aE Ay Se Sale Gola Ri Ej Paale NG dees omes glee: A GRAMMAR OF THE ARABIC LANGUAGE by BRviitaw moe owen tel Buea Cat easwww. forgotienbooks. org ISBN 9781440071010Rorgotten Books This is a Forgotten Books Library high-quality e-book from www.forgottenbooks.org Thank you for supporting Forgotten Books by purchasing this e-book. This e-book may not be distributed. If you wish to share this e-book with friends or other people, please give them the free low-quality version from www.forgottenbooks.org This book is also available in print as high-quality paperback from www.amazon.comVERTICAL LINES The vertical black lines appearing on most pages are deliberate. This is required to stop people from selling printed copies of our e-books. Our own printed books do not have these watermarks. TERMS & CONDITIONS This e-book may not be distributed. This e-book may not be modified in any way. This e-book may be printed for personal use only. No pages may be extracted or removed from this e-book. 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But we try\our best! ‘Truth mag seem, fut cannot be: Beauty brag, bu ‘is not she; Truth ond beauty buried be. “Fa this urn fet those repair ‘That are either tue or fairs For these dead bird sigh a prayer, Recon © 2010 Forgotten Books www.forgottenbooks. org© 2010 Forgotten Books www.forgottenbooks. orgA GRAMMAR Ol VHE ARABIC LANGUAGE © 2010 Forgotten Books www.forgottenbooks. org© 2010 Forgotten Books www.forgottenbooks. orgA GRAM oF THE ARABIC LANGUAGE BY The Rov. R. STERLING MA, MB, BS. MAR Minsiooary of the Charch BMiaioney Society, Gana, Palesti ‘ino. LONDON KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co. Long Urydeu House, Gerard SW. Pets © 2010 Forgotten Books e & www. forgottenbooks. org© 2010 Forgotten Books www.forgottenbooks. orgCONTENTS PART i ORTHOGRAPHY The Alphabet 2 0 2 Le ‘The Vowels . 2. er Other Ortbagraphical Sign ss ce The Paws, 2. 2 7 ee et ee et . The Accent... 6 ee er ee Anomelics in Wriling 2 2 2 ee TY MOLOUY Vorts of Speech. © ee Bervilo Letters 6 6 nr Mensoreas of Words 2 we ee The Verh. . Fr Tbe Annexed Prononns, © 6 6 6 ee es Sonple Form of the Triliteral. ©. 2 2 0 ee ‘The Six Measures of thy ‘Drilileral . Obsereations on the Derived Worms, - . . 6 6. Raujics for the Formation of the Verb. 2 6. 2. The Quadriliteral Verb | we Table of Derived Korma. . Se Changes of the Weak Tetters, 6 6 2 6 ee ee es Assimilation . : Forms of the Verb io . respact ‘to its Rost fetter . Changes peculiar to each Form. 2... ee Mhe Gortaburative Ged The yp! of Preenution SS Tables of ‘Triliteral Verbs 2 6. ee Mesaings of the Derived Forms. . . . ‘The Werivative Nouns 2 6 6. ee ee ‘the Primifise Noon. 2 2... ee ee The Gender of Nouns... , 7 ee Fewinins Nouns 2 ee Nowmber, © 2010 Forgotten Books Tago ~ od » 6 1 . wu - iW » ww 13 4 16 19 90 - 2h - 2 + - 2% - - 8 oO » oe » 9 « 5& . 19 on 8 » 6 as - 8 . 86 Oh www. forgottenbooks. orgx CONTENTS Tee Dal ee ‘The Vlural Lee ‘the Regninr Mareuline Plu. 6 ee fe The Regular Fominine ural. ‘Tas Irregulor or broken Plural. 2 6 6 6 0 ee ‘Tha Nonp of Relation 2. 6. ee wee . Tho Diminntive, . . Fe Whe Numerdle 2 0 2 2 ee ‘The Lromouns 2. 6 So The Article 2 le Coltuctive Nouns 2 ee Classifeation of Nouns - PART SYNTAX Deelonsion, 2 ee Indeelension « Wagents . Cases ee ee . Division of the Signs of Ueeluasion, Poe ee a n Jmptiol Signs of Doclonsion . . 6... ‘Yhe Nenation Slates u€ the Noun in Deeleasjon and lndeelension - Ampurteclly Declinod Nouns... Indeetinable Nouns ee oe od Deinita Nouns. 6 we ee ee soe ‘The Septence, 2. So ee se ee Gl Tae Nominative Case. soe ee ‘The Verbal Sentence. 2. a ‘The Subject of 4 Passive veo Dl! Whe Nominal Sentengn . see Words which affect the Sabjeet and. Prodicate « So ee The Accusative Case. . woe The Genitive Gree. Le THE VYREPOSITION NOUNS IN CONSTRUCTION ‘The Appositives rn Moods of the Verbs... be re ‘Lhe Suljunstise Mood. Accusative Particles - "(be Conditioual and fmyerative Moods, Apoeriys ative Particles, shone + ‘The Conditional Particles Ut, sf, Su, Led, Ls moos Yee of tho Verb © 2010 Forgotten Books Paya 92 on 96 98 2 107 ug ng 792 125 125 try 136 - W os 19 . . 1st 2. a8 133 13 ist day 10 10 lst las - M6 1 1B 1s 197 +. Blt + B26 226 220 239 oe M85 www. forgottenbooks. orgCONTENTS xI Page Plu Negotive Particles... - wee fe ee ee eee 888 Wer Patties op, Gyr SE ef 8 e The Jicliee wp fe 939 Verbs of Wonder Verbs uf Praise and Blame, . . ee fe ee ee » Sal Derivad Nawns which govern as Verb)». |. 0... BEB Appendix. 2. wo fe ee ee er ee REO ‘Wables af Derived Ferns of tho Vorb | : eee ee 88F ‘Trilitornl Verbs acreaged according to their mpediol cadien! 5... 247 Derived Verbs . . . oe |e - ~ oe. 888 Nouns of Action Trilitwral. 2 6 6 ee fee eee ee BBL Adjectives. 0 fe ee ee Nouns of Excess 2 1 ww ee eo ee ee 806 Nouns of Instrument. 6 2 2 ee fe Ieregolnr Plurals 2. 2 fe () Muucity. ee ef ee ee (Oe Mulliteds 2 fe ee ee RD (eo), of Plursis 2 6 ee fe ee ee 88 © 2010 Forgotten Books www.forgottenbooks. org© 2010 Forgotten Books www.forgottenbooks. orgPART FIRST. ORTHOGRAPEY. THE ALPHABET. ‘The alphabet Blagl Sif coniains twenty-eight Tetters which are all cousonnuts. They are written and read from right to left. ‘Their forms are modified in accordance with then: position in @ word, whether at the beginning, middl = or end, and whether single or joined to others. Their names, forms, numeriea} value and approximjtc pronunciation are given in the following table. z 3 Name. 4 Final, Numerics) Onuer. Initial, | | F Yo “ a e we | CG Be e c om x 3 “La an e ° | en & 3 e US Una ° s € x > | € re tr 4 > if st = a & 5 | € : c TH Know . >Iel*) | 7" © 2010 Forgotten Books ‘www.forgottenbooks. orgNumerical Valve. Kumerical | rn Order. a &G G%& €m & Ea E E& € w ow && rer REE EVN & & 6G han »&wae aw bP - Kn eo» F ew bb . Lg } 2 i 2 a 3 o o ? > oF of b Dom pf s i i € 18 PHS lo sly Lag 1 “ioe Fo de s | a 3 2 7 6 © 2010 Forgotten Books Name, JiS Dal Dhal Re Zain Sma Shun Sad Dhad Te Dha ‘Ain Gh(rjaio Fa so Ua ab Kar pF Lam esa im wp Nin Lo Ua Pus Wiw ot Ya www. forgottenbooks. org( preecded by J has the form ¥ and is reckoued a letter of the wlpbabet by the native grainmarians being called Jiim-Aleph. [t serves to distinguish the long vowel + (@) from 5}; and follows the letter ,. These letters except Aleph, all end in « build stroke when detached or terminatiug a word; when joined to the following letter this stroke is vepluced by a small upward enrye. The letters 501 are not joined to the loft. The Nunigricut Order of the letters is represented by Tie words Sakys wali lS bs rd dat @bs ddn5. Pheir cmploymenut as numerals is confined to mathematical works, and the record of historical the muemo: events. For ordinary use the decimal system of numeration is employed gigi Bot in the same way as in all Indo-Aryan) languages, viz. ib eM Bo Wwe ne te Th AY B4or. 0,/1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 1902. provunctation. Gshif $ is (1) @ weak aspirate depending for its sound on the accompanying vowel, as for instunce