EXPERIMENT NO.

1
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:
 TO FAMILIARIZE WITH THE VARIOUS ACTIVE AND PASSIVE COMPONENTS USED IN ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS.  TO IDENTIFY AND TEST THE ACTIVE & PASSIVE COMPONENTS .

OBJECTIVE OF THE EXPERIMENT:

ON THE COMPLITATION OF THE EXPERIMENT , YOU CAN ABLE TO . (i) RECOGNIZE DIFFERENT ELECTRONICS COMPONENTS. (ii) IDENTIFY THE TERMINALS OF THE ACTIVE & PASSIVE COMPONENT. (iii) DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN ACTIVE AND PASSIVE COMPONENT. (iv) KNOW THE TESTING PROCEDURE AND TYPES OF RATINGS OF THE COMPONENTS.

LIST OF COMPONENT/ INSTRUMENT REQUIRED

PASSIVE COMPONENT REQUIRED:
RESISTORS:

FIXED RESISTORS

QTY
BASIC ELECTRONICS LAB. MANUAL.

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CARBON COMPOSITION RESISTOR (ii) WIRE WOUND RESISTOR (iii) METAL FLIM RESISTORS (iv) CARBON FLIM RESISTORS (i) VARIABLE RESISTORS (i) POTENTIOMETER (ii) PRESET
CAPACITORS:

1 1 1 1

QTY 1 1

FIXED CAPACITORS (i)PAPER CAPACITOR (ii)MICA CAPACITOR (iii)CERAMIC CAPACITOR (iv)ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR VARIABLE CAPACITORS (i)TRIMMER CAPACITOR (ii)GANG CAPACITOR
INDUCTORS:

QTY 1 1 1 1

QTY 1 1

FIXED INDUCTOR AIR CORE INDUCTOR IRON CORE INDUCTOR FERRITE CORE INDUCTOR VARIABLE INDUCTORS

QTY 1 1 1

QTY
BASIC ELECTRONICS LAB. MANUAL.

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FILTER CHOKE RADIO FREQUENCY CHOKE AUDIO FREQUENCY CHOKE

TRANSFORMER:

1 1 1

(I) IFT (II) AUDIO FREQUENCY T/F (III) POWER T/F

ACTIVE COMPONENT REQUIERED:

(I) SEMICONDUCTOR DIODE (II) ZENER DIODE (III) LED (IV) TRANSISTOR (V) ICS

INSTRUMENT REQUIRED:
DIGITAL MULTIMETER(DMM)

THEORY:
PASSIVE COMPONENTS:
IT IS DEFINED AS THE ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT COMPONENTS WHICH IS NOT CAPABLE OF RAISE THE STRENGTH OF A SIGNAL AND ALSO ITS PROPERTY WILL NOT CHANGE BY CHANGING ITS TERMINAL .

BASIC ELECTRONICS LAB. MANUAL.

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(A)RESISTORS: THESE ARE THE COMPONENTS ,WHICH RESIST FLOW OF CURRENT THROUGH A CIRCUIT.IT MEASURED IN OHMS AND CHARACTRISED BY ITS RESISTANCE VALUE ,TOLERANCE ,WATTAGE ETC.
(A)FIXED RESISTORS:

A FIXED RESISTOR CHANGE AT ALL. (i)

IS

ONEWHOSE

VALUE

DOES

NOT

CARBON COMPOSITION RESISTORS:

THESE RESISTORS ARE MADE BY MIXING CARBON POWDER AND INSULATING BINDER TO PRODUSE THE DESIRED VALUE OF RESISTANCE .THESE RESISTORS ARE LOW COST AND AVAILABLE IN 1j TO 1Mj WITH POWER RATING 1/8, 1/4 ,1 AND 2W. (ii) WIRE WOUND RESISTORS:

BASIC ELECTRONICS LAB. MANUAL.

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THESE RESISTORS ARE MANUFACTURED BY WINDING A MULTILAYER COIL ON EPOXY BOBBIN OR FORMER ,AVAILABLE UPTO 5W RATING . (iii) METAL FLIM RESISTORS:

THESE ARE MADE BY DEPOSITING A METAL FLIM OF THICKNESS ONE MILLION OF AN INCH ON A SUITABLE CERAMIC BASE , AVAILABLE FROM 10j TO 1jK WITH 5W POWER RATING .

(iv) CARBON FLIM RESISTORS:

BASIC ELECTRONICS LAB. MANUAL.

