx f x dx

=

(6.8.3)
v ( ) lim ( )
A
A
A A
f x dx f x dx

+

=

(6.8.4)
vi A, A l cc bin c lp vi nhau.
Hin nhin c hai tch phn ( )
a
f x dx

v ( )
a
f x dx

vi a R cng hi t th:
( ) f x dx

= ( )
a
f x dx

+ ( )
a
f x dx
+

. (6.8.5)
Khng gim tnh tng qut sau y ta ch cn xt ( )
a
f x dx

.
V d 1: Xt s hi t ca tch phn
1
a
I dx
x

vi a> 0
Gii: Khi 1 , xt tch phn:

1
1 1
1 1 1 1 1
( )
1 1
A
A
a
a
A dx x
x A a

= = =

1
1 1
khi 1
lim ( ) 1
khi 1

+

>

+ <

A
A a


188
188
Khi: 1 = ,
1
( ) ln ln
A
a
A dx A a
x
= =

( ) lim ( ) lim ln ln
A A
A A a
+ +
= = +
Vy tch phn
1
a
dx
x

vi a>0, hi t khi 1 > v phn k khi 1 . (6.8.6)

V d 2: Tnh tch phn
2
1
dx
I
x x

=
+

Gii: Ta c theo nh ngha:
2 2
1 1
lim

+
=
+ +

A
A
dx dx
x x x x
1 1
lim
1
A A
A
dx dx
x x
+

=

+




1
1
lim ln lim ln ln ln 2
1 1 2
+ +

= = =

+ +

A
A A
x A
x A
.
Do tch phn cho hi t v bng ln2.
V d 3: Tnh tch phn
2 2
2
1
dx
I
x x

Gii: Ta c
2 2 2 2
2 2
lim
1 1
A
A
dx dx
x x x x

+
=



t
1
x
t
= ta c
2
dt
dx
t
= v
1
t
x
= ; nu x =2 th
1
2
t = v x = A th t =
1
A
.
Khi :
1
2 2
1 2 2
2 2 2
lim lim
1 1
1
1
+ +

A A
A A
dx dt
x x
t
t t

( )
2
0 0
2 2
1 1
2 2
1
1 2 3
2 2
1 1
d t
tdt
t t

= =


.
V d 4: Tnh
2
1
dx
I
x

=
+

.
Gii:
0
2 2 2
0
1 1 1


= +
+ + +

dx dx dx
x x x
.
Ta c:
0 0
0
2 2
lim lim arctgx
1 1



= =
+ +
A
A A
A
dx dx
x x
( ) lim arctg
2
A
A

= = .


189
189
2 2 0
0 0
lim lim arctg lim arctg =
1 1 2
A
A
A A A
dx dx
x A
x x

+ + +
= = =
+ +


Vy
2
1
dx
x

=
2

+
2

= .
V d 5: Cho mt im M c khi lng m t ti gc ta ht mt im
1
M c khi lng
1 t cch M mt khong cch x trn trc Ox. Khi lc ht F c xc nh bi cng thc
2
m
F k
x
= , trong k l mt hng s, v cng thc hin khi dch chuyn im M
1
t im
x = n im x = a ( a > > 0) c xc nh bi:
A =
2
1 1
a
m
k dx km
x a

.
Ta ch rng trc tch phn c du v hng ca lc ngc vi hng chuyn ng
ca im M, cng v vy nn cng m. Nu a = + th:
2
m
A k dx
x

= =

m
k

.
Do nu im
1
M ri t v cc n im x = , th lc ht Newton s thc hin mt
cng dng:
m
A k

= ,
n bng th nng tch ly ti im x = . Ngi ta gi n l th nng ca lc ht ca cht
im M ti im x = .
Ta thng gp nhng tch phn suy rng ca nhng hm s m ta khng th biu din
nguyn hm ca n theo nhng hm s cp quen bit. Khi mun bit nhng tch phn
hi t hay phn k, ta cn phi a ra nhng du hiu hi t m khng cn bit nguyn hm
ca n.
nh l 6.8.1 (Tiu chun hi t Cauchy): Tch phn ( )
a
f x dx

hi t khi v ch khi
0
0, > > A a sao cho:
0
( ) ( ) . ,
A A
a a
f x dx f x dx A A A

< >

. (6.8.7)
Chng minh: Xt hm s ( ) ( )
A
a
A f x dx =

. Theo nh ngha tch phn ( )

a
f x dx

hi t khi v
ch khi lim ( )
A
A
+
tn ti v hu hn. Theo tiu chun Cauchy
0
0. A a > > sao cho
( ) ( ) A A <
0
, A A A > ,
hay:


190
190
( ) ( )
A A
a a
f x dx f x dx

<
6.8.1.2 Cc du hiu hi t ca tch phn suy rng loi 1 ca cc hm dng
Gi s ( ) 0 f x vi [a,+ ) x . Khi A > a hm ( ) ( )
A
a
A f x dx =

l hm n iu tng
ca A, nn c gii hn hu hn nu ( ) A b chn trn. T y ta c nh l sau.
nh l 6.8.2 iu kin cn v tch phn suy rng hi t l tch phn ( ) A b chn trn,
tc l L>0 sao cho
( ) A L A a > hay ( )
A
a
f x dx L

A a > . (6.8.8)
nh l 6.8.3 Gi s cc hm f, g kh tch trn mi on [a,A], A > a v 0 ( ) ( ) f x g x
x a . Khi :
a) Nu ( )
a
g x dx

hi t th ( )
a
f x dx

hi t.
b) Nu ( )
a
f x dx

phn k th ( )
a
g x dx

phn k.
Chng minh: a) vi A> a ta c:
( ) ( )
A A
a a
f x dx g x dx

. (6.8.9)
Suy ra lim ( ) lim ( )
A A
A A
a a
f x dx g x dx
+ +

. V vy nu ( )
a
g x dx

hi t, theo nh ngha
lim ( )
A
A
a
g x dx
+

l hu hn, do lim ( )
A
A
a
f x dx
+

cng hu hn v ( )
a
f x dx

hi t .
b) Ngc li nu lim ( )
A
A
a
f x dx
+

= +, theo (6.8.9)
lim ( )
A
A
a
g x dx
+

= +.
Vy tch phn ( )
a
g x dx

phn k.


191
191
H qu: a) nu tn ti cc hng s M > 0 v > 1 sao cho ( )
M
f x
x

0 x a > th
tch phn ( )
a
f x dx

hi t .
b) Nu tn ti hng s M > 0 v 1 sao cho ( )
M
f x
x

0 x a > , th tch phn

( )
a
f x dx

phn k .
V d 6: a) Xt s hi t ca tch phn
1
2 3
1
1 1
dx
I
x x

=
+ +

Gii: Do
2
1 x x + > ,
3
3
1 x x + > nn
3 2
2
3
1 1 1
.
1
1
x
x
x
<
+
+
[1,+ ) x .
Tch phn
2
1
dx
x

hi t nn tch phn
1
I hi t .
b) Nghin cu s hi t ca tch phn
2 3
3
2
1
dx
I
x

.
Gii: Hin nhin
3
3
1 1
1
x
x
>

vi x > 2.
Bi v
1
dx
x

phn k nn tch phn

2 3
3
2
1
dx
I
x

cng phn k .
V d 7: Xt s hi t ca tch phn Poisson
2
0
x
e dx

.
Gii: th ca hm di du tch phn
2
x
y e

= l ng cong Gauss, ta c:
2 2 2
1
0 0 1
x x x
e dx e dx e dx


= +

.
Tch phn th nht v phi l tch phn xc nh thng thng, n bng din tch ca
ng cong Gauss trn on [0,1]. Ta hy xt tch phn
2
1
x
e dx

. Hin nhin
2
0
x x
e e

< <
khi x >1 .Ta c:
1 1
1
lim
A
x x
A
e dx e dx
e

+
= =

.


192
192
Bi v tch phn
1
x
e dx

hi t nn tch phn
2
1
x
e dx

hi t.
Ngi ta chng minh c rng
2
0
x
e dx

2
2
= .
nh l 6.8.4 Gi s f(x), g(x) kh tch trn mi on [a,A], A>a v ( ) f x >0, ( ) g x >0 x a .
Ngoi ra gi s:
+
=
( )
l i m
( )
x
f x
k
g x
.
Nu 0 < k < + th cc tch phn suy rng ( )
a
f x dx

v ( )
a
g x dx

c cng tnh cht,

ngha l cng hi t hoc cng phn k.
Chng minh: Tht vy theo nh ngha gii hn
0
0, > > A a ta lun c:
( )
( )
f x
k k
g x
< < + x>
0
A .
Suy ra ( ) ( )
(2) (1)
( ) ( ) ( ) k g x f x k g x < < + .
Nu ( )
a
g x dx

hi t, th t bt ng thc (1) suy ra ( )

a
f x dx

hi t.
Nu ( )
a
g x dx

phn k, th t bt ng thc (2) suy ra ( )

a
f x dx

phn k
H qu: Gi s khi x + hm s ( ) f x l v cng b bc 0 > so vi
1
x
, tc l:
( )
lim lim ( )
1
( )
x x
f x
f x x C
x

+ +
= = , (6.8.10)
trong 0 <C < +, C = const
th tch phn ( )
a
f x dx

hi t khi 1 > v phn k khi 0 1 < .

V d 8: a) Xt s hi t ca tch phn
3
2
1 2
0
1
x
I dx
x

=
+

.
b) Xt s hi t ca tch phn
2
2
1
1
dx
I
x x

=
+

.


193
193
Gii: a) Ta thy
3
2
1 2
2
1
lim :
1
x
x
x
x
+



+


=1 v
1
1
2
= < nn tch phn
1
I phn k .
b) Ta thy
2
2
1 1
lim :
1
x
x
x x
+


+

=1 v 2 = nn tch phn
2
I hi t.
6.8.1.3 Tch phn suy rng loi 1 ca cc hm c du ty
a, Trc ht ta xt s hi t ca cc tch phn suy rngvi cn v hn, trong hm di
du tch phn c dng tch ca hai hm s, tc l cc tch phn c dng ( ). ( )
a
f x g x dx

.
nh l 6.8.5 (nh l Abel): Gi s cc hm f(x) v g(x) xc nh trong khong [ , ) + sao
cho:
i) Tch phn ( )
a
f x dx

hi t.
ii) Hm g(x) n iu gim v b chn trong khong [ , ) + , tc l 0 L > sao cho
| ( ) | [ , ) g x L x +
Khi tch phn ( ) ( )
a
f x g x dx

hi t.
V d 9: Xt tch phn
2
0
1
sin
1
x
e
x
I dx
x

=
+

Ta thy
2
1
1
arctg |
2 4 4 1
dx
x
x

= = =
+

, cn hm s
2
1
( ) sin
x
g x e
x

= n iu v b chn
bi 1, nn theo du hiu Abel tch phn trn hi t.
nh l 6.8.6 (nh l Dirichlet): Gi s ( ) f x , ( ) g x l cc hm xc nh trong khong [a, +)
sao cho:
i, Hm s kh tch trong mi on hu hn [a,A], a<A v tch phn ( )
A
a
f x dx

b chn,
tc l 0 M > sao cho ( )
A
a
f x dx M

A a > .
ii, Hm ( ) g x n iu v khng khi x +.
Khi tch phn ( ) ( )
a
f x g x dx

hi t.
V d 10: Xt s hi t ca tch phn:


194
194
1
a
sin x
I dx
x

v
2
a
os c x
I dx
x

vi a >0, 0 > .
Gii: Ta thy ( ) sin os osa - cosA
A
A
a
a
A xdx c x c = = =

.
nn ( ) 2 A A a > . Hn na hm
1
( ) g x
x

= vi 0 > l hm n iu v khng
khi x +. Do theo du hiu hi t Dirichlet tch phn
1
I hi t. Tng t tch phn
2
I
cng hi t.
b) S hi t tuyt i v bn hi t
nh l 6.8.7 Nu tch phn ( )
a
f x dx

hi t, th ( )
a
f x dx

hi t.
Chng minh: Theo gi thit tch phn ( )
a
f x dx

hi t, nn theo nh l 6.8.1 0 > ,

0
A a > , sao cho ( )
A
A
f x dx

<

,
0
A A A > > .
Do ( ) ( )
A A
A A
f x dx f x dx

<


0
A A A > > .
Vy, cng theo nh l 6.8.1 tch phn ( )
a
f x dx

hi t.
nh ngha Nu ( )
a
f x dx

hi t, khi ta ni rng ( )
a
f x dx

hi t tuyt i.
Nu ( )
a
f x dx

, hi t nhng tch phn ( )

a
f x dx

phn k th ta ni rng tch phn

( )
a
f x dx

bn hi t (hay khng hi t tuyt i).

V d 11: Xt s hi t ca tch phn
2
1
sin x
I dx
x

.
Hin nhin
2 2
sin 1 x
x x
1 x .
Bi v tch phn
2
1
1
dx
x

hi t nn
2
1
sin x
dx
x

hi t.Do tch phn

2
1
sin x
dx
x

hi t
tuyt i.


195
195
Ch : Nu ( )
a
f x dx

hi t, th cha chc ( )
a
f x dx

hi t. V d sau y minh ha iu
ny.
V d 12 Xt s hi t ca tch phn
a
sin x
dx
x

vi a > 0.
Gii: Trc ht theo nh l Dirichlet tch phn
a
sin x
dx
x

hi t.Tuy nhin tch phn

a
sin x
dx
x

khng hi t. Tht vy do
2
sin
sin
0
x
x
x x
[a,+ ] x .
Mt khc
2
sin x
x
=
1 os2x
2
c
x

nn:
2
a
sin x
dx
x

=
1
2
a
dx
x

1
2
a
os2x c
dx
x

.
Tch phn th nht phn k, tch phn th hai hi t. Vy tch phn
2
a
sin x
dx
x

phn k,
suy ra
a
sin x
dx
x

phn k.
6.8.2 Tch phn suy rng loi 2
6.8.2.1 nh ngha: Gi s ( ) f x xc nh trong khong [a,b), a b < < < + nhng khng
b chn ti b v trn mi on
[ ] , a b , 0 b a < < hm ( ) f x kh tch.
Nu
0
lim ( )
b
a
f x dx

(6.8.11) tn ti v hu hn, th ta gi gii hn hu hn l tch phn
suy rng loi 2 ca hm ( ) f x v k hiu l ( )
b
a
f x dx

.
Khi ta cng ni rng tch phn ( )
b
a
f x dx

hi t v vit:

0
( ) lim ( )
b b
a a
f x dx f x dx

=

. (6.8.12)


196
196
Nu gii hn (6.8.11) khng tn ti hoc v hn th ta ni rng tch phn ( )
b
a
f x dx

phn
k.
Tng t, nu hm ( ) f x xc nh trn khong (a,b] khng b chn ti a v kh tch trn
mi on [ ] , , a b + 0 < < b a th:
( )
b
a
f x dx

=
0
lim ( )
b
a
f x dx

. (6.8.13)
V d 13 Xt s hi t ca tch phn
( )

b
a
dx
b x
vi b>a v 0 > .
Gii: Ta thy
( )
1

b
a
b x
=
( )
1 1
1 1 1
khi 1
1
ln khi 1.

b a
b a

T y
( )
0
lim

b
a
dx
b x
( )
1 1
khi 0 1
1
khi 1

< <

b x
.
Tm li, theo nh ngha, tch phn
( )

b
a
dx
b x
(b>a) hi t khi 0 1 < < , phn k khi
1 (6.8.14)
Tng t
( )
b
a
dx
x a

(a<b) hi t khi 0 1 < < , phn k khi 1 (6.8.15)

nh l 6.8.8 tch phn ( )
b
a
f x dx

, vi im k d l b, hi t, iu kin cn v l
0, 0 > > sao cho , tho mn 0 , 0 < < < < th
( )
b
b
f x dx

<

. (6.8.16)
Chng minh: Xt tch phn ( ) = ( )
b
a
f x dx

. tch phn ( )
b
a
f x dx

hi t, theo nh ngha,
cn v l gii hn
0
lim ( )

tn ti v hu hn. Khi theo tiu chun Canchy

0. 0 > > sao cho ( ) ( ) < 0 , 0 < < < < .
hay ( ) ( ) ( )
b b b
a a b
f x dx f x dx f x dx

= <

.


197
197
H qu: Nu ( )
b
a
f x dx

hi t th ( )
b
a
f x dx

hi t.
Tng t nh vi tch phn suy rng loi 1 ta cng c nh ngha sau. Nu ( )
b
a
f x dx

hi
t, khi ta ni rng tch phn ( )
b
a
f x dx

hi t tuyt i.
6.8.2.2 Cc du hiu hi t
nh l 6.8.9 Gi s
[ ) 0 ( ) ( ), , f x g x x a b v cc hm ( ) f x v ( ) g x khng b chn ti
b. Khi :
i, Nu tch phn ( )
b
a
g x dx

hi t, th ( )
b
a
f x dx

cng hi t.
ii, Nu tch phn ( )
b
a
f x dx

phn k, tch phn ( )

b
a
g x dx

cng phn k.
Trong thc t ta thng s dng hai du hiu sau m v thc cht n l cc h qu ca
nh l 7.
H qu 1: i, Nu 0 M > v 0 1 < < sao cho:
( )
( )
M
f x
b x

vi 0 a x b < < (6.8.17)

th tch phn ( )
b
a
f x dx

hi t.
ii, Nu 0 M > v 1 sao cho
( )
( )
M
f x
b x

vi 0 a x b < < (6.8.18)

th tch phn ( )
b
a
f x dx

phn k.
H qu 2: Nu
( )
( )
0 0
( )
lim lim ( ) 0
1 x b x b
f x
b x f x c
b x

= = >

. (6.8.19)
Khi ( )
b
a
f x dx

hi t khi 0 1 < < v phn k khi 1 .

198
198
V d 14: a) Xt s hi t ca tch phn
1
1
4
0
1
x
I dx
x
=

.
Gii: Hm s di du tch phn khng b chn khi x = 1.
Hin nhin
4
1
1
1
x
x
x

vi [0,1) x .
Bi v tch phn
1
0
1
1
dx
x

hi t nn tch phn
1
I hi t.
b) Xt s hi t ca tch phn
( )
1
2 2
0
sin 1
dx
I
x
=

.
Gii: Ta thy
( )
2 2
1 1
[0,1)
sin 1 (1 )
x
x x
>

nn tch phn
2
I phn k.
c) Xt s hi t ca tch phn
1
3 4
2
0
1
=

dx
I
x
.
Gii: Hm s di du tch phn khng b chn khi x = 1.
Ta thy ( ) f x =
( )
4 4 1
4
1
1 1
1
+

dx
x x
x
.
Mt khc
( )
1
1
0 4
1
1
dx
x

hi t, nn
3
I hi t.
V d 15: Xt s hi t ca tch phn
1
0
cos
=

x
dx
I
e x
.
Gii: Hm di du tch phn khng b chn khi x = 0.
Bi v os
x
xe e c x vi x(0,1], nn
1 1
cos

x
e x xe
vi x(0,1].
Do tch phn
1
0
dx
xe

phn k, nn tch phn I phn k.

V d 16: Xt s hi t ca tch phn
1
0
1
a
x
I dx
x

=
+

vi 0<a<1.
Gii: Ta thy tch phn I c im k d l 0 v c cn v hn. xt s hi t ca tch
phn trn ta vit tch phn I thnh tng ca hai tch phn:
I =
1 1
0
1
a
x
dx
x

1
1 2
1
1
a
x
dx I I
x

+ = +
+

199
199
Ta thy
1
0
1
1
lim 1
1
+

+
=
a
x
a
x
x
x
v 1 1 = < a nn tch phn
1
I hi t.
Mt khc
1
2
1
lim lim 1
1
1
a
x x
a
x
x
x
x
x

+ +

+
= =
+
v do a <1, 2 1 a = > , nn
2
I hi t. Vy tch phn
I hi t.
V d 17: Xt s hi t ca tch phn:
1
0
p x
I x e dx

vi 0 < p <1.
Gii: Ta thy tch phn I c im k d l 0 v c cn v hn. xt s hi t ta hy phn
tch tch phn I thnh tng ca hai tch phn:
1
1 1
0 1
p x x p
I x e dx e x dx

= +

=
1 2
I I + .
Do
1
1 1
0 0
1
lim lim 1
1
+ +

= =
p x
p x p
x x
p
x e
x e x
x
v 1 = p , 0 1 < < nn tch phn
1
I hi t.
Mt khc do
1 1
lim lim 0
1
p x p
x
x x
x e x
e
x

+ +
= = nu 1 > nn
2
I hi t. Do tch phn I
hi t.
V d 18: Xt s hi t ca tch phn ( )
1
1
1
0
1

b
a
I x x dx .
Vi a<1 tch phn c im k d 0, vi b<1 tch phn c im k d l 1. Phn tch tch
phn trn thnh tng hai tch phn , chng hn:
1
1 1 2
1 0 0
2
= +


Bi v hm di du tch phn khi 0 x l v cng ln bc 1a, nn tch phn th nht
tn ti ch vi iu kin 1a<1, tc a>0. tng t, tch phn th hai tn ti vi b>0. Nh vy
tch phn trn hi t trong v ch trong trng hp nu ng thi a>0 v b>0.
6.8.3 Thay bin s trong tch phn suy rng
Ta thy rng cc quy tc thay bin s trong tch phn xc nh thng thng vn cn
ng i vi nhng tch phn suy rng hi t. V d nh tnh tch phn:


200
200
2
0

x
xe dx ta a vo bin mi x = t . Ta c:
( )
2
0 0 0
1 1 1 1
0 1
2 2 2 2
+

= = = =

x t t
xe dx e dt e .
By gi ta ta hy xt s hi t ca cc tch phn Frenel
2
1
0
sin( ) F x dx

v
2
2
0
os( ) F c x dx

S dng php i bin
2
t x = , ta c:
1
F =
0
1 sin
2

t
dt
t
v
2
F =
0
1 os
2

c t
dt
t

p dng tiu chun Dirichlet ta thy tch phn
1
F ,
2
F hi t. Nhng tch phn Frenel
chng t rng tch phn suy rng c th hi t ngay c trong trng hp hm di du tch
phn khng tin ti khng khi + x .
6.9 Bi tp chng 6
6.1 Tnh cc tch phn sau bng cch lp tng tch phn v chuyn qua gii hn.
1,
2
2
-1

x dx 2,
1
0

x
a dx
3,
2
a

b
dx
x
(0<a<b) 4,
a
b
m
x dx

(0<a<b), 1 m .
6.2 S dng cng thc Newton - Leibnitz, tnh cc tch phn sau
1,
2
0
1 2sin

dx
x
2,
2 1
2 2
0

n
a
n
n
x dx
a x
(a>0, nN).
6.3 Hy gii thch ti sao vic ng dng hnh thc cng thc Newton Leibnitz s dn n
kt qu khng ng i vi cc tch phn sau:
1,
2
-2

dx
x
2,
1
-1
1
arctg
d
dx
dx x

.
6.4 Tm cc gii hn sau:
1,
1 1 1
lim ......
1 2

+ + +

+ + +

n
n n n n

2,
( )
2 2 2 2
2
1 1 1 1
lim ......
0 1 4
1

+ + + +




n
n n n
n n



201
201
3,
1
1 2 3 ......
lim
n
n
n

+

+ + +
, trong l s thc bt k ln hn 1.
6.5 Chng minh rng:
! 1
lim
2
n
n
n
n
n

= .
6.6 Tnh cc tch phn sau bng cch i bin s:
1,
2
0
sinx
1 os

x
dx
c x
2,
1 2
4
1
2
1
1
+
+

x
dx
x
.
6.7 Chng minh rng nu ( ) f x lin tc trn [0,1] th:
1,
2 2
0 0
(sin ) (cos ) f x dx f x dx

=

2,
2
0 0
(sin ) (sin )
2
xf x dx f x dx

=

.
6.8 Chng minh rng nu ( ) f x lin tc trn on [a,b] th ta c:
1, ( ) ( )
b b
a a
f x dx f a b x dx = +

2,
( )
( )
( )
1
0
+

=

b
x a b a x
a
f dx b a f dx
6.9 Gi s ( ) f x lin tc trn on [a,a]. Chng minh rng:

0
2 ( ) , nu ( ) l hm chn
( )
0 nu ( ) l hm l
a
a
a
f x dx f x
f x dx
f x

6.10 Tnh cc tch phn sau:
1,
2 2
1
1
x tg x
xe dx

2,
2
1
2
1 1
sin x dx
x x

3,
4
1
3
1
os2x
x
x e c dx

.
6.11 Chng t rng nu
( ) x
f l hm lin tc, tun hon chu k T th:
0
( ) ( )
a T T
a
f x dx f x dx
+
=

a .
6.12 Tnh tch phn:
100
0
1 os2 I c xdx

.
6.13 Tnh cc tch phn sau phng php tch phn tng phn:
1,
2
1
cos(ln )
e
x dx

2,
1
ln
e
e
x dx

202
202
3,
2
0
( sin ) x x dx

4,
0
*
1
,
n x
x e dx n N

6.14 Tnh cc tch phn:
1,
6
7 4
0
cos 3 sin 6 t tdt

2,
1
2 2
0
1 x x dx

3,
1 3
2 2
2
0
(1 ) x x dx

.
6.15 Tnh cc vi phn:
1,
2
2
0
1
x
d
t dt
dx
+

2,
os
2
sin
os( )
c x
x
d
c t dt
dx

.
6.16 Tm cc gii hn sau:
1,
2
0
0
cos
lim
x
x
x dx
x

2,
2
0
2
(arctg )
lim
1
x
x
x dx
x
+
+

.
6.17 Chng minh rng:
2 2
0
lim 0
x
x t
x
e e dt

+
=

.
6.18 Hy xc nh du ca cc tch phn sau (khng cn tnh cc kt qu c th ca tch
phn):
1,
1
2
1
2
ln x xdx

2,
2
0
sin x xdx

3,
2
0
sin x
dx
x

.
6.19 Khng tnh tch phn, hy so snh cc tch phn sau:
1,
2
1
0
sin I xdx

,
2
2
0
I xdx

,
2
3
0
2x
I dx

2,
1
4
0
x
I e dx =

, ( )
1
5
0
1 I x dx = +

.
6.20 Chng minh cc bt ng thc:
1,
10
3
0
5
16 6
xdx
x
<
+

2,
2
2 1
2
4
0
2 2
x x
e e dx e

<

.


