saqarTvelos axalgazrda mecnierTa sazogadoebrivi akademia

inteleqtuali
@#8

Tbilisi 2009

winasityvaoba
warmogidgenT saerTaSoriso samecniero Jurnal `inteleqtualis~ merve nomers. saerTaSoriso samecniero Jurnali `inteleqtuali~ saqarTvelos axalgazrda mecnierTa sazogadoebrivi akademiis beWdviT organos warmoadgens. Jurnali `inteleqtuali~ 2005 wels dafuZnda. Jurnals miniWebuli aqvs seriul gamocemaTa saerTaSoriso nomeri, saerTaSoriso grifi. Jurnali `inteleqtuali~ referirebulia rogorc qarTul (teqinformi), aseve rusul () da saerTaSoriso eleqtronul gamocemebsa da monacemTa bazebSi, rac xelmisawvdoms xdis mas saerTaSoriso sazogadoebisTvisac. Jurnali `inteleqtuali~ miznad isaxavs qarTveli axalgazrda Tu cnobili mecnierebis samecniero kvlevebisa da naSromebis gacnobas farTo sazogadoebisaTvis. Jurnali gamoicema periodulobiT sam TveSi erTxel (weliwadSi oTxi gamocema). Jurnal `inteleqtualis~ kidev erTi upiratesoba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi aerTianebs rogorc qarTveli axalgazrda, ise cnobili mecnierebis samecniero naSromebs mecnierebis yvela sferos mimarTulebiT (sabunebismetyvelo, teqnikuri, humanitaruli, socialuri da a.S.)

jurnal `inteleqtualis~ redaqcia

q. Tbilisi, m. kostavas q.#77, saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis administraciuli korpusi, III sarTuli, oT.#323. tel.: 36-5351, 8-99-79-10-12 el_fosta giorgi_maduashvili@yahoo.com;

www.inteleqtuli.ge

m Tavari redaqt ori

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF

giorgi maduaSvili

Giorgi Maduashvili

saredaqcio kolegia EDITORIAL BOARD

Tamaz gamyreliZe ralf ilneri vaJa papaskiri Temur jagodniSvili marina xaratiSvili zigfrid kraineri vano Wiaureli harald suma qeTi qoqraSvili karlo Rurwkaia nikolas Teodorisi nugzar sixaruliZe rezo kldiaSvili Tengiz wivwivaZe sergo Tofuria gogi fanculaia rudi van meieri arCil mowoneliZe levan klimiaSvili lali RoReliani arCil frangiSvili zurab wveraiZe gela yifiani ervin Svingi daviT TavxeliZe Tamaz Gamkrelidze Ralph Illner Vaja Papaskiri Temur Jagodnishvili Marina Kharatishvili Siegfried Kreiner Vano Chiaureli Harald Summa Keti Kokrashvili Karlo Gurtskaia Nikolas Theodoris Nugzar Sikharulidze Rezo Kldiashvili Tengiz Tsivtsivadze Sergo Topuria Gogi Pantsulaia Rudi van Meier Archil Motsonelidze Levan klimiashvili Lali Gogeliani Archil Prangishvili Zurab Tsveraidze Gela Kipiani Erwin Schwing David Tavkhelidze 3

gior gi salu q v aZe

Giorgi Salukvadze

s a r C e v i
humanitaruli da socialuri mecnierebebi

1.

mari

wereTeli.

`filipe

gogiCaiSvilis

publicistikis

Tanamedrove

aspeqtebi~.......................................................................................................................... ..............................................12 2. sibila gelaZe. `postmodernistuli poeturi teqsti~............................................18 3. nana ugrexeliZe. `erTi xelnaweris enobrivi analizisa da literaturuli

paralelebisaTvis~................................................................................................22 4. naTia nemsaZe. `mxatvruli teqstis aRqmis erTi Tavisebureba~....................28 5. naTia nemsaZe. `tropis moqmedebis

meqanizmi~....................................................................34 6. ekaterine bakaraZe. `mokvecili sityvebis sakomunikacio pragmatuli

aspeqtebi~.......................................................................................................................... ..........40 7. ekaterine bakaraZe. `ra aris Semokleba?

~...............................................................................46 8. lolita TabuaSvili. `sirTuleebi sasoflo-sameurneo dargis teqstebis

Targmnisas~....................................................................................................................... ..............50 9. mRvdeli levan maTeSvili. `qristianuli da antikuri musikis

anTropologiisTvis~.............................................................................................................. .........................56 5

10.

mRvdeli

levan

maTeSvili.