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THESE ARE MADE OF HIGH GRADE CERAMIC CORE OR ROD IN WHICH THIN RESISTIVE FLIM OF CARBON IS DEPOSITED AND AVAILABLE IN THE RANGE FROM 10j TO 10jM WITH 2W POWER RATING.

COLOUR CODE CHARTS COLOUR FIRST DIGIT BLACK 0 BROWN 1 RED 2 ORANGE 3 YELLOW 4 GREEN 5 BLUE 6 VIOLET 7 GREY 8 WHITE 9 GOLDEN SILVER NO COLOUR -

SECOND DIGIT 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 -

MULTIPLYER TOLERANCE 1 10 100 1K 10K 100K 1M 10M 100M 1G 0.1 0.01 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 10% 20%

BASIC ELECTRONICS LAB. MANUAL.

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(B)VARIABLE RESISTORS:

(i) POTENTIOMETER:

IT IS THREE TERMINAL RESISTOR USED IN VOLUME CONTROL,BRIGHTNESS CONTROL,CONTRAST CONTROL ETC.IN RADIO & TV RECEIVERS.THESE ARE AVAILABLE IN THE VALUES LIKE 470Kj,1Kj,2.2Kj,4.7Kj,22Kj,47Kj ETC.WITH 2W POWER RATING (iii) PRESET:

BASIC ELECTRONICS LAB. MANUAL.

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PRESET IS A KIND OF POTENTIOMETER HAVING A METALLIC WIPER THAT CAN BE MOVED WITH A SCREW DRIVER. THIS IS USED IN THE APPLICATION WHERE THE VARIATION OF RESISTANCE IS NOT DONE FREQUENTLY . (B) CAPACITORS: BASICALLY , A CAPACITOR CONSISTS OF TWO METALIC PLATES KEPT APART BY AN INSULATING MATERIALS BETWEEN THE PLATES. IT IS USED TO STORE AND RELASE CHARGE WHEN DESIRED .CAPACITORS ARE GENERALLY CLASSIFIED AS FIXED AND VARIABLE. (A) FIXED CAPACITORS: (i)PAPER CAPACITORS:

IT CONSISTS OF PAPER ROLLED BETWEEN TWO METAL FOIL S .PAPER IS IMPREGNATED WITH DIELECTRIC MATERIAL SUCH AS WAX ,PLASTIC OR OIL .THESE CAPACITORS RANGE FROM 0.0005 F TO SEVERAL MICROFARAD WITH VOLTAGE RATING 500V. (ii)MICA CAPACITORS:

BASIC ELECTRONICS LAB. MANUAL.

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THESE TYPE OF CAPACITOR CONSISTS OF A NUMBER OF FLAT STRIPS OF METAL FOIL SEPARATED BY SIMILARLY SHAPED MICA STRIPS WHICH ACT AS DIELECTRIC .AVAILABLE CAPACITANCE RANGE IS FROM 5PF TO 0.2 F WITH 500V RATINGS. (iii)CERAMIC CAPACITORS:

THESE ARE AVAILABLE IN THREE DIFFERENT TYPES SUCH AS DICE ,TUBULAR AND BUTTON SHAPED AND MADE OF CERAMIC MATERIALS . ITS CAPACITANCE VALUE ARE MARKED ON IT . (iv)ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR:

BASIC ELECTRONICS LAB. MANUAL.

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IT CONSISTS OF ALUMINIUMFOIL ELECTRODES WITH ALUMINIUM OXIDE FILM COVERING ONE SIDE . ALUMINIUM SERVES AS AN ANODE PLATE AND OXIDE AS DIELECTRIC . THE CAPACITANCE RANGE FROM 1 F TO SEVERAL THOUSAND F AND VOLTAGE RATING RANGES FROM 1V TO 500V OR MORE.
(B) VARIABLE CAPACITORS:

(i)

TRIMMER :

BASIC ELECTRONICS LAB. MANUAL.

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(ii)

IN TRIMMER , THE DIELECRIC IS MICA OR CERAMIC . A SCREW IS MOUNTED SO THAT , BY TURNING IT ,CAPACITANCE CAN BE VARIED. GANG CAPACITORS:

GANG CAPACITORS ARE MADE UP OF PLATES OF MOVABLE ARRAY WHICH MOVE IN A FIXED SET OF PLATES .THE FIXED SET OF PLATES IS CALLED STATOR AND THE MOVABLE SET OF PLATES IS CALLED ROTER . (C) INDUCTORS: INDUCTANCE IS THE PROPERTY OF INDUCTOR BY WHICH IT OPPOSES ANY CHANGE IN THE CURRENT FLOWING THROUGH IT.