elninnack, illusion, ulterior, (TI) a sound resembling the glottal catch, (IFT) a siyn’lenythening of the vowel. © 2010 Forgotten Books www.forgottenbooks. orgA ew G&S F & is a soft deatal, softer thun our 4 as th in theory, thin. (Classical pranuaciation). as s in measure. (Io Egypt g in good). is a stroog aod smooth pectoral sound produced hy the forcible expulsion of the breath through au almost: closed glottis as in a deep is a vibratory guttwat sound pra sigh. uced on expirat- ion by the oscillation of the appendages of the throat as in the Scotch word tuch,| ch ng in teh. is a soft dental. and the German is Hke th in thet, than, these. (Classical pronunciation). is as 7 (Euglish) distinctly articulated iv all positions. is as z distinctly articulated. is as » but with more of a hissing is a8 sh in sherhet, is a ‘lisping’ » pronownced somew| sound as in diss. hat as in sod. is extremely dificult to pronounce correctly, the tavgue is rolled swpinst the cheek; it is an aspir- ated s strongly provouneced. has a broader aud move open sound than 4 has the same affinity to & as w a broad and open sound somethir is a strong guttural produced by q has to & having ig like #2 in die wick aud forcible closure of the wind-pipe with the emission of the breath. © 2010 Forgotten Books www.forgottenbooks. orgis a stroog guttara) me 3 gurgling and sounds asf. is a strong guttural of a crow. TS ews, as our kh. Lw.n 6s wy The pronunciation of i ouly ve adequately acqui speaking people. Special attention howeve Gevbuwye ee sound when vewelled by t when preceded by < or The other letters are c} Tt may be observed whi nasal sound is the ¢y Poee why ASG. ‘This sound is called sid] Lhe leiers are further + L. Strong save (Sound). IL. Weak (@1%52). The latter are «5,4 und ciation and use, the rest The Aleph (Hemzeh) ri admitting of change, JSEH. produced as in the eflort of miler to “yi in English, : produced as in the cawing haw, bese letters as a whole, can ted from the lips of Arabic 1 Should be given to the Ietters SS which have u broad , also the oame ef God abl Sim jai: the only letter having a bled biz? it : a eee - in preceding ye, yl GS! Lye (having the uasal sound). werded cs: resemble vowels in proap- se all styong. sembles the weak letters in © 2010 Forgotten Books www. forgottenbooks. orgty B The Weal Letters when nnvowelled are called wyat we (soft) but shontd they be preeeded in this slate by a homoyenepns vowel they are called de yal letters of prolongation. The letters are sub-divided aceordiag to their place { 1. Gatturals of See ec I. II. Lingvals uedtury)- (1, Dentals yi bkoop ae. LV. Tabials peer of uttermuce 7=*) into: The Lingunals and Denials except gue also called Solar letters (Suet 25h) deeause ane of their number begins the word wat The Sun. When the) srticle (ui) precedes any of the Solar let- ters its J ig/elided iv pronunciation, and the symbol = is placed over the initial letter of the word to indicate that it is doubled. The vemaining letters arc called Lunar Jebiers for a a teat py ue lee similar veasun ail The Moon. (eysk.l Sy). THE vowRLS, dUsalt The vowels are threcin number and are only diacritical signs and writlen above or below the consonauts to which re oe Pert oF they belong, 2 .AsT. 2 eda, = aoe. ‘They ure also used as terminations of inflection Sey in nouns aad the woods af verbs. © 2010 Forgotten Books www.forgottenbooks. orgWith an Indefinite Noun the ease endings are doubled 2 + = and form the Nunation Cpayiidl whith las the force of tha Indefinite Article. 2 8 represents the Nominative Casc ay. 2: » » Acensative Case Lai. TOS ” » Genitive Caso vais. The Nunation in the Accusative Case requires av| Aleph except when the vonn ends iv ¥ or *f sus. OVHER ORTHOGRAPHICAL signs. d.fpaft CQ) = gyke. (2) 2 sds. (3) : sad. @ 2 Coal Shia. (8) = doit i.e. rete (1) 2 GyKedf, The symbol Otel is placed over an unvawelled letter as pq or 05, the y oro is called sileut aslo. The » ov ¥ is vowelled sau, It is vot ugual to place + over a letter of prolongation. 26 os (2) = SQ, Heanzeh i followed by Aleph this written Tas ale oat : The sigu is called ait, It-is also nsed in &55Q00 aU257 to indicate that an Aleph of prolongation is followed by a Hemzch asl, xz | suo. © 2010 Forgotten Books www.forgottenbooks. org(8) 2 bad. The symbol = signifies that the letter over which it is placed is doubled in pronunciation. The first letter is silunt, and the second has the vowel upon the =. (4) sf (Compression). It is of two kinds es? 38 and chi ina. (5) doz? ihe (Conjunction). The sigu 2 is placed over the initial 7 when ag direetly beginning a sentence, to indicate that the Alep): is clided, and the preceding vowel joined to the follow- ‘-¥ consonant. This Elision occurs in: I. The Atticle, as LAST 27 tho brother of the lin » IL In the fnperative of the Trilitera) Verb a ey! UI. The Preterite (both voives), Imperative, and the vans of Action of the Derived Forms, from the sixth wards. TY. In the Nouns: Two Sou at Man Name pt Woman aye Soa wil Oath yal Danghter Bet Auus aad Two yi © 2010 Forgotten Books www.forgottenbooks. org_ dts vowel at the beymning of « sentence is 2 exeapt in 1 the Article Jt y the Imperative of the ‘Sriliteral, the middle tctter of which in the Tuperfect tense hus + pat. To help ys ys When the letter which precedeg tha | issilentit takes =. Exceptions are ‘ye. s- .2, and the Imperative of Doubled verhs which take = when proceding i Sa. 55. Bb, pat take +. The 1 ix omitted in the following instances; I. The introductory formula aut poy At). (lo the name of God). I. Jw the word 5! when used in a genealogical is series betwoen two proper nouns, the first of which the name of the son, and the second the uname) ot the father. If. In the i when preceded by J and after t the Particle of Interrogation Jj1! (JS;!9). To the man. Is thy son... SE KUTT, is the wator..... ett tai. THE POINT OF DISJUNCTION. (3) = pis? Sued obit ia ts the hiates which is felt before the vowel which it introduces is uttered, and unlike fudyit as it ocours as a root letter not only in the beginning but in the middlc and cud of a word. © 2010 Forgotten Books www.forgottenbooks. orgft tides aay vorel aod is always progouaced, as ae pe 20 ee oh ae at GLa S paolal ally Sst apt. Ln the beyinaing of w weet it is written w ' a: rok (ey) 4 (Aleph). aa. gat In the middie of a word when followed th the chair et hy an f or when silent it takes the chair homogeneous to the vowel a, of the preceding letter, as diye. pt oudy- If vowelled and not followed by ¢ the hemzeh takes ao aay ohe the chair homogeneous to its own vowel,as dl. de... at- fa the end of a werd if preceded hy takes the chair homogeveous to the precedi! i. e2h: 574 bué when not preceded by is written without » chair, *}3. ye. oe Many words aye not written uccording to i vowel, it ns vowel us a vowel it these rules, The expression Lagi Ei +1 write out the alphabet” contains all Lue vowels and orthographical WIE PAUSE, V2 To reading, the following changes are to when w pause occurs. L The final short vowels und the Nunation except iu the case of = the final ws only avd is replaced in pronunciation by the A signs, be observed ure dropped is dropped eph. Th. & with or without the Nunution is pronounced 9. © 2010 Forgotten Books www. forgottenbooks. orgTHR ACCE In all other respects Arabic is pronounced written; long vowels as such, and short vowels us it is as such. ‘The first syllable is accentuated in words whose vowel sounds are all Jong or all short; where a long vowel succeeds a short one, it receives the accent. When a Ictter is doubled by - both letters must be distinctly pronounced. ANOMALIES IN WRUDING. self aali Le “What” whea used interrogatively and by certain prepositions drops its f as: | lo preceded eae With what shall 1 come before the Lord? 1oit pp oH ol: What do you desire? 