`antikuri

mxatvrobis

integracia

pirvel

qristianul

garemoSi~.......................................................................................................................... ...........63 11. mRvdeli levan maTeSvili. `konstantine didis 313 wlis milanis ediqtis

sakiTxvisaTvis~.................................................................................................................. .............70 12. vladimer narsia. `eklesia da

samarTali~..............................................................................76 13. dali osefaSvili. `bavSvebisa da danaSaulis Temis gaSuqeba qarTul

mediaSi~............................................................................................................................. ................................................83 14. 15. 16. mariam gersamia. `media-monitoringis angariSis warmoeba~..............................91 sofio midelaSvili. `Zveli qarTuli tradiciebi~....................................................97 marat cicqiSvili, lali SaiSmelaSvili, Teimuraz ninua, mariam cicqiSvili, giorgi maduaSvili. `kavkasiis regionis mdgradi ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofis zogierTi samarTlebrivi

sakiTxi~..........102 17. qeTevan qoqraSvili, laSa gorgaZe. `gakotrebis saqmis warmoebis sakanonmdeblo siaxleebi~.......................................................................................................................10 9 18. irakli yandaSvili. `arasrulwlovanTa marTlmsajulebis sakiTxebi (gaeros 1989 wlis `bavSvTa uflebaTa saerTaSoriso konvenciisa~ da saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis mixedviT)~ ............................................................................118

19.

mixeil mamniaSvili, TaTia doliZe. `asakis gamo Seuracxadobis samarTlebrivi daxasiaTeba~.................................................................................................................12 4

teqnikuri da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebi

1. giorgi caava, Tamar beriZe, bela goderZiSvili, lika beriZe. `qveyanaSi ekonomikuri procesebis regulirebis ZiriTadi makroekonomikuri

indikatorebi~....................................................................................................................... ......128 2. goCa miqiaSvili, badri gorgilaZe. `arqiteqturuli informatika da eleqtronuli

swavleba~........................................................................................................................... ..136 3. levan beriZe, zurab kiknaZe, mzia dinuaSvili. `geometriuli gardaqmnebis gamoyeneba CAD sistemebSi realizebulDgaremos zemoqmedebis amsaxvel algoriTmeb-

Si~.....................................................................................142 4. grigol xeliZe, lena SatakiSvili. `hidroturbinis abraziuli cveTis intensivobis

Sefaseba~...........................................................................................................148 5. irakli gujabiZe, revaz mJavanaZe, zurab lebaniZe. `gvirabebis mSeneblobis teqnologiebis klasifikacia~.......................................................................153 6. amiran buqsianiZe. `wrfiv diferencialur gantolebasa da normaluri saxis diferencialur gantolebaTa sistemis Sesabamisoba~...........................158

7. gela yifiani, daviT yifiani, lia yifiani. `fenovan sistemebSi samkuTxa sasruli elementis (se) sixistis matricis Sedgena ganivi Zvris

gaTvaliswinebiT~................................................................................................................ ..............161 8. irina grigolia. `soWis (Abies) gvaris adaptacia Tbilisis botanikur

baRSi~................................................................................................................................ ................................................165 9. nino milaSvili, vaJa qvaWreliSvili. `zogierTi rqosani cxovelis yuris kaudaluri nervis anatomiuri Taviseburebani~............................................170 10. vaJa qvaWreliSvili, nino milaSvili. `Zroxis loyis dorsaluri nervis anatomiuri

Tavisebureba~...................................................................................................174 11. qeTevan burdulaZe. `sokovani

daavadebebi~........................................................................178 12. ciala RuduSauri, irina ugrexeliZe, cisana xarbedia, lamara beriSvili. `TuTiis ionebis qromatografiuli dacileba klinoptilolitze zogierTi gardamavali

liTonebisagan~..................................................................................183 13. antonina msxilaZe, mineda Wanturia. `2007 wlis nobelis premia

qimiaSi~.............................................................................................................................. .............................................188

