1 Mach Diode

1
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MCH IN T
CHNG I
MCH DIODE
1. 2. 3. 4. Mc tiu: Kin thc c bn cn c khi hc chng ny. Ti liu tham kho lin quan n chng. Ni dung:
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
ng thng ly in. Diode trong mch in mt chiu. Diode trong mch in xoay chiu. Mch ct( Clippers). Mch ghim p( Clampers). Mch dng diode zener. Mch chnh lu bi p. Bi tp cui chng.
5. Vn nghin cu ca chng k tip.
Trong chng ny, chng ta kho st mt s mch ng dng cn bn ca diode bn dn (gi chnh lu v diode zener - Cc diode c bit khc s c bn n lc cn thit). Ty theo nhu c cc m hnh l tng, gn ng hay thc s c a vo trong cng vic tnh ton mch. I.1 NG THNG LY IN (LOAD LINE): Xem mch hnh 1.1a
Ngun in mt chiu E mc trong mch lm cho diode phn cc thun. Gi ID l dng
file://D:\My Documents\My eBooks\Study\Cac bai giang ve KT mach dien tu-Viet Nam\1.... 1/23/2000
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qua diode v VD l hiu th 2 u diode, ta c:
Trong :
I0 l dng in r nghch
h=1 khi ID ln (vi mA tr ln) h=1 Khi ID nh v diode cu to bng Ge h=2 Khi ID nh v diode cu to bng Si Ngoi ra, t mch in ta cn c: Tc E - V D - VR = 0 E = VD + RID (1.2)
Phng trnh ny xc nh im lm vic ca diode tc im iu hnh Q, c gi l ng thng ly in. Giao im ca ng thng ny vi c tuyn ca diode ID = f(VD) l im 1.2. DIODE TRONG MCH IN MT CHIU
- Ngc li khi E < VK, mch c xem nh h, nn:
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ID = IR = 0mA ; VR = R.IR = 0V
; V D = E - VR = E
1.3. DIODE TRONG MCH IN XOAY CHIU - MCH CHNH LU 1.3.1 Tr trung bnh v tr hiu dng. 1.3.2 Mch chnh lu na sng. 1.3.3 Chnh lu ton sng vi bin th c im gia. 1.3.4 Chnh lu ton sng dng cu Diode. 1.3.5 Chnh lu vi t lc. Mch chnh lu l ng dng thng dng v quan trng nht ca diode bn dn, c mc xoay chiu (m thng l dng Sin hoc vung) thnh in mt chiu. 1.3.1. Khi nim v tr trung bnh v tr hiu dng 1.3.1.1. Tr trung bnh: Hay cn gi l tr mt chiu Tr trung bnh ca mt sng tun hon c nh ngha bng tng i s trong mt chu k tch nm trn trc 0 (dng) v din tch nm di trc 0 (m) chia cho chu k. Mt cch tng qut, tng i s din tch trong mt chu k T ca mt sng tun hon v(t) bng cng thc:
Mt vi v d: Dng sng
Tr trung bnh
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1.3.1.2. Tr hiu dng: Ngi ta nh ngha tr hiu dng ca mt sng tun hon( th d dng in) l tr s t dng in mt chiu IDC m khi chy qua mt in tr R trong mt chu k s c nng lng t nhau.
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Vi th d: Dng sng
Tr trung bnh v hiu dng
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Hnh 1.6 1.3.2. Mch chnh lu na sng (mt bn k) Trong mch ny ta dng kiu mu l tng hoc gn ng ca diode trong vic phn tch m Dng mch cn bn cng cc dng sng (th d hnh sin) ng vo v ng ra nh hnh 1.7
Diode ch dn in khi bn k dng ca vi(t) a vo mch Ta c: - Bin nh ca vo(t) Vdcm = Vm - 0.7V (1.6) - in th trung bnh ng ra:
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- in th nh phn cc nghch ca diode l: VRM=Vm Ta cng c th chnh lu ly bn k m bng cch i u diode.
(1.8)
1.3.3. Chnh lu ton sng vi bin th c im gia Mch c bn nh hnh 1.8a; Dng sng 2 cun th cp nh hnh 1.8b
- bn k dng, diode D1 phn cc thun v dn in trong lc diode D2 phn cc nghch n h mch (hnh 1.9)
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- bn k m, diode D2 phn cc thun v dn in trong lc diode D1 phn cc nghch nn xem nh (Hnh 1.10)
l trong 2 trng hp, IL u chy qua RL theo chiu t trn xung v dng in bn k. in th nh 2 u RL l: Vdcm=Vm-0,7V V in th nh phn cc nghch mi diode khi ngng dn l: VRM=Vdcm+Vm=2Vm-0,7V - Dng sng thng trc 2 u RL c din t hnh 1.11 (1.10) (1.9)
Ngi ta cng c th chnh lu to ra in th m 2 u RL bng cch i cc ca 2 diode l 1.3.4. Chnh lu ton sng dng cu diode Mch c bn
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- bn k dng ca ngun in, D2 v D4 phn cc thun v dn in trong lc D1 v nghch xem nh h mch. Dng kiu mu in th ngng, mch in c v li nh hnh 1.13
- bn k m ca ngun in, D1 v D3 phn cc thun v dn in trong lc D2, D4 ph xem nh h mch (Hnh 1.14)
T cc mch tng ng trn ta thy: - in th nh Vdcm ngang qua hai u RL l: Vdcm =Vm-2VD=Vm-1.4V - in th nh phn cc nghch VRM mi diode l: (1.12)