FIXED INDUCTOR:

BASIC ELECTRONICS LAB. MANUAL.

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AIR CORE INDUCTOR:

IT IS MADE UP OF THIN COPER WIRE WOUND OVER A FORMER MADE UP OF LAMINATED CORED BOARD . IT HAS LOW VALUE OF INDUCTANCE .THESE ARE SUITABLE FOR RADIO FREQUENCY APPLICATION. VARIABLE INDUCTOR: RADIO FREQUENCY CHOKE:

THIS IS VARIABLE TYPE OF INDUCTOR USED IN HIGH FREQUENCY APPLICATION .IT HAS A SHAFT ATTACHED TO IT S CORE SO THAT BY TURNING IT , THE INDUCTANCE CAN VARY.

BASIC ELECTRONICS LAB. MANUAL.

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ACTIVE COMPONENT:
THESE ARE THE ELECTRONICS CIRCUIT COMPONENT WHICH ARE CAPABLE OF RAISE THE STRINGTH OF A SIGNAL AND ITS PROPERTY WILL CHANGE IF WE CHANGE ITS TERMINALS. SEMICONDUCTOR DIODE: (i)SEMICONDUCTOR DIODE:

IT IS ALSO CALLED A P-N JUNCTION .IT IS FABRICATED BY JOINING TOGETHER A P-TYPE AND AN-TYPE SEMI CONDUCTOR .IT CONDUCT CURRENT IN ONE DIRECTION ONLY .THIS PROPERTY MAKES IT USE FUL AS A RECTIFIER. (ii)ZENER DIODE:

ZENER DIODE MAKES USE PHENOMENA.ZENER DIODE REGULATORS. (iii)LED:

OF ZENER BREAK DOWN ARE USED AS VOLTAGE

BASIC ELECTRONICS LAB. MANUAL.

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LED IS SIMILAR TO P-N JUNCTION DIODE WITH JUNCTION MADE UP OF GALLIUM ARSENIDE WHICH GIVES VISIBLE LIGHT SPECTRUM FROM RELEASED ENERGY AND AVAILABLE IN DIFFERENT COLOUR LIKE RED ,BLUE ,YELLOW USED IN ELECTRONIC DISPLAY SYSTEM AS INDICATING DEVICE. (IV)TRANSISTOR:

IT IS BASICALLY SILICON OR GERMANIUM CRYSTAL CONTAINING THREE SEPARATE LAYERS .ITIS TWO DIODE CONNECTED BACK TO BACK.TRANISTOR ARE TWO TYPE S I.E PNP AND NPN .IT HAS THREE TERMINALS LIKE EMITTER ,BASE, AND COLLECTER.TRANISTORS ARE WIDELY USED FOR PURPOSES LIKE

BASIC ELECTRONICS LAB. MANUAL.

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AMPLIFICATION , OSCILLATION AND SWITCHING.

PROCEDURE & OBSERVATIONS:

PASSIVE COMPONENTS:
RESISTORS:TABLE-1 S.L NO COLOUR COLOUR OF FIRST OF BAND SECOND BAND BROWN GREEN COLOUR COLOUR OF THIRD OF BAND FOURTH BAND BROWN GOLDEN RESISTORS VALUE

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. TABLE-2 SL.NO

150 5%

THEORETICAL MEASURED REMARK ,IF VALUE AS PER VALUE USING ANY(DIFFERENCE) COLOUR CODE MULTIMETER (FROM TABLE1)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

BASIC ELECTRONICS LAB. MANUAL.

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(i)WRITE DOWN THE VALUE OF THE RESISTOR IN TABLE -1 USING COLOUR zCODING AS GIVEN . (II)MEASURE THE RESISTANCE USING MULTIMETER AND WRITE DOWN THE VALUE IN TABLE -2 AND COMPARE THE THEORITICAL VALUE WITH THE MEASURED VALUE. (III)REPEAT THE PROCEDURE FOR ALL GIVEN RESISTOR.

CAPACITORS: SL.NO TYPE OF RATING CAPACITOR /VALUE 1. 2. 3. 4. WORKING MEASURED REMARK VOLTAGE VALUE

(i)SHORT zCIRCUIT THE CAPACITOR TERMINALS OF THE CAPACITOR BEFORE MEASUREMENT . (ii)FILL THE TABLE GIVEN ABOVE TYPE OF CAPACITOR, VALUE WORKING VOLTAGE , (WHICH IS WRITTEN ON THE BODY OF THE CAPACITOR) (III)MEASURE THE CAPACITANCE USING MULTIMETER AND FILL THE MEASURED VALUE .