203
203
6.21 Chng minh cc ng thc sau:
1,
1 n
0
lim 0
1
n
x
dx
x

=
+

2,
2
n
0
lim sin 0
n
xdx

.
6.22 Tnh gn ng tch phn:
1
0
1
dx
I
x
=
+

(n = 8).
Theo cng thc hnh thang, Simpson v nh gi phn d.
6.23 Tnh gn ng tch phn:
1
3
0
1
dx
I
x
=
+

( n=12 ).
Theo cng thc hnh thang , Simpson v nh gi phn d.
6.24 Tnh din tch ca hnh gii hn bi ng cong sau cho trong h ta vung gc:
2
2
4
1
x
y h
b

=


, y = 0 vi h > 0 , b > 0.
6.25 Tnh din tch gii hn bi ng cong cho di dng tham s:
( ) ost+tsint x a c = , ( ) sin ost y t tc = , 0 2 t .
6.26 Tnh din tch ca ng cho trong ta cc ( ) 1 os r a c = + ( hnh qu tim ), r, l
cc ta cc.
6.27 Bng cch a phng trnh v dng tham s, hy tnh din tch gii hn bi ng
Astroit:
2 2 2
3 3 3
x y a + = .
6.28 Tnh di ng cong cho di dng phng trnh hin:
( )
2
1
ln 1
4 2
x
y x x e = .
6.29 Tnh di ng cong cho di dng tham s:
( ) ost+tsint x a c = , ( ) sin ost y a t tc = , 0 2 t .
6.30 Tnh di cung cho trong ta cc:
m
. r a e

= ( ) 0, 0 m r a > < .
6.31 Tnh di cung cho trong ta cc:
3
sin
3
r a

= .


204
204
6.32 Tnh di cung ca ng Astroit:
2 2 2
3 3 3
x y a + = .
6.33 Tnh th tch vt th trn xoay c to ra khi quay min phng gii hn cc ng sau:
1,
x
y e

= , y = 0 ( ) 0 x < +
a, Quanh trc Ox
b, Quanh trc Oy.
2)
2 2 2
x xy y a + = quanh trc Ox.
6.34 Tnh th tch vt th trn xoay khi quay min phng gii hn bi ng:
3 3
asin , cos x t y b t = = ( 0 2 t )
1, Quanh trc Ox
2, Quanh trc Oy.
6.35 Tnh din tch mt trn xoay khi quay cc ng cong sau:
1,
3
y x = ( ) 0 1 x quanh trc Ox.
2, ( )
2
2
9 3 y x x = ( ) 0 3 x quanh trc Ox.
3, ( ) sin x a t t = , ( ) 1 ost y a c = , 0 2 t quanh trc Oy
4,
3
cos x a t = ,
3
cos x a t = (Astroit) quanh trc Ox.
6.36 Tnh cc tch phn sau:
1,
4
0
1
xdx
x

2,
( )
1
0
1
dx
x

( ) 0 >
3,
1
2
0
1
dx
x

4,
1
2
0
ln
dx
x x

.
6.37 Xt s hi t hay phn k ca tch phn sau:
1,
( )
2
exp -x dx

2,
4
1
1
dx
x

3,
2 2
0
1 sin
xdx
x x

4,
1
3
4
0
1
dx
x

.
6.38 Tnh cc tch phn:
1,
0
x
xe dx

2,
0
osbx
ax
e c dx

(a>0)
6.39 Kho st s hi t ca cc tch phn:


205
205
1,
0
osax
1
p
c dx
x

2,
0
sinx
p q
dx
x x

( ) , 0 p q
6.40 Xt s hi t tuyt i v bn hi t ca cc tch phn sau:
1,
0
sinx
dx
x

2,
0
x osx
100
c
dx
x

6.41 Xt s hi t tuyt i v bn hi t ca cc tch phn sau:
1,
1
cosx
dx
x

vi 0 > 2,
1
sinx
dx
x

vi >0.



























206
206
Chng 7
Hm s lin tc trong
n
R

7.1 Tp hp trong
n
R
7.1.1 Khong cch trong
n
R
a) Khong cch gia hai im trong
n
R
Cho khng gian
n
R v im M
n
R . Nu
1 2 n
, ,..., x x x l cc to ca im M trong h
to Descartes vung gc, ta thng vit
1 2 n
( , ,..., ) M x x x
Cho
n
R v mt hm s
n n
: R R R. Ta ni rng l khong cch trong
n
R nu
tho mn cc tnh cht sau:
i) ( ) 0 M, N
n
R M, N
ii) ( )= ( ) M, N N,M
n
R M, N
iii) ( ) ( )+ ( ) M, P M, N N, P M, N, P
n
R
Gi s
1 2 n
( , ,..., ) M x x x v
1 2 n
( , ,..., ) N y y y l hai im trong
n
R . Khong cch gia hai
im M,N c cho bi cng thc:

1
n
2
2
i=1
( )= ( )

i i
M, N x y (7.1.1)
C th chng minh c rng khong cch cho bi cng thc (7.1.1) tho mn 3 tnh
cht ni trn. Tht vy tnh cht i) v ii) hin nhin c tho mn. Ta chng minh tnh cht
iii). Gi s
n
1 2 n
( , ,..., ) R P z z z , ta c theo cng thc (7.1.1):
n n
2 2
2
i=1 i=1
( )= ( ) ( ) = +
i i i i i i
M, P x z x y y z
n
2
i=1
( )
i i i i
x y y z +

n n n
2 2
i=1 i=1 i=1
2
i i i i i i i i
x y x y y z y z = + +


1 1
n n n n
2 2
2 2 2 2
i=1 i=1 i=1 i=1
2
i i i i i i i i
x y x y z y y z

+ +




theo cng thc (7.1.1)


207
207
[ ]
2 2
2
( )+2 ( ). ( )+ ( )
= ( )+ ( )


= M, N M, N N,P N, P
M, N N, P

suy ra: ( ) ( )+ ( ) M, P M, N N, P .
V d nh khong cch gia nhng im M(1,0,1) v N(2,1,0) trong khng gian
3
R
l:
2 2 2
(1 2) (0 1) (1 0) 3 = + + = .
b) Khong cch gia hai tp hp
Cho
n
, , R A,B A B . Ta gi s:
{ } ( )=inf ( , ); , A, B x y x A y B (7.1.2)
l khong cch gia hai tp hp A v B. T nh ngha ta thy ( ) 0 A, B , ( )= ( ). A,B B, A
Hin nhin nu A B th (A,B)=0. Tuy nhin c nhng trng hp A B , nhng
(A,B)=0. V d nh =( , 0), =(0,+ ) A B , ta thy = A B v (A,B)=0. Tht vy:
{ } 0 ( )=inf ( , ); A, B x y x A, y B
*
*
1 1 1 1
inf ( , ); , ,
2
inf , 0

= =


N
N
A B n
n n n n
n
n

c) ng knh ca tp hp
Cho
n
, R A A . ng knh ca tp hp A l s:
{ } ( )=sup ( , ); , A x y x A y A . (7.1.3)
Nu A l tp hp mt im th ( )=0 A .
V d nh ng knh ca khong (1,1) l 2. Gi s
n
, R A A . Ta ni rng A l
tp hp b chn nu ( ) R A , ni cch khc tp A c gi l b chn nu nh A c cha
trong mt hnh cu no .
7.1.2 Ln cn ca mt im
a) - ln cn
Cho
n
0
R M . Ngi ta gi -ln cn ca im
0
M , k hiu l
0
O ( )

M , l tp hp tt
c nhng im
n
R M sao cho khong cch t M ti
0
M b hn , tc l:
{ }
n
0 0
O ( ) ; ( , )

= < R M M M M .
V d 1 a) Vi n=1. Cho
1
0
R x . Cc im x sao cho


208
208
0 0 0 0
( , ) x x x x x x x = < < < + .
Vy
0
O ( ) x

l khong ( )
0 0
, x x +
b) Vi n=2. Cho
2
0 0 0
( , ) R M x y , xt cc im M(x,y) sao cho
( )
2
2
0 0 0
( , )= ( ) + < M M x x y y
( )
2
2 2
0 0
( ) x x y y + < .
Vy
0
O ( )

M l hnh trn tm M
0
(x
0
,y
0
) bn knh .
c) Vi n=3. Cho
3
0 0 0 0
( , , ) R M x y z , xt cc im M(x.y.z) sao cho
( )
2
2 2
0 0 0 0
( , )= ( ) ( ) + + < M M x x y y z z
( )
2
2 2 2
0 0 0
( ) ( ) x x y y z z + + < .
Vy
0
O ( )

M l hnh cu tm
0
M bn knh .
b) Ln cn ca mt im
Ta gi ln cn ca mt im
0
M l mi tp hp cha mt - ln cn no ca
0
M , tc
l tp con
n
U R l ln cn ca im
0
M nu:
0 > sao cho
0
O (M )

U. Ta thy theo nh ngha:

) nu U l ln cn ca im
0
M , th mi tp hp
n
1 1
U ,U U R cng l ln cn ca
im
0
M .
) Nu
1 2
U ,U l ln cn ca
0
M th
1 2 1 2
U U ,U U cng l ln cn ca im
0
M
7.1.3 im trong, im bin, im t ca tp hp
a) im trong
Cho A l mt tp hp trong
n
R . im M A c gi l im trong ca A nu tn ti
mt -ln cn no O ( )

M nm hon ton trong A (Hnh 7.1.1).

209
209

Hnh.7.1.1

b) im bin
im
n
R N c gi l im bin ca tp hp A mi -ln cn ca N u cha nhng
im thuc A va cha nhng im khng thuc A. im bin ca tp hp A c th thuc A
cng c th khng thuc A.
Tp hp nhng im bin ca A c gi l bin ca tp hp A. Tp hp cc im bin
ca tp hp A k hiu l A.
V d 2: Cho
( ) { }
2
1 2 1 2
, ; , = < < R A x y a x a b y b (xem hnh 7.1.2)
Cc im
1 1
( , ) N x b vi
1 2
< < a x a nm trn ng thng y =
1
b v cc im
2 2
( , ) N x b
vi
1 2
< < a x a nm trn ng y =
2
b l cc im bin ca tp A. Cc im bin ny thuc
tp hp A. Cc im
3 1
( , ) N a y vi
1 2
b y b v cc im
4 2
( , ) N a y vi
1 2
b y b y cng l
cc im bin ca tp hp A. Cc im bin ny khng thuc tp hp A.
c) im t
Cho
n
R A v
n
R M . im M gi l im t ca A nu mi ln cn ca A u
cha t nht mt im ca A. Tp hp cc im t ca A k hiu l A v gi l tp dn
xut ca A.


210
210
b
2
y
o
a
1
a
2
b
1

Hnh.7.1.2
V d 3
Cho
n
1 1 1 1 1 1
(1,1),( , ), ( , ),..., ( , ),...; n
2 2 3 3 n n

=


R A
D thy O(0,0) l im t ca A.
V d 4
Gi s tp hp ( ) { }
2
= ; 1, 1 < R A x, y x y . Ta thy tt c cc im ca tp hp
( ) { }
2
1
; 1, 1 = < < R A x, y x y A u l im trong ca tp A.
7.1.4 Tp m, tp ng
Cho
n
R A , tp A c gi l m nu mi im M ca A u l im trong ca A.
Tp
n
R A c gi l ng nu A cha mi im bin ca A. Hin nhin
n
R A l
ng trong
n
R , th
n
R \A l tp m trong
n
R .
V d 5: Cho
2
0 0 0
( , ) R M x y . Tp hp:
( ) ( )
{ }
2
2 2 2
0 0 0
( , )= , ; ( ) + < R B M r M x y x x y y r
l tp m. Tp hp:
( ) ( )
{ }
2
2 2 2
0 0 0
( , )= , ; ( ) + R K M r M x y x x y y r
l tp ng.
7.1.5 Tp lin thng
Tp A gi l lin thng nu c th ni hai im bt k
1 2
M , M ca A bi mt ng cong
lin tc hon ton nm trong A( xem hnh 7.1.3).


211
211


Tp hp n lin Tp hp khng lin thng Tp hp a lin (2 lin)
Hnh 7.1.3

Tp hp lin thng c gi l n lin nu n c gii hn bi mt mt kn, l a lin
nu n c gii hn bi nhiu mt kn ri nhau.
V d 6: Tp hp no trong cc tp sau l tp lin thng
a) ( ) { }
2
1
; 1 = + R E x, y x y
b) ( ) { }
2 2 2
2
;| | | | 1 = + R E x, y x y
Gii: a) Do
1
E l phn bn trong (k c bin) ca hnh vung gii hn bi cc ng
y= x+1, nn
1
E l lin thng.
b)
2
E l tp hp cc im ca
2
R , tr ra cc im nm trn ng trn
2 2
1 + = x y .
2
E khng
phi l tp hp lin thng.
7.2 S hi t trong
n
R , cc khi nim c bn ca hm s nhiu bin s
7.2.1 S hi t trong
n
R
Trong khng gian
n
R cho dy
( ) { }
k k k k
1 2 n
, ,..., M x x x , k=1,2,...,n
Dy
{ }
k
M c gi l hi t ti
0 10 20 n0
( , ,..., ) M x x x nu:
0, k( ) 0 > > sao cho
k
0
O ( )

M M , ( ) k k (7.2.1).
hay tng ng vi
k
0
( , ) < M M , ( ) k k (7.2.1),
tc l:
( )
1
2
2
k
i i0
1

=

<

n
i
x x , ( ) k k (7.2.1).
Khi ta vit:
k
0
lim
+
=
k
M M hay
k
0
M M khi k +


212
212
nh l 7.2.1 Dy
( ) { }
k k k k
1 2 n
, ,..., M x x x hi t ti
0 10 20 n0
( , ,..., ) M x x x khi v ch khi dy cc
thnh phn
{ }
k
1
, x
{ } { }
k k
2 n
,..., x x hi t ti
10 20 n0
, ,..., x x x tng ng.
Chng minh;
Do
{ }
k
0
M M nn: 0, ( ) > k sao cho
k 2 k 2 k 2
1 10 2 20 n n0
( ) ( ) ... ( ) + + + < x x x x x x , ( ) k k (7.2.2)
Cho nn:
k
1 10
k
2 20
k
n n0
.....................

<

<

<

x x
x x
x x
( ) k k .
T y suy ra
{ } { } { }
k k k
1 10 2 20 n n0
, ,..., x x x x x x khi k+.
Bn c t chng minh phn ngc li.
7.2.2 Dy c bn
Dy
{ }
k n
R M c gi l dy c bn (hay Cauchy) nu:
k p
k,p
lim ( , ) 0
+
= M M (7.2.3)
tc l 0, ( ) > k sao cho
k p
( , ) , ( ) < M M k, p k (7.2.4)
nh l 7.2.2 dy
{ }
k
M hi t, iu kin cn v l n l dy c bn.
Chng minh
a) iu kin cn
Gi s dy
{ }
k
M hi t ti
0
M , ta hy chng minh n l dy c bn.
Tht vy, theo gi thit:
0, ( ) > k >0 sao cho
k
0
( , )
2

< M M , ( ) k k ,
T y suy ra:
k p k p
0 0
( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ,
2 2

+ < + = M M M M M M
( ) k, p k . Vy dy
{ }
k
M l dy c bn.
b) iu kin :


213
213
Gi s dy
{ }
k
M l dy c bn, ta phi chng minh n hi t.
Tht vy, do
{ }
k
M l dy c bn, nn:
0, ( ) > k >0 sao cho
k p
( , ) , ( ) < M M k, p k hay:
k p 2 k p 2 k p 2
1 1 2 2 n n
( ) ( ) ... ( ) + + + < x x x x x x , ( ) k, p k .
T y suy ra:
k p
1 1
k p
2 2
k p
n n
.....................
x x
x x
x x

<

<

<

, ( ) k, p k ,
tc l cc dy
{ } { } { }
k k k
1 2 n
, ,..., x x x l cc dy c bn. Theo nh l Cauchy cc dy trn
hi t, nn tn ti:
k k k
10 1 20 2 n0 n
k k k
lim , lim ,..., lim x x x x x x

= = = v do :
( )
k k k k
1 2 n 0 10 20 n0
M , ,..., M ( , ,..., ) x x x x x x .
V d 7 Xt dy cc im:
2
k
2
1 k
M ,
1+k 1+k




, k=1,2,...,n
Ta thy dy
k
0
M M (0,1) , bi v:
k
0 2 2 2
1 1
( , ) 0
(1+ ) (1+ )
= + M M
k k
khi + k .
7.2.3 Nguyn l Canto
Dy hnh cu ng
{ }
n
O R
k
gi l tht dn nu:
+1
O O , 1
k k
k (7.2.5)
v cc bn knh 0
k
r khi + k . Tng t nh trong
1
R , ta c cc nh l sau:
nh l 7.2.3 (Nguyn l Canto):
Mi dy hnh cu ng tht dn u c mt im chung duy nht.
nh l 7.2.4 (Bolzano-Weierstrass)
Mi dy b chn u cha mt dy con hi t.
7.2.4 Ch


214
214
Trong l thuyt t p trn
n
R ta c cc khng nh sau (Xem [2]):
Mnh 1 im M l im t ca tp hp
n
R A khi v ch khi trong A c mt dy im
phn bit
k
M hi t ti M khi + k .
Mnh 2 Tp
n
R A l tp ng khi v ch khi mi dy
{ }
,
k k
M A M M khi
+ k th M A.
7.2.5 Tp hp compact
Tp
n
R A c gi l tp compact nu mi dy
{ }
k
M trong A u cha mt dy con
{ }
k
M hi t ti mt im thuc A.
Tng t nh trong
1
R , ta cng c nh l sau:
nh l 7.2.5 Tp
n
R A l compact khi v ch khi A ng v b chn.
7.2.6 nh ngha hm nhiu bin s
Cho khng gian Euclide n chiu
n
R v tp hp
n
D R . Gi nh x:
f:DR
xc nh bi:
( ) , ,...,
1 2 n
x= x x x D , ,..., )
1 2 n
u=f(x)=f(x x x R
l hm s ca n bin s xc nh trn D. Tp hp D c gi l tp xc nh (hay l min
xc nh) ca hm s f v , ,...,
1 2 n
x x x c gi l cc bin s c lp.
Nu xem , ,...,
1 2 n
x x x l cc to ca mt im no
n
R M trong h to
Descarter vung gc th ta c th vit u=f(M).
Trong trng hp n=2 hay n=3 ta c hm hai hay ba bin s v thng c k hiu l z =
f(x,y) hay u = f(x,y,z).
7.2.7 Tp xc nh ca hm nhiu bin s
Nu hm u c cho bi biu thc u=f(M) (m khng c ch g thm v tp xc nh
ca n) th tp xc nh ca hm u c hiu l tp hp nhng im M sao cho biu thc f(M)
c ngha.
V d 8: Hm s 1- - 4
2 2
u= x y xc nh khi 4 1
2 2
x + y hay 1
1
4
2
2
y
x + . Min xc nh ca
hm s l min c gii hn bi elip vi cc bn trc a=1, b=
1
2
(k c bin, xem hnh
7.2.1).


215
215


Hnh 7.2.1 Hnh 7.2.2
V d 9: Hm s 1
9 4
2 2
x y
u= - + xc nh khi 1 0
9 4
2 2
x y
- + 1
9 4
2 2
x y
. Min xc nh
ca hm s l min gia hai nhnh ca hypebon vi cc bn trc a=3, b=2 (Xem hnh 7.2.2).
V d 10: Hm s
1
2 2
u=
x y +
xc nh khi 0
2 2
x y + . Min xc nh l ton b mt phng
tr gc to .
V d 11: Hm s u=ln(x+y) xc nh khi x+y > 0. Vy min xc nh ca hm s l min
nm pha trn ng thng y=x (xem hnh 7.2.3)


Hnh 7.2.3 Hnh 7.2.4
V d 12: Hm s arcsin
y
u=
x
xc nh khi 1,
y
x 0
x
. Vy min xc nh ca hm s l
mt phn mt phng nm gia cc ng thng y= x tr ra gc to (xem hnh 7.2.4).
7.2.8 ng mc v mt mc
Cho hm u = f(x,y). Ta gi tp hp nhng im ca min xc nh ca hm s sao cho ti
hm s c gi tr khng i c l ng mc ca hm s. Phng trnh ca ng mc ng
vi gi tr u = c l:
f(x,y) = c (7.2.5).
Tng t nh vy, i vi hm ba bin s c lp ta c khi nim mt mc.


216
216
Mt mc ca hm s u = f(x,y,z) l mt mt trong khng gian Oxyz, m trn hm s
c gi tr khng i c. Phng trnh ca mt mc ng vi gi tr u = c l:
f(x,y,z) = c. (7.2.6).
V d 13: Tm ng mc ca cc hm s sau:
a)
2 2
2 2
y
=1
x
u
a b
.
Phng trnh ng mc u = c 1
2 2
2 2
x y
c
a b
+ = . ng mc l ng elip khi c <1, l
gc to khi c = 1.
b)
2
y
u=
x

Phng trnh ng mc u=c
2
y
x
=c hay y=c
2
x . ng mc l mt parabol vi mi
gi tr c.
c) u = y2
2
x .
Phng trnh ng mc u = c y = c+2
2
x . Vy vi mi c ng mc l cc parabol
c ng trc i xng l trc Oy v c nh ti im (O,c).
7.3 Gii hn ca hm s trong
n
R
d hnh dung ta hy xt gii hn ca hm hai bin s. Mi kt qu c m rng cho
hm c s bin nhiu hn.
7.3.1 Gii hn ca hm s ti mt im
nh ngha 1: Gi s
2
D R v f:DR, , )
0 0 0
M (x y l im t ca tp D. Ta ni rng hm
f(x,y) c gii hn l ti
0
M v vit:
( , ) , )
lim
0 0
x y (x y
f(x,y)=l

hay lim
0
M M
f(M)=l

nu 0, 0 > > sao cho ( ) D M x,y tho mn ( )
0
M,M < th
( ) - < f M l (7.3.1)
nh ngha trn tng ng vi nh ngha sau.
nh ngha 2: Hm z = f(M) c gii hn l khi
0
M M nu vi mi dy im ( )
n n n
M x ,y
(khc
0
M ) thuc ln cn V ca im
0
M dn n
0
M ta u c:
lim (
n n
n
f x ,y )=l

. (7.3.2)
Khi ta vit
( , ) , )
lim (
0 0
x y (x y
f x,y)=l

hay lim (
0
0
x x
y y
f x,y)=l

.


217
217
Ta cn gi gii hn trn l gii hn kp hay l gii hn theo tp hp cc bin.
Ch : Khi nim gii hn v hn cng c nh ngha tng t nh i vi hm mt
bin s. Chng hn:
(
2 2
1
f x,y)=
x y
+
+
khi ( ) (0, 0) x,y .
V d 1: Tm lim (
(x,y) (0,0)
f x,y)

vi (
2 2
xy
f x,y)=
x y +
.
Gii: Hm s c xc nh trn { }
2
\ (0,0) R .
V:
( ( ) (0, 0)
2 2
x y
f x,y) y x,y
x y
=
+
,
nn:
0 0
0 0
0 lim ( lim 0
x x
y y
f x,y) y


= ,
do :
0
0
lim ( 0

x
y
f x,y)= .
V d 2: Tm
0
0
lim ( ) = 0

x
y
f x,y vi ( )
2 2
xy
f x,y =
x y +
.
Nu cho (x,y) (0,0) theo phng ca ng thng y = kx, ta c:
( )
1
2
k
f x,kx =
+k
khi x 0.
Do
0
lim ( )
1
2
x
k
f x,kx =
+k

.
Khi k khc nhau, (x,y)(0,0) theo phng khc nhau, f(x,y) dn ti nhng gii hn khc
nhau. Do gii hn trn khng tn ti.
7.3.2 Gii hn lp
Cho hm z = f(x,y) xc nh trn tp
2
D R .
Vi y c nh, gi:
{ }
1
D ;( ) D x x, y = R .
Gi s
0
x l im t ca tp
1
D v xt gii hn lim ( )
0
x x
f x,y

. R rng gii hn ny ph
thuc vo y, k hiu:
( ) lim ( )
0
x x
g y = f x,y

.


