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CA - Ex - S2M03 - Introduction To Dynamic Routing Protocol - PPT (Compatibility Mode)
CA - Ex - S2M03 - Introduction To Dynamic Routing Protocol - PPT (Compatibility Mode)
Objectives
Describe the role of dynamic routing protocols and place these protocols in the context of modern network design. Identify several ways to classify routing protocols. Describe how metrics are used by routing protocols and identify the metric types used by dynamic routing protocols. Determine the administrative distance of a route and describe its importance in the routing process. Identify the different elements of the routing table.
Animation 3.1.1.2
The purpose: To learn about remote networks and to quickly adapt whenever there is a change in the topology.
Animation 3.1.2
Note: Understanding dynamic routing protocol operation and concepts and using them in real networks requires a solid knowledge of IP addressing and subnetting.
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Static Routing
Advantages:
Minimal CPU processing. Easier for administrator to understand. Easy to configure. Disadvantages: Configuration and maintenance is time-consuming. Configuration is error-prone, especially in large networks. Administrator intervention is required to maintain changing route information. Does not scale well with growing networks; maintenance becomes cumbersome. Requires complete knowledge of the whole network for proper implementation.
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Dynamic Routing
Advantages: Administrator has less work maintaining the configuration when adding or deleting networks. Protocols automatically react to the topology changes. Configuration is less error-prone. More scalable, growing the network usually does not present a problem. Disadvantages: Router resources are used (CPU cycles, memory and link bandwidth). More administrator knowledge is required for configuration, verification, and troubleshooting
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An autonomous system (AS) - otherwise known as a routing domain - is a collection of routers under a common administration. Two types of routing protocols are: interior and exterior gateway protocols. IGPs are used for intra-autonomous system routing - routing inside an AS EGPs are used for inter- AS routing: routing between autonomous systems
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Distance vector means that routes are advertised as vectors of distance and direction. Distance is defined in terms of a metric such as hop count Direction is simply the next-hop router or exit interface Algorithm is Bellman-Ford Distance vector routing protocols do not have an actual map of the network topology.
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Animation 3.2.3.1
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A link-state router uses the link-state information to create a topology map and to select the best path to all destination networks in the topology. Link-state protocols work best in situations where: 1. The network design is hierarchical, usually occurring in large networks. 2. The administrators have a good knowledge of the implemented 3. link-state routing protocol. 4. Fast convergence of the network is crucial.
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Link State
Link: this is an interface on a router Information about the state of those links is known as linkstates.This information includes: The interface's IP address and subnet mask. The type of network, such as Ethernet (broadcast) or Serial point-to-point link. The cost of that link. Any neighbor routers on that link.
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Convergence
Convergence is when all routers' routing tables are at a state of consistency. The network has converged when all routers have complete and accurate information about the network. Convergence time is the time it takes routers to share information, calculate best paths, and update their routing tables. Convergence properties include the speed of propagation of routing information and the calculation of optimal paths.
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Convergence
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Metric
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Purpose of a Metric
A metric is a value used by routing protocols to assign costs to reach remote networks. The metric is used to determine which path is most preferable when there are multiple paths to the same remote network. Each routing protocol uses its own metric.
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Animation 3.3.2.1
RIP OSPF
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Load Balancing
But what happens when two or more routes to the same destination
have identical metric values? How will the router decide which path to use for packet forwarding? In this case, the router does not choose only one route. Instead, the router "load balances" between these equal cost paths. The packets are forwarded using all equal-cost paths.
Animation 3.3.3
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ping 10.0.0.2
ping 10.0.0.1
ping 10.0.0.2
ping 10.0.0.1
Router(config-if)# ip route-cache
Router(config-if)#no ip route-cache
Fast Switching Per Destination Load Balancing The default for most interfaces is Fast Switching. Load balancing is distributed according to the destination IP address. Process Switching Per Packet Load Balancing Given equal cost paths, per packet load sharing means that one packet to a destination is sent over one link, the next packet to the same destination is sent over the next link, and so on.
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Administrative Distances
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How does a router determine which route to install in the routing table when it has learned about the same network from more than one routing source? Administrative distance (AD) defines the preference of a routing source. Administrative distance is an integer value from 0 to 255. Each routing source - including specific routing protocols, static routes, and even directly connected networks - is prioritized in order of most- to least-preferable using an administrative distance value.
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Default AD
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show ip route
show ip protocols
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Static Routes
Static routes are entered by an administrator who wants to manually configure the best path to the destination. Static routes have a default AD value of 1. Directly connected networks, which have a default AD value of 0. A static route using either a next-hop IP address or an exit interface has a default AD value of 1.
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Directly connected networks appear in the routing table as soon as the IP address on the interface is configured and the interface is enabled and operational. The AD value of directly connected networks is 0, meaning that this is the most preferred routing source. Administrative distance of a directly connected network cannot be changed and no other route source can have an administrative distance of 0.
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Identifying Elements of the Routing Table: 3.5.1.1 Subnetting Scenario 1: 3.5.2.1 Subnetting Scenario 2: 3.5.3.1 Subnetting Scenario 3: 3.5.4.1
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Summary
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Q/A
1. Why is fast convergence desirable in networks that use dynamic routing protocols? Routers may make incorrect forwarding decisions until the network has converged. 2. What is conditions must be met in order for a network to have converged? The routers in the network are operating with consistent routing knowledge.
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