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VRM=Vdcm+VD=Vm-VD VRM =Vm-0,7V (1.13)
l dng in trung bnh chy qua mi cp diode khi dn in ch bng 1/2 dng qua ti. 1.3.5. Chnh lu vi t lc Ta xem li mch chnh lu ton sng vi bin th c im gia. Nh kt qa phn trn: - in th nh 2 u RL l: Vdcm=Vm-0,7V - in th trung bnh 2 u RL l: VDC=0,637Vdcm Nu ta thay RL bng 1 t in c in dung C. Trong thi im t t=0 n t=T/4, t C s in th nh Vdcm. Nu dng r ca t in khng ng k, t C s khng phng in v in th gi khng i l Vdcm. y l trng hp l tng. Thc t, in th trung bnh thay i t 0,637V Vdcm. Thc ra ngun in phi cung cp cho ti, th d RL mc song song vi t C. bn k d in n tr Vdcm. Khi ngun in bt u gim, t C phng in qua RL cho n khi gp bn k mi np in li n Vdcm v chu k ny c lp i lp li. Hnh 1.16 m t chi tit dng sng RL). Hiu th sng d nh i nh c k hiu l Vr(p-p).
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Do in th nh ti a l Vdcm nn in th trung bnh ti thiu l Vdcmin=Vdcm-Vr(p-p)
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* H s sng d: (ripple factor) Ta xem li dng sng 2 u RL. Bng nguyn l chng cht, ta c th xem nh in th tng ca thnh phn mt chiu VDC vi thnh phn sng d xoay chiu c tn s gp i tn s chnh lu.
V thi gian np in thng rt nh so vi thi gian phng in nn dng ca thnh phn s xem gn ng nh dng tam gic
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H s sng d quyt nh cht lng ca mch chnh lu. * Phng trnh in th sng d Nu gi ic l dng phng in ca t in c in dung C v VC l in th 2 u t in th
Nu s thay i in th 2 u t l tuyn tnh th dng in ic l dng in mt chiu. Nu coi sng d c dng tam gic th dng phng ca t l hng s v k hiu l IDC. in qua ti
Vi f l tn s ca ngun in chnh lu. Nu gi fr l tn s sng d, ta c
Nh vy sng d t l thun vi dng in trung bnh qua ti v t l nghch vi in dung C. S tng gp i khi chnh lu na sng v lc f=fr 1.4. MCH CT (Clippers) 1.4.1 Mch ct ni tip. 1.4.2 Mch ct song song. Mch ny dng ct mt phn tn hiu xoay chiu. Mch chnh lu na sng l mt th
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mch ct. 1.4.1. Mch ct ni tip Dng cn bn nh hnh 1.20. Hnh 1.21 cho th p ng ca mch ct cn bn i vi c thng dng khi coi diode l l tng.
By gi nu ta mc thm mt ngun in th mt chiu V ni tip vi diode nh hnh 1.22b. N vo vi(t) c dng hnh sin vi in th nh l Vm th ng ra s c dng nh hnh v 1.22c v Vm-V tc V0=Vi-V (coi diode l tng)
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1.4.2. Mch ct song song * Mch cn bn c dng
Hnh 1.24 l p ng ca mch ct song song cn bn vi cc dng sng thng dng (diode l
* Mch c phn cc Ta cng c th mc thm mt ngun in th 1 chiu V ni tip vi diode. Dng sng ng thuc vo cc tnh ca ngun in mt chiu v diode. Th d: ta xc nh v0 ca mch in hnh 1.25 khi vi c dng tam gic v diode xem nh
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- Khi diode dn in: v0=V=4V - Khi vi=V=4V, Diode i trng thi t ngng dn sang dn in hoc ngc li - Khi vi<V=4V, diode dn in vo=V=4V - Khi vi>V=4V, diode ngng dn Vo= vi Hnh 1.26 l dng v bin ca ng ra v0
1.5. MCH GHIM P (Mch kp - clampers) y l mch i mc DC (mt chiu) ca tn hiu. Mch phi c mt t in, mt diode v Nhng mch cng c th c mt ngun in th c lp. Tr s ca in tr R v t in C phi sao cho thi hng t=RC ln hiu th 2 u t gim khng ng k khi t phng in (trong su diode khng dn in). Mch ghim p cn bn nh hnh 1.27
Dng kiu mu diode l tng ta thy: - Khi t: 0 T/2 diode dn in,t C np nhanh n tr s V v v0=0V - Khi t: T/2 T, diode ngng, t phng in qua R. Do t=RC ln nn C x in khng
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ngi ta chn T10t). Lc ny ta c: v0=-2V
im cn ch l trong mch ghim p bin nh i nh ca vi v vo lun bng nhau. Sinh vin th xc nh v0 ca mch in hnh 1.29
1.6. MCH DNG DIODE ZENER: 1.6.1 Diode zener vi in th ng vo vi v ti RL c nh. 1.6.2 Ngun vi c nh v RL thay i. 1.6.3 Ti RL c nh, in th ng vo vi thay i. Cng tng t nh diode chnh lu, vi diode zener ta cng dng kiu mu gn ng trong vi mch: Khi dn in diode zener tng ng vi mt ngun in th mt chiu vz (in th ngng n tng ng vi mt mch h. 1.6.1. Diode zener vi in th ng vo vi v ti RL c nh Mch cn bn dng diode zener c dng nh hnh 1.30
Khi vi v RL c nh, s phn tch mch c th theo 2 bc:

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- Xc nh trng thi ca diode zener bng cch tho ri diode zener ra khi mch v tnh hiu th u ca mch h
Cng sut tiu tn bi diode zener c xc nh bi Pz=Vz.Iz (1.23) Cng sut ny phi nh hn cng sut ti a PZM=VZIZM ca diode zener (IZM: dng zener m khng lm hng) Diode zener thng c dng trong cc mch iu ha in th to in th chun. M 1 mch iu ha in th n gin to ra in th khng i 2 u RL. Khi dng to in th th zener nh l mt mc chun so snh vi mt mc in th khc. Ngoi ra diode zener cn rng ri trong cc mch iu khin, bo v... 1.6.2. Ngun Vi c nh v RL thay i Khi Vi c nh, trng thi ngng hoc dn ca diode zener ty thuc vo in tr ti RL
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Do R c nh, khi Diode zener dn in, in th VR ngang qua in tr R s c nh: VR=Vi Do dng IR cng c nh:
Dng IZ s nh nht khi IL ln nht. Dng IZ c gii hn bi IZM do nh sn xut cho bi in nh nht qua RL l ILmin phi tha mn:
Cui cng khi Vi c nh, RL phi c chn trong khong RLmin v RLmax 1.6.3. Ti RL c nh, in th ng vo Vi thay i Xem li hnh 1.30 Nu ta gi RL c nh, vi phi ln th zener mi dn in. Tr s ti thiu ca Vi zener c in c xc nh bi:
1.7. MCH CHNH LU BI P 1.7.1. Chnh lu tng i in th. 1.7.2. Mch chnh lu tng ba, tng bn.
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1.7.1. Chnh lu tng i in th Hnh 1.31 m t mt mch chnh lu tng i in th mt bn k
- bn k dng ca ngun in, D1 dn v D2 ngng. T C1 np in n in th nh V - bn k m D1 ngng v D2 dn in. T C2 np in n in th VC2=Vm+VC1=2Vm - Bn k dng k tip, D2 ngng, C2 phng in qua ti v n bn k m k tip C2 li n V th mch ny gi l mch chnh lu tng i in th mt bn k. in th nh nghch 2Vm. - Ta cng c th dng mch ghim p gii thch hot ng ca mch chnh lu tng i i
- Ta cng c th mc mch chnh lu tng i in th theo chiu dng
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- bn k dng ca ngun in D1 dn, C1 np in VC1=Vm trong lc D2 ngng. - bn k m D2 dn, C2 np in VC2=Vm trong lc D1 ngng. - in th ng ra V0=VC1+VC2=2Vm 1.7.2. Mch chnh lu tng ba, tng bn
u tin C1 np in n VC1=Vm khi D1 dn in bn k dng. Bn k m D2 dn i n VC2=2Vm (tng in th nh ca cun th cp v t C1). Bn k dng k tip D2 dn, C VC3=2Vm (D1 v D2 dn, D2 ngng nn in th 2Vm ca C2 np vo C3). Bn k m k tip D th 2Vm ca C3 np vo C4 ... in th 2 u C2 l 2Vm 2 u C1+C= l 3Vm 2 u C2+C4 l 4Vm
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Ging vin: Trng Vn Tm

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1

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7

5. Vn nghin cu ca chng k tip.

Ngun in mt chiu E mc trong mch lm cho diode phn cc thun. Gi ID l dng

qua diode v VD l hiu th 2 u diode, ta c:

- Ngc li khi E < VK, mch c xem nh h, nn:

Tr trung bnh v hiu dng

- in th nh phn cc nghch ca diode l: VRM=Vm Ta cng c th chnh lu ly bn k m bng cch i u diode.

VRM=Vdcm+VD=Vm-VD VRM =Vm-0,7V (1.13)

Do in th nh ti a l Vdcm nn in th trung bnh ti thiu l Vdcmin=Vdcm-Vr(p-p)

Vi f l tn s ca ngun in chnh lu. Nu gi fr l tn s sng d, ta c

1.4.2. Mch ct song song * Mch cn bn c dng

ngi ta chn T10t). Lc ny ta c: v0=-2V

Khi vi v RL c nh, s phn tch mch c th theo 2 bc:

1.7.1. Chnh lu tng i in th Hnh 1.31 m t mt mch chnh lu tng i in th mt bn k

- Ta cng c th mc mch chnh lu tng i in th theo chiu dng

Ging vin: Trng Vn Tm

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