218
218
Gi
2
D ={y R |gii hn lim ( )
0
x x
f x,y

tn ti}. Gi s
0
y l im t ca
2
D . Ta xt tip
gii hn:
lim ( ) lim lim ( )
0 0 0
y y y y x x
g y = f x,y




(7.3.3)
Hon ton tng t, ta c th xt gii hn:
lim lim ( )
0 0
x x y y
f x,y




. (7.3.4)
Ta gi cc gii hn (7.3.3) v (7.3.4) nu chng tn ti l gii hn lp ca hm f ti
( )
0 0
x , y .
V d 3: Xt hm s
2 2
sin (cos 1)
( )
1
x y+
z=f x,y =
x y + +
.
Tm
0 0
limlim ( )
y x
f x,y

v
0 0
limlim ( )
x y
f x,y

.
y 0 ta c
0
lim ( ) = 0
x
f x,y

, suy ra
0 0
limlim ( )
y x
f x,y

=0.
Mt khc x 0,
2 2 2
0 0
sinx(cosy+1) 2sinx
limf(x,y)=lim
1 x y 1+x
y y
=
+ +
suy ra:
0 0
limlim ( )
x y
f x,y

=
0
2sin
lim 0
1
2
x
x
+x

= .
Ta thy trong trng hp ny hai gii hn lp tn ti v bng nhau.
V d 4: Tm gii hn lp ca hm s:
cos
( )
2
x+y y
f x,y =
x+y
ti (x,y)=(0,0).
x 0, ta c
0 0
cos 1
lim ( ) lim
2 2
y y
x+y y
f x,y =
x+y

= ,
suy ra
0 0
limlim ( )
x y
f x,y

=
1
2
.
Mt khc, y 0 ta c
0
lim ( ) cos
x
f x,y = y

, suy ra:
0 0 0
limlim ( ) limcos 1
y x y
f x,y = y

= .
Trong trng hp ny, cc gii hn lp tn ti nhng khng bng nhau.
7.3.3 Quan h gia gii hn theo tp hp cc bin v cc gii hn lp


219
219
nh l 7.3.1 Cho hm z = f(x,y) xc nh trn tp hp D v ( )
0 0
x ,y l im t ca D. Gi s
tn ti gii hn
( ) ( )
lim ( )
0 0
x,y x ,y
l f x,y

= . Khi nu tn ti gii hn lp no ca hm s ti
( )
0 0
, x y th gii hn cng bng l .
Chng minh: Gi s tn ti gii hn
0 0
' lim lim ( )
x x y y
l f x,y

= (7.3.5)
Ta hy chng minh ' l l = .
t
0
( )= lim ( )
y y
F x f x, y

(7.3.6).
Khi theo gi thit (7.3.5) ta c:

0
limF(x)= '
x x
l

(7.3.7)
Bi v
( )
0 0
(x,y) x ,y
lim f(x,y)=l

(7.3.8)
nn 0, 0 > sao cho ( ) x,y tho mn
2 2
0 0
( ) ( ) + < x x y y th
( , ) < f x y l (7.3.9).
Trong (7.3.9) cho
0
y y ta c:
lim ( , )

0
y y
f x y l R x
tho mn
0
0< x-x < , tc l: R x sao cho 0<
0
x - x < tho mn
( ) F x l (7.3.10)
Trong (7.3.10) cho
0
x x , ta c ' 0 > l l . Do l tu nn ' = l l .
7.3.1 Ch
a) S tn ti cc gii hn lp k c khi chng bng nhau khng suy ra c s tn ti gii
hn ca hm theo tp hp cc bin.
V d 5: Xt hm s ( )

=
x y
f x,y
x+y
.
Ta thy
0
lim ( ) = 1
x
f x,y

0 0
limlim ( ) = 1
y x
f x,y

v
0
lim ( ) =1
y
f x,y

0 0
limlim ( ) =1
x y
f x,y

.
By gi ta xt gii hn
( )
lim ( )
(x,y) 0,0
f x,y

.
Trc ht ta thy ( )
n n
1
, ( , 0) (0, 0)
n
x y = khi n + th
1
( , 0) 1 khi f n
n
+.


220
220
Mt khc dy ( )
n n
1
' , ' (0, )
n
x y = (0, 0) khi n + , nhng
1
f (0, ) 1
n
. Vy gii hn
theo tp hp cc bin
( )
lim ( )
(x,y) 0,0
f x,y

khng tn ti.
b) S tn ti gii hn theo tp hp cc bin khng suy ra c s tn ti cc gii hn lp.
V d 6: Cho hm
1
( ) ( )sin f x,y = x+y
xy
.
Do
1
0, 0 ( )sin x,y x+y
xy
0 x+y x y + khi ( , ) (0, 0) x y .
Suy ra
( , ) (0,0)
lim ( ) 0
x y
f x,y =

. Tuy nhin d dng thy rng c hai gii hn lp u khng tn

ti.
V d 7: Tm gii hn khi ( , ) (0, 0) x y ca hm s:
( )
2 2
2 2
x y
f x,y =
x +y

.
a) Ta thy vi dy
1 1
( , ) (0, 0) khi
k
z = k +
k k
, dy tng ng:
1 1
( , ) 0 0 khi
k
z f k
k k
= = + .
Mt khc vi dy
2 1
( ) , ) (0, 0) khi
k k
x' ,y' =( k +
k k
, nhng dy tng ng:
3
2 1 3 3
( , )
5
5 5
2
k
2
k
z' f
k k
k
= = = khi + k .
Vy hm s khng c gii hn khi ( , ) (0, 0) x y .
b) D dng thy
0 0 0
limlim ( ) lim( 1) 1
y x y
f x,y

= = ,
0 0 0
limlim ( ) lim1 1
x y x
f x, y

= = .
V d 8: Tm gii hn khi (x,y) (0,0) ca hm s
arctg
y
z x
x
= .
a) Ta c 0 arctg 0
2
y
z x x
x

= < khi ( ) (0, 0) x, y . Vy
(x,y) (0,0)
lim =0 z

b) D thy
0 0 0
limlim =lim0 0
y x y
z

= v
0 0 0
limlim =lim0 0
x y y
z

= .


221
221
V d 9: Tm gii hn khi (x,y)(0,0) ca hm s
3 3
2 2
x +y
z=
x +y
.
a)
3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2
x +y x y
z
x +y x +y
+
=
3 3
2 2 2 2
x y
x +y x +y
= + 0 x y + khi ( ) (0, 0) x,y .
Vy
(x,y) (0,0)
lim 0 z

= .
b) D thy
0 0 0
limlim lim 0
y x y
z y

= = v
0 0 0
limlim lim 0
x y x
z x

= = .
V d 10: Tm gii hn khi (x,y)(0,0) ca hm s
1
(1 cos =
2 2
2
+x +y
z y)
y
.
a) Ta thy
2
2(1 )sin
2 2
2
y
+x +y
2
z
y
= , nn
(x,y) (0,0)
1 1
lim 2.
4 2
z

= = .
b) D thy
2
2
0 0 0
1+
limlim lim (1 cos )
y x y
y
z y
y

= =
2 2
2
0
2(1+ )sin
1 1
2
lim 2.
4 2
y
y
y
y

= =
v
2
0 0 0
1 1
limlim lim
2 2
x y x
x

+
= = .
7.4 Hm s nhiu bin s lin tc
7.4.1 Hm s lin tc ti mt im
Gi s
2
R D v : R f D .
nh ngha 1: Hm s f(x,y) gi l lin tc (theo tp hp cc bin) ti
0 0 0
( , ) M x y D nu
>0, >0 sao cho M D m
0
( , )< M M th

0
( ) ( ) < f M f M (7.4.1)
Ta c cc nh ngha tng ng sau.
nh ngha 2: Hm s f(x,y) gi l lin tc ti
0
M D nu:

0
0
lim ( )= ( )
M M
f M f M (7.4.2)
Nu D l tp hp ng,
0
M l mt im bin ca D th
0
lim ( )
M M
f M c hiu l gii hn
ca f(M) khi M dn ti
0
M bn trong ca D.


222
222
nh ngha 3: Hm s f(M) lin tc ti
0 0 0
( , ) M x y D nu vi mi dy
{ }
k k k
( , ) M x y D ,
k 0
M M khi k ta u c:
k 0
( ) ( ) f M f M hay
k k 0 0
( , ) ( , ) f x y f x y . (7.4.3)
Hm f(M) c gi l lin tc trong min D nu n lin tc ti mi im thuc D.
V d 1: Xt hm s f(x,y) xc nh trong
2
R c cho bi biu thc;
3
2
( ) (0, 0)
( )
0 ( ) (0, 0)
2 2
xy
x,y
f x,y =
x +y
x,y =

nu
nu

ta thy
( )
1
2
2 2
xy x +y
( )
( )
3
2
1
0 ( )
2
2 2
2 2
x +y
f x,y
x +y

=
( )
1
0 khi ( ) (0, 0)
2
2 2
x +y x,y .
Vy hm s lin tc ti (0,0).
V d 2: Trong
2
R xt hm s f(x,y) c xc nh bi:
)

2 2
xy
(x,y
f x,y =
x +y
x,y
nu (0,0)
( )
0 nu ( ) = (0,0).

Ta thy dy
n n
1 1
( , ) ( , ) (0,0) = x y
n n
khi n+ nhng
n n
( , )
2
= +
n
f x y khi
+ n . Vy hm s khng lin tc ti im (0,0).
7.4.2 Hm s lin tc u
nh ngha 4: Hm s f(M) c gi l lin tc u trn min D nu: >0, >0 sao cho
vi mi cp im
1 2
, M M D m
1 2
( , ) < M M ta u c:

1 2
( ) ( ) . < f M f M (7.4.4)
V d 3: Xt hm s
2 2
z x +y = trn
2
R .
Vi mi cp im ( , ) ( , )
1 1 1 2 2 2
M x y , M x y ta c:
( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
x x x x y y y y
x +y x +y
x +y x +y
+ + +

+

Do
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2 1 2
x +y x +y x x + +


223
223
v
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2 1 2
x +y x +y y y + + ,
nn
( )
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2
x +y x +y x x y y +
( ) ( )
2 2
2
1 2 1 2
x x y y +
T trn ta c:
1 2 1 2
( ) ( ) 2 ( , ) f M f M M M . Do :
2
1 2
0, , ,
2

> = R M M m
1 2
( , ) < M M th
1 2
( ) ( ) < f M f M .
Vy hm s lin tc u trn
2
R .
Hm s nhiu bin s lin tc cng c nhng tnh cht nh hm mt bin s lin tc.
Chng hn, nu hm s nhiu bin s lin tc trong tp compac (ng v b chn) th n b
chn trong min y, n t gi tr ln nht v gi tr b nht trong min y, n lin tc u
trong min y.
7.4.3 Lin tc theo tng bin
nh ngha 5: Cho hm z = f(x,y) xc nh trn tp
2
R D
a) Ta ni rng hm z = f(x,y) lin tc theo bin x ti im
0 0 0
( , ) M x y Dnu hm mt
bin
0
f( , ) x y lin tc ti im
0
x , tc l:
lim ( ) ( )
0
0 0 0
x x
f x,y f x ,y

= . (7.4.5)
b) Ta ni rng hm z = f(x,y) lin tc theo bin y ti im
0 0 0
( , ) M x y D nu hm
( )
0
f x ,y lin tc ti im
0
y , tc l:
lim ( ) ( )
0
0 0 0
y y
f x ,y f x ,y

= (7.4.6)
c) Nu hm z = f(x,y) lin tc theo bin x v y ti im
0
M , ta ni rng n lin tc theo
tng bin ti
0
M .
nh l 7.4.1: Nu hm z = f(x,y) lin tc ti
0
M D (lin tc theo tp hp cc bin) th n lin
tc theo tng bin ti
0
M .
Chng minh: Gi s f(x,y) lin tc ti im
0 0 0
( , ) M x y D. Khi >0, >0 sao
cho M D m
0
( , ) < M M th
0
( ) ( ) < f M f M , hay l:
>0, >0 sao cho ( ) x, y D m ( ) ( )
2 2
0 0
x x + y y < th
( ) ( , )
0 0
f x,y f x y < (7.4.7)
By gi ta xt cc im ( ) M x, y D m
0 0
, x - x y = y < . R rng rng
2 2
0 0 0 0
( , ) ( ) +( ) | | = = < M M x x y y x x nn theo (7.4.7) ta c:


224
224
0 0 0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( , )
0
f M f M f x,y f x y = < , t y suy ra hm s lin tc theo bin x ti
0
x .
Tng t, hm z = f(x,y) lin tc theo bin y ti
0
y .
Ch rng iu ngc li cha chc ng, tc l nu hm f(x,y) lin tc theo tng
bin th cha th kt lun n lin tc theo tp hp cc bin.
V d 4: Xt hm
0
( )
0
2 2
2 2
2 2
xy
x +y
x +y z=f x,y =
x +y =

nu
0 nu

Bi v f(x,0)=0, R x nn
0
limf( ,0) = 0 = f(0,0)
x
x

, tc l hm s lin tc theo bin x ti

(0,0).
Tng t f(x,y) lin tc theo bin y ti (0,0). Tuy nhin f(x,y
0
) khng lin tc ti (0,0), bi
v dy
( )
n n
1 1
, ( , ) (0, 0) = x y
n n
khi + n ,
nhng dy
1 1 1
( , )
2
f
n n
0 = (0,0) f .
Vy lin tc theo tp hp cc bin mnh hn lin tc theo tng bin.
V d 5: Xt hm:
1 4 khi 4 1
( )
khi 4 1
2 2 2 2
2 2
x y x + y
f x,y =
c x + y >

trong c l hng s.
R rng ti cc im M(x,y) m 4 <1
2 2
x + y v 4 1
2 2
x + y > hm s lin tc. Xt im
0 0 0
( , ) M x y tho mn
2 2
0 0
+4 =1 x y , ta thy khi
0 0 0
( ( , ) M x, y) M x y th
f(x,y)
2 2
0 0
1 4 0 x y = . Do hm lin tc trn
2
R th c = 0.
7.5 Php tnh vi phn ca hm s nhiu bin s
7.5.1 o hm ring v vi phn cp mt
7.5.1.1 o hm ring
Cho hm s z = f(x,y) xc nh trong min
2
D R v im
0 0 0
M ( , ) x y l mt im ca
D. Cho
0
x mt s gia tu x v
0
y mt s gia tu y vi x , y b sao cho
0 0
+ (x x, y + y) D v lp biu thc:
( ) ( , ),
x 0 0 0 0
f= f x x,y f x y +


225
225
( ) ( , ).
y 0 0 0 0
f= f x ,y + y f x y
i lng
x
f ,
y
f gi l s gia ring ca hm f(x,y) theo bin x, y tng ng ti im
0 0 0
( , ) M x y , cn i lng:
) ( , ) + +
0 0 0 0
f = f(x x, y y f x y gi l s gia ton phn ca f(x,y)ti
0 0 0
( , ) M x y .
nh ngha 1: o hm ring ca hm f(x,y) theo bin x ti im
0
M v k hiu ( , )
0 0
f
x y
x

l
gii hn:
0 0
( ) ( , )
( , ) lim lim
x 0 0 0 0
0 0
x x
f f x x,y f x y f
x y
x x x

+
= =

(7.5.1)
Tng t, o hm ring ca hm f(x,y) theo bin y ti im
0
M l gii hn:

0 0
( ) ( , )
( , ) lim lim
y
0 0 0 0
0 0
y y
f
f x ,y + y f x y f
x y
y y y

= =

(7.5.2)
o hm ring ca hm z = f(x,y) theo bin x ti im ( , )
0 0 0
M x y cn c k hiu l:
x
f ( , ), ( , ), ( , )
0 0 0 0 x 0 0
z
x y x y z' x y
x

o hm ring ca hm z = f(x,y) theo bin y ti im
0 0 0
M ( , ) x y cn c k hiu l:
( , ), ( , ), ( , )
y 0 0 0 0 y 0 0
z
f x y x y z' x y
y

.
Tng qut mun tnh o hm ring theo bin
k
x ca hm ( , ,..., )
1 2 n
z= f x x x ti im
, ,..., )
n
0 10 20 n0
M (x x x R ta tnh o hm theo mt bin
k
x ca hm:
10 ( -1)0 ( 1)0 0
) ,..., , , ,..., ) =
k k k k+ n
(x f(x x x x x
v xem cc bin khc l tham s c nh.
V d 1: Cho
2 3 2
3 2 1 sin( ) = + + + z x y x y xy
2 2
6 2 cos( )

= + +

z
xy y xy
x
,
2 2 2
3 3 2 cos( )

= + +

z
x y xy xy
y
.
Ch rng ta khng c xem cc k hiu
z
x

,
z
y

l nhng phn s. thy r diu

ny ta hy xt v d sau.
V d 2: Xt phng trnh Mendeleev-Claplyron: pv = RT.
Ta c:
2
RT RT
( )
p
v v v v

= =

,


226
226

RT R
( )
T T
v
p p

= =

,

T p
( )
R R
v v
p p

= =

.
Tch ca ba o hm ring ny l mt h thc quan trng trong nhit ng lc hc:
2
T RT R
T R

=

p v v
v p v p

RT
1
pv
= = .
Nu nh cc k hiu ca cc o hm ring l nhng phn s th ta c 1 ch khng
phi l 1.
Nu hm f(x,y) c cc o hm ring lin tc trn tp U, ta ni rng f(x,y) thuc lp
1
( ) C U v k hiu
1
( ) ( ) f x, y C U .
7.5.1.2 Vi phn ton phn
nh ngha 2: Cho z = f(x,y) xc nh trong D v
0 0 0
( , ) M x y D. Nu ta c th biu din s
gia ton phn f di dng:
= . + . + . + f A x B y x y . (7.5.3)
trong A, B l hng s ch ph thuc ,
0 0
x y , cn , dn ti 0 khi
0
M M , th hm
f(x,y) kh vi ti im
0 0 0
( , ) M x y .
A. +B. x y (7.5.4)
gi l vi phn ton phn ca z = f(x,y) ti
0
M v c k hiu l dz hay df.
Hm s z = f(x,y) c gi l kh vi trong min D nu n kh vi ti mi im ca min D.
t ( ) ( )
2 2
= x + y , ta c th vit (7.5.3) di dng:
f =A. +B. +o( ) x y . (7.5.3)
trong
0
limo( )
S

=0.
Ch 1: Nu hm s f(x,y) kh vi ti
0
M , th t (7.5.3) suy ra rng: 0 f khi
0, 0 x y , tc l f(x,y) lin tc ti
0
M . Vy hm s f(x,y) kh vi ti
0
M th lin tc ti
0
M .
Ch 2: i vi hm mt bin s y = f(x), nu ti x =
0
x tn ti o hm hu hn
0
( ) f x ,
th ta c:
( ) ( ) ( )
0 0 0
y=f x x f x f x x+ . x + = ,
trong 0 khi 0 x , tc l hm kh vi ti x =
0
x .


227
227
i vi hm nhiu bin s z = f(x,y) s tn ti ca cc o hm ring ti
0 0 0
M ( , ) x y cha
hm kh vi ti
0
M .
Tht vy, ta hy xt hm s sau:
( )
( )
( )
2 2
xy
x,y
x +y f x,y =
x,y =

nu (0,0)
0 nu (0,0)

Ta c:
0 0
( ) (0, 0) ( 0)
(0, 0) lim lim


=

x
x x
f x,0 -f f x,
f =
x x
0
0
lim 0
x
x

= =

,
Tng t: (0,0)=0
y
f .
Cc o hm ring f x , f y ti (0,0) u tn ti, nhng hm s f(x,y) khng lin tc ti (0,0),
nn khng kh vi ti (0,0).
Sau y ta hy chng minh nh l v iu kin hm z=f(x,y) kh vi ti
0 0 0
M ( , ) x y .
nh l 7.5.1 Nu hm s z = f(x,y) c cc o hm ring trong ln cn ca im
0 0 0
M ( , ) x y
v nu cc o hm ring y lin tc ti im
0
M , th f(x,y) kh vi ti
0
M v ta c cng thc:

x y
dz f x f y = + . (7.5.5)
Chng minh: Ta c th vit vi phn ton phn f di dng
( ) ( , )
0 0 0 0
f= f x x,y y f x y + +


[ ]
( ) ( , )
0 0 0 0
f x x,y y f x y y = + + +
[ ]
( ) ( , )
0 0 0 0
f x ,y y f x y + + . (7.5.6)
p dng cng thc s gia gii ni cho hm mt bin s ta c:
1
( ) ( , ) ( , )
0 0 0 0 x 0 0
f x x,y y f x y y f x x y y x + + + = + + (7.5.7)
2
( ) ( , ) ( , )
0 0 0 0 y 0 0
f x ,y y f x y f x y y y + = + (7.5.8)
trong 0<
1
<1, 0<
2
<1.
Ngoi ra, do ,
x y
f f lin tc ti
0 0 0
M ( , ) x y nn:
1
( , ) ( , )
x 0 0 x 0 0
f x x y y f x y + + = + (7.5.9)

2
( , ) ( , )
y 0 0 y 0 0
f x y y f x y + = + (7.5.10)
trong 0 , 0 khi x 0, y 0 . Do :
( , ) ( , )
x 0 0 y 0 0
f f x y x f x y y . x y = + + + (7.5.11)
vy theo nh ngha hm s z = f(x,y) kh vi ti
0
M v ta c cng thc (7.5.5).
Ch 3: Ta thy rng i vi f(x,y) = x, ta c:


228
228
1 0
f f
,
x y

= =

, do theo nh ngha
x y
df = f' x+f' y suy ra:
dx= x .
Tng t i vi f(x,y)=y ta c dy= y .
Do nu x,y l cc bin s c lp th x =dx, y =dy v ta c th vit:

x y
df f dx f dy = + . (7.5.12)
Ch 4: Theo nh ngha (7.5.3) v cng thc (7.5.11), khi x , y kh b ta c th xem
f df, tc l:
) ( , ) f ( , ) ( , )
0 0 0 0 x 0 0 y 0 0
f(x x,y y f x y x y x+f x y y + + +
(7.5.13)
V d 3: Tnh gn ng
1, 02
arctg
0,95
.
Xt hm s arctg =
y
z
x
. Ta thy
2 2 2 2
' , '

= =
+ +
x y
y x
z z
x y x y
.
Coi
0
x =1,
0
y =1 v x =0,05, y =0,02. Theo cng thc (7.5.13) ta c:
1,02
arctg
0,95
= z(10,05,1+0,02) z(1,1)+
1.0,02+1.0,05
2

= arctg1+0.035=
4

+0,035=0,82 rad.
7.5.1.3 o hm ring ca hm s hp
Cho
2 1
D,G , R R v nh x : D G c xc nh nh sau:
Vi (x,y)D, ( ) ( ( ) ( ) x,y = u x,y ,v x,y G .
Hn na cho nh x f: G c xc nh, vi (u,v) G , f(u,v)=z .
nh x tch, k hiu F = f
o
, xc nh bi:
F(x,y) = (f
o
)(x,y) =f[ ( ) x, y ]=f[u(x,y),v(x,y)]= z,
gi l hm hp ca cc bin s x, y. Ta c nh l sau m phn chng minh ca n c gi
c th c trong [1].
nh l 7.5.2 Nu f(x,y) c cc o hm ring ,
f f
u v


lin tc trong min G v nu tn ti cc
o hm ring , , ,
u u v v
x y x y


trong min D, th tn ti cc o hm ring ,
F F
x y


v ta c
cng thc:


229
229
F f u f v
x u x v x

= +

, (7.5.14)
F f u f v
y u y v y

= +

. (7.5.15)
Cc cng thc (7.5.14) v (7.5.15) c th vit di dng ma trn:
( , ) ( , )
u u

x y F F f f
v v x y u v

x y




=




. (7.5.16)
Ma trn
u u

x y
v v

x y








gi l ma trn Jacbi ca bin u, v i vi x, y, cn nh thc ca ma
trn c gi l nh thc Jacbi ca u,v i vi x,y v c k hiu l
( )
( )
D u,v
D x,y
.
Ch 5: Trong cc tnh ton ngi ta khng phn bit f v F. Nn ta c th vit cng
thc (7.5.14) v (7.5.15) di dng:
. .
f f u f v
x u x v x

= +

, (7.5.14)
. .
f f u f v
y u y v y

= +

. (7.5.15)
V d 4: Cho sin( )
xy 2 2
z=e x y + , tnh
z
x

v
z
y

.
t u=xy, v=
2 2
x y + , ta c z= sin
u
e v . Khi :
. .
z z u z v
x u x v x

= +

sin cos 2
u u
e v.y+e v. x =
= sin( ) 2 cos( )
xy 2 2 2 2
e y x +y + x x +y


. .
z z u z v
y u y v y

= +

sin cos 2
u u
e v.x+e v. y =
= sin( ) 2 cos( )
xy 2 2 2 2
e x x +y + y x +y

.
Ch 6:
a) Nu z = f(x,y), y = y(x) th z l hm hp ca x, z=f(x,y(x)). Khi ta c:
. ( )
z f f
y' x
x x y

= +

. (7.5.17)


230
230
b) Nu z = f(x,y), x = x(t), y = y(t) th z l hm s hp ca t thng qua hai bin trung gian
x,y. Khi ta c:
( ) . ( )
dz f f
x' t y' t
dt x y

= +

. (7.5.18)
V d 5: Cho cos( )sin( ) z= t+ t , tnh
z
t

v
z

.
t x=cos( ) t+ , y=sin( ) t , khi z=xy. Ta c:
z z x z y
t x t y t

= +

sin( ) cos( ) y t+ +x t- =
sin( )sin ) cos( )cos( ) = t+ (t + t+ t =cos2t .
Tng t:
sin( cos( ) cos2
z
y t+ ) x t =

.
Ch 7: (Vi phn ca hm hp) Cho z = f(u,v) c cc o hm ring lin tc. Gi s u =
u(x,y), v = v(x,y), khi z=f[u(x,y),v(x,y)] l hm ca x,y. Nu gi thit rng u,v c cc o
hm ring lin tc, th t (7.5.14) v (7.5.15) suy ra rng ,
f f
x y


lin tc. Do nu xem z
l hm ca x,y th z l kh vi. Ta c
f f
dz= dx + dy
x y


. (7.5.19)
By gi thay ,
f f
x y


theo cng thc (7.5.14) v (7.5.15) vo (7.5.19) ta c;
f f f
. . . .
f u v u v
dz= dx + dy
u x v x u y v y

+ +






f u u f v v
= dx + dy + dx+ dy
u x y v x y




.
Theo cng thc vi phn ca cc hm u,v, ta c th vit:
f f
dz= du + dv
u v


. (7.5.20)
Vy vi phn ton phn ca hm s z = f(u,v) c cng mt dng cho d u, v l cc bin c
lp hay u, v l cc hm ca cc bin s c lp khc. Do vi phn ton phn ca hm nhiu
bin s cng c dng bt bin nh vi phn ca hm mt bin s. Do cc cng thc
d(u v)=du dv, ( ) d uv udv + vdu = ,
2
u vdu udv
d
v v