5 ra How long will yon pursue your evil course? aLks “For what do you weep? si pe. The | is represented by . in the following instances and pronounced. But wk! Jzhmacl daeit But ok Saron hy? This tba Isang Gal These two yids Abram paryel © 2010 Forgotten Books www. forgottenbooks. orgThese 353 God aif This (fem) 6h The God ay That ws Ilere ga Those Sei Most merciful east Three xs Angel ale Thirty up Tn the musc. plural of the Pretevite and Imperative and the apocopated form of the Aorist | is written but : ae bee Boas not pronounced; a8, tykb- tpehe! fits et AN nouns having ,, side by side may drop one in writing but not in pron Be 5)9- we when followed by soy: Ae zu BY CiAtiOM GmyS- py dg0- Le (relative) becoines Us we os do =, ib Hn ws wt i” do. 3 n xf ee » wh on do. [le » Ul Note. The w as a rule does not ocour as the Gnal letter of a naun except it «32 whale, wis mulberry, e ok, way daughter, ws! sister. . Veep 2 ee ‘The & shy. «GH uever a verb. 5 a root letter as 4 honse, em quietness. Exceptions he w is called Lbyciaf sul. occurs as the final letter of © 2010 Forgotten Books www.forgottenbooks. orgPARTS OF SPEECH. (SIT pLAlf There ave wave parts of Speech in Arabic: 1. The Verb dau, Th ‘The Noun oy, Ul. The Particle Salt : Phe pid includes : (a). The Noun. (4). The Pronoun. (c). The Adjective. (@). The Adverb. {e). The Participles. (f). Some Lnterjections. Lhe ws tuchules : {@). The Preposition 55 Jp. (4). The Conjnaction ihe SE. (c). Some Intexjections fut 35. (d). Some Interrogatives (gat dys. (2). Other Particles dull Sut ~y3- SERVILE LETTERS. SGT Gyn ‘These letters are used to infect the noun and jngate the verb. They are ten in number and togcther form the Gali. “You have asked me about thera", i, © 2010 Forgotten Books cou- word c, the www. forgottenbooks. orgServile letters. All increase in verbs or pouns is effected by these letters, the only exception being the doubling of the middle ov last radical of the voot|as pol ps. WS. glee. Words arc modified in meaning by prefixes, suffixes and by the insertion of letters; mos} words in the language may thus be referred to siguiticunt. roots, cousisting of three or four letters. The various modi- fications in form we spoken of us the “mesures of words’. ‘Lhe typical root employed ta represent such changes 3s ad. These measures, which are pecalint to verbs and nonns, are the following: Verbs. (D. Triliteral verbs have sis measures: BEd) KEI bE KF ae age de L358) dk da) aS) Q)). Derived verbs from the triliteral have ten measures: dats) Ga Iie LEE ane ge- “de 0) JEN (1O) Jacky = das) Gade) Jail 6) (UI). The quadriliteral verb hag the jimeagure: huss x (IV). Derived verbs from the quadsilileral have three measures: dae da) jus dee bady da © 2010 Forgotten Books www. forgottenbooks. orgNouns. (¥). The measures of the derived nouns. (VP. The triliteral primitive nouns have len measures: J) Yk Bd) 510) WS) A) AG) (VED). ‘The qeadriliteral primitive nouns measures: dhs (5) ys (4) das (8) as (2) (VILD. The quinqueliteral nouns have four diss (s) dis) A) {(X). The measures of the plurals. © 2010 Forgotten Books da (1) 35 (8) ave five dfiss (a) measures: www. forgottenbooks. orgTHE VERB. Asli Lhe verd in its simplest form is of two dinds. 1. Triliteral Il. Quadriliteral hy yew) as (The latter ar x Sys as Ja5 To do. € 5 ps To roll. compuratively few in numb¢r). Both these root forms may be increased by one, two, ov three letters a The root leite either Strong o nd thus produce Derived Lorms. Se ct Se, rure called Kaif 3,55 and muy be 7 ' Weak (the verb being wamed Strong or Weak uccording to the absence or preecuce of these letters). he letters of Vorbs muy be an Soar S52 inerease ave called 50Sh, By>- cither Transitive Dake or Intrunsitive fotransitive Verbs may be made Transitive by: (a) the use of & preposition ; (8) the prefixing of Hemzch; (c) doubling Vo bring To cause to sl To raise he medial radical; as, wrt Yo core cp ty To sleep asi To rise © 2010 Forgotten Books www. forgottenbooks. orgSome verbs are both Transitive und lotrausitive as: To build, to live long yee = To come ds To do good gest To fear wt ‘To make or bedistant Gol To snatch bs To raise, to stay aul To seperate has To. leara was To be poor dé To possess, toreign JLé Lhe ordinary paradiyn verd is §ss for the Trilitecal and JUS for the Quad viliteral. Jz is the third person sing. mage. of the Preterite. Av the root foum of the consequently used as “measure” (yy) for al It is usually vendor The first letter of any the second its 48, Quadrilitern] the secon: Inflection, The verb ii verb, it is the simplest and is the atandard of comparison or verbs and Derivative Nouns. d into English by the {nfinitive. Triliteral verb is called its »LJ, and the third its es and in the a pS fs called asLBF 28U7. % inflected to express Voice, Mood, ‘Tonse, Numbor, Person and Gender. Powe. There are t Passive. The Active is because the agent of Zaid beat the man The Passive Voice known" beeause the a is called Jppact tikg vo Voices, the Active and the called princi Rie “the known" the verb is known 33, Rio “ho ua- went ig ueknown: 2 as, © 2010 Forgotten Books www. forgottenbooks. org> yl Sy. ‘A The mun was beaten ‘The Active Verb is called adr deal. The Passive Jeet dial. Hoods. ‘Lhe moods of the verb are three viz: ~ the Indicative, che Imperative aud the Subjuoctive. ‘The Imperative is derived from the Tmpertect ‘Tease of the Judicative. ‘The Subjunctive may be nsed io various senses ic. Jnssive, Hortative, Conditional etc. Tenses. The Indicative Mood has both Perfect and Tmpertect Lenses. The Subjunctive has only the send feet Tense. ‘The verb stricily speaking bas not Teuses bot forms whieh expres: states. Action vot time is indicaled; one a finished acl, the Pertect; and the other au unfinished act, the Imperteet whose completion may be in Une immediate present pr in the near or far distant fature. The Perfect Action inclndes all past teases of other languages, the Imper- fect includes all imperfect teases. By prefsing J to the Imperfect a present sigui cation is imparted to the action of the verb, and by profixing yw or GLm w gear ov fir distant, futnre is respectively indicated. Note. It js more acemate to spoak of the Preverite and Aorist ‘lenses. The former