INDUCTORS: SL. NO INDUCTOR WIH TEST RESULT MEASURED REMARK

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BASIC ELECTRONICS LAB. MANUAL.

SPECIFICATIONS 1. 2.

RESISTANCE

THE MOST COMMON TROBLE IN INDUCTOR IS THAT IT MAY BE OPEN .THE METER WILL READ OL IN THIS CASE AND FOR SHORT CIRCUIT ,TEST THE CONTINUITY OF THE COIL.

ACTIVE COMPOMENTS:

DIODE: S.L NO 1. 2. 3. 4. TYPE OF CODE NO DIODE CONDITION MEASURED REMARK OF DIODE VOLTAGE

(I)FIRST FILL TYPE OF DIODE (POWER DIODE,ZENER DIODE ,LIGHT EMITTING DIODE ETC.)

BASIC ELECTRONICS LAB. MANUAL.

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(II)THEN WRITE THE CODE NO. WRITTEN ON THE BODY OF THE DIODE. (III)TO CHECK THE CONDITION OF THE DIODE FIRST SET THE MULTIMETER IN DIODE POSITION . CONNECT THE ANODE OF THE DIODE TO THE RED PROBE AND CATHODE TO BLACK PROBE THEN IF METER READING SHOWS SOME VALUE OF VOLTAGE . THEN REVERSE THE PROBE THE METER SHOULD SHOW READING OL .IF BOTH

THE CONDITION IS STATISFY BY THE DIODE THEN IT OK .

IS

(IV)FOR LIGHT EMITTING DIODE : HOLD THE LED AGAINST LIGHT THEN THE ELECTRODE HAVING THE THE LARGER LENGTH IS CATHODE & THE OTHER ONE IS ANODE .

TRANSISTOR: S.L NO TYPE OF RATING/NUMBER, PHYSIC CONDITION TRANSISTO IF ANY AL R LAYOUT REM ARK

BASIC ELECTRONICS LAB. MANUAL.

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(I)TO IDENTIFY THE BASE OF NPN TRANSISTORS ,CONNECT THE RED PROBE OF MULTIMETER TO ANY TRANSISTOR LEAD & BLACK BROBE TO OTHER TWO TRANSISTOR LEADS ONE BY ONE .IF THE METER SHOW SOME READING IN BOTH THE CASES,TRANSISTOR LEAD CONNECTED TO RED PROBE IS WILL BE THE BASE . (ii)TO IDENTIFY THE EMITTER &COLLECTOR ,MEASURE THE FORWORD RESISTANCE OF B-E & B-C JUNCTIONS .THE B-E JUCTION RESISTANCE IS A FEW OHMS MORE THEN THE OTHER . (III)TO IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF A TRANSISTOR ,CONNECT THE RED PROBE OF THE MULTIMETER TO THE BASE & THE BLACK PROBE TO EMITTER OR COLLECTOR .IF THE METER SHOWS LOW READING ,TRANSISTOR IS NPN TYPE . IN CASE OF PNP TRANSISTOR THE METER READS LOW WHEN BLACK PROBE IS AT BASE & RED PROBE IS AT EMITTER OR COLLECTOR . (IV)TO TEST THE CONDITION OF AN NPN TRANSISTOR ,CONNECT THE RED TEST LEAD OF THE METER TO BASE & BLACK LEAD TO EMITTER. .SHIFT THE BLACK PROBE TO COLLECTOR . AGAIN A LOW READING CAN BE OBSERVED .REVERSED THE POLARITY & A HIGH RESISTANCE (OL) READING CAN BE OBSERVED. (V)TO TEST A PNP TRANSISTOR FOLLOW THE STEP NO. (III)REVERSING THE POLARITY OF THE METER.

BASIC ELECTRONICS LAB. MANUAL.

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IC: (INTEGRATED CIRCUIT) IC IS A ELECTRONICS CIRCUIT COMPONENT IN WHICH A DISCRETE CIRCUIT IS EMBEDED IN ONE SILICON WAFER AND ONLY PINS ARE OUT FROM IT FOR EXTERNAL CONNECTION.

GENERAL PIN CONFIGURATION OF IC

CONCLUSION:
WE ARE STUDIED VARIOUS ACTIVE AND PASSIVE COMPONENTS USED IN ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS.

BASIC ELECTRONICS LAB. MANUAL.

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