=


cng ng khi u, v l cc hm s
ca cc bin s khc.
7.5.2 o hm v vi phn cp cao


231
231
7.5.2.1 o hm ring cp cao
Cho hm s hai bin s z = f(x,y) xc nh trong min
2
D R . Cc o hm ring
( , ), ( , )
x y
f x y f x y l nhng hm ca x v y. Cc o hm ring ca cc o hm ring cp mt,
nu tn ti, c gi l cc o hm ring cp hai. Ta c bn o hm ring cp hai c k
hiu nh sau:
2
2
( )
( )
2
2 x
xy
f f
f x,y ,
x x x
f f
f x,y ,
y x x y

= =




= =




2
( ,y),
yx
f f
f x
x y y x

= =




2
( )
2
2 y
f f
f x,y .
y y y

= =



(7.5.21)
V d 6: Tm cc o hm ring cp 1 v cp 2 ca hm sau: 3
3 3 2 2
z=x +y x y .
3 6 , 3 6
2 2 2 2
z z
x xy y x y
x y

= =

,
( )
2
3 6 12
2 2
z
x xy xy
x y y

= =

,
( )
2
3 6 12
2 2
z
y x y xy
y x x

= =

,
2 2
6 6 , 6 6
2 2
2 2
z z
x y y x
x y

= =

.
Trong cc v d trn ta thy
2 2
z z
x y y x

=

. Vn t ra l trong trng hp khc liu
iu c cn ng khng? Ta tha nhn nh l quan trng sau ay.
nh l 7.5.3 (nh l Schwarz): Nu trong ln cn no ca im ( , )
0 0 0
M x y hm s
z=f(x,y) c cc o hm ring
xy yx
f , f v nu cc o hm y lin tc ti
0
M th ti y:
xy yx
f =f .
7.5.2.2 Vi phn cp cao
Xt hm s z=f(x,y) xc nh trong min
2
D R . Ta bit vi phn ton phn ca n:
( ) ( )
x y
dz=f x,y dx + f x,y dy .
Nu dz tn ti, th n cng l hm s ca x, y. Vi phn ton phn ca dz nu tn ti, c
gi l vi phn ton phn cp hai ca z v c k hiu l
2
d z . Vy:


232
232
( ) ( )
2
x y
d z=d dz =d f dx + f dy . (7.5.22)
Tip tc nh vy ta c cc vi phn ton phn cp cao hn:
( )
3 2
d z=d d z ,
.
( )
n n-1
d z=d d z . (7.5.22)
By gi ta hy xy dng biu thc cu vi phn cp cao. Gi s x, y l cc bin s c lp.
Khi dx= x, dy= y l nhng hng s v ta c th vit:
( ) ( ) ( )
2
x y x x y y
d z=d dz = f dx + f dy dx+ f dx + f dy dy
( )
2 2
2 2
xy yx
x y
=f dx f f dxdy + f dy + + .
Gi s rng
xy yx
f , f lin tc, khi chng bng nhau, v vy:
2
2 2
2 2 2
xy
x y
d z=f dx f dxdy f dy + + (7.5.21)
hay
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2 2
f f f
d z= dx dxdy+ dy
x x y y

+

. (7.5.21)
Ta thng k hiu (7.5.21) di dng:
2
.
2
d z= dx dy f
x y

+



(7.5.22)
Tip tc qu trnh trn, ta c cng thc sau:
n
n
d z= dx dy f
x y

+



. (7.5.23)
Cui cng ta ch rng nu x,y khng phi l bin s c lp, m l hm ca cc bin s
c lp s,t khc. Khi dx,dy khng phi l cc hng s m ph thuc vo s,t. Do :
( ) ( )
2
x y
d z=d dz =d f dx + f dy .
S dng cng thc vi phn ca mt tng, mt tch hai hm s:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
x x y y
d z=d f dx+f d dx +d f dy+f d dy
2
2 2 2
xy x
x
d z=f dx f dxdy+f d x+ +
2
2 2
yx y
y
f dy f dydx+f d y +
2
2 2
2 2 2 2
xy x y
x y
=f dx f dxdy+f dy f d x+f d y + + . (7.5.24)
V d 7: Tm cc o hm ring cp 2 v vi phn cp 2 ca hm ln( )
2
z= x +y .

2
,
2 2
z x z 1
x x +y y x +y

= =

,


233
233

( )
2
2
2 2
( )
2
2
z x x
x y y x +y
x +y

= =

,

( )
2
2
2
2
2
z 1 x
y x x x +y
x +y

= =



,

( )
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
z 2x y-x
x x x +y
x +y

= =



,

( )
2
2
1 1
( )
2 2
2
z
y y x +y
x +y

= =

.
T y ta c th tnh vi phn cp 2 ca hm z:
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2 2
f f f
d z= dx dxdy+ dy
x x y y

+


( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
4 1
2
2
2 2
2 2 2
y x xdxdy
dx dy
x +y x +y x +y

= .
V d 8: Xt hm s:
( )
khi ( ) (0, 0)
0 khi ( ) = (0, 0).
2 2
xy
x,y
x +y f x,y
x,y

Trong phn u ca tit ny ta bit (0,0)=0
x
f v
( )
2
( )
3 2
x
2 2
y x y
f x,y =
x +y

. Do ta c hm
s mi:
( )
2
khi ( ) (0, 0)
( )
0 khi ( ) (0, 0).
3 2
2 2
x
y x y
x,y
f x,y = x +y
x,y =

By gi ta hy tnh (0,0)
xy
f . Theo nh ngha:
( )
2
(0, ) (0, 0) 1
(0, 0) lim lim
x x
xy
y 0 y 0
f y f
f =
y
y


=

khng tn ti.
Do theo nh ngha o hm (0,0)
xy
f khng tn ti.
7.6 o hm ca hm s n
7.6.1 Khi nim v hm s n mt bin s


234
234
Cho h thc gia hai bin s x, y c dng
F(x,y)=0 (7.6.1)
trong F(x,y) l hm hai bin s c xc nh trong tp
2
D R .
Hm s y=f(x) gi l c xc nh mt cch n bi h thc (7.6.1) nu khi th y=f(x) vo
(7.6.1) ta c mt ng nht thc.
V d 1: T h thc
1
2 2
2 2
x y
+
a b
= (7.6.2)
ta c
2 2
b
y= a x
a
. Vy h thc (7.6.2) xc nh hai hm n trong [a,a].
V d 2: T mi phng trnh: 2y 3x = 0, 0
2 2
x y = , c th xc nh y nh l hm n ca x
c xc nh trong
1
R .
Tuy nhin khng phi t (7.6.1) lc no cng gii hin c y theo x, v d nh t h
thc:
ln(
xy
e x+y) = vi x+y>1.
a) S tn ti ca hm s n
Ta tha nhn nh l sau v s tn ti, lin tc, kh vi ca cc hm s n.
nh l 7.6.1 Gi s ( ) 0
0 0
F x ,y = . Nu hm s F(x,y) c cc o hm ring lin tc trong ln
cn ca im ( )
0 0 0
M x ,y v nu ( ) 0
y 0
F' M , th t h thc (7.6.1) c th xc nh duy nht
mt hm s n y = f(x) xc nh trong ln cn no ca
0
x sao cho ( ( )) = 0 ( )
0 0
F x,f x ,y =f x .
Hn na hm s n lin tc v c o hm lin tc trong ln cn ni trn.
V d 3: Xt hm s ( ) ln( )
xy
F x,y =e x+y vi x+y >1 v im
0
M (0, e).
Ta thy F(0,e)=0,
xy
x
1
F' ye
x+y
= ,
1
xy
y
F' xe
x+y
= v
1
(0, 0
y
F' e)=
e
.
Vy trong ln cn ca im
0
=0 x , t h thc F(x,y)=0 c th xc nh c duy nht hm
n y = y(x).
V d 4: Xt h thc:
( ) ( ) ( ) 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
F x,y x y 2a x y = + = v im
0
M (0, 0) .
Ta thy:
4 ( ) 4 4 ( ) 4
2 2 2 2 2 2
x y
F x x +y a x, F y x +y + a y = = .
Khi x=0, y=0 th F(x,y) =0,
x
F =0 v
y
F =0.
Vy t h thc F(x,y)=0 khng tn ti hm n trong ln cn im
0
M (0, 0) .
b) o hm ca hm s n


235
235
Gi s cc gi thit ca nh l 1 va trnh by c tho mn , khi y h thc (7.6.1) xc
nh mt hm s n y=f(x) lin tc v c o hm lin tc trong mt khong no . Ta c th
vit:
F(x,y)=0 trong y=f(x). (7.6.3)
Ly o hm hai v (7.6.3) theo x ta c:
0
x y
dy
F' F'
dx
+ = .
T y suy ra:
x
y
F' dy
dx F'
= . (7.6.4)
V d 4: Xt h thc ( ) 1 0
2 2
2 2
x y
F x,y = +
a b
= .
Ta thy
2 2
,
x y 2 2
x y
F' F'
a b
= = .
Vy 0 y t h thc trn ta c th xc nh c hm n y = f(x) xc inh trong [a,a] v
o hm ca hm s n ny l:
2
2
b x
y'=
a y
.
c)Phng trnh tip tuyn vi th hm s n
Tip tuyn ca th hm s f(x) ti im
0 0 0
M ( , ) x y , trong ( )
0 0
y f x = c phng
trnh:
( )
( )
( )
x 0 0
0 0
y 0 0
F' x ,y
y y x x
F' x ,y
=
hay ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0
0 x 0 0 0 y 0 0
x x F' x ,y + y y F x ,y = . (7.6.5)
V d nh, tip tuyn ti im
0
( )
0 0
M x ,y ca elip 1 0
2 2
2 2
x y
+
a b
= c phng trnh:
2 2
( ) ( ) 0
0 0
0 0 2 2
x y
x x y y
a b
+ = .
Vi s ch n
2 2
1
0 0
2 2
x y
a b
+ = ta c phng trnh:
1 0
0 0
2 2
xx yy
a b
+ = .
7.6.2 Khi nim hm s n ca hai bin s
Tng t nh trn, ta tm iu kin t h thc gia ba bin s x, y, z dng:


236
236
F(x,y,z)=0 (7.6.6)
c th xc nh hm s n.
a) S tn ti ca hm s n
nh l 7.6.2: Cho h thc F(x,y,z)=0 v im
0 0 0 0
( ) M x ,y ,z vi
0 0 0
( ) 0 F x ,y ,z = . Nu hm s
F(x,y,z) c cc o hm ring lin tc trong ln cn im
0 0 0 0
( , , ) M x y z v nu
0
( ) 0
z
F' M ,
th t h thc (7.6.6) ta xc nh c mt hm s n z = f(x,y) trong ln cn no ca im
0 0
( ) x ,y tho mn ( )
0 0 0
z f x ,y = . Hn na hm s lin tc v c cc o hm ring lin tc
trong ln cn ni trn.
b) o hm ca hm s n hai bin s
Vi cc gi thit ca nh l 7.6.2, t (7.6.6) ta c th xc nh c hm z=f(x,y). Do
ta c th vit:
F(x,y,z)=0 vi z=f(x,y). (7.6.7)
Ly o hm hai v (7.6.7) ln lt i vi x, y ta c:
. 0
x z x
F' F' z' + = , . 0
y z y
F' F' z' + = .
Theo gi thit 0
z
F' , t y suy ra:
,
y
x
x y
z z
F'
F'
z' z'
F' F'
= = . (7.6.8)
V d 5 Cho ( ) 3 1 0
z 3 3 3
F x,y,z =e +x +y +z xy = .
Ta thy 3 3 3 0,
2 2 z 2
x y z
F' x 3y,F' y 3x,F' e z z = = = + .
Do 0
z
F' , z , nn h thc trn xc nh mt hm s n z = f(x,y) lin tc v c cc o
hm ring lin tc, ngoi ra:
3 3
3 3
2 2
x y z 2 z 2
x 3y y 3x
z' , z'
e z e z

= =
+ +
.
c) Mt phng tip xc
Gi S l th hm s n z = f(x,y) m ta va trnh by. Phng trnh ca mt phng tip
xc vi S ti im
0 0 0 0
( , , ) M x y z l:
y
( )
( )
( ). ( )
( ) ( )
0 0 0
x 0 0 0
0 0 0
z 0 0 0 z 0 0 0
F' x ,y ,z
F' x ,y ,z
z z x x y y
F' x ,y ,z F' x ,y ,z

= + ,
hay di dng i xng hn:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+( ) ( ) 0.
0 x 0 0 0 0 y 0 0 0
0 z 0 0 0
x x F' x ,y ,z + y y F' x ,y ,z
z z F' x ,y ,z =

(7.6.9)
Chng hn, mt phng tip xc vi elipxoit


237
237
1 0
2 2 2
2 2 2
x y z
+
a b c
+ =
ti im
0 0 0 0
( , , ) M x y z ca n c phng trnh l;
( )
2 2 2
( ) ( ) 0
0 0 0
0 0 0 2 2 2
x y z
x x y y z z
a b c
+ + = ,
hay l:
1 0
0 0 0
2 2 2
xx yy zz
a b c
+ + = .
7.7 o hm theo hng
7.7.1 o hm theo hng
nh ngha 1: Cho hm s u=u(x,y,z) xc nh trong min
3
G R . Qua im
0 0 0 0
( , , ) G M x y z cho ng thng nh hng l c vc t n v l l
,
(Hnh 7.7.1).
Ly mt im M bt k trn ng thng . Gi l di ca vc t
0
M M
,
. Khi :
0
M M l =
, ,
.
l
,

Hnh 7.7.1
Nu khi 0 (tc l khi
0
M M theo hng l
,
) t s:
0
( ) ( ) u M u M u


=
dn ti mt gii hn hu hn th gii hn c gi l o hm ca hm s u theo
hng l ti
0
M v c k hiu l ( )
0
u
M
l

, :
( )
0
0
0
( ) ( )
lim
u M u M u
M
l

, . (7.7.1)
Ch : Nu l
,
trng vi vc t n v i
,
ca trc Ox th:
( )
0 0 0 0 0 0
0
0
( , , ) , , )
lim
u x + y z u(x y z u
M
l

,
=
0 0 0
( , , )
u
x y z
x

.


238
238
Vy o hm
u
x

chnh l o hm ca hm u theo hng ca trc Ox. Tng t

u
y

l
o hm ca hm u theo hng ca trc Oy,
u
z

l o hm ca hm u theo hng ca trc

Oz.
nh l 7.7.1: Nu hm s u=u(x,y,z) kh vi ti im M
0
(x
0
,y
0
,z
0
) th ti im y n c o
hm theo mi hng l
,
v ta c cng thc:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 0 0 0
cos cos cos
u u u u
M M M M
x y z l


= + +

, , (7.7.2)
trong cos , cos , cos l cc cosin ch phng ca vect l
,
.
7.7.2 Gradien
Cho u = u(x,y,z) l hm s c cc o hm ring ti
0 0 0 0
( , , ) M x y z . Gi gradien ca hm
u ti
0
M l vc t c cc thnh phn l ( ) ( ) ( )
0 0 0
, ,
u u u
M M M
x y z


v k hiu
l ( )
0
grad u M
,
. Nh vy:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 0 0 0
grad
u u u
u M M i M j M k
x y z

= + +

, , , ,
(7.7.3)
trong , , i j k
, , ,
l cc vc t n v ca trc Ox,Oy,Oz.
Theo cng thc (7.7.2):
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 0 0 0
grad . grad cos(grad , )
u
M u M l u M u M l
l

= =

, , , , ,
, .
Do ( )
0
cos(grad , ) 1 u M l
, ,
nn ( )
0
u
M
l

, t gi tr ln nht bng ( )
0
grad u M
,
khi l
,

cng phng vi grad u
,
.
V d 1: Cho 3
3 3 3
u=x +y +z + xyz .
Tnh grad u
,
v
u
l

, ti
0
M (1,2,1), trong l
,
l vc t n v ca
0 1
M M
,
vi
1
M
(2,0,1).
Gii: Ta thy:
grad 3 3( 3(
2 2 2
u= (x +yz)i y +zx) j z +xy)k + +
, , , ,

( )
0
grad 3( 3 3 ) u M i j k = + +
, , , ,
.
V
0 1
M M =(1, 2,2)
,
nn
1 2 2
cos , cos , cos
3 3 3

= = = v ta c:


239
239
( )
0
u 1 2 2
M ( 3) 9( ) 9( )
3 3 3 l

= + +

, =16+6= 1.
V d 2: Tm o hm ca hm
2 2
u 2x 3y = ti im P(1,1) theo hng gradien ca hm
ny ti P.
4 , 6
u u
x y
x y

= =

. ( ) grad {4, 6} u P =
,
, vc t n v ca ( ) grad u P
,

l:
0
2 3
n { , }
13 13
=
,
.
Do theo (7.7.2):
0
u 2 3
(P) 4. 6( ) 2 13
n 13 13

= =

, .
Ta cng c th thy theo (7.7.4):
0
u
(P) grad u(P) 16 36 52 2 13
n

= = + = =

,
, .
7.8 Cng thc Taylor. Cc tr ca hm s nhiu bin s
7.8.1 Cng thc Taylor
Trong phn ny ta hy m rng cng thc s gia gii ni, cng thc Taylor i vi hm
s mt bin s cho hm s nhiu bin s.
nh l 7.8.1: Gi s hm s f(x,y) c cc o hm ring n cp (n+1) lin tc trong mt ln
cn no ca im
0 0 0
( , ) M x y . Ngoi ra cho
0
x mt s gia x ,
0
y mt s gia y sao cho
im
0 0 0
( , ) M x x y y + + cng nm trong ln cn ni trn. Khi ta c cng thc:
0 0 0 0
( , ) ( , ) f=f x x y y f x y + +

0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1
( , ) ( , ) ... ( , )
1! 2! !
2 n
df x y d f x y d f x y
n
= + + +

0 0
1
( , )
1)!
n 1
d f x x y y
(n+

+
+ + + , (7.8.1)
trong 0 1 < < . (7.8.2)
Cng thc (7.8.1) gi l cng thc Taylor i vi hm z=f(x,y).
Chng minh: t
0 0
( ) ( , ) F t =f x t x y t y + + , t [0,1] .
Ta thy (1) (0) f=F F . V f(x,y) c cc o hm ring n cp (n+1) lin tc, nn hm
s F(t) c cc o hm lin tc n cp (n+1) trong on [0,1]. Theo cng thc Taylor i vi
hm mt bin s F(t) ta c:
1 1 1
(1) (0) (0) (0) ( )
2! ! ( 1)!
(n) (n+1)
F F =F' + F"(0)+...+ F F
n n+
+ ,


240
240
trong 0 1 < < (7.8.1)
nhng
0 0 0 0 0 0
( , ) ( , ) ( , )
x y
F'(0)=f ' x y x+f ' x y y=df x y ,
..,

0 0
(0) ( , )
(n) n
F d f x y = ,

0 0
( ) ( , )
(n+1) n+1
F d f x x y y = + + . (7.8.3)
Th cc ng thc (7.8.3) vo (7.8.2) ta c cng thc (7.8.1).
Ch 1: S dng cc cng thc lu tha tng trng biu din vi phn cp cao ta c
th vit cng thc Taylor nh sau:
0 0 0 0
( , ) ( , ) f f x x y y f x y = + +

1
( ) ( )
n
k
0
k=1
x+ y f M
k! x y

=

1
( ) ( )
( )
n+1
1
x+ y f M
n+1 ! x y

+

(7.8.4),
trong
1
M nm trn on thng ni im
0
M vi M.
Ch 2: Nu trong cng thc (7.8.1) cho n=0, ta c:
0 0 0 0 0 0
( , ) ( , ) ( , ) f x x y y f x y df x x y y + + = + + (7.8.4)
hay
0 0 0 0
( , ) ( , ) f x x y y f x y + + =

0 0
( ) ( , ) x+ y f x x y y
x y


= + +

. (7.8.4)
V d 1: Khai trin hm ( ) 2 6 3 5
2 2
f x,y = x xy y x y+ theo cng thc Taylor trong ln
cn im A(1,2).
Gii: Hm s cho c o hm ring n cp bt k. Mt khc ta thy cc o hm ring
cp cao hn hai u bng 0, nn s hng d bng 0 v ta c cng thc:
2
1
( , ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2!
= + + f x y f A df A d f A , hay
(1, 2) (1, 2)
( , ) (1, 2) ( 1) ( 2) ...
1 (1, 2) (1, 2) (1, 2)
( 1) ( 1)( 2) ( 2) .
2!

= + + + + +






2 2 2
2 2
2 2
f f
f x y f x y
x y
f f f
x + x y+ + y+
x x y y

Ta thy: 4 6

f
x y
x
, 2 3

f
x y
y
,

2 2 2
2 2
4, 1, 2

= = =

f f f
x x y y
, nn
f(1,2)=5,
(1, 2) (1, 2)
0, 0

= =

f f
x y
,


241
241
2 2 2
2 2
(1, 2) (1, 2) (1, 2)
4, 1, 2

= = =

f f f
x x y y
.
Thay cc o hm ring va tm c vo cng thc trn ta c:
2 2
( , ) 5 2( 1) ( 1)( 2) ( 2) = + + + f x y x x y y .
7.8.2 Cc tr ca hm nhiu bin s
a) iu kin cn ca cc tr
Gi s: f:D R v D l tp m trong
2
R . im
0 0 0
( , ) M x y l im cc tr a phng
ca hm f(x,y) nu tn ti 0 > sao cho: ( , )
0
M B M D
0 0
( ) ( , ). f x,y f x y (7.8.5)
trong M=M(x,y) v
0
( , ) B M l hnh trn tm M
0
bn knh .
im
0 0 0
( , ) M x y l im cc tiu a phng ca hm f nu tn ti 0 > sao cho:
( , )
0
M B M D
0 0
( ) ( , ). f x,y f x y (7.8.6)
biu th cc i, cc tiu ta dng mt danh t chung l cc tr. Trc ht ta hy
chng minh nh l v iu kin cn tn ti cc tr.
nh l 7.8.2: Gi s hm z=f(x,y) t cc tr ti im
0 0 0
M (x , y ) v ti cc o hm ring
0 0
( , )
f
x y
x

v
0 0
( , )
f
x y
y

tn ti th cc o hm ring ny bng khng.

Chng minh: C nh
0
y v xt hm mt bin s z=f(x,
0
y ). Theo gi thit hm s z=f(x,
0
y ) t cc tr ti x=
0
x , nn theo nh l Fecma:
0 0
( , ) 0
x
f x y = .
Tng t:
0 0
( , ) 0
y
f x y = .
Trong thc t c nhng hm s lin tc t cc tr ti
0 0
( , ) x y nhng khng c o hm
ring ti
0 0
( , ) x y . V d nh hm s
2 2
z= x +y t cc tiu ti gc to O(0,0), nhng ti
im ny hm s khng c o hm ring. Tht vy:
0
( 0) (0, 0)
(0, 0) lim
x
f f x, f
x x


=



0 0
1 khi
lim lim
1 khi .
+
2
-
x x
x 0 x
x
x x
x 0



= = =

Vy (0, 0)
f
x

khng tn ti. Tng t (0, 0)

f
y

khng tn ti.


242
242
b) im ti hn: Cho hm s z=f(x,y) xc nh trong tp m
2
D R . Nhng im m ti
f
x

v
f
y

trit tiu, hoc

f
x

, hoc
f
y

khng tn ti gi l nhng im ti hn ca hm s.
c) iu kin ca cc tr
Gi s hm z=f(x,y) xc nh, lin tc v c cc o hm ring cp mt, cp hai lin tc
trong khong no ca im dng
0 0 0
( , ) M x y , tc l cc im tho mn iu kin:
0 0
( , )
f
x y
x

=0 v
0 0
( , )
f
x y
y

=0. (7.8.7)
Xt s gia:
0 0 0 0 0 0
1
( ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , )
1!
f f
f=f x,y f x y x y x+ x y y
x y

=




2 2 2
2 2 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
1
( , ) 2 ( , ) ( , ) o( )
2!
f f f
x y x + x y x y x y y
x x y y

+ + +



trong
2 2
x y = + .
Vi cc iu kin (7.8.7) ta c:
0 0
( ) ( , ) f=f x,y f x y =
=
2 2 2
2
0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
1
( , ) 2 ( , ) ( , )
2!
2
f f f
x y x + x y x y x y y
x x y y

+




2
o( ) + .
t
2 2 2
0 0 0 0 0 0
( , ), ( , ), ( , )
2 2
f f f
= x y = x y = x y
x x y y


A B C ,
khi :
2 2 2
1
2 o( )
2!
f= x + x y y + +

A B C . (7.8.8)
)Trng hp 1
Nu
0
0( 0)
2
>

> >

AC B
A C

Khi dng ton phng l xc nh dng, nn f cng dng, tc l hm t cc tiu
ti im
0 0
(x , y ) .
) Trng hp 2
Nu
2
0
0( 0)
>

< <

AC B
A C

Trong trng hp ny dng ton phng xc nh m, nn <0 f tc l hm t cc i
ti im
0 0
( , ) x y .
) Trng hp 3


243
243
Nu
2
0 < AC B .
Khi vi gi tr tu ca x v y tam thc:
2 2
2 x + x y y + A B C c th ly gi tr
dng, c nhng gi tr m. Trong trng hp ny hm s khng c cc tr.
) Trng hp 4
Nu
2
0 = AC B .
Trong trng hp ny ta khng th ni g v tnh cht ca cc im dng, n c th l
im cc tr, cng c th khng. gii quyt bi ton ta cn phi xt cc o hm cp cao
hn.
V d 2: Xt hm s 2 2 4
2 2
z x+ y x y = + .
Ta thy h phng trnh:
2 2 0
4 2 0
z
x=
x
z
y
y

=

= =

c nghim x=1, y=2.