to express a known finished act; the latter to express an indefinite and un- finished one. © 2010 Forgotten Books www.forgottenbooks. orgNumbers. There are three numbers: the sipgnlar at ree opal, the dun ok, and the plural eal) 2 Persons. There ave three persons: the first a “the speaker", the sceond GL 2? “the person ad- dressed”, and the third Cut “the absent." Genders. There are two genders: the mase. + and the jew. eagal The owmnbers, persons, and genders are express weans of Personal Pronouns joined to the different! of the verb. THE ANNEXED PRONOUNS. shaiaif tigi ‘The Provonns which are united to the verb asi ed by forms nm the Now. Case im the process of its inflexion ate six, U, ws. B91 {. Ist person sing. masc. or fem. Preterite = ond, » muse, » wo " ” » fem. ” 2 Vom. pluva) for all Persons and Tenses gy Mase. plural all forms ’ Ist person plural Preterite G 2ed person fom. sing. Aoristand Imperative For the dual } Of these &, yy, U are strong prououns and thi (gy!) weak. we vest When the strong pronouns ave joined to a verb its © 2010 Forgotten Books www. forgottenbooks. orgp) is made silent a4, aud when the weak pronouns ave joined to a yerb the Gnal letter of the verb tukes a vowel homogeneous to the aunexed weak pronoun 154, wey, ep but in the verbs ending in a weak letter the homog neous vowel is implicd on the dropped (ial letter as [32 for Ise . Note. The First Personal Pronoun in the Aorist Sing. and Plural, the gecond person sing. of the Aorist, and Imperative, and the third person sing. mase. and fein. of the Aorist and Preterile are regarded as “hidden" Syade in the verb, but when the noun follows the verb of the third person |the latter is regarded as not containing % pronoun as bait by ope. Simple Form of the Trilitoral Verb Sound. Active Voice. THE PREERITE. ¢aldll Plural. Dual. Singular, Fer. Blase. Fon. Mase. Fem. Mase. kas Ipdae [ERAT NAS CLE jas 3m Po. aS pkhas Gahed Lis Ses Ome, as eke lt, HE AORISY. ¢ geal OSS YER dais Jizan Per. gs Genes SEES 20, jail oe, © 2010 Forgotten Books www.forgottenbooks. org21 THE IMPERATIVE, isi Dual. Singular. Fem, Mase. Fun Mase. 3 Jct and Per. Passive Voice. THE PRETERITE, Dual. Singular. Fem. Mase. Fem. Mase. Ulead Vas SLad Ga ed Per. wat cpdad sled ont , cokad dat THE AORIST. There are six measures of the ‘Iriliteral Verb depend- ing for their arvaugement. upon the vowels with which the Mcdial Radical is pointed in tho Preterite and Aorist. I © 2010 Forgotten Books www.forgottenbooks. orgThe first} and second meaguves are penerally transi- tive and of] most frequent occurrence therelore are called oll SLES “prineipal forms". Ia the fiyst three mensures the vowel of the ¢ of the Preterite differs from that of the Aorist, ia the last three the vowel is the same, In the fourth measure the eo J must be of the wal Syp but ot every verb possessing these gut- tural letters is found in the measure. The fourth measure is genevally transitive, The Gfih| measure is always intransitive and juiplios inherent quatities. The sixth measure is rarely found, there beisg only about ten verbs and most of them begin with , 5 dle. DERIVED FORMATIONS OF ‘THE VERR. The increase of letters is invariably agcompanicd by an iperease| or modiBeation of the meauing of the root form. Therg are twelve Derived Forms but eight ouly ure of frequent occurrence, They are inficcted precisely as the root] form. It is of the utmost importance that the student should acquire a perfect. familiarity with the Derived Forms. Thee is po branch of Arabic study which is of such extrome ingjporiance, as the verh in Arabic is uot © 2010 Forgotten Books www.forgottenbooks. orgsimply the “Kcy-stone” of the “Arch of Speech” but the Arch itsclf. The student should be able to recognize atla glance any verb of any formation aud in whatever Te ase and Mood it may be, together with its Derived Npuus. To order to accomplish this, il is necessary a thorough knowledge of (2) the Rules for the ff to have roation of the verb dal as, (b) the changes which the weak letters undergo dy and (¢) the subject of or Assimilation (usagi which are accordivgl 3 of before the Weak Vorbs. RULES FOR THE FORMATION OF ‘THE ¥ nsertion treated ERB. The Preterite Active. ‘Uhe vowels of the Preterite in the Ac- tive Voice (pydael eal) are fethahs Jes exegpt in the media] radical of the triliteral,-which may take aay vowel dad and the Servile Heinzch { in the five and yerbs which iy 7 de yait last Jalsa! ait & ix lettered dads. (ou certain verbs the vowels ave implied 7 bu is) for p35 bie The Proterite Passive desc Gaul is fou ed from the Pyeterite Active by givieg > to the perlaltimate consonant wal 2 to every vowelled letter preqeding it, © 2010 Forgotten Books www. forgottenbooks. orgde V. Ateea dat V1. desi IL Saif VIL. ast WU. deiizt 1x. Jail wv. The Aorist Active pple? gyraoall is formed from the Prefevile Active by prefixing ove of the four leltcrs wr igre f (Sagi. Servile Hemzeh is suppressed wher- evel it ocems. ‘The vowel of the prefix is - except in Lhe four lettered verbs Guts. asi, dsU, Gas where it is ¢ The penultimate consonant has > except im the tri- literal where it may be any of the three vowels, and iv the fomth aud fifth Derived Forms where ib takes -. Phe Aorist Passive dat gail has the same form as the Aorist Aclive. Its vowels are * fov the prefix and = for the penultimate consonant. bik UT dads jai TV. dak 1. Jala, ¥ Jey M1 © 2010 Forgotten Books www.forgottenbooks. orgVIT. VIL Siding IX. daid? VII. Lhe /nperative Aative Gah is formed from the 20d per. Aorist. Active by of the Aorist 3, w Hewzeh is prefixed suppressing the charaetoristic letter d if the following radical be sileat The vowel of the Hemzeh is - except in the triliteral which hae 2 on the & (of the Aorist) where it takes 2 retains 2. deat Vi. chez VIL. Js] VL. desk 1X. ‘The fnal vowel This form of Tmp| lund in the measure oat where it bai dads trom aly eas TY. Att from ait det 0. 3 apocopated, erative commands the 2nd person only of the Active Voice. To command the !:t and 3-4 per- sons in the Active Aorist and the fina fu verbs whose letter is dropped in tho following v Passive Voices J ig prefixed to the i vowel is apocopated, final radical is weak (yest), the weak in place of the vowel wth, po} and ye measures the .) is dropped. opt WGE wh © 2010 Forgotten Books www. forgottenbooks. org26 To exjrcys command in the Negative ¥ with the Apocopated forun of the Aorist is used. THE |QUADRULTYURAL VERB. CcliSt Laall The Quadriliteral Verb hus three dcrived formations. Vhe finst devived form expresses the consequence of the quadjiliteral and corresponds with ibe loarth dexived form of the triliteral, The segond derived form implies greut intensity aud torrespon is with the eighth of the triliteral, and the third derived form correspouds with the sixth of the triliteral, Pavsive, Active. Noun of Aorist, | Preterite. Action. Imperative. Aorist, Pratarite. (ae) dus tis < avers) »| dant JL | o gt ‘There axe sowe other quadviliterals which were ori- ginally wfliternls, but a letter has beew added to them Alaa, 7 Slisst 1 ju ap infegalay way (ie not in accordance with the recognized TNerived Forms), and therefore they cuunot, be called | xaxG wold, uor are they pure quadriliterals Yeeause tho letlons ave uot ull cadicals. ‘They are called SAG DULAL: Supplements of the Quadriliteral. wey Py Big? eu fos © 2010 Forgotten Books www.forgottenbooks. orgExamples: ‘To give to wear oe Wolke) To stuff the crop neoes To practise veterinary surgery peu To overthrow Spee To wear d cap eid ‘To make pne cleave to dust = Jdas TABLE OF DERIVED FORMS. . Frn- . Keuu of] Nocu off x son |!mpero-| Aorist | Aorist Preterite Object | Agent, | 9RROT Actin. PEE” | antes. | active [eT | Acre, | ety bs ke ved os el oa) eae dele} Sel) Jed) Jet $a) te aa Lie B 2 S 3 © 2 S = 8 & © 2010 Forgotten Books www.forgottenbooks. orgPERMUTATION OR vs DES OF THE WEAK i LETIELS. 