Do hm s cho ch c mt im dng
0
M (1,2). Gi tr tng ng ca hm l z=7.
By gi ta tnh cc o hm ring cp hai:
2 2
(1, 2) 2, (1, 2) 0, (1, 2) 2.
xy
x y
=z =z =z = = = A B C
Nh vy
2
4 0 = > AC B , A=2 < 0. hm s t cc i ti
0
M (1,2).
V d 3: Xt hm s z=xy.
Ta c A=0, B=1, C=0. Do
2
1 0 = < AC B , nn hm s khng c cc tr ti (0,0).
V d 4: Xt hm s
4 4 2 2
2 z x y x xy y = +
Trc ht ta tnh cc o hm ring
3 3
' 4 2 2 , ' 4 2 2 .
x y
z x x y z y x y = =
Cc im dng tm c t h
3
3
4 2 2 0
4 2 2 0.
x x y
y x y

H ny c 3 nghim: x
1
=0, y
1
=0; x
2
=1, y
2
=1; x
3
=1, y
3
=1. kim tra iu kin ca
cc tr a phng, ta tnh cc o hm ring cp hai.
2 2
12 2, 2, 12 2
xx xy yy
z x z z y = = = .
Ti im (1, 1) ta c A=10, B=2, C=10,
2
0 = > AC B , nn ti im ny hm t cc
tiu,
CT
z 2 =
Ti im (0,0) ta c A=2, B=2, C=2,
2
0 = = AC B . tm hiu s tn ti cc tr,
ta hy xt s gia ca hm ti im (0,0):


244
244
4 4 2 2
(0, 0) ( , ) (0, 0) 2 . z z h k z h k h k kh = = +
Nu k h = v
3
0
2
h < < th
4 2 4 2 2 2
3
(0, 0) 2 4 2 3 2 ( ) 0
2
z h h h h h h = < = <
Nu k=h v h>0 th
4 4 2 2 2 4
(0, 0) 2 2 0 z h h h h h h = + + = >
Ta thy s gia (0, 0) z nhn cc gi tr c du khc nhau, bi vy ti x
1
=0, y
1
=0 hm s
khng c cc tr.
Ti im (1,1) ta c A=10, B=2, C=10,
2
0 = > AC- B nn ti im ny hm t cc
tiu, z
CT
=2.
7.8.3 Gi ln nht v nh nht ca hm s nhiu bin s trn compac
Ta bit rng mi hm s nhiu bin s lin tc trn tp compac (ng v b chn) D u
t gi tr ln nht,nh nht trn tp D. Nu hm s t gi tr ln nht hay nh nht ti mt
im trong ca tp D, th im y phi l im cc tr ca hm s, do n phi l im ti
hn. Hm s cng c th t gi tr ln nht hay nh nht trn bin ca tp D. Do mun
tm gi tr ln nht hay nh nht ca hm s trn tp D, ta phi tm cc im ti hn ca n
trong tp D, tnh gi tr ca hm s ti cc im y v so snh chng vi nhng gi tr ca
hm s trn bin ca tp D.
V d 5: Tm gi tr ln nht nh nht ca hm s 8 3 1 (2 1)
2 2 2 2 2
z= x + y + x +y + trn tp ng
D xc nh bi 1
2 2
x +y .
Ta thy z lin tc trn D nn n t gi tr ln nht M v gi tr nh nht m trn tp D.
Ta c 8 (1 2 ) 2 (1 4 2 )
2 2 2 2
z z
x x y , y x y
x y

= =

.
H phng trnh:
0
0
z
x
z
y

=

C cc nghim
1 1
0 = 0 0 ; , 0.
2 2
x= ,y ; x= ,y= x= y =
Vy ta c 5 im ti hn l O(0,0),
1
1
A (0, ),
2
2
1
A (0, ),
2

3
1
A ( , 0),
2
4
1
A ( , 0).
2

Cc im ny u nm trong D. Gi tr ca hm s ti cc im ti hn:
1 2 3 4
1
(0)=0, (A ) (A ) , (A ) (A ) 1.
4
z z z z z = = = =
By gi ta xt hm s trn bin ca tp D. Trn bin ny ta c:


245
245
1 1
2 2 2 2
x +y y x = = ,
do :
3(1 ) 1 (2 1 1) (1 )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
z=8x + x + x + x + =x x vi 1 1 x .
Hin nhin z 0 ; z = 0 khi (1 )
2 2
x x =0 hay khi x=0( y= 1 ) v = 1 x (y=0).
Mt khc
2
2 2
2 2
+1 1 1 1
; = khi =1 hay khi = .
2 4 4 2
x x
z z x x x

=



So snh tt c cc gi tr tnh, ta thy rng hm s t gi tr nh nht m=0 ti O(0,0);
(0,+1); (0,1); (1,0); (1,0) v gi tr ln nht M=1 ti
1
( , 0);
2
1
( , 0)
2
.
7.9 Cc tr c iu kin
7.9.1 nh ngha:
Cho hm s z=f(x,y) c xc nh trong tp m
2
D R . Trong tp hp D cho mt
ng cong c phng trnh l ( 0 x,y) = . Ngi ta gi cc tr ca hm s
z=f(x,y) (7.9.1)
trong cc bin s x,y b rng buc bi h thc:
( 0 x,y) = (7.9.2)
l cc tr c iu kin.
C th ta ni rng hm f(x,y) t cc i(hay cc tiu) c iu kin ti
0 0 0
( , ) M x y nu
tn ti ln cn V D ca im
0 0 0
( , ) M x y sao cho:
0 0 0 0
( ) ( , ) ( ) ( , )) ( ) f x,y f x y (hay f x,y f x y M x,y V (7.9.3).

7.9.2 Phng php tm cc tr
A. Phng php th nht
Gi s rng t iu kin ( ) 0 x,y = ta xc nh c mt cch duy nht hm s y = y(x)
n tr, kh vi ca bin s x. Khi hm z = f(x,y) tr thnh: z = f(x,y(x)) =g(x). (7.9.4)
V vy vic tm cc tr c iu kin c a v vic tm cc tr thng thng i vi
hm hp mt bin z= g(x).
Ta ch rng phng php ny khng phi bao gi cng p dng c v n i hi
phi gii phng trnh ( ) 0 x,y = i vi mt bin s no .
B. Phng php th hai (Phng php nhn t Lagrange)
Gi s
0 0 0
( , ) M x y l im cc tr ca hm s f(x,y) vi iu kin ( ) 0 x,y = . Khi
( ) 0
0 0
x ,y = . Ta gi thit thm rng:


246
246
i) Cc hm f(x,y), ( ) x,y c cc o hm ring cp mt lin tc trong ln cn no ca
im
0 0 0
( , ) M x y .
ii)
0 0
( , ) 0 x y
y

.
Theo nh l v hm n trong mt ln cn V no ca im
0 0
( , ) x y tn ti duy nht
mt hm kh vi y = y(x) sao cho
0 0
( ) y y x = . Khi hm g(x) = f(x,y(x)) xc nh v c o
hm lin tc trong mt ln cn no ca im
0
x . Hn na ti im x=
0
x hm s g(x) =
f(x,y(x)) t cc tr a phng. Do :

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
( ) ( , ( )) ( , ( )). ( ) 0
x y
dg
x f x y x + f x y x y x
dx
= = ,
hay:
0 0 0 0
( , ) ( , ) 0
f f
x y dx + x y dy=
x y


. (7.9.5)
Mt khc ta cng c:
0 0 0 0
( , ) ( , ) 0 d x y dx + x y dy=
x y

=

. (7.9.6)
Nhn (7.9.6) vi ri cng tng v ng thc nhn c vi (7.9.5) ta c:
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) 0
f f
x y x y dx+ x y x y dy=
x x y y



+ +





(7.9.7).
ng thc (7.9.7) tho mn vi mi do nu ta chn sao cho
0 0 0 0
( , ) ( , )
f
x y x y
y y

+

=0 (7.9.8)
th ta c:
0 0 0 0
( , ) ( , )
f
x y x y
x x

+

=0. (7.9.9)
S c chn nh vy c gi l nhn t Lagrange.
Nh ta bit (7.9.8) v (7.9.9) l iu kin cn ca cc tr thng thng ti im
0 0 0
( , ) M x y ca hm s: ( ) ( ) f x,y + x,y .
Do mun tm nhng im c th l im cc tr ca hm z = f(x,y) tho mn iu kin
( ) 0 x,y = ta hy lp hm ph: F(x,y) = ( ) ( ) f x,y + x,y (
7.9.10)
ri tm cc im dng ca n. H phng trnh:
( ) ( ) 0
( ) ( ) 0
( ) 0
x x x
y y y
F f x,y + x,y =
F f x,y + x,y =
x,y =

(7.9.11)
cho ta v cc to ca nhng im c th l im cc tr. Phng php ny gi l
phng php tha s khng xc nh Lagrange.


247
247
Gi s
0 0 0
, , x y l nghim ca h (7.9.11). Khi ( ) x,y , ( ) 0 x,y = , ta xt:
0 0 0 0
( , ) ( ) ( , ) F x y F x,y F x y = =

[ ]
0 0 0 0 0 0
( ) ( ) ( , ) ( , ) =f x,y + x,y f x y x y +
0 0
( , ) F x y
[ ]
0 0 0 0 0
( ) ( , ) ( ) ( , ) f x,y f x y x,y x y = +

0 0 0 0
( ) ( , ) ( , ) f x,y f x y f x y = = .
Vy nu
0 0
( , ) x y l im cc tr ca hm F(x,y), th
0 0
( , ) x y cng l im cc tr c iu
kin ca hm f(x,y). Do ta hy tm cc tr ca hm F(x,y). Hm F(x,y) c xc nh bi h
thc (7.9.10) gi l hm Lagrange.
Mt khc
0 0
( , ) x y l im cc tr ca hm F(x,y) hay khng tu thuc vo du ca biu
thc:
2 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
( , , ) , , ) 2 ( , , )
2 2
2
F F
d F x y (x y dx x y dxdy
x x y


= +


2
0 0 0
( , , )
2
2
F
+ x y dy
y

(7.9.12)
Do:
0 0 0 0
( , ) ( , ) x y dx+ x y dy=0
x y


, (7.9.13)
hay
0 0
0 0
( , )
( , )
x y
x
dy= dx
x y
y

. (7.9.14)
Thay biu thc ny vo
0 0 0
( , , )
2
d F x y ta c:
0 0 0 0 0 0
( , , ) ( , , )
2 2
d F x y G x y dx = . (7.9.15)
Cho nn nu:
a)
0 0 0
( , , ) 0 G x y > th
0 0
( , ) x y l im cc tiu c iu kin.
b)
0 0 0
( , , ) 0 G x y < th
0 0
( , ) x y l im cc i c iu kin.
V d 1: Trong s cc hnh ch nht c cng chu vi l , hy tm hnh ch nht c din tch ln
nht.
Gii: Ta hy tm cc tr ca hm z = xy tho mn iu kin 2x+2y=l .
Phng php th nht: T iu kin ca bi ton
2
2
l x
y=

. Ta c hm z l hm mt
bin:
2
2 1
( ) ( 2 )
2 2
l x
z x x lx

= = + , vi 0
2
l
x < < .


248
248
D thy hm ny t cc i khi
4
l
x = , t y
4
l
y = .
Vy trong s cc hnh ch nht c cng chu vi, hnh vung l hnh c din tch ln nht.
Phng php nhn t Lagrange
Hm Lagrange: (2 2 ) F xy x y l = + + .
H phng trnh:
' 2 0
' 2 0
2 2
x
y
F y
F x
x y l

= + =

= + =

+ =

c nghim , , .
8 4 4
l l l
x y = = =
Ta thy
2 2
" 0, " 1, " 0
xy
x y
F F F = = = ,
nn:
0 0 0
( , , ) 2
2
d F x y dxdy = .
Mt khc t iu kin ( ) 2 2 0 x,y = x+ y l = , suy ra h thc:
0 0 0 0
( , ) ( , ) 0 x y dx+ x y dy=
x y


,
c dng 2dx+2dy=0 dy=dx.
Do :
2 2
0 0 0
( , , ) 2 0 d F x y dx = < .
Vy hm z(x,y) t cc i c iu kin khi
4
l
x = ,
4
l
y = . Tc l trong s cc hnh ch
nht c cng chu vi, hnh vung l hnh c din tch ln nht.
V d 2: Tm cc tr ca hm z = xy trn vng trn bn knh 1 vi tm ti gc to .
Gii: Ta phi tm cc tr ca hm z = xy tho mn iu kin
2 2
1 0 x y + = .
Hm Lagrange:
2 2
( ) ( 1) F x,y xy x y = + + .
Xt h phng trnh:
2 2
2 0 2
2 0
2
1 0
x
y
F y x y x
x
F x y y
x y

= + = =

= + = =

+ =

T hai phng trnh u suy ra
1
2
= .
Vi
1
2
= h c nghim
2
2
x = , y=
2
2
v x=
2
2
, y=
2
2
.


249
249
Vi
1
2
= h c nghim x=
2
2
, y=
2
2
v x=
2
2
, y=
2
2
.
a) Vi
1
2
= hm Lagrange tr thnh:
2 2
1
( , ) ( 1)
2
= + + F x y xy x y , n c hai im dng:
1
2 2
( , )
2 2
A v
2
2 2
( , )
2 2
A .
Mt khc: 1, 1, 1
2 2
x y xy
x y
F' x+y, F' x+y, F" F" F" = = = = = .
Khi :
1
( , ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2
1
d F A dx +2dxdy+dy = dx+dy = .
Mt khc t iu kin 1 0
2 2
x +y = ta c:
2xdx + 2ydy = 0.
Ti
1
A ng thc trn tr thnh
2 2
0
2 2
dx dy dx dy
2 2
= = . T y
2 2
1
( , ) 4
2
1
d F A dx = .
Vy hm t cc tiu c iu kin ti
1
A v gi tr cc tiu bng z(
1
A )=
1
2
.
Tng t hm t cc tiu c iu kin ti
2
A v gi tr cc tiu bng z(
2
A )=
1
2
.
b) Vi
1
2
=
Hm Lagrange
1
( ) ( 1)
2
2 2
F x,y =xy x +y c hai im dng
3
2 2
( , )
2 2
A v
4
2 2
( , )
2 2
A . Ta c:
1, 1, 1
2 2
x y xy
x y
F y-x, F x y, F" F" F" = = = = = .
Khi :
2
1
( , ) 2 ( )
2
2 2 2
3
d F A dx dxdy dy dx dy = + = .
Mt khc t iu kin 1 0
2 2
x +y = ta c
2xdx + 2ydy = 0.
Ti
3
A ng thc ny tr thnh
2 2 2 2
0
2 2
dx+ dy= dx= dy v
1
( , ) 4
2
2 2
3
d F A dx = .


250
250
Vy hm t gi tr cc i c iu kin ti
3
A v c gi tr cc i l z(
3
A )=
1
2
.
Tng t hm t cc tr c iu kin ti
4
A v c gi tr cc i l
4
1
( )
2
z A = .
c.Ch : Phng php nhn t Lagrange cng c m rng cho hm n bin s ( 3 n ).
Mun tm cc tr ca hm s u=f(x,y,z) vi iu kin ( ) 0 x,y,z = , ta hy lp hm
Lagrange:
( ) ( ) ( ) F x,y,z =f x,y,z x,y,z .
To im dng ca hm F(x,y,z) v l nghim ca h:
( , , ) ' ( , , ) 0
( , , ) ' ( , , ) 0
( , , ) ' ( , , ) 0
( , , ) 0.
x x
y y
z z
f x y z x y z
f x y z x y z
f x y z x y z
x y z

+ =

+ =

+ =

.
7.10 ng dng ca php tnh vi phn trong hnh hc
7.10.1 Tip tuyn ca ng cong
Gi s l mt ng cong trong
3
R c cho bi phng trnh tham s: x = x(t), y =
y(t), z = z(t), [ ] t , , trong x(t), y(t), z(t) l nhng hm kh vi trong on [ , ] (khi
c gi l ng cong trn).
Gi s M l mt im thuc (xem hnh 7.10.1). Khi M c to l (x(t), y(t), z(t)) v
vc t OM
,
, trong O l gc to , c cc thnh phn l: { } ( ) ( ) ( ) x t , y t , z t .

Hnh 7.10.1
Ly mt im
0
M , ( ( ), ( ), ( )) ( )
0 0 0 0 0
M x t y t z t M t = = .
t ,
0 0 0
t=t t OM OM OM M M = =
, , , ,
. Ta thy vect
0
M M
,
c cc thnh phn l
{ } ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 0 0
x t x t y t y t ,z t z t .


251
251
Xt vc t:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1
( , , )
0 0 0
0
x t x t y t y t z t z t OM
M M
t t t t t

= =

,
,
.
Khi
0
, 0 t t t th M(t) dn ti
0 0
( ) M t M = v ct tuyn
0
M M dn ti tip tuyn
ca ng cong ti
0
M .
Mt khc ta c:
{ } lim ( ), ( ), ( ) ( ).
0
0 0 0 0
t 0
M M
x' t y' t z' t v t
t

= =

,
,

Vc t
0
1
t
M M

,
nm trn phng ct tuyn
0
M M nn khi 0 t vc t ( )
0
v t
,
nm
trn phng ca tip tuyn ca ng cong ti
0
M . Do vc t
{ }
0 0 0 0
( ) '( ), '( ), '( ) v t x t y t z t =
,
gi l vc t ch phng ca tip tuyn ca ng cong ti
im
0
M . T y suy ra phng trnh ca tip tuyn ca ng cong ti
0
M l:

0 0 0
0 0 0
'( ) '( ) '( )
x x y y z z
x t y t z t

= = (7.10.1)
trong
0 0 0 0 0 0
( ), ( ), ( ) x x t y y t z z t = = = .
7.10.2 Mt phng tip xc ca mt cong
Gi s S l mt cong trong khng gian c cho bi phng trnh f(x,y,z)=0 (xem hnh
7.10.2), trong f(x,y,z) l hm s kh vi.
Cho
0 0 0
( , , )
0
M x y z l mt im no nm trn mt S v l mt ng cong trn bt
k nm trn mt S v i qua
0
M . Gi s rng ng cong c phng trnh tham s:
: x=x(t), y=y(t), z=z(t), t [ , ] .
Ngoi ra gi s:
0 0
( ), x x t = ( ), ( )
0 0 0 0
y y t z z t = = trong x(t), y(t), z(t) l nhng hm kh
vi trong [ , ] .
V nm trn mt S nn:
f(x(t),y(t),z(t)=0, [ , ] t .

252
252
Hnh 7.10.2
Ta c:
'( ) '( ) '( ) 0, [ , ]
df f f f
x t y t z t t
dt x y z


= + + =

(7.10.2)
K hiu
0 0 0 0
grad ( ) ( ), ( ), ( )
f f f
f M M M M
x y z

=



,
, cn vc t
{ }
0
( ) ( ), ( ), ( ) ( )
0 0 0 0
v t x' t y' t z' t v M = =
, ,
l vc t ch phng ca tip tuyn ca ng cong
ti
0
M . Theo cng thc ca tch v hng:
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
grad ( ). ( ) ( ). '( ) ( ). '( ) ( ) '( )
f f f
f M v t M x t M y t M z t
x y z

= + +

, ,
(7.10.3)
iu ny c ngha l vc t
0
gradf( ) M
,
vung gc vi tip tuyn ca ti
0
M . V l
ng cong bt k nm trn S v i qua im
0
M , nn ta suy ra vc t
0
gradf( ) M
,
vung gc
vi mi tip tuyn ca cc ng cong nm trn S v i qua im
0
M . Ni cch khc tt
c cc tip tuyn ti im
0
M ca mi ng cong nm trn mt S i qua im
0
S M
u cng nm trong mt mt phng (P) vung gc vi vc t
0
gradf( ) M
,
. Mt phng (P) c
gi l mt phng tip xc ca mt cong S ti im
0
M .
Nh vy mt im M(x,y,z) nm trn mt phng tip xc khi v ch khi vc t
0
M M
,
trc
giao vi vc t
0
gradf( ) M
,
, tc l khi v ch khi:
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
( , , )( ) ( , , )( )
( , , )( ) 0
f f
x y z x x x y z y y
x y
f
x y z z z
z

+

+ =

(7.10.4)
trong
0 0 0
, , x x y y z z l cc thnh phn ca vc t
0
M M
,
.
Do (7.10.4) l phng trnh ca mt phng tip xc ca mt S ti
0
M .
ng thng i qua
0
M cng phng vi
0
gradf( ) M
,
c gi l php tuyn ca mt S
ti im
0
M . Phng trnh ca php tuyn ca mt S ti im
0
M l:
0 0 0
0 0 0
' ( ) ' ( ) ' ( )
x y z
x x y y z z
f M f M f M

= = . (7.10.5)
V d 1: Vit phng trnh ca php tuyn v mt phng tip xc ca mt
2 2 2
0 x y z + = ti
im
0
M (3,4,5).
Ta c f(x,y,z)=
2 2 2
x y z + , 2 , 2 , 2
x y z
f x f y f z = = = .
Phng trnh ca php tuyn ca mt S ti
0
M l:


253
253
3 4 5
6 8 10
x y z
= =

v phng trnh ca mt phng tip xc ca mt S ti
0
M l: 6(x3)+8(y4) 10(z5)=0
hay l 3x+4y5z=0.
7.10.3 cong
a) cong ca ng cong phng
Cho ng cong khng t giao nhau. Trn chn mt hng lm hng dng, tip
tuyn ca ti M ng vi hng dng ca c gi l tip tuyn dng (xem hnh
7.10.3).
nh ngha 1: Cho M v M l hai im trn ng cong , MT v MT l hai ttip tuyn
dng. Ta gi cong trung bnh ca cung

MM

, k hiu

tb
C ( ') MM , l t s ca gc gia hai
tip tuyn dng MT v MT vi di ca cung

MM :

tb
C (MM')
MM'
=

(7.10.6)
trong ( , ' ') MT M T = .

Hnh 7.10.3
nh ngha 2: Ngi ta gi cong ca ng ti M, k hiu C(M), l gii hn (nu c)
ca cong trung bnh

tb
C ( ') MM khi M dn ti M trn :

tb
M' M
C( )= lim C ( ') M MM

. (7.10.7)
V d 1: Trn ng thng
tb
C ( ') 0 MM = trn mi on MM, do :
C(M)=0, M .
V d 2: Trn ng trn bn knh R, ta c:


254
254

tb
1
C ( ')
R R
'
MM
MM

= = =

vi mi cung MM. Do (xem hnh 7.10.4): C(M)=

1
R
, M .
M
T
T
M

Hnh 7.10.4
b) Cng thc tnh
a) Gi s ng cong c phng trnh trong h to Descartes vung gc l y=f(x).
Ngi ta chng minh c cng thc tnh cong ca ng nh sau:
3
2
( )
(1 )
2
y"
C M =
y +
. (7.10.8)
b) Nu c cho bi phng trnh tham s x=x(t), y=y(t) th:
3
2
( )
( )
2 2
x y" y x"
C M =
x y

+
. (7.10.9)
c) Nu c cho bi phng trnh trong to cc ( ) r f = th:

3
2
( )
( )
2 2
2 2
r +2r rr
C M =
r r'

+
. (7.10.10)
V d 3: Tnh cong ca ng dy xch ( ) ach 0
x
y a
a
= > ti mt im bt k.
Ta c:
2
sh , 1 ' ch
x x y
y y
a a a
= + = = ,
2
1
ch
x y
y
a a a
= = . Thay vo cng thc (7.10.8) ta
c:
3
2 3 2
y a a
C
a y y
= = .


255
255
V d 4: Tnh cong ca ng cycloit:
x=a(tsint), y=a(1cost) vi a>0.
Ta c x=a(1cost), y=asint, x=asint, y=acost. Thay vo (7.10.9) ta c:
cos 1
= =

t-
t
a
a t
3
2
1
C
4 sin
2 (1 cos )
2
.
Ch cong ch xc nh ti cc im ng vi t 2k .
V d 5: Tnh cong ca ng

=
b
r ae (a>0, b>0).
Ta c:

= =
b b
r abe r ab e
2
, . Thay v cng thc (7.10.10) ta c:
=
+
C
b r
2
1
1 .
.
c) cong ca ng trong khng gian
Cho ng cong trong khng gian c phng trnh tham s l: x=x(t), y=y(t), z=z(t).
Tng t nh trong mt phng,ngi ta chng minh c cng thc tnh cong ca
ng nh sau:

+ +


=
+ +
x y y z z x
x y y z z x
C
x y z
1
2 2 2
2
' ' ' ' ' '
'' '' '' '' '' ''
3
2 2 2
2
( ' ' ' )
. (7.10.11)
7.10.4 Bao hnh ca mt h ngcong
Gi s f(x,y,c) l hm kh vi ca hai bin c lp x,y v tham s c. Nu phng trnh
f(x,y,c)=0 (7.10.12) biu din mt ng cong vi mi gi tr ca tham s c, th tp hp ca
nhng ng cong ny gi l h (mt tham s ) nhng ng cong ph thuc vo tham s c.
H nhng ng cong ph thuc vo tham s c c th c cho di dng:
( ) ( ) x t,c , y t,c = = , v d nh h nhng ng trn ng tm
2 2 2
x y c + = c th biu
din di dng tham s: cos sin x c t, y c t = = .
Ta c nh ngha sau
nh ngha: Nu mi ng cong ca h (7.10.12) u tip xc vi mt ng cong E v
ngc li ti mi im ca ng cong E c mt ng cong ca h (7.10.12) tip xc vi E
ti im y, th E gi l bao hnh ca h ng cong (7.10.12).


256
256

Hnh 7.10.5
V d 6: Phng trnh
2 2
( ) 1 x c y + = , trong c l tham s, biu din mt ho ng trn c
bn knh bng 1 v c tm trn trc Ox (xem hnh 7.10.5). Bao hnh ca ng trn ny l hai
ng thng song song 1 y = .
V d 7: Phng trnh cos sin 1 0 x y + = trong l tham s biu din mt h ng
thng m khong cch t gc to O n ng thng y bng 1. Bao hnh ca h ng
thng y l ng trn tm O bn knh 1.
V d 8: Tuy nhin c nhng h ng cong ph thuc vo mt tham s khng c bao hnh.
V d nh h ng thng song song y=x+C, hay h cc ng cong tch phn
( ) y f x dx C = +

khng c bao hnh.

nh l 7.10.1: Cho h ng cong
( ) 0 f x,y,c = (7.10.12)
ph thuc vo tham s c. Nu ti tt c cc im ca mi ng cong y
( , , ), ( , , )
x y
f x y c f x y c khng ng thi bng khng, (tc l ( , , ) ( , , ) 0
2 2
x y
f x y c +f x y c ) th
phng trnh ca bao hnh E ca h ng cong ni trn c xc nh bng cch kh c t
h:
( , , ) 0
( , , ) 0
c
f x y c
f x y c
=

(7.10.13)
Chng minh: vi mi gi tr ca tham s c c mt ng cong
c
L ca h (7.10.12) tip
xc vi E, do c mt tip im
c
M ca
c
L vi E. Bao hnh E l qu tch nhng im
c
M
y. Gi to ca im
c
M l ( ), ( ) x c y c . V im ( ( ), ( ))
c c
x c y c L nn
( ) ( ), ( ), 0 f x c y c c = . Ly o hm hai v i vi c ta c:
( ( ), ( )). ( )
x
f x c y c x c +
( ( ), ( ), ). ( ) ( ( ), ( ), ) 0
y c
f x c y c c y c f x c y c c + = (7.10.14)
Mt khc ti
c
M cc ng E v
c
L tip xc nhau. H s gc ca tip tuyn cu E ti
c
M l:


257
257
( )
( )
1
y c
k
x c

.
Theo gi thit ( theo nh l v o hm hm n) h s gc ca
c
L ti
c
M l:
( , , )
( , , )
x
2
y
f x y c
k
f x y c

.
V
1 2
k k = nn ta c:
( ( ), ( ), ). ( ) ( ( ), ( ), ). ( ) 0
x y
f x c y c c x c f x c y c c y c + = (7.10.15)
T (7.10.14) v (7.10.15) suy ra ( )
c
, , f x y c =0. Vy to nhng im
c
M ca bao hnh
phi tho mn h (7.10.13)
V d 9: Cho h ng trn
2 2 2
( ) x c y + = R .
Xt h:
2 2 2
( )
2( ) 0
x c y
x c
+ =

R
.
Kh c t h ny ta c y = R. Vy bao hnh ca h ng trn l: y = R.
V d 10: Xt h cc qu o ca vin n bn ra vi vn tc ban u
0
v theo mt gc vi
ng nm ngang. Tm phng trnh ca bao hnh.
Chn h trc to nh hnh 7.10.6, gc to ti im ban u. Ta xem vin n l mt
cht im v khng k n sc cn ca khng kh. Gi
ox
v v
oy
v l cc hnh chiu ca vn
tc ban u
0
v ln cc trc to :
0
cos ,
ox
v v =
0
sin
oy
v v = . Khi y cc hnh chiu ca vn
tc ca vin n thi im t l:
0
0
cos
,
sin
x
y
v v
v v gt
=

do

( )
0
0
cos
sin
dx v dt
dy v gt dt
=

, ngha l phng trnh tham s ca qu o vin n l:

0
2
0
cos
sin
2
x v t
gt
y v t
=

258
258

Hnh 7.10.6
Kh t t hai phng trnh ny ta c:
2
2 2
0
tg
2 cos
g
y x x
v
=

.
t tg= c ( tgl h s gc ca qu o im gc 0) ta oc h parabol ph thuc
vo tham s c:
2 2
2
0
(1 )
2
g
y cx c x
v
= + .
Ly o hm hai v theo c ta c:
2 2
0
2
0
0
v gx
x c c
v gx
= = .
Th vo phng trnh trn ta c:
2
2 0
2
0
2 2
v g
y x
g v
= .
l phng trnh ca bao hnh ca h qu o, ta gi n l parabol an ton. paraboloid
trn xoay to bng cch quay parabol an ton xung quanh trc ca n, chia khng gian ra hai
phn: nhng im nm gia mt t v paraboloid c th t c vi vn tc ban u
cho, nhng im ngoi Paraboloid th khng th t c vi vn tc ban u cho v vi
bt c gc nghing no.
7.11 Bi tp chng 7
7.1 Chng minh rng tp hp
( ) { }
2 2
, ; , 0
2
x y R x y c c = + < > l tp hp m.
7.2 Trong cc tp hp sau, tp hp no l tp hp lin thng:
1) ( ) { }
2
, R ; 1 x y x y = +


259
259
2) ( )
2 2 2
3
2 2 2
, ; 1
z x y
x y R
c a b

=



7.3 Tm tp xc nh ca cc hm s sau:
1)
2 2
1
1
u
x y
=
+
2)
2 2
sin( ) u x y = +
3)
2
ln( ) u x y = + 3)
2 2 2
2 2 2
1
1
u
x y z
a b c
=
+ +
.
7.4 Chng minh rng i vi hm:
2 2
2 2 2
( )
( )
x y
f x,y
x y x y
=
+
.
Cc gii hn
{ } { }
0 0 0 0
lim lim ( ) , lim lim ( )
x y y x
f x,y f x,y

tn ti v bng nhau, tuy nhin khng tn
ti
( , ) (0,0)
lim ( )
x y
f x,y

.
7.5 Cho: ( ) sin
2
x
f x,y
x y
=
+

.
Tmlimlim ( ), limlim ( )
y x x y
f x,y f x,y

.
7.6 Tm cc gii hn:
1)
( ) ( ) , 0,2
sin
lim
x y
xy
x

2)
( ) ( )
2 2 , 1,0
ln( )
lim
y
x y
x e
x y

+
+

7.7 Tm im gin on ca cc hm s sau:
1)
2 2
1
u
x y
=
+
2)
3 3
x y
u
x y
+
=
+

7.8 Tm cc o hm ring cp 1 v vi phn ton phn ca chng:
1)
3 2
2 u x y xy = + 2)
( )
2 2
ln u x x y = + +
3) arctg
y
u
x
= 4)
y
u x =
5)
( )
2
u ch x y shy = + 6) ( ) u sh x y = + .
7.9 Tm o hm ca hm hp theo bin t v : u x y = + trong , ln
t
x e y t
+
= = .
7.10 Tm cc o hm ring v vi phn cp 2 ca hm sau:
2
2 u xy y = + .


260
260
7.11 Kim tra ng thc
2 2
u u
x y y x

=

nu:
1)
2 2
2 3 u x xy y = 2) arccos
x
u
y
= .
7.12 Tm o hm v vi phn cp 2 ca hm hp:
1) ( ), , u f , ax by = = = .
2) ( ), , u f , x y x y = = + = vi gi thit rng ( ) f , c tt c cc o hm ring cp 2
theo cc bin s cu n.
7.13 Chng minh rng cc hm:
1) arctg
y
u
x

=


2) ( ) ( )
2 2
ln u x a y b = +
tho mn phng trnh Lapplace
2 2
2 2
0
u u
x y

+ =


7.14 Tm y,y v y nu
2 2
3 x xy y + + =
7.15 Tm y, y v yti x=0, y=1 nu:
2 2
2 1 0 x xy y x y + + =
7.16 Cc hm u,v ca cc bin x,y c cho bi h cc hm n:
( , ) 0
( , ) 0
x u v
y u v
=

.
Tm , , ,
u u v v
x y x y


.
7.17 Tm ,
z z
x y


nu cos , sin , x u v y u v z cv = = = trong u=u(x,y), v=v(x,y), c=const.
7.18 Tm o hm ca hm z=
2 2
x y ti im M(1,1) theo hng l lp vi chiu dng ca
trc Ox mt gc
o
60 = .
7.19 Tm o hm ca hm:
z=
2 2
x xy y + ti im M(1,1) theo hng l lp vi chiu dng ca trc Ox mt gc . Theo
hng no th hm
1) C gi tr ln nht 2) C gi tr nh nht
3) bng 0.
7.20 Tm o hm ca hm z=ln(
2 2
x y + ) ti im M(
0 0
, x y ) theo hng vung gc vi
ng mc i qua im .


261
261
7.21 Tm o hm ca hm u=xyz ti im M(1,1,1) theo hng {(cos cos , cos , cos }.
ln gradien ca hm ti im bng bao nhiu.
7.22 Tm gc lp bi gradien ca hm sau vi cc trc to :
1)
3
u x y = + 2)
3
u x y = +
7.23 Khai trin theo cng thc Taylor trong ln cn im (0,0) cc s hng n bc 3 ca
hm:
f(x,y)= sin
x
e y .
7.24 Khai trin theo cng thc Taylor trong ln cn im (1,1) cc s hng n bc 3
ca hm:
f(x,y) =
x y
e
+
.
7.25 Nghin cu cc tr ca hm s sau:
z=
2 2
( 2) 2 x y + .
7.26 Nghin cu cc tr ca hm s sau:
( 2) 2
2 2
z= x y .
7.27 Nghin cu cc tr ca hm s sau:
4 4 2 2
z=x +y 2x +4xy 2y .
7.28 Tm cc tr ca hm s sau:
2
2 2
u=x +y +z xy+x z .
7.29 Tm cc tr ca hm s sau:
1
2 2
z= x +y .
7.30 Tm gi tr ln nht(nu c) ca hm s sau:
0 1, 0 1
2 2 1,1 2

nu
( nu
1 x y
z=
y) 0 x y

7.31 Tm gi tr ln nht(nu c) ca hm s sau:
( 1, 1)
2
2 2
x +y
z= x y
x +y +1
.
7.32 Tm cc im cc tr c iu kin ca cc hm sau:
1) z=xy nu x+y=1
2)
x y
z=
a b
+ nu
2 2
x +y =1 v a>0, b>0.
3) z=
2 2
x +y nu
x y
a b
+ =1


262
262
7.33 Tm cc tr ca hm u=xyz nu 3
2 2 2
x +y +z = .
7.34 Vit phng trnh mt phng tip xc ca cc mt sau:
1)
2 2 2
2 3 21 x + y + z = ti im ( 3, 0, 6) .
2)
2 2 2
2 2 2
1
x y z
+ + =
a b c
ti im ( )
0 0 0
x ,y ,z ca n.
7.35 Vit phng trnh mt phng tip xc vi mt
2 2 2
2 3 1 x y z + + = sao cho mt phng
tip xc song song vi mt phng 4 6 0 x y z + + =
7.36 Vit phng trnh mt phng tip xc v php tuyn ca mt
3 3
3xyz z a = ti im
(0, , ) a a .
7.37 Tm bao hnh ca h cc ng cong phng ph thuc mt tham s sau:
1) cos sin ( const) x y p p + = =
2)
2
2 2
( )
2
a
x a y + =
3) ( const)
a
y kx a
k
= + =
4)
2 2
2 y px p = +

7.12 Hng dn gii bi tp v p s
Chng 1
1.1. Gi s a + r =b l s hu t. Khi v b, r l s hu t nn a = b r l s hu t, tri vi
gi thit a l s v t.
1.2. Hin nhin khng nh 1),2),3) ng, ta hy chng minh 4). Tht vy:
( ) , = = d a c a c
= ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | a b b c | | a b| | b c | d a,b d b,c + = +
1.3. Theo gi thit do M b chn nn m,n sao cho n x m , x M
t
{ }
ax m , r m n = . Do m , n r r , Nn:

r m r
r n r

Suy ra: r x r , x M .
1) Nu tp X b chn trn, th tp hp ( ) X b chn di. Tht vy, gi s
*
sup = m X ,
ngha l
*
x m x M v 0, x X > sao cho
* *
m x m < . Nhng khi
*
x m ( ) x X v
* *
m x m < +


263
263
trong : ( ) x X
T y suy ra:
*
inf( ) sup X m X = = .
2) Gi s
*
inf X n = , ngha l:
*
x n x X v 0, x X > sao cho
* *
n x n < +
Khi :
*
x n v
* *
n x n < vi ( ) x X
Do : ( )
*
sup inf X n X = =
1.4. 2, Ta hy chng minh cng thc
( ) inf inf +inf X +Y X Y =
Tht vy, trc ht ta hy chng minh s tn ti ca ( ) inf X+Y .
Gi s inf X =
*
n v
*
1
inf Y n = .Bi v
*
x n x X ;
*
1
y n . y Y nn
* *
1
x y n n + + , x y + X+Y.
T y ta suy ra s tn ti ca inf( ) X Y + .
R rng rng:
* *
1
x y n n + + , x y + X+Y.
Hn na 0, x X > sao cho
* *
2
n x n

< + v y Y sao cho
* *
1 1
2
n y n

< + .
Suy ra: x y + X+Y.
sao cho
* * * *
1 1
n n x y n n + + < + +
Do inf( ) X Y + =
* *
1
n n + =inf inf X Y +
ng thc i vi cn trn c chng minh tng t.
3, Ta hy chng minh cng thc
sup( ) (sup ).(sup ) XY X Y =
Gi s
*
sup X m = v
*
1
supY m = ,
V x > 0,y > 0 nn
* *
1
m m xy , suy ra s tn ti ca ( ) sup XY
T cc bt ng thc
* *
1
m x m < ,
* *
1 2 1
m y m <
Suy ra
* * * * * *
1 1 1 2 1 2 1
m m m m x y m m + < .
V i lng
* *
1 1 2 1 2
m m + c th nh ty ,nn dng thc trn c chng minh.
1.6. t inf a N = . Do M\N b chn di, nn tn ti cn di ng. t inf \ b M N = .
a, Nu b < a ,khi : inf inf M b a N = < =


264
264
b, Nub a , khi : inf inf M a N = =
Cc h thc cn li chng minh tng t.
1.7. 1) ( ) ( ) ( ( )) ( ( ( ))) f g h x f g h x f g h x = = , x A
v ( )( ) ( ( )) ( ( ( ))) f g h x f g h x f g h x = = , x A
2) ( )( ) ( ( )) ( ) f i x f i x f x = = , x A
1.8. 1)
1, 2
x x A ,ta thy
1 2 1 2
( ) ( ) ( ( )) ( ( )) f g x f g x f g x f g x = =

1 2
( ) ( ), g x g x = ( do
*
f F )

1 2
x x = (do
*
g F )
Suy ra iu phi chng minh.
2) Ta thy x A , theo nh ngha:
1 1
( ) ( ( )) f f x f f x

=
t:
1
( ) f x y

= , theo nh ngha nh x ngc, ta c: ( ) f y x =

Thay vo ng thc trn ta c:
1
( ) ( ) , f f x f y x

= = suy ra
1
f f i

= .
Chng 2
2.1. 1) Vi 0 > ty cho trc ta c:
1
1
1 1
n
n n
= <
+ +
khi
1
1 n

>
Ly
1 1
( ) 1 1 N

= + =

.
2) R rng rng 0 > ty , ta c:
1
( 1) 1
n
n n

+

= < khi
1
n

>
Ly:
1
( ) 1 N

= +

.
3) Tng t:
3 3 2
2 2 2
1
n n
n n n
< = <
+
khi
2
n

>
Ly:
2
( ) 1 N

= +

4) Ta c:
1
1 1 1 1 1
! ! 1.2... 1.2.2...2 2
n
n n n

= = < = <


265
265
Gii bt phng trnh cui cng ta c:

1
1
1 lg lg 2 n

> +
Ly:
1
ln
2
ln 2
N



= +




5) ( 1) 0, 999 0.999
n n n
= < , suy ra: lg0, 999 lg n < . V lg0, 999 0 < nn
lg0, 999 1
2330lg
lg
n

> =
Ly:
1
2330lg 1 N

= +


.
2.2. 1) Ta c: ( ) 1
n
n n =
t ( ) [ ] 1 N E = + . Ta thy vi 0 E > ty , ( ) n N > , ta c:
n
x E > .
2) Bng cch gii bt phng trnh: 2
n
E >
ta c: ( ) ( )
2 2
lg lg 2 n E

>
t: ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
lg lg 2 1 N E


= +


3) Bng cch gii bt phng trnh:
( ) ( ) ln ln ln ln n n E = >
ta c:
E
e
n e >
t: ( ) 1
E
e
N e

= +


2.3. 1) Khng tn ti. 2) 0; 3) 2; 4) 0
2.4. 1)
1
2
; 2) 0
3) Do:
1 1 1
...
1 2 2
n
n
S
n n n n
= + + + >
+
,
nn lim 0
n
n
S

=
4) t:
( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 1 1
...
1 2
n
S
n
n n
= + + +
+

Ta thy:
2
0
n
n
S
n
< < mt khc
1
lim 0
n
n

= nn lim 0
n
n
S

=
5) t:
2 2 2
1 1 1
...
1 2
n
S
n n n n
= + + +
+ + +



266
266
Do:
2 2
1
n
n n
S
n n n
< <
+ +

v
2 2
lim lim 1
1
n n
n n
n n n

= =
+ +
nn lim 1
n
n
S

= .
2.5. cho tng
1
0
k
i
i
a
=
=

,th trong tng phi c mt s hng

i
a mang du m,mt s hng
j
a mang du dng. Khng mt tnh tng qut ta c th xem rng
1 2
, ,..., 0
m
a a a v
1 2
, ,..., 0
m m k
a a a
+ +
.
Do ta c th vit:
1 1 1
k m k
i i i
i i i m
a n i a n i a n i
= = = +
+ = + + +


1 1
1
k m
i i
i m i
n k a n a
= + =
+ + +


(Do 1 2 ... n m n m n k + + < + + < < +
v 1 2 ... n n n m + < + < < + ), cho nn:
1 =
+

k
i
i
a n i
1 1 1 1
1
= + = = =
+ + + + + +

k m m m
i i i i
i m i i i
n k a n k a n k a n a
( )
1 1
1
m m
i i
i i
n k a a n n k
= =
= + + + +


( ) ( )
1
1
0 0
1
k
i
i
n n k
a
n n k
=
+ +
= +
+ + +

khi n
Mt khc ta c th vit:
1
k
i
i
a n i
=
+

1 1
1
m k
i i
i i m
a n m a n m
= = +
+ + + +

0
khi n
Suy ra iu phi chng minh.
2.6. 1) Ch rng:
( )
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
... 1 ...
1.2 1.3 1 2 2 3 1
1
=1 .
1
n n n n
n

+ + + = + + +

+ +

+
Do :
( )
1 1 1
lim ... 0
1.2 1.3 1
n
n n

+ + + =


+




267
267
2) Do:
1 1 1 1
... 1
2 4 2 2
1
2
2
2 2
2
n n
n
n
S
+ + +
= = =
Nn: lim 2
n
n
S

=
3)
( )
( ) ( )
2
1 1 2 1
1 1
1 ... 1
2 2
n n
n n n n
n n n n n
n
= = < =

+
+ + + >

Ta thy:
2
1 n
<

vi 0 < ty nn
2
1 n

> + , ngha l lim 0

2
n
n
n

=
4) t: ( )
3 3
2 1
1 3 ... 2 1
n
n
S n

= + + +
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2 2
1 2 ... 2 2 4 ... 2 n n

= + + + + + +


( )
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 ... 2 2 1 2 3 ... n n

= + + + + + + +



( )( ) ( )( ) ( )
2
2
4 1
2 2 1 4 1 1 2 1
2
6 6 3
n n
n n n n n n

+ + + +
= = .
Suy ra gii hn cn tm bng
4
3
.
5) t
2 3
1 3 5 2 1
...
2 2 2 2
n n
n
S

= + + + +
Khi :
2 2 3 3
1
1 1 3 1 5 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 1 2 3 2 1
...
2 2 2
n n
n n n
S S
n n n
+

= + + + +



+




2 1 1
1 1 1 1 2 1
...
2 2 2 2 2
n n
n
+ +

= + + + +




2
1 1 2 1
1 1 ...
2 2 2
n n n
n
S


= + + + +
Vi:
1
2
1
1
2 1 1 2 1
2
1 3
1
2 2 2
1
2
n
n n n
n n

= + =

Suy ra: lim 3
n
n
S

=
6) Vi 2 n k =

2
1 2 ... 2
2
k
k
S
k
+
=


268
268

( ) ( ) 1 3 ... 2 1 1 2 ...
2
k k
k
+ + + + + +
=
=
( ) ( ) 1 2 1 1
1
2
2.2 2.2 2
k k k k
k k
+ +
=
Suy ra:
2
1
lim
2
k
k
S

=
Mt khc, vi 2 1 n k = +

( )
2 1
1 2 3 ... 2 2 1
2 1
k
k k
S
k
+
+ + +
=
+


( ) ( ) 1 3 ... 2 1 2 1 2 ...
2 1
k k
k
+ + + + + + +
=
+


( )( )
( )
( )
( )
1 1 2 1 1
1
2
2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1
k k k k
k
k k k
+ + + +
+
= =
+ + +

Suy ra:
2 1
1
lim
2
k
k
S
+

= . Do gii hn cn tm bng
1
2
.
2.7. 1) Ta thy rng:
2 2
2 4 4 1 2 1 2 1 k k k k k = > = +
Nn:
2 1 2 1 2 1
0
2 2 1 2 1 2 1
k k k
k k k k

< < =
+ +

Do :
1 3 2 1
0 . ...
2 4 2
n
n

<
1 3 2 1 1
. ...
3 5 2 1 2 1
n
n n

< =
+ +

T y cho n ta thu kt qu cn tm.
2) Nu q = 0 th kt qu l hin nhin.
Ta hy xt gi thit 0 q . Khi :
1
1
q
>
t
1
1
q
= + vi 0 > , do :
( )
1 1
1 1 ... 1
n
n
n n
n n
q q
= = + = + + + > + .
V vy:
1
1
n
q
n
<
+
.
T y ta suy ra lim 0
n
n
q

= , do lim 0
n
n
q

= .
3) a, Trc ht ta hy chng minh gii hn:
lim 0
n
n
n
a

= nu 1 > .


269
269
t 1 a = + vi 0 > , ta c
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
1 1
1 1 ...
2 2
n
n n
n n n n
a n

= + > + + + + >
V vy:
2
2
0
( 1)
n
n
n
< <

Cho n ta thu oc kt qu cn tm.
b, Ta thy
1
n
n n
n n
nq
b
q
= = , vi
1
1 b
q
= >
Theo phn a) lim lim 0
n
n
n n
n
nq
b

= = .
4) Do:
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 9 2
0 . . ... 2
! 1 2 3 3 2 3
n n
n
n n

< = < =



V gii hn
2
lim 0
3
n
n

=


khi n , suy ra iu phi chng minh.
5) V ( ) lim 0 1
n
n
n
b
b

= > nn
1
1
n n
n
b b
< < khi n ln.
t b a

= trong 1 a > v ty . Khi theo bt ng thc trn ta c:

1
1
n n
n
a a

< < hay 1
n
n a

< < . Ly loga hai v bt ng thc ny ta c 0 log

a
n n < <
Suy ra
log
0
a
n
n
< < khi n ln, suy ra iu phi chng minh.
6) Ta c bt ng thc:
2
( 1)
1 ( 1) 1 ( 1) ( 1)
2
( 1)
... ( 1)
2
n
n n n
n
n
n n
n n n n n
n n
n

= + = + + +

+ >

T y 0 > ty :
2
1
1
n
n
n
< <

khi
2
1 2 n

> +
2.8. 1) Gi s cho trc 0 > ty . Khi :
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
sin 1 sin 2 sin
...
2 2 2
n p n n n n p
n n n p
x x
+ + + +
+ + +
= + + +
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
sin 1 sin 2 sin
...
2 2 2
n n n p
n n n p
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +


270
270
1
1
1
1 1 1
2
... ...
1
2 2 2
1
2
n
n n p n

+
+ +
+ + + = = <

khi
2
log n >
vi mi s t nhin p.
2) Vi 0 > ty v vi mi s t nhin p, ta c:
cos( )! cos( )! ( )!
...
( )( 2) ( )( 3) ( )( 1)
n p n
n+1 n+2 cos n+p
x x
n+1 n n+2 n n+p n p
+
= + + +
+ + + +


1 1 1
...
( 1)( 2) ( 2)( 3) ( )( 1) n+ n n n n+p n p
+ + +
+ + + + +


1 1 1 1 1 1
...
( 1) ( 2) ( 2) ( 3) ( ) ( 1) n+ n+ n+ n+ n+p n+p+
= + + +

1 1 1
( 1) ( 1) 1 n+ n+p+ n+
= < < ,
1
n

> 1.
2.9. 1) Gi s ( ) 0,1 , v
1 1 1
......
( 1) ( 2) ( ) ( )
n p n
p
x x
n+ n+ n+p n+p
+
= + + + > , nn khi p = n ta c
1
2
n p n
x x
+
> > n , vy dy phn k
2) Dy phn k do:
1 1 1 1
...
ln( 1) ln(n 2) ln( ) ln( ) ( ) 2
n p n
p p
x x
n+ n+p n+p n+p
+
= + + + > > =
+
khi p = n
2.10.
1) Hin nhin dy n iu tng v b chn trn
3
n
x < n , nn dy hi t.
2) Bi v
1
1 1 1
0
10
n
n n n n n
p
x x x x
+
+ + +
= l dy tng. Mt khc
0 0 2
9 9 9
...... ... 1
10 10 10
n n
x p p + + + + + = + ,
suy ra dy b chn trn. Do dy c gii hn hu hn.
3) Trc ht ta thy
1
1
1
1 1
2
n
n
n
x
x
+
+
= + > , do dy tng.
Mt khc
1 1 1 1 1 1
ln ln 1 ln 1 ... ln 1 ...
2 4 2 2 4 2
n n n
x

= + + + + + + < + + +





271
271

1 1 1 1 1
...... ...... . 1
1
2 4 2 2
1
2
n
< + + + + = =

suy ra
n
x e < , do dy hi t v c gii hn hu hn.
2.11
Trc ht ta thy
0
0 x > v
1
1 1
1
2
n n
n
x x n
x
+

= +


dy b chn di . Mt khc , do
1
n
x nn
1 1 1 1
2
2
n n n n
n n n
x x x x
x x x

+



Hay
1 n n
x x
+
n suy ra dy n iu gim. Do dy c gii hn hu hn. Gi
lim
n
n
x a

= , 1 a . Qua gii hn trong ng thc

1
1 1
2
n n
n
x x
x
+

= +


ta c
2
1 1
1 1
2
a a a a
a

= + = =


( a = 1 loi ).
2.12
Dy n iu tng v b chn trn nn n hi t. Suy ra lim lim 1
n n
n
n
x x

= =
2.13
Ta thy
2 1 2 2 1 2
3 3
2 2 ,
2 1 2 1
n n n n
x x x x
n n

= + = >


Dy { }
2 1 n
x

n iu gim, cn dy { }
2n
x n iu tng.
Do
2 1
lim lim 2
n n
n n
x x


= =
vi
2
lim lim 2
n n
n
n
x x

= = .
2.14
Theo gi thit 0, 0
n n
x y .
Mt khc
1 1
2
n n
n n n n
x y
y x y x
+ +
+
= = ,
{ }
2
1 n n n n n n
x x y x x x
+
= = l dy s tng,
{ }
1
2 2
n n n n
n n n
x y y y
y y y
+
+ +
= = l dy s gim.
Tm li { }
0 n n n
x y y x tng v b chn trn nn c gii hn hu hn.
{ }
0 n n n
y x x y gim v b chn di nn c gii hn hu hn.