3 The Weak Letters ave guy. &. They may be: (1) Changed for one Another. (2) Made Silent. (3) Dropped. The Semzeh Kg may be the Weak Letters. CHANGES OF THIS HENZ| 1. Hemzeh silent, preceded by changed into the Ictter homog “es 4 > ob , 2b oh} obs] yest gest If. Hemzeh silent, preecded by be changed into the letter hom lepreseuted hy any of GH. all duel Herzeb vowelled is lencous to the vowel, ot gat any other letter may geneous to the vowel which precedes the Ilemzeh, (»f aly: on uh ot) ye IU. Hemzech Gnal, is sometimes changed into the » corporated with it, as g preecded " either , or (¢ silent eceding letter and in- Sian Bona SO 3h) “72> Other common and recognized chnnges in the Hemzch are: ‘The Aorist of hy is 353 inate The Third Derivative of ay i The Imperatives of 3s}, Sala are US bk, 3 ” of a is y r dof siya. 8 eh instead of , shi. 3 G6p- T el. eee © 2010 Forgotten Books www. forgottenbooks. org‘The Tinperatives of G47 ht as Sd Dh retai ac sonnd letter only YG, J. wi may be treated as the G;s/. sey diss ul ba J de CHANGES OF THE WEAK LETTERS. abet Gai Set I. , silent, preceded by = ischanged into.5, olay olay. 7 «g8ilent, preeeded by? is changed into ,. re { preceded Ly 2 or > is changed into , on respectively, GALS becomes in the Passive dec. clits » » » Plural ene IL A weak letter when silent, preceded by a homa- geneous vowel and followed by a silent letter is dropped ws GL, & ee eo WL. , and ys vowelled by 2 and preceded by = arp chunged into 1, 4 eon chs p55 (a) Jf the , of the vas oecux after the third letter in a word it is always changed into ~. 24 si paeen BEBE IPAS. (4) If the , be proceded by = it is always changed lato eats pai, Gd) He): TV, , and .¢ when vowelled and preceded by a sile: a © 2010 Forgotten Books www.forgottenbooks. orgletter, transfer theic vowel to that letter poke 98 ree 93 geneous with |the vowel S13 ¥ tek ees, las Spas. Dut iv cortaial nouns the change is not made 933%, eel. V. When | order is silent the 5 ig changed into . and incorpor- ated se S p Oe Oph , VE , and yg when vowellod by 2 are dropped after ‘transferring th pir vowel to the preceding letter tye lyhady: VII. When the 5 is vowelled hy = and preceded by = it is always dropped, ony ope ony? the weak letwr is thereupon made homo- and .g come togedher and the first wpe but if the preceding vowel is 2 the \s is changed into , ov the - is transferred to the letter before fas Ep nae: Neal Oe . . JIC! is ngi permissable im Verbs of Wonder or in Nouns of Comparison as their measure inust be always Jussi. ne ot ASSTMILATION. ple! Aseinilation |ix the process by which one letter is attracted to the sound of another. The letter which has been assi- milated is in fertain cases incorporated into the other which is in cdnsequence doubled. Lhe following conditions must hold. The two letters must. he either [ /dendical or Sirilur. WE. Side dy |sxde in the same word but not iu the beginning. © 2010 Forgotten Books www.forgottenbooks. org3 frentical Letters; Assimilation occurs in (2) when the first is originally unvowelled ag from ods; (4) or is made sileat by omitting the vowel from 344, or by transferring the vowel ous trom bX. nn. da Similar Letters: This happens most frequently in vecbs ov the measure Arsen If ihe first radical is f or w ov o the charactefislic w of the measure is changed into the letter preecdi Syabl Syl 576, gS) LSE ES, 548 GUL 5U. If the first radical of the verb isd ory the the measure is changed into 4 or 9 or SUL SUN SHS! SH. SKIS. pO) 555. If the first radical of the verb is yo. yé or & t ey is changed into L, it may then be Jefe or ch: Sih bs tli fn the SAx the y or ys is changed into re (paieh) FO 5 aay SSL AS;. Tn the measure xis! a2 is changed into », GAA GAS Ga4, Sal St | When the annexcd pronoun is w preceded by in Gada? the o is omitted in pronunciation. Assiatlation in two seords ocenrs when the first 25 it, ie of eo nged in into yo, oor b, Arbol gad, let Ls, if the first. radical is ° We oy Lave. ° > AS ends with a silent letter and the second begins with the © 2010 Forgotten Books www. forgottenbooks. orgsame letter ay J dd but if the decond letter is dis- | . similar, assimilation is optional date or dat gee. ° , FORMS OF THE VERB IN RESPECT To ITS ROOT LETIERS co ten The verb as we have seen is n: SLOW! atyia SRD ach pail pela med in accordance with the nature of its root letters as Strong or Weak: A: Strong. When it is void of Weak Le Doubling. (Whole) UU. B: Weak. ters, Hemzeh and I. When it is void of Weak Letters and containa Temzch or Doubling. — (Sound) oe IL When it contains Weak Lett (Wenk) dazu When two weak letters come t the verb is called wry wana (GS joined) but if a strong letter int called Sys al (Sys to be separ: Wheo the verb begins with 3 or as wy Fad, Ts. gether in the root fold) (Gy! to be rvenes, the verb is tc). s it fs called Jig When the medial radical is wenk it ia culled Uj51 (Hollow) as ju. © 2010 Forgotten Books www.forgottenbooks. orgWhen the final radical is weak it is called yet (Detective) as rae The verb with | io its root is called jyee* (Hemaated). The verb beginning with Icuzeb is called LP 4,432. The vorb whose medivt radical is Hemzeh is culled inl yt The verb which cnds with Hemzch is called AT 234. pre dS Ww = pL (a) a5 cay] € a acto ony PNA Sy isi wat esse Ke aly oe 3 SU 54 OS} Legh) ET Bb DE (ap Sh giall oF (ual aUly die @ rb Fh (uy Lad) SU yal oe oe be fe et sty shy (Gye wie) PUI) ol 36 Lgl Vorbs beginning with , having > on the @ of the Aorist dvop the , in the Aorisl, Luperative and Masdar. © 2010 Forgotten Books www.forgottenbooks. orgJn the Masdar a e the , which has been final is added lo corupensute for dropped. Some verbs drop the , although they have = on the of the Aorist ang m5 The Masdars of thes! THE Hot When & or 3, G Cause} are annexed to # exceptions also take the fiaal s. reo ce OW VERB. Cis Sf (Stroag Prononns in the Nom. the 51 verb (i.e. when the J of the verb has to be sileat) the weak Jetter is dropped. The same change o and ninth Derivative Geass SY, User ssh The third and uin Sof add i final § in which is dropped a3! If the & in the Aoy ip the Preterite after yet aoe wads j,2 4 oust Inve = ae Udy ath. bee ra oss hs G. eurs in the third, sisth, seventh Formations, Hi i, Get SUEY hh Derivative Formations of ihe the Magdar for the weak Jetter alt, eats, ist of the Trihteral las 2 the G lroppiog the weak Jetder takes 2 Sd, eae pri cL; if the g have < or = the en toe ne can als, ade Glisj le, To the Derivative Formations the vowel of tle G remains nnchanged: © 2010 Forgotten Books www. forgottenbooks. orgI. In the Preterite Passive of the Triliterd asf the » When preseot|is changed into .< and the preceding ee ES, Hef :) The vowel of the . in the Triliterul of tne Passive Voice should be b hut when the in the Active Voice has 1 then the former takes 7, (Dassive| ees) ” ” I. Iu the sixth/and seventh Derived Yorms tie Vemzeh fakes > and the}, when present is changed into «, aoa fe tay Lice THE JEPRGPIVE VERB. (ail! When the , p. wal pron, and the .¢ sing. feu. prov, secoud pers. are re tou Defcetive verb in the Aorist its weak letter i Tf the € have agyce with the 3rd person plu aad Qa Ke TOUSC, Gy bra & y. Mase. ing. fem. » de dropped. < “ sp . * (it’remaing and if: or ~ it, has to ov gg Tespectively: + eee ae oP Srp + The J of the Defective Triliteral (yess) reverts to its ovivinal form to it, Lands 53) whea un annexed pronoun is joined ene ha; but in verbs of more thao © 2010 Forgotten Books www.forgottenbooks. orgthree letters it is cl original form. Tf the ¢ have 2 in| dropped in the third Mwged into .¢ irrespective of its the Preterite the weak letter is person fem. sing. aud dual, Wi os oh UE Oe The weak lelter iy dvopped in the Aorist when pre- ceded by te oS ete of Apocopation), aud it is also dropped in the Im the gs gil 933 J. erative which retains the vowel of VERBS WITH TWO WEAK LETTERS. anal L The first letter of the Giyiés Waid) behnves us the doe hi Oh. IY. The third letter] of the Wal verbs behave as the ‘The Imperative of Lissa wéadl verbs retain one letter only, os 3 so ew ask THE NOUN OF ACTION. pad Verlx beginning w ith , having 2 on the ¢ of the Aorist dvop the , and allix § insteud sub. ds,. prow In the third and n ath Derivative Formations of the Hollow Verb G5 the weak letter is dropped and 3 afixed, aclizal pbdsal AL, Kal pS (L5. © 2010 Forgotten Books www. forgottenbooks. org‘The Defective Vj the last vadical, eb} nGEl jes) Ji! In ihe fourth an measure is changed prbs (yess) which insert | before nee the weak letter into Heinzch, (l lifth Derived Forms the 2 of the into > and the , when present into ws then the .¢ is drdpped because of two silent letters i. c. e855 a yt (js and | spall (93) gio pas ACS, 3 These rules also a ACTIVE PART The Nown of A changes the weak | eo et. The Noun of Age j coming together, wo Boe, Faget ply to many nouns, a3 *ldy + aS, Jol. oF AP ey CIPLE OR NOUN OF AGENT. Seta eut of the Triliteral Dollow Verb tter into * (Hemzeh) JSLs J,L5, nt of the ‘Triliteral ya: drops the weuk letter in the Nominative and Genitive Causes, and retains 7, od yt PASSIVE PART The Noun of Obj 1. drops the , uf fl. makes the w vowel to the prece| ~ 6 eh aah: ICIPLE OR NOUN OF OBJECT. Sexdell pe ect of the Triliteral Hollow Ver): the meusure; jeak letter silent by irunsterriug its diny vowelless consonant; © 2010 Forgotten Books www. forgottenbooks. orgST]. and the preceding vowel hi che Eyes Eb. wy yet Ye Exceptions to this rule aye the| deydra, S504, yrds, of, uf The Noua of Object of the De which have not + on the ¢ of thy > of the measure into is and th poyeaeons; ag, uncontracted forms : tive Verbs (yet) ¢ ovist, chunge the le proeeding vowel ig mide 7 then the two S are incorporated ; @ tee - +e as, pane we, a Sry eo ‘the Devived Forms of the yetl5 verbs drop their final letter in pronunciation wheu The same rule applies to vouns tunweeu c+ originally et on o- we TOE CORROBORATLVE ‘the Eoergetic Mood is formed to the Aorist and Imperative prolibitions, questions. The final vowel of the verb a accompanied by the ending with | await a woe by annexing Wy fter oaths, requests, ig changed into = When a weak letter has been dropped because of the coucurreuee of two silent lettuis it is restored on © 2010 Forgotten Books www. forgottenbooks. orgEeet o? the final letter being yowelled Oe! gh OFF pe The J & ave sometimes separated cither by ., sigu of fem. or ys, 4. 1 wei Nowiuative Case. ~~ {n the first instance { is placed betw and ., of assuance ohy dl Girl. from the verb ak prouonos in eeu the ., fem. To the second instance the weak pronoun is dropped bes except the J and the J of the verb retain their vowel . The Defective verbs having = on the lottors GAL Geil ‘The 2, does vol eecur alter the ¢ THE AOR ist WITH rie aie a ‘ on retain thes g retain these peru aeereey eet Shalt gAas © 2010 Forgotten Books www.forgottenbooks. org. ; ON oO OF PRECAUTION, To prevent the Jaat letter of when followed by is of the Se Tt is also used with the Verbs” GUAT, AEALT Gy Sli} and with the particles: Near, With yal comes we Fro an (yore 2ST ay 3 the verb frow taking first person the cs be- “Particles that Kesemblie “7 € roe se eF Jah G0, 28h, Ep Sb we From, of. © 2010 Forgotten Books www. forgottenbooks. org- alae ae ae yen 9 ‘294 wed Lape eeeey eves) rege 9 www. forgottenbooks. org © 2010 Forgotten Books am sri eof® [ere sre apn bec mgt aye cemibes 1 temt | ee fmm | mer | Teen d “NORA | i “NOBIEA pat | -sosmea set MALLOY LINDA2 sapere «ore x ey cee ae eG rapt cepkegt® NeeghtO teple of? me | fa eto no wy Si = 5 |g |__tewna | sisnna poe {sosma y ATIOY TSRIOV www. forgottenbooks. org © 2010 Forgotten BooksDIPERATIVE ACTIVE. Phavat. | Sant, | Stagutar “at ne <2 =f {kt - giiy yay Tae, | att day) ae Godel fade. the | gos de wields oy Ips wl yy Mh) ule Gi tye wep ke kk Be By a Fe tly oe Se gy | sty | lr ty ta ai 48 - “See i Sy BL | MEL | esh8l i pul» ade Syde | the | de de] gil alte core varet ered | ork hak ate Wd wr! Vygest fo Bast fspesl pil | Sl de oe Ee | GE | sh UE UI wl bel | Gel | col ol val oes 38) © 2010 Forgotten Books www.forgottenbooks. orgme m2) anh sant | Be tel? RO ne |e ee Un? oP 7 eee get | arec® a are et cet PO | sex’ beer Oey? lee ore” “AAISSVd TSTIOV BOO Sinem Bi Bim lee oO fore ars ioe ke fre | Fem aca] oat ne top orn \ t sO | geyem gape = ep ay? iis a sri me Bye as | . runt | “yoy | yeanny l= 1apREM Leg fen Y -aantiny poomyy “KORA pus *NOSUHE poy TNOSUML ae ‘TAISSVA TIVALA www. forgottenbooks. org © 2010 Forgotten Booksaur | “wosHad og www forgottenbooks. org © 2010 Forgotten Books46 www. forgottenbooks. org ai beh oh | tet nein | peo e pee ote | fe,en fh F © 2010 Forgotten Books Bhd gy ld | yagi OO aseten ag sgt [AM sein® | erieio He geO | ana nO mera z@ af get lam gen® Aerio ORB, “pay | “DORE | . gadis “HORA YE “HALLOV GSTMO¥IMPERATIVE ACTIVE. Phavad. | thunk, | Saryntar, eRe re & ohs Sagll bepil uss el tt Ss cs 35 aFas La ! Tie army) 5 star) gold) i dust) lime) Las (Gad cement) &3 (eZ kind) oe ols 7 genus) (oh dust) ansilive and conyeys the Agent and Object ompaay BG www. forgottenbooks. orgTo converse $55 Yo smite wey To address SEIS To quarrel wilh pald To fight: with CS To summon ats ‘fo