272
272
Gi lim , lim
n n
n n
x a y b

= = .T h thc
1
2
n n
n
x y
y
+
+
= cho n ta c
2
a b
b a b
+
= = .
2.15
1) 1 2 x ;
3
0
2
y .
2)
5
2 2 , ; lg3,
3 3
k x k k z y

+ < < + <
3) , 0 x y < < + .
4) 1 100,
2 2
x y

.
2.16
1) 2 2 k x k < < +
2) 1 x e < <
3) 0, ( 0,1, 2...) x x k k > = .
2.17
m =0, M = 1
2.18
t
T
k a = , khi ( ) ( )
T
f x T a f x + = , suy ra
( ) ( )
T T x x
a x T a a x
+
+ =
Hay ( ) x T + = l hm tun hon vi chu k T.
2.19
1) Gi s T l chu k ( T > 0 ) , theo nh ngha
( ) ( ) f x T f x x D + =
cho x = 0 ta c
2tg 3tg 0
2 3
T T
= . t
6
T
= , ta c phng trnh sau 2tg3 3tg2 0 =
Li t tg t = ta thu c
( )
( )( )
3 2
3
2 2 2 2
2 5
3 2
2 3 0 0 0
1 3 1 1 1 3
t t
t t t
t
t t t t
+

= = =


, k k Z =
Thay vo trn ta c 6 T k = , k Z . Vy chu k ca hm s l 6 T =
2) 2 T =
3) Ta hy chng minh hm s khng tun hon. Tht vy, gi s ngc li 0 T > l chu
k, khi ( ) ( ) sin sin sin( ) sin x T x T x x + + + = +


273
273
os x+ sin os x+ sin 0
2 2 2 2

+ =


T T T T
c c


Cho
2
T
x = , ta thu c
sin sin 0
2 2
T T
+ = (1)
Cho
2 2
T
x

= + , ta thu c
os sin 0
2 2
T
c

= (2)
Ta xt (2)
Nu os 0
2 2 2
c k

= = + l hu t, v l;
Vy os 0
2
c

.
T (2) suy ra sin 0 ,
2 2
T T
k k Z

= = (3)
Thay vo (1) ta c sin 0
2
T
=
2
T
, k k Z = (4)
T (3) vo (4) ta suy ra
k
k
=

l s hu t, v l
4)
2
T

=
5) Khng tun hon
6) Khng tun hon.
2.20
Vi mi s hu t T > 0, ta thy:
Nu x hu t th x + T hu t, v
Nu x v t, th x + T v t, do ( ) ( ) x T x x + = R .
2.21
( )
1 1
1
1
1
x
f f x
x
x

= =

vi 0 x
Tng t ( ) { }
f f f x x =

vi 0 x .
2.22
( )
2
2
2 2
2
1
1 2
1
1
x
x
x
f x
x x
x
+
= =
+
+
+

Gi s ( )
2
1
n
x
f x
nx
=
+
, ta hy chng minh ( )
( )
1
2
1 1
n
x
f x
n x
+
=
+ +



274
274
Tht vy
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2
1
2 2
2
1
1 1
1
1
n n
x
x
nx
f x f f x
x n x
nx
+
+
= = =
+ +
+
+

Do ( )
2
1
n
x
f x
nx
=
+
.
2.23
1) a) 3 y vi 3 y < +
b, 3 y vi 3 y < +
2)
1
1
y
y

+
vi 1 y
3) a)
3
1 y vi 0 1 y
b,
3
1 y vi 0 1 y
2.24
Hm ngc ca hm s f l
( )
3
khi 0
khi 0
x x
g x
x x

=

>

2.25
1) t ( ) ( ) * 1 1,1
1
x
y y y
x
= <
+

Vy vi ( ) 1,1 y phng trnh ( ) * lun c nghim
a) Nu 1 0 y < < , theo( ) * ta thy x < 0 .
Do
1
x
y
x
=

suy ra
1
y
x
y
=
+
.
b) Nu y = 0 th x = 0.
c) Nu 0 < y < 1. t ( ) * ta suy ra x > 0.
Do
1
x
y
x
=
+
, suy ra
1
y
x
y
=

Tm li
1
y
x
y
=

i tn ta c hm ngc.
( )
1
x
g x
x
=

vi ( ) 1,1 x .
2) Theo gi thit ( ) ( )
1 1
1
1
x f x f
x x

+ =



(1)


275
275
Thay x bng
1
x
vo (a) ta c:
( )
1 1 1
1
1
1
f x f
x x
x

+ =



(2)
Nhn (1) vi
1
1
x

ri cng vi (2) ta thu c:
( ) ( )
1 1
1 1 1
1
x
x f x
x x x

+ =



(3)
T (3) suy ra ( )
1
1
f x
x
=

.
2.26. Theo u bi ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 osy f x y f x y f x c + + = (1)
Ta hy thay cc cp (x,y) vi x = 0, y = t; x = ,
2
t

+ = ;
2
y

x = , y =
2 2
t

+ .
Ln lt thay vo (1) ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) 2 0 ost f t f t f c + = (2)
( ) ( ) f +t 2 os 0
2 2
f t f t c

+ = + =


(3)
( ) ( ) +t 2 os 2 sin
2 2 2
f f t f c t t

+ = + =


(4)
Cng (2) vi (3) sau tr i cho (4) ta c:
( ) ( ) 0 ost+f sin
2
f t f c t

=



t: ( ) 0 ,
2
f a f b

= =


.
Ta thu c ( ) ost + bsint f t ac = .
2.27.
1) t
1
t = x
mn
, khi gii hn phi tm c thay bng gii hn:
1
1
lim
1
n
m
t
t n
t m

2)
sin
1 osx 1 osx
lim lim
sinx 1 osx sinx 1 osx
x x
x
c c
I
c c

+ +

+
=



1
2
I

=
3)
( ) ( )( )
( )
2
4
osx-sinx osx-sinx osx+sinx
lim
osx-sinx x
c c c
I
c

=


276
276
( )
4
lim 2 osx 2
x
c

= = .
2.28.
1) t ( ) arcsin 1-2x y = , khi
1
2
x th 0 y , ta c gii hn:
( )( )
0
1
lim
sin 2 sin 2
y
y
I
y y

= =


2) t 2 x y = suy ra 2 x y = + , khi 2 x th 0 y ta c gii hn sau:
( )
2
1
0
sin 1
lim 2
4 4
y
y
y
I
y y

= + =
+



3)
1
.
2
HD: t ( ) arcsin x+2 y = , khi 2 x th 0 y

( )
2
2
0
sin 1 sinx osx
lim
1 sinx-cos
x
x x c
I
x x

+ +
=
+
.
4)
( )
0
sin 1 sinx osx
lim
sinx
x
x x c
x

+ +
=
+


( )
0
sin
1 sin cos
lim 1
sin
1
x
x
x x x
x
x
x

+ +
= =
+

2.29.
1)
1
4

2)
2
2
4
sin sin
lim
os x
x x
I
c x

=
t
2
x y

= , 0 y
2
2
2 2
0 0
2cos sin
cos cos 1
2
lim lim
sin sin 2
x y
y
y
y y
I I
y y

= = = =
2.30.
1) 3; 2) 2; 3)1; 4) 0; 5)
1
2
.
2.31.
1) t
1
x
y
= v
[ ]
y y r = + , trong 0 1 r < .


277
277
Ta thy [ ]
1
y
x

=


v ta c:
0
1
lim lim 1
x y
y r
x
x y


= =



2) Biu din hm ( )
x a
x a
x
x a

di dng tng ca hai hm:

( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
x a a a
x a x a
x x x
x a x a


= + = +

.
( )
( ) ( )
( )
ln ln ln ln
1
1 1
ln
ln
x a x x a x a x a x
e e e e
x x
x a x a x

= =

.
Khi x a th ln ln x a ,
ln a x a
e a ,
( )
( )
ln
1
1
ln
x a x
e
x a x

, ( )
1
ln
a
x a a
cn ( )
2
1 1 1 1
1
.
a a
a a
x a x a
a a
a a
x
x a x a
a
a
a a

+ +





= =

.
Khi x a th ( )
2
a
x a
Do ( ) ( ) lim ln 1 ln
a a a
x a
x a a a a a

= + = + .
2.32. 1)
( ) ( )
2 2
lim sin 1 lim sin 1
n n
n n n n
+ +

+ = + +



( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
lim 1 sin 1 lim 1 sin 0
1
n n
n n
n n
n n

+ +
= + = =
+ +
.
2)
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
lim sin lim sin
n n
n n n n n n
+ +

+ = + +




( )
2 2
lim sin
n
n n n
+
= +

2
2
lim sin
n
n
n n n

+
=
+ +

2
lim sin 1
1
1 1
n
n

+
= =
+ +
.
3) Ta c
2
2
sin
lim 1
n
ka
n
ka
n
+
= ( Do khi n th
2
0
ka
n
)
Do
( )
2 2 2
1 1
. 1
lim sin lim lim
2 2
n n
n n n
k k
a n n
ka ka a
n n n
+ + +
= =
+
= = =

.


278
278
2.33 Ta th y 1 cos 1 x x v cos 1 x = khi x Z
1) N u x Z .

2
(cos ) 1 1
m
m
a x = = khi m
2) N u x Z
Ta th y 1 cos 1 x x .

2 2 2 2
1
0 (cos ) (cos ) (cos )
m m
m m
a x x x a

= = <
Dy {a
m
} n i u gi m v b ch n d i nn c gi i h n:

2
1
lim lim (cos )
m m
m m
a a x

=
hay
2 2
(cos ) 0 (do (cos ) 1 ) l l x l x x = = < .
2.34.
1) a) Gi s sin 0 x
t
n
a sinsin...sinx = .
Ta thy
n n-1 n-1
0 a sin a a 1 = , ngha l dy n iu gim v b chn di nn c gii
hn.
t
n
lim a
n
l
+
= v qua gii hn trong ng thc
n n-1
a sin a = ta c phng trnh
sin 0 l l l = = .
b) Gi s sin <0 x , t sin = sin u x , ta li quay v trng hp trn.
Tm li, trong c hai trng hp gii hn phi tm bng 0.
2) a) Nu x l s hu t, ta c th biu din =
p
x
q
trong p v q l cc s nguyn t
cng nhau.
Do ! !
p
n x n
q
= l s nguyn khi n>q v khi n ln, n>q th ( ) os n! x c = 1 suy ra
gii hn bng 1 nu x l hu t.
b) Nu x l v t th ! n x khng phi l s nguyn, do ( ) 1 os n! x 1 c < < suy ra gii
hn bng 0. Tm li:
2
1 khi
m
n m
n x
+ +

x
x
l h u t
l i m l i m cos( ! )
0 khi l v t .

Chng 3 Hm lin tc mt bin s
3.1. Trc ht chn 1 < . Khi | 1| x + < th | 1| 1 x + < 1 1 1 x < + < 2 0 x < < . Khi
1 3 3 x < + <
1
| 3| 1 1
| 3|
x
x
+ > <
+
.


279
279
Xt hiu
1 2 1 1
( )
2 3 2
x
f x
x
+
= +

+



5( 1) 5 2
2( 3) 2 5
x
x


+
= < < <
+

Tm li, nu ly
2
min{ ,1}
5

= , khi | 1| x + < th
1
( )
2
f x

<


ta c iu phi
chng minh.
3.3. 1) Gin on khi x=1
2) Lin tc trn R
3) Lin tc trn R.
3.4. Khng lin tc ti x=1
3.5. a=1
3.6. Lin tc khi a=0, gin on khi a0
3.7. 1) x=2 v x=1 l cc im gin on kh c
2) x=0 l im gin on loi hai
3) x=0 l m gin on loi hai
4) x=0 l im gin on kh c v x=1 l im gin on v cc
3.8. Xt tnh lin tc ca hm s ti
0
x R.
1) Nu x
0
l s nguyn, khi f(x
0
)=sinx
0
=0. Mt khc vi x bt k, ta c
0
0
0 0
( ) ( )
sin sin
x
f x f x
x x x

=

nu v t
nu h u t

Hn na
0 0
0
| sin sin | 2 | cos sin |
2 2
x x x x
x x
+
=

0
0
2 | sin | | |
2
x x
x x

Do vi mi x ta c th vit
0 0
| ( ) ( ) | | | f x f x x x , suy ra khi
0
x x th
0
( ) ( ) f x f x . Vy f(x) lin tc ti x
0
.
2) Nu x
0
khng phi l s nguyn. Khi f(x
0
)=sinx
0
0. Ta hy xt dy v t bt k
x
n
x
0
. Khi f(x
n
)=00, nhng f(x
0
) 0, ngha l f(x
n
)
/
f(x
0
). Vy f gin on ti x
0
.
3.9. Hy s dng nh l gi tr trung gian, phng trnh c nghim thc.
3.10. Bi v f((0))=2 v f((x))=0 vi x0. Hm s khng lin tc bn phi, cng nh bn
tri ti im x=0.
3.11. Gi s
i i
1 1
min{ ( )}, M=max{ ( )}
i n i n
m f x f x

=
Khi [ ]
1 2
1
( ) ( ) ... ( )
n
m f x f x f x M
n
< + + +
Theo nh l Bolzan - Cauchy th hai, ( , ) a b sao cho
1 2
1
( ) [ ( ) ( ) ... ( )].
n
f f x f x f x
n
= + + +


280
280
3.12. Gi s lim ( )=A. 0, 0
x
f x E
+
> > Khi sao cho | ( ) | f x A x E < > .
T y suy ra rng | ( ) | f x A x E < + >
K hiu max{|A|+ , sup | ( ) | }
a x E
M f x

= , ta c
| ( ) | f x M x a
3.13. Hin nhin f(x) lin tc trn (0,1) v | ( ) | 1 f x (0,1) x . Tuy nhin vi
1
n
x
n
= v
2
1 2
n
x
n
=
+
th
1
| | 0
(1 2 )
n n
x x
n n
=
+
khi n , nhng
0
1
| ( ) ( ) | | 1 0 | 1 .
2
n n
f x f x = = > =
3.14. Do u=x
2
lin tc trn R v y=sinu cng lin tc trn R nn theo tnh cht lin tc ca
hm hp hm f(x)=sinx
2
lin tc trn R.
Hin nhin |f(x)|<1 R x .
Tuy nhin vi
n
x n = v
2
n
x n

= + th
1
| | 0
2
n n
x x
n n
=
+ +

khi
n , nhng
0
1
| ( ) ( ) | 1 .
2
n n
f x f x = > =
3.15. D dng thy rng hm s f(x)=x+sinx khng b chn trn R. Ta hy chng minh n lin
tc u trn R. Tht vy 0 > ta c
| ( ) ( ) | | sin ( sin ) | f x f x x x x x = + +
| | 2 | sin | . | cos | 2 | |
2 2
x x x x
x x x x
+
+ <
, R x x tho mn ng thc | |< =
2
x x

.
3.16. 1) D thy hm y
1
=x lin tc, y
2
=4x
2
lin tc v khc 0 trn [1,1], suy ra f(x) lin tc
trn [1,1]
2) Vi
1
2
n
x
n
= v
1
(2 1)
n
x
n
=
+
, ta c

1
| | 0
2 (2 1)
n n
x x
n n
=
+
khi n , nhng

1
1
(2 1)
2
| ( ) ( ) | 2
n
n
n n
f x f x e e

+
= + khi n .
Vy hm s khng lin tc u trn (0,1).
3) 0 > ta c


281
281
| | 1
| ( ) ( ) | | | | |
2
x x
f x f x x x x x
x x


= = <
+

, 1 x x tho mn bt ng thc | | 2 x x < = .
3.17. Hm s y=arctgx xc nh R x v c tp gi tr l ( , ).
2 2


Hm s
1 1 1
arctg( )
1 2
y
x x x
= + +

gin on ti cc im x=0, x=1 v x=2.
3.18. 1)
1 khi 0 1,
1
khi 1,
2
0 khi 1.
x
y x
x
<

= =

>

Hm gin on v hai pha ti im x=1.
2) a) Khi x<0, e
xt
0 khi t+ v ta c
ln(1 )
lim 0
ln(1 )
xt
t
t
e
y
e
+
+
= =
+

b) Khi x=0, ta c
ln 2
lim 0
ln(1 )
t
t
y
e
+
= =
+

c) Khi x>0, e
xt
0 khi t+, 1+ e
xt
~ e
xt
v 1+e
t
~e
t
khi t+ v ta c
ln
lim
ln
xt
t
t
e
y x
e
+
= = .
Tm li
0 khi 0
khi 0
x
y
x x

=

>

Hm s lin tc trn ton b trc s
3.19. Xt hm s f(x) = xe
x
1.
D thy f(x) lin tc trn [0,1] v f(0)= 1, f(1)=e1>0. S dng nh l Cauchy, suy ra
iu phi chng minh.
3.20. 1)
5
105 100 5 10 1
100
= + = +
10(1 0, 025) 10, 25 + =
2) 1632 40, 4
3)
5
0, 31 0, 36 0, 05 0, 6 1
36
= =
0, 6(1 0, 069) 0, 558 =


282
282
3.21. Xt hm s ( )
sinx
f x
x
= trn (0,1). Ta hy xt hm s ph:

1
1 khi = 0
sin
( ) khi 0 < < 1
sin khi = 1.
x
x
f x x
x
l x

Hm ( )
1
f x lin tc trn [0,1] nn n lin tc u trn (0,1). Suy ra hm s ( )
sin x
f x
x
= lin
tc trn (0,1). Tng t, hm s ( ) f x lin tc trn (1,0). Tuy nhin vi bt k ( ) ' 0 ' 0
n n
x x <
v ( ) " 0 " 0
n n
x x > nhng ( ) ( ) 2
n n
f x f x , nn hm s ( ) f x khng lin tc u trn
( ) ( ) 1, 0 0,1 .
3.22. 1) Gi s
0
x l mt s ty { }
n
x l dy s hu t cn { }
n
x l dy s v t cng hi t
n { } { }
0 0 0
, ,
n n
x x x x x . V ( ) lim 1
n
n
f x

= cn ( ) lim 0
n
n
f x

= , nn
0
x l im gin on.
Vy hm s gin on ti mi gi tr x.
2) a) Nu
0
x #0 ty v dy hu t { }
0 n
x x v dy v t { }
0 n
x x .
Khi : ( )
0
lim lim
n n
n n
f x x x

= = v ( ) lim 0
n
n
f x

= . Suy ra x
0
l im gin on.
b) Nu
0
x =0. Khi
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 0 f x f f x x x R = .
Cho nn: ( ) ( )
0
lim 0 0
x
f x f

= = . V vy x=0 l im lin tc duy nht ca hm s.

Chng 4
4.1. Do ( ) f x x nn ( ) ( )
0
lim 0
x
f x f

= , hm lin tc ti x = 0.
Hn na, khi 0 x ,hm s l hm s cp nn lin tc.
( )
1
1
0 0
1
1
0 lim lim 0
1
x
x x
x
x
e
f
x
e
+ +

+
= = =

+
,
1
0
1
0
1
x
x
f
e

=
+
( ) l i m .
4.2. Do ( ) f x x nn ( ) ( )
0
lim 0
x
f x f

= , hm lin tc ti x = 0


283
283
T s
( ) (0) 1
sin
y f x f
x x x

= =

, r rng gii hn ca t s ny khng tn ti khi
0 x
+
v c khi 0 x

.
4.3. a) o hm ti x = 0
T s
( ) ( ) ( )
0
0 0
x x f x f f x
x x x

= =

nu l s h u t
nu l s v t

Do
( ) ( )
0
0
lim 0
0
x
f x f
x

v ( ) 0 0 f =
b) Ti
0
0 x x = vi
0
x l s hu t
Xt dy v t { }
0 n
x x ta c

( ) ( )
2
0 0
0 0
n
n n
f x f x x
x x x x

=

suy ra

( ) ( )
0 0
0
0
khi
lim
khi
n n
n
n
x x f x f x
x x
x x

+
+

=

Vy hm s khng c o hm ti s hu t 0 x
c) Ti
0
0 x x = vi
0
x l s v t
Xt dy s hu t { }
0 n
x x , ta c:

( ) ( )
2
0 0
0 0
0
khi
+ khi
n n n
n n
n
x x f x f x x
x x x x
x x

+


=

Vy hm s khng c o hm ti s v t 0 x .
4.4. ( )
( )
( ) ( )
0 0
lim lim
x x
f a x
f a a x a
x


+
= = + =

4.6. 1) D thy hm s khng c o hm ti x = 0
sgn y x = vi 0 x
2) 2 y x =
3)
1
y
x
= vi 0 x
4.7. 1)
1 2 4
8
x x x x
y
x x x x x x
+ + +
=
+ + + +

2)
( )( )
2
1 5 1 1 y x x x = + .
4.8. 1)
( )
2
2 y xf x =
2)
( ) ( )
2 2
sin 2 sin cos y x f x f x
=




284
284
3) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
. . y f x f f x f f f x = .
4.9. Ta thy ( )
1 1
2 sin cos f x x
x x
= khi 0 x
Xt gii hn
( ) ( )
( )
0 0
0
1
lim lim sin 0 0 0
x x
f x f
x f
x x


= = =


Ta c th vit:
( )
1 1
2 sin cos khi 0
0 khi = 0
x x
f x x x
x

D thy khi 0 x , o hm ( ) f x lin tc. Ta hy xt s lin tc ca ( ) f x ti x = 0.
Ta thy dy
1
0
n
x
n
= khi n , nhng ( ) ( )
1
1
n
n
f x

= khng c gii hn , vy
o hm ca hm s gin on ti x = 0.
4.10.
1) ( ) ln 1
x
y x x = +
2)
ln
sin
cos ln
s x
x
y x x x
x

= +


.
4.11. tg .tg
4
x
y t t

= +



4.12. 1)
1
y
x
x
x
=
+
2)
1
1
y
x
y x
=
+

4.13. 1)
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
+ = 2)
2 2 2
3 3 3
x y a + =
3)
2 2
1 x y = 4)
2
1
1
y
x
=
+
.
4.14. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 3
1 1 1 3 f f x f x x x = + = + +
( ) ( ) 1 1 df f x x = =
Khi x=0,1 ta thu c: ( ) 1 0,131 f = v ( ) 1 0,1 df = .
4.15. 1)
( )
3
2 2 2
a dx
x a x

+
2) sinudu .
3)
( )
1
bt
b e dt

+ .
4.16. 1)
3 6
1 4 3 x x 2)
2
1 sin
cos
2
x
x
x x

285
285
3)
2
tg x
4.17. 1) Ta thy
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 f x x f x ax x a x b x + = + + (1)
( ) 2 2 f x x ax a x b + = + + (2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra
( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 ax x a x b x x ax a x b + + = + + (3)
Suy ra
1
2
= .
2) ( ) ( )
x x x
f x x f x e e
+
+ = (1)
( )
x x
f x x e

+
+ = (2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra
x x x x x
e e xe
+ +
= (3) chia hai v cho
x
e ta c:
1 .
x x
e x e

= hay
1
x
x
e
e
x

T y suy ra:
1 1
ln
x
e
x x

=

.
4.18. Do h thc trong gi thit ca bi ton c nghim ng , x h R , ta c th ly x = 0.
Khi ta c ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 0 f h f hf =
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 . 0 f h f h f = +
hay ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 . 0 f x f x f = +
t ( ) ( ) 0 , 0 a f b f = = , ta thu c: ( ) f x ax b = + .
4.19. Ta thy ly bt k ( )
1 2
, 1,1 x x vi
1 2
x x ta c

( ) ( )
3 3
2 1 2 2 2 1
1 1 2 2
2 1 2 1
0
f x f x x x
x x x x
x x x x

= = + + >

.
Mt khc ( ) ( )
2
3 , 0 0 f x x f = = . Vy khng tn ti ( )
1 2
, 1,1 x x tha mn yu cu bi
ton.
4.20. Xt hai hm ( )
( )
1
f x
h x
x
= kh vi trn
[ ]
1 2
, x x v ( )
2
1
h x
x
= kh vi trn
[ ]
1 2
, x x . Ta
thy
( )
( ) ( )
( )
1 2 2 2
1
,
xf x f x
h x h x
x x


= =
Theo nh l Cauchy ta c


286
286

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
1 1 1 2 1
2 1 2 2
2
h x h x h
h x h x
h

=

vi
1 2
x x < <
hay
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
2
1 2
2
1 2
1 1 1
f x f x f f
x x
x x

=


hay
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 1 1 2
2 1
x f x x f x
f f
x x

vi
1 2
x x < <
4.21. ( )
( )
( )
( )
1 0
b 1
a 1
f x
x f b
f a

=
Do ( ) ( ) a b = , theo nh l Rolle, ( ) , c a b sao cho ( ) 0 c = .
Suy ra
( )
( )
( )
1 0
0 b 1
a 1
f c
f b
f a

=
Hay ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 f b af c bf c f a = +
( ) ( ) ( )( ) f b f a f c b a = .
4.22. Xut pht t
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
1
1
0
0
n n n
f x f x f f c
x x nc


= =

vi
1
c nm khong gia 0 v x.
( ) ( )
1
2
1 2
1 2
0 ( )
0 ( 1)
n n
f c f f c
nc n n c


= =

vi
2
c nm khong gia 0 v
1
c

( )
( )( )
1
1
1
...
1 2 ...
n
n
n
f c
n n n c

= =



( )
( )
!
n
f x
n

=
trong 0 1 < < .
4.23. 1) 2 sin
x
e x
2)
( )
2 2
a ln 6 ln 6
x
x x a x a + +
3)
2
2sin 4 os sin x xc x x x +
4.24. S dng cng thc ( )
( )
( ) ( )
3
3 3
uv 3 3 u v u v u v uv = + + +
1) ( ) 2 sin + cos
x
e x x

2)
2
x



287
287
3) sin 3cos x x x
4.25. S dng cng thc Leibnitz, ta thu c

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
4 n n
3 1
3
, , 0
x
a
n n
x a x na n
f x e f x f
a a a

+ +
= = = .
4.26. t
1
,
1
u v x
x
= =
+
, ta c
( )
1
2
1 u x

= + , ( ) ( )
3 5
2 2
1 1 3
1 , 1 ,...
2 2 2
u x u x

= + = +




( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 1
1
1
2
1
1.3.5... 2 3
1 1
2
n
n
n
n
n
u x

= +

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 1
1
2
1.3.5... 2 1
1 1
2
n
n
n
n
n
u x
+

= +
V
( )
, 1, 0
n
v x v v = = = vi 2 n
Theo cng thc Leibnitz
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) 1
1 1
0 0 1
1.3.5... 2 3
1
2
n
n n n n
x x x o x o n
n
f u v nu v nu n

= = = =

= + = =
4.27.