share, oe ‘Tolive peaceably with pe To fight, GE To correspond, ww ‘To accompany pals % A Competition ata. To compete with im running 'To compete with in (mowledge) ‘Yo compete with in wrestling ‘Yo compele with in writing | aos x T tried to pvercome him in argument ‘lo emulate (honour) To circumvent pre To induce to evr Lhe To deceive as . To ensnare oT TI. Dentin. Some verbs on this measure mepress the 2 e actio: of the|stale implied dr the Triliteral sian, ‘fo deal kindly = GLY ‘To be kind abi To deal gently es ‘fo be gentle vi Yo deal roughly (ald So be rongh To deal pleasantly — Qeit ‘Yo be nffable oa IV. Simpit Action uf 343 a a. To bless BG ‘Yo continne ate © 2010 Forgotten Books www.forgottenbooks. org‘Yo be hypocritical in teligion gis Totravel SUe . ne oe se V. Repetition Ratt. Lo try to do n thing repeatedly JS Yo return frequen To demand repeat Hy Se edly Cb To put off repeatedly bbls To review VI, The menning To veserbic May God give yo To lend or borroy VI. Some 7rihtier preposition to make & Le health ut OLA2i = ait JU glist = 35 2 dntransitive verbs which require A hem Tronsitive are expressed on tus measure without ihe preposition. He sat with the pri He wrote te him To vouverse To address & VIEL cli when means to transact bt Day ry Night J Month = 3.8 Your cle Hour Rel nee ned As dS. peed IS Hoe, aw We He attacked hin a3) Ble To full re formed from the Nonn of Time ness in Gat ine. To hire by the duy pe ow ow Bight bay >on on om wonth — als noo oo Year phe oo oe oy howe EK © 2010 Forgotten Books www.forgottenbooks. orgSommer Wee Yo hive for the summer wile Winter Tea ood on Winter Ble IX. Juels is, sometimes fo bned From the neomes of th members of the boty. Forearm = vst to help Ress Gpper-arm ode woos dale Back yeb to aid pb Waist a to strengthen 30 Shoulder was to walk by the side Ass Waist res hogs os poe Side wid | stand, 4 » AG Neck alk 1 embrace BE Face a} + meet face to face SI; Lip wad 1} speak with reg jai [. Prilteral Inteansitice Verbs generally become either Tremsitize ar Causative on this meusure. ‘Yo canse to come down Jai To come down J ‘lo canse to enter gaat ‘To enter JSO ‘Yo briug iu jast To be present pas ‘Yo cause to bedistant ail To be distant a3 To fulfil cit] Wo he fulfilleR = 5 © 2010 Forgotten Books www.forgottenbooks. org{1 If they are originally Transitive they may take |tivo Objects instead of one and Uirce if they had to. J put a ring upoo him Ge eh I shewed him Zaid standing Lasts 1035 ust Te saw Zaid standing U5 5h 1 informed Zaid that Amy was standing ay Zhai LL Pinding td. T fonnd him or it goo ast 1 found him praiseworthy saist He found the matter great pata Te found the matter important pt Get TV. Change yiiLl. The land became sterile The Innd became desolate Tbe water became putrid The man became humpbacked The dog snfered from the mange ¥. Motion to eid, Vo approach (face) ait To go to Nejd VT vetreat (turn back) pel Togoto Yemen Cy. Vi Alundinee Sich, Ue inflieted severe wounds aSt> ont He gave bim much to do tess © 2010 Forgotten Books www.forgottenbooks. orgVIL Yo be The crops bi The child a ‘The fowl beg To be in sp’ it season, the proper lime Byasd. . ( . rote se 9B came ripe for harvesting gy! dast “ps tained the age for weaning dae? pas . sae verge cet ame fit for viding ye aa ring et To be in antumm phd . aut oo. Cae To be ia summer Shel To be in winter ial VIEL. The following Verbs have the seme menning i both forms dad To light ‘Lo shed blood To ripen (frut V. Comregntent He taught He sent torwa He cut in pied He scattered He justified He made inno H. Appropri To take a wile To lake a son aad Oat. sLaf LS Lo commit crime pel ry Jat Be To string Ait ain etek o-e FE te of the first Derivalive jab ke} ¢ pe Me Icarned td pos dle advanced les abs It was cut oe ft wus scattered > He was justified ent Io He wascounted inuocont (a5 dion SLES. Yo lake « stone us a pillow has 823 ene ‘Yo lake w gavseut go To take a body = dn85 ‘To take dinner goal To take possession oF Was © 2010 Forgotten Books www.forgottenbooks. org‘Po take nonvishmeut ‘Vo take a mae wr To take arms Vo tuke nuder the To euslave, serve arn (5H) £55 vo entrust Yo serve os OU. ULL. Gradation e ‘Yo proceed by degrees He learned scieuce, branch after branch Te had a military training %y Ty udvance step by step To walk gradually The well was filled by degrees (To be filled) ‘To be elevated wy To le trained To vatch continuously Bp To pursue (aad heel) ates To vird on a sword Ode ee si pons ate on less Les calT pats Kaa yi ot Gyds (998) pas setts uses lle aticoded to the waiter continually peut ys {As thongh we said) saat 3503 ow To fall behind gradually Bas To be straagthcued by degrees wey To act with deliberation To coutinne expecting To improve To follow persistently © 2010 Forgotten Books www. forgottenbooks. orgLY. Change JyD4N. ho matter was chunged The question was transferred The clay became stone The water becume unddy ‘To become hard The water froze ‘The affairs improved V. Agfectation ISM. The coward affected courage ‘rhe sick one simulated patience and endurance The sorrowful one affected patience Yo be manly Many verbs on this measure may bs ing wheo ueed in certain senses, as ‘The boy afiected politeness before o See we this mean- Sagi 2 Be the prince pan gal eMall Got 1. Expresses the consequence of d2G (JeG « Ft conneys the idea af Reciprocal Act Ayents vf the Verb. Zaid and Amv became purtners fom dctivcen the Lid, OS WAS © 2010 Forgotten Books www.forgottenbooks. org‘To help one another is ‘To love one another Olas ‘To groet one apgipec (veeonciliation) ens ‘fo be neighbours Sikes To covenant together oslad To accompiwy one another Shas To exehinge greetings Gus ‘To consult. together ys U. Reining a\bau. ‘To fein death , SjG3 Lo feign blindness] 25 » on oconpation (ELAS, sickness | SUS » » ignorance delas TIL. frerease piueu. The cvil increased The clouds Deenme dense Afiliictiong pressed upon we staal Many people kept coming The cnemy increased ‘Vo be closely packed AV. Repetition of the uch daall g 3 jhe. To fait one by one ‘fo scott LENG (lenves) LSS To divert oucsel!’) 