2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 1 1 2 1 1 x x x x x

= + =

+ +



( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 1
! 1 1
1
2
1 1
n
n
n n
n
f x
x x
+ +

=
+



Suy ra:
a, Nu n chn th:
( )
( ) 0 !
n
f n =
b, Nu n l th
( )
( ) 0 0
n
f = .
4.28. p dng cng thc Leibnitz

( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) 1 2
2
1
0 2 2
2
n n n
x x x
n
a a a
n n
f e x n e x e


= + +



( ) ( )
( )( ) 1
( ) 2
1 2
1 1
1
1 . 1 .2
n
x x x
n n
n
a a a
n n n
n n
n
f e x e x e
a a a

= + +
Suy ra:
2
( )
2 2
( 1)( 1) ( 1)( 1)
(0)
n n
n
n n
n n n n
f
a a

= =
4.29.
1) Ta thy
( ) ( )
( ) !, ( ) 0
n k
f x n f x = = khi 1 k n + .


288
288
Khai trin Taylor ti im x = 1, ta c
( )
2
(1) (1) (1)
( ) (1) ( 1) ( 1) ... ( 1)
1! 2! !
n
n
f f f
f x f x x x
n

= + + + +
Thay x = 2 vo khai trin trn ta c
( )
(1) (1) (1)
(1) ... 2
1! 2! !
n
n
f f f
f
n

+ + + + =
2)
4
1
4 sin
2
t
a

3)
3
4
t
e

4.30. t
2
( 1)
m
u x = suy ra
2
( 1) 2 x u mxu = (1)
o hm (1) hai v (m +1) ln ta c
2 ( 2) ( 1) ( )
( 1) 2( 1) ( 1)
m m m
x u m xu m mu
+ +
+ + + +

( )
( )
1 ( )
2 2 1
m m
mxu m m u
+
= + +
n gin hai v ta thu c

2 ( 2) ( 1) ( )
(1 ) 2 ( 1) 0
m m m
x u xu m m u
+ +
+ + = (2)
Mt khc theo gi thit

( )
1
( )
2 !
m
m m
P x u
m
=
Suy ra

( 2)
2 ! ( )
m m
m
u m P x
+

= (3)

( 1)
2 ! ( )
m m
m
u m P x
+

= (4)

( )
2 ! ( )
m m
m
u m P x = (5)
Thay (3), (4), (5) vo (2), ta thy ( )
m
P x tha mn phng trnh cho.
4.31. t
m x
u x e

= , Khi
( )
( )
x m
m
L x e u = .
Ta thy

( ) ( ) 1 m m x x
L e u e u
+
= +

( ) ( ) ( ) 1 2
2
m m m x x x
L e u e u e u
+ +
= + +
Thay L v L vo phng trnh cho.
( ) (1 ) ( ) ( ) 0
m m m
xL x x L x mL x

+ + = (1)
Ta thu c phng trnh

( 2) ( 1) ( )
(1 ) (1 ) 0
m m m
xu x u m u
+ +
+ + + + =


289
289
chng minh ( )
m
L x tha mn (1), ta hy chng minh u(x) tha mn phng trnh (2).
Tht vy

1 m x m x
u mx e x e

=
hay
m
x m x
x u
u m e x e m u
x x

= =
hay ( ) xu m x u = (3)
S dng cng thc Leibnitz, o hm cp (m + 1) hai v ca (3) , suy ra hm u(x) tha
mn phng trnh (2).
4.32. Ta chng minh cng thc
( )
1
1
ln ! ln
n n
n
k
d
x x n x
dx k
=

= +

vi 0 x > (1)
a, Vi n = 1 ta c
( ) ln ln 1
d
n x x
dx
= + Cng thc (1) ng
b, Gi s cng thc (1) ng vi (n 1)
( )
1 1
1
1
1
1
ln ( 1)! ln
n n
n
n
k
d
x x n x
dx k

=

= +

(2)
Khi
( ) ( )
1
ln ln
n n
n n
d d
x x xx x
dx dx

= =
( ) ( )
( ) ( 1)
0 (0) 1 1 1
( ) ln ( ) ln
n n
n n
n n
C x x x C x x x

= +
1
1
1 1
( 1)! ( 1)! ln
n
k
x n n n x
x k

=

= + +

1 1
1 1
1 1 1
( 1)! ! ln ! ln
n n
k k
n n x n x
k k n

= =

= + + = + +




1
1
1
! ln
n
k
n x
k

=

= +

.
4.33.
2
2 2 2 2 3 2 4
2
2 (2 ) (2 ) (2 )
1
1! 2! 3! 4!
x x
x x x x x x x x
e


= + + + +

2 5
(2 )
...
5!
x x
+ +
Suy ra


290
290
( )
2
2 2 3 4 5 5
2 5 1
1 2 0
3 6 15
x x
e x x x x x x

= + + + .
4.34.
2 3 2 3
1
( )
1 ... 1 1 ...
2! 3! 2 6 24
x
f x
x x x x x
x
= =

+ + + + + + + +



2
2 3 2 3
1 ... ...
2 6 24 2 6 24
x x x x x x
= + + + + + + +




3
2 3
...
2 6 24
x x x
+ + + =


2 4
4
1 0( )
2 12 729
x x x
x + + .
4.35. 1)
3
3 5
2 2 4 6 6
1 2
(sin ) ... 0( )
3! 5! 3 45
x x
x x x x x x

= + + = + +



2)
1
2 4
2
cos 1 ...
2! 4!
x x
x

= + =



2 3
2 4 2 4 2 4
1 1
1 ... ... ... ...
2 2! 4! 8 2! 4! 2! 4!
x x x x x x
= + + + + +



2 4
4
1 0( )
4 96
x x
x = + .
4.36.
1
( ) 2( )
n
k
k
x a x
=
=

( ) x khi
1
1
0
n
k n
k
k
k
a
a nx x
n
=
=
+ = =

Mt khc ( ) 0 x n = > , vy hm s t cc tiu khi
1
n
k
k
a
x
n
=
=

4.37.
2
2
1 ( 1)
1 1 1 0(( 1) )
2 8
x x
x x x

= + = + +
4.38.
ln
( ) 1
x x
f x e =
( )
ln
( ) ln 1
x x
f x e x = +
ln 2
1
( ) ln 2ln 1
x x
f x e x x
x

= + + +





291
291
( )
( )
3 ln 2
ln
2
1
( ) ln 1 ln 2ln 1
1 2 1
2ln
x x
x x
f x e x x x
x
e x
x x x

= + + + +



+ +



Ta thy
(3)
(1) 0, (1) 1, (1) 2, (1) 3 f f f f = = = = . Thay cc gi tr trn vo cng thc
2
3 3
(1) (1)
( ) (1) ( 1) ( 1)
1! 2!
(1)
( 1) 0(( 1) )
3!
f f
f x f x x
f
x x

= + +

+ +

ta c
2 3 3
1
1 ( 1) ( 1) ( 1) 0(( 1) )
2
x
x x x x x = + + + .
4.39. 1)
1
2
; 2)
1
6
e

;
3) 1; 4) 1.
4.40. 1) Khng p dng c quy tc Lhospital. Tnh theo cch khc, gii hn bng 0
2) Khng p dng c. Gii hn bng 1.
3) Khng p dng c. Gii hn khng tn ti .
4.41. 1)
1
2
; 2) 1;
3)
1
2
; 4) 1.
HD: Ta hy vit ( )
lnsin
cot
sin
x
tgx
gx
x e = .
Mt khc:
( )
0 0 0
2
1
cos
lnsin
sin
lim lim lim sin cos 0
1
cot
sin
x x x
x
x
x
x x
gx
x

= = =

.
5)
2
e ; 6) 1.
4.42. 1) Do
2
3 2 2
0 0 0
1
1
arctg 1
1
lim lim lim 1
1
3
x x x
x x
x
x x x

+
= = =
+
,
suy ra iu phi chng minh.
Cc phn 2),3),4) chng minh tng t.
4.43. a)
5 4
1 1
( ) 6 sin cos g x x x
x x
= vi 0 x
Ta thy g trit tiu v s ln v ng thi i du. Hm g khng c cc tr ti x=0.


292
292
b) Hm f t cc tiu ti x=0.
4.45. Hm s tng trong khong (0,e) v gim trong khong ( ) , e + .
Tim cn ng x=0.
Tim cn ngang y=0.
4.46. Bi v hm s lin tc trn ton trc s nn khng c tim cn ng.
Tim cn ngang y=0.
4.47. th hm s c hai tim cn xin y=2x khi x + v y=2x khi x . Hm s khng
c im dng.
4.48. r l hm tun hon vi chu k 2 , v th ch cn xt hm s trong
[ ]
, .
Do 0 r nn

2
3

0
2
3

r +
r
3

0 0
tg
0 0

1
1 2cos 0 cos .
2
+
Nn tp xc nh ca hm s l:

2 2
3 3

.
Ta thy 2sin r = , 0 r = khi 0 = .
Suy ra (0) 3
CD
r r = = .
Gi l gc dng gia vecto OM

v vecto ch phng ca tip tuyn vi th ti M,

tg
r
r
=

.
th l ng cong kn i xng nhau qua trc cc.
Chng 5

5.1. 1)
2
2
2
ln 2
2
x x
x x

+ + .


293
293
2)
2
1
2(1 ) x

+
.
3)
4
3
3
1
(1 )
4
x + .
4)
4
4
1 2
ln
8 2 2
x
x

+
.
5) arctg
x
e .
6)
( )
2
ln 1 1
x
x e + + .
5.2. 1) ln th
2
x


.
2) 2arctg
x
e .
3)
1
sh2
2 4
x
x + .
4)
1
sh2
2 4
x
x + .
5) 2cth2x .
5.3. 1)
2
3
1 2
(1 3 )
10
x
x
+
.
2)
4
2 2
3
3
(1 ) (4 3)
56
x x + .
5.4. 1)
1
1
ln
1 1
n
x
x
n n
+

+

+ +

.
2)
3 3
2 2
sh3 ch3
3 9 3 27
x x x
x x

+ +


.
3)
2
ch 2 sh 2ch x x x x x + .
4) ln tg cos ln tg
2
x
x x .
5.5. 1)
5
tg
5
x
.
2)
3
2
2 cot tg
3
gx x +
.
3)
3 3 2
3 3
1 (1 ) (1 ) 3 1
ln arctg
4 (1 ) (1 ) 2 3
t t t
t t t
+ +

294
294
trong
3
sin t x =
.
4)
2
2 2
1 2 1 1 2
ln arctg
1 2 2 2 1 2
z z z
z z z
+ +

+
trong z= tgx .
5)
2 2 2
4 2
1 ( 1) 3 2 1
ln arctg
4 1 2 3
z z
z z
+
+
+
trong z=
3
tgx .
5.6. 1)
( )
4
4
4
4ln 1
1
x
x
+ +
+
.
2)
( )
4 4
2
2 4
(1 ) 1 x x

+ +
.
3)
( )
1
2 (1 ) ln 1
2
x x x x x x

+ + + +

.
HD: Nhn t s v mu s ca biu thc trong du tch phn vi biu thc
1 1 x x + .
4)
n
n x b
b a x a

.
5.7. 1)
2
ln 1 2 2 1 x x x + + + + .
2)
2 2
1 1
2 2 ln 1 2 2
2 2
x
x x x x x

+ + + + .
Chng 6
6.1. 1) 3
2)
1
ln
a
a

.
3)
b a
ab

. HD: t
1 +
=
i i i
x x .
4)
1 1
1
m m
b a
m
+ +

+
. HD: Chn cc im chia sao cho ta
i
x ca chng lp thnh
cp s nhn.
6.2. 1)
3

2)
6n

. HD:
2
2 2
0
1
a
n
n
n
dx
I
n
a x
=

, t t=
n
x , ta c
2
2 2
0
1
a
dt
I
n
a t
=

, sau t: sin t a z = .
6.4. 1) ln2


295
295
HD: t
1 1 1
......
1 2
n
a
n n n n
= + +
+ + +
.
Xt hm y=
1
x
trn on 1 2 x . Phn on ny thnh n phn bng nhau v lp tng
tch phn. Tng tch phn s l biu thc cn tm gii hn.
2)
2

. HD:
t
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
...
0 1 4 ( 1)
n
b
n n n n n
= + + + +

so snh cc s hng ca biu
thc b
n
vi gi tr ca hm
2
1 1 2 1
( ) , 0, , ,...,
1
n
n
f x x x x x
n n n
x

= = = = =

.
3)
1
1 +

6.5. Trc ht da vo nh ngha ca tch phn hy tnh:
!
limln
n
n
n
n

=

1 1 2 1
lim ln1 ln 1 ln 1 ... ln 1
n
n
n n n n

= + + + +



6.6. 1)
2
4

. HD: t t x = .
2)
1 3
2 2 2
arctg . HD: t
1
t x
x
= ,
2
1
1 dt dx
x

= +


.
6.7. 1) i bin
2
x t

= .
2) i bin: x t = .
6.10. 1) 0
2) 0.
HD: t
1 2
1 2
1 1
2
I I I = + = +

, trong tch phn
2
I t t=
1
x
.
3) 0.
6.12. 200 2 .
HD: ta vit

100
0
2 sin =

I x dx
2 3 100
0 2 99
......


= + + + +

.


296
296
Do hm sin y x = tun hon chu k nn tch phn trn bng
0
100 2 sin I x dx

=

.
6.13. 1)
2
1
2
e

2)
1
2(1 ) e

3)
3
6 4

4)
1 1
1
1
( 1) ! 1
!
n
n
k
n e e
k

=

.
6.14. 1)
12
2
1.3.5.7.9.11.13
2)
16

3)
32

.
6.15. 1)
4
2 1 x x + 2) ( ) ( )
2
sin cos cos sin x x x .
6.16. 1) 1 2)
2
4

.
6.17. S dng quy tc Lpitan.
6.18. 1) 2) 3) +
6.19. 1)
3 1 2
I I I < < 2)
4 5
I I .
6.22. y ( ) 0,1,...8
8
k
k
x k = =
a) Theo phng php hnh thang:
[ ]
0 1 7 8
1
( ) 2 ( ) ......2 ( ) ( )
16
I f x f x f x f x + + + 0,6941.
Phn d:
8
T
R
2
1 2 1
.
8 12 384
= 0,0027.
b) Theo phng php Simpson:
[ ]
0 1 2 3 7 8
1
( ) 4 ( ) 2 ( ) 4 ( ) ...4 ( ) ( )
24
I f x f x f x f x f x f x + + + + +
0, 6935
Phn d:
5 4 4
8 4
5.10 10
4 .2880


S
M
R .
6.23. a) Theo phng php hnh thang I 0,8352 vi phn d
12
0, 004
T
R .
a) Theo phng php Simpson: I 0.83565 vi phn d:
5
12
4
10
10
2880.6
s
R

.
6.24.
2
3
bh
S = .
6.25.
2
2 a
6.26.
2
3
2
a



297
297
6.27.
2
3
8
a
.
6.28.
2
1
4
e +

6.29.
2
2 a
6.30.
2
1
a
m
m
+
6.31.
3
2
a

6.32. 6a
6.33. 1) a)
2

b) 2 ; 2)
2
8
3
a
.
6.34. 1)
2 2
32
105
a b ; 2)
2 2
32
105
a b .
6.35. 1)
3
2
10 1
27

2) 3 3)
2 2
16 a 4)
2
12
5
a
6.36. 1)
4

2)
1
1
khi 0 1 < < , khi 1 .
3)
2

4)
6.37. 1) Hi t 2) Hi t
3) Phn k. HD:
( )
2
2 2 2
0 0
1
ln 1
1 sin 1 2
A A
xdx xdx
A
x x x
> = +
+ +

.
4) Hi t.
6.38. 1) 1 2)
2 2
a
a b +

6.39. 1) Nu a 0 hi t khi p>0, nu a=0 hi t khi p>1.
2) Hi t nu p>0 hoc q>0.
6.40. 1) Hi t nhng khng hi t tuyt i.
2) Hi t nhng khng hi t tuyt i.
6.41. Cc tch phn hi t tuyt i khi >1 ( khi 0 1 < khng hi t tuyt i)
Khi 0 1 < cc tch phn bn hi t.
Chng 7


298
298
7.2. 1) Lin thng
2) Khng lin thng
7.3. 1)
2 2
1 x y + >
2)
2 2
2 (2 1) k x y k + + vi k Z.
3) Phn mt phng nm ngoi parabol
2
y x = .
4) Min ngoi ca elipxoit.
7.4.
0 0 0 0
lim{lim ( , )} lim{lim ( , )} 0
x y y x
f x y f x y

= =
7.5. limlim ( , ) 1
y x
f x y

= , limlim ( , ) 0
x y
f x y

=
7.6. 1) 2; 2) ln2.
7.7. 1) (0,0) l mt im gin on v cc.
2) Cc im ca ng thng y=x l im gin on kh c, cn (0,0) l im
gin on v cc.
7.8. 1)
2
3 2
x
u x y = , 2 2
y
u y x = ,

2
(3 2 ) 2( ) du x y dx y x dy = +
2)
2 2
1
x
u
x y
=
+
,
( )
2 2 2 2
y
y
u
x y x x y
=
+ + +
,

( )
2 2
2 2 2 2
dx ydy
du
x y x y x x y
= +
+ + + +

3)
2 2
x
y
u
x y

=
+
,
2 2
y
x
u
x y
=
+
,
2 2
ydx xdy
du
x y
+
=
+
.
4)
1 y
x
u yx

= , ln
y
y
u x x = ,
1
ln
y y
du yx dx x xdy

= +
5)
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
sh sh .2 , ch .sh sh
x y
u x y y xy u x y x y y = + = + + ,

( ) ( )
2 2
2 ch sh sh du xydx x y dy x y y

= + + +


6) ( ) ch
x
u x y = + , ( ) ch
y
u x y = + ,
( ) ( ) ch . du x y dx dy = + +
7.9.
1
2 ln
+
+
+
=

+
t
t
u e t
t
e t

,
2 ln
+
+

+
t
t
u e
e t

7.10.
( )
2
2
3
2
2
2
x
y
u
xy y

=
+
,
( )
3
2
2
2
xy
xy
u
xy y
=
+
,


299
299

2
2
3
2
2
(2 )
y
x
u
xy y

=
+
,
2
2
3
2
2
( )
(2 )
ydx xdy
d u
xy y

=
+
.
7.12 1)
2 2
2
2 2
.
u f
a
x

=

,
2 2
u f
ab
x y

=

,
2 2
2
2 2
u f
b
y

=

,

2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 d u a f dx abf dxdy b f dy

= + +
2)
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2
u f f f
x

= + +

,
2 2 2
2 2
u f f
x y

=

,

2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2
u f f f
y

= +


2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2
( ) ( ) ( )
f f f
d u dx dy dx dy dx dy


= + + +

.
7.14.
2
2
dy x y
dx x y
+
=
+
,
2
2 3
18
( 2 )
d y
dx x y

=
+
,

3
3 5
162
( 2 )
d y x
dx x y

=
+
( 2 ) x y
7.16.
( , )
( , )
u
v
D
x
D u v

,
( , )
( , )
u
v
D
y
D u v

,

( , )
( , )
v
u
D
x
D u v

,
( , )
( , )
v
u
D
y
D u v

7.17. sin
z c
v
x u

, osv
z c
c
y u

.
7.18. ( ) 1 3
z
M
l

.
7.19. 1)
4

=
2)
5
4

=
3)
3
4

= v
7
4

= .


300
300
7.20.
2 2
0 0
2 2
0 0
2
( 0) x y
x y
+
+

7.21. os +cos +cos
z
c
l

, u( ) 3 grad M =
7.22. 1) ,
6 3

= = , 2) ,
3 6

= = .
7.23.
2 3
1
(3 )
3!
y xy x y y + + .
7.24.
2 3
( ) ( )
1
1! 2! 3!
x y x y x y + + +
+ + + .
7.25. im (2,0 ) l im cc tiu, 0
CT
Z = .
7.26. im dng (2,0),
2
8 0 AC B = < , hm s khng c cc tr.
7.27. Ti im ( 2, 2)( 2, 2) hm s t cc tiu a phng. Ti im (0,0) ta c
A=4, B=4,
2
0 AC B = , ta phi xt tip tc. Ta thy s gia ca hm trn ng thng y=0:
4 2
( , 0) (0, 0) 2 ( 2) 0 f f x f x x = = < khi 2 x < . S gia ca hm s trn ng
thng y=x.
4
( , ) (0, 0) 2 0 f f x x f x = = > . Vy ti im (0,0) hm s khng c cc tr.
7.28.
4
3
CT
u = t c khi
2 1
, , 1
3 3
x y z = = = .
7.29. Ta thy h
' 0
' 0
x
y
z
z
=

v nghim. Mt khc ta thy ti im M(0,0) cc o hm ring

cp 1 khng tn ti. Tht vy, cc t s
( , 0) (0, 0)
x
Z x Z
x x

=

,
(0, ) (0, 0)
y
Z y Z
y y

=


khng c gii hn. V vy im (0,0) c th l im cc tr, Bi v:
2 2
(0, 0) ( , ) (0, 0) 0 Z Z x y Z x y = = + < , nn ti im (0,0) hm t cc tr, ng
thi 1
CD
Z = .
7.30. Hm s khng c gi tr ln nht , supZ=2. Hm s gin on.
7.31. Min
{ }
1, 1 x y l min ng, hm Z lin tc trn min ny nn n c gi tr ln
nht. ( ) 0, 1 l cc im dng, ( )
1
0, 1
2
Z = . Trn bin ca hnh vung ti cc im
1, 3 1 x y = = hm t gi tr ln nht bng
1 3
2
+
.
7.32. 1)
1
4
CD
Z = khi
1 1
,
2 2
x y = = .


301
301
2)
2 2
CT
a b
Z
ab
+
= khi
2 2 2 2
,
b a
x y
a b a b
= =
+ +
,

2 2
CD
a b
Z
ab
+
= khi
2 2 2 2
,
b a
x y
a b a b
= =
+ +
.
3)
2 2
2 2
CD
a b
Z
a b
=
+
khi
2
2 2
=
+
ab
x
a b
, y=
2
2 2
a b
a b +
.
7.33. Hm u t cc i ti cc im
1
M (1,1,1) ,
2
M (1, 1, 1) ,
3
M (1,1, 1),
4
M (1, 1,
+1). Ti cc im ny
CD
u =1. Hm u t cc tiu ti cc im M
5
=(1, 1, 1)
6
M (1,1,1)
,
7
M (1, 1,1),
8
M (1,1, 1) v 1
CT
u = .
7.34. 1) 6 3 37 3 0 + = x z .
2)
0 0 0
2 2 2
1
x x y y z z
a b c
+ + = .
7.35. 4 6 21 x y z + + = .
7.36. 0,
1 0 1
x y a z a
x z a
+
+ + = = = .
7.37. 1)
2 2 2
x y p + = .
2) y x = .
3)
2
4ax y =
4) Khng c bao hnh.



302
302

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