25 To sway AaSi To be affectionnte| Ablas To waddle wos ‘To return by degrees es © 2010 Forgotten Books www. forgottenbooks. orgTo follow 2 pro- fession wesses the Cunserpl The ship was wrecked The house fell down ‘The rope was cut elas To hald aloof ence of Sxs anil is always Passive. Fmd Kine) The writing was effaced E5)) GUC e The water was poured] out The prophet was troubled The army was defeuted He was gathered to his fathers The cloth was folded The light was extingy shed jar tease ‘The disciples went. to the house ede if Skat Gr851 This form is general! TL. 16 expresses the cpnsegrenee of bad (di To yather co To mix t - To spread pes ‘Yo spread bs ly Passive or Reflarine, To be gathered To be mixed ‘lo be spvead (news) do. * © 2010 Forgotten Books www. forgottenbooks. orgTo bora 35 % LL. Rejleaive AE3M.) To restore fo gather wood To engage 2 cook To take hold of SEI et aH To be hurt To be restored Lee Youy LG Gale © ‘To milk To take a servant ‘To follow a craft = Gikst To gain 5 To buy aa, spel ‘Vo bake bread (for JUL, Meaning of Jee. oneself) ‘Yotakean if benteZ Ge fo fight together AEH "To divide between wast ® To strive together port ‘Yo meet together gull os jel We Fixed Colours and Defects (yal; ou). To be red ys I ‘Yo be brown yo To be black opt To he blue Sel fo be green pers) ‘Yo be one-eyed pel ¢ : eo Bae To be white vas To be crooked cr jak TY, ° 1, Request lied. ‘To ask forgiveness 7he! To seck ta copy eos! © 2010 Forgotten Books www. forgottenbooks. orgeb Vo ask permission Gola To seek 11 & To borrow something j.1 To seek pr : ‘Yo borrow To seek rei © To borrow moucy - GlOkal rocuts : VW. Finding sud Beliesing lick, : He found bis unswee good Ue found the house large He believed thy outh to be luwiul Tle found the matter important He fonnd the boy lovable He found the army geent Ne townd his intellect sutall 1 found thy disposition sweet 7 found his spoeeh vile He believed in his generosity He despised him I found study wearisome ITT. Submision BURY pln. ‘To surrender planed ‘Yo thke or become a Slave Okt = To take or become a slave oe ° W. Change SGU. The crooked became straight 2 522° elp fue © 2010 Forgotten Books tevtion Slee! & nforce- Adin! = ‘Yo lake us captive jal www. forgottenbooks. orgThe clay became hard To be transioumed eos dle! e This forme intensifies the med ‘o be intensely red just ° Seal Fitensity and Begining To be Lampbacked Yo became rough Jt was about to rain The fruit became ripe The man stooped Che earth becare covered wit Expresses great dntensity. To be heavy oylet Yo | ’ © 2010 Forgotten Books wie of Sat. & ‘Yo be white — yelot XE. gan hse, a,a5t Seas jh of iar el Aa pur lst dort Fab ays! ge ote pverdure Yew ove = o RE e long or lastloag sat www. forgottenbooks. orgorp rent ony orp wep hee “stoling, le are “sNOLAw A Ir? ee Tru 46 ap asp Pt re iz? goreth e - Vt hie ee he We met *yUOMMNASUT Jo woe “INQ PUB aw, JO WONT saansva}y 2WL, ‘yoalgg Jo wnONT “SHANG JO UMN “kpagiadug Jo wna yt ynaRy ayy Sayqmesoy saypoalpy www. forgottenbooks. org © 2010 Forgotten Books ot “quay jo nog om re ee 4 agin voray yo TON Prys rot ant 2 ‘gaja0dg jo anox UPSET OF) FYYE reer ints : “Hiuy jo woy “rads 1 SBOURA wre’ uouay jo UNO eaanag | “Wve SUK YN MGA THI WOME TTATHAIG ANY SKOOK ONTAOTION GAL VTS yet SNOON TAMLVALNAGTHE NOUN OF ACrION. jSoalt The word pods is the Noun arise. Tt is $0 called becanse it is of the verb and the derivative o af Place from jo to regarded as the source puns. [i expresses inere action, state, or being of the verb, and is unlimited by subject, object, ov time; as beating oo) sleeping The Noun of Action is never it shonld express number or ki dual or plural; as I struck him T sti = one yess aayS Tt is ofteu used with its own twice b meaning of the verb; as 1 beat. him I kill severely pe aes J fled ontright Uys wae ontright or cuse pgs made feminine; but if nd, it is rendered into ruck him ee pene ows wld Rayo verb to strengthen the led him 5 adlas It is sometimes nsed as un adjgctive, and us. common ponn ; a8 a righteous nian Anes nese al letter py bul oly spirit dF o» ding rly It is forsacd from both transitivd and intransitive verbs, From trifiteral verbs itis irreguly Lweuty-three measures are iu call rinitsformation. Some ninon use. A verb may have several Nouus of Action gspeeially if it bas dif © 2010 Forgotten Books www. forgottenbooks. orgferevt shades of meaning which mas, be indicated by the different vowels employed on the 4 of the preterite. ‘The following measures are the most common: ‘is formed from transitive verbs on the measures Jai, (as nooo » intransitive 4, 4 n n ” ” aoa pe ayes ” ” ” por das Lis expresses trades and | diss. ld express sounds. offices. JLas expresses Aight acd Jlas expresses ailments. refusal ue : o? * «ys expresses violent or x14 expresses colour in contiauous motion. the abstract. dist expresses change of place. Yo the derived forms of the verb avd the quaduli- teral special measures are emplayed: (See glossary). takes or B15 | pic to make to offer 1 Radi | a » arm, 4 Verbs weak on the medial radical tneasure (uiads only : fi bowaketosleep pip3| 675 tostrrighten uay ,, whiter Sy ,, blacken Opens eur fe e » apitato © 2010 Forgotten Books safe pded OF REARS quip et » SRL ee K;s5i) take the www. forgottenbooks. orgdas to establish 43 | JS to change into Lyin Ogd ,, bind Defective Verbs and those whose final radical is hempel take the measnve xhed only; as SS to justify 3 | 654 to equalize a5 hi « divert (nrind) GLAS te ,, prepare xhai - eooF tee « wer» NAME Kieesi | Lit ,, congratilute stags i" ey » strengthen yah | he » upportion Byes SEU takes the measure Jlay or alzliz; as < GSU to fight Jes or & Lie warfare. BE an on (ia) or Bilao warfare. Be » 9 (blows) whe or Biles. GN ,, oppose GAS or RL* opposition. vail ,, contradict (LAB) or RaiLe contradiction pi +» make peace with (-%-) or adie. lt Sols y wage war ugainst infidels olge or IAS’. SLB ,, dispute Was or WolS% digputation. (Not every verb has both forms fa ze). Verbs which begin sith servile 8 ((él3. (iS) hh 2 on the pennitimate consonant; as ve poss to advance ous progress. Lea ,, wonder wns wonder. OSL ,. fight toyether BS poli 1» pretend potas pretence. © 2010 Forgotten Books www.forgottenbooks. orgcoer gy Gere. px to imagine pro imagination. » be humble cole humility. » interfere ARIS interference. eres » roll es rollimg. Derived forms of the verb begivuing with 4, 1, anc s the quadriliteral, insert an | before the finul radical anc give > to every vowelled letter preceding the {. ‘fhe penultiwate consonant takes =; us aa week ee shee : {to do good ys! charity. ryt» honour obit honour. alee Sed, squander - thal prodigality. re » convince ell convinging, olBl,, be led otal being led. “6 pe a bedefeated,broken et defeat, 3 baGt » be united olSGt unity. “& bbSt 1; take possession dLa3l assumption. ~s Spel ,, be black o1d,=1 blackness, tere sole . Bik | » make oueselfready ofdeis! preparation. lat » be upright KOLE2AI uprightness. "e pete » geek to understand pigs a » fuldl At fulfilment. ole, reveal vi! revelation. ae eo. pel ., inspire et inspiration. ot nw believe wat feith. © 2010 Forgotten Books www.forgottenbooks. orgto depart be overthrown! » begin be diligent be red vse = profit be worthy Tt will be seen from the Gib departure. ot overthrow 21523] commencement. olgast diligence. Meal redaess. JUsant use. goles! profit. GuSsef merit. oregoing examples that the Noun of Action is very frequently used as a noun. NOUN OF UNITY. silt Aas The Noun of Unity expresses the doing of an action ouce (8). Tf is formed from trilite aLa3 ie by affixing the Action on the measure das I strack him one blow ‘The act of | kidting ral verbs on the measure 3 of uaity to the Noun ot as oe hes 58 Hs helping Bey sitting 3035 | rejoicing 855 | fleeing a5 drinking 33-4 | once. ' In the derived forms of the verb the Noun of Unity is expressed on the measu with § affixed; as ve of the ordinary Masdar © 2010 Forgotten Books www. forgottenbooks. org