C O N T E N T S
THE HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

1. MARI TSERETELI. ``PHILIPE GOGICHAISHVILIS MODERN ACCENT OF PUBLICISM``..........................................................................................................................12 2. SIBILA GELADZE. ``POST MODERNISTIC POETICAL TEXT``..................................18 3. NANA UGREKHELIDZE. ``FOR LANGUAGE ANALISES AND LITERATURE PARALELS OF A HANDWRITING``...................................................................................22 4. NATIA NEMSADZE. ``HOW THE CREATIVE TEXT PERCEPTED``............................28 5. NATIA NEMSADZE. ``MECHANISM OF A METAPHOR EFFECT``.............................34 6. EKATERINE BAKARADZE. ``COMMUNICATIVE-PRAGMATIC ASPECTS OF CLIPPED WORDS``...............................................................................................................40 7. EKATERINE BAKARADZE. ``WHAT IS SHORTENING?``...........................................46 8. LOLITA TABUASHVILI. ``SOME DIFFICULTIES IN THE TRANSLATION OF AGRICULTURAL TEXTS``..................................................................................................50 9. PRIEST LEVAN MATESHVILI. ``ON CHRISTIAN ANTHROPOLOGY AND ANTIQUE MUSIC``................................................................................................................56 10. PRIEST LEVAN MATESHVILI. ``ANTIQUE PAINTING AND THE EARLY CHRISTIANITY``...................................................................................................................63 11. PRIEST LEVAN MATESHVILI. ``ON THE ISSUE OF KONSTANTINE THE GREATS 313 YEAR EDICT OF MILAN``............................................................................................70 12. VLADIMER NARSIA. ``CHURCH AND LAW``...............................................................76
13. DALI OSEPASHVILI. ``GEORGIAN MEDIA COVERAGE OF CHILDREN AND

CRIME``..................................................................................................................................83 14. MARIAM GERSAMIA. ``MAKING AN ACCOUNT OF MEDIA-MONITORING``.......91 15. SOPHIO MIDELASHVILI. ``OLD GEORGIAN TRADITIONS``....................................97 9

16. MARAT TSITSKISHVILI, LALI SHAISHMELASHVILI, TEIMURAZ NINUA,

MARIAM TSITSKISHVILI, GIORGI MADUASHVILI. ``SOME LEGAL QUESTIONS OF THE PROVISIONS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF CAUCASUS REGION``..............................................................................................................................102 17. KETEVAN KOKRASHVILI, LASHA GORGADZE. ``NOVELTY OF LEGISLATION ABOUT MAKING BUNKRUPTY CASES``.......................................................................109 18. IRAKLI KANDASHVILI. ``THE PROBLEMS OF UNDER AGE JUSTICE

(ACCORDING TO THE 1989 OON ``CHILDRENS RIGHTS CONVENTION`` AND GEORGIAN LAW)``.............................................................................................................118 19. MIKHEIL MAMNIASHVILI, TATIA DOLIDZE. ``THE LEGAL CHARACTERISTIC OF AGE AS A CONDITION OF EXCEPTION OF GUILT``.............................................124

10

SCIENCES OF TECHNICAL AND NATURAL STUDIES

1. GIORGI

TSAAVA,

TAMAR

BERIDZE,

BELA

GODERDZISHVILI,

LIKA

BERIDZE. ``PRINCIPLE MACRO ECONOMICAL INDICATORS FOR REGULATION OF ECONOMICAL PROCESS IN THE COUNTRY``.......................................................128 2. GOCHA MIKIASHVILI, BADRI GORGILADZE. ``ARCHITECTURAL INFORMATICS AND E-LEARNING``.................................................................................................136 3. LEVAN BERIDZE, ZURAB KIKNADZE, MZIA DINUASHVILI. ``APPLICATION OF GEOMETRICAL TRANSFORMATIONS IN CAD ALGORITHMS, DISPLAYING INFLUENCE OF AN ENVIRONMENT``...........................................................................142 4. GRIGOL KHELIDZE, LENA SHATAKISHVILI. ``EVALUATION OF INTENSITY OF HIDROTURBINE ABRASITIVE WEAR OUT``..........................................................148
5. IRAKLI

GUJABIDZE,

REVAZ

MZHAVANADZE,

ZURAB

LEBANIDZE.

``CLASSIFICATION OF TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF MINING TUNNELS``...........................................................................................................................153

6. AMIRAN

BUKSIANIDZE.

``CONSISTENCY

BETWEEN

THE

LINEAR

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION AND SYSTEM DIFFERENTIAL THE EQUATION OF A NORMAL TYPE``.................................................................................................................158

7. GELA KIPIANI, DAVID KIPIANI, LIA KIPIANI. ``DRAWING UP OF A MATRIX OF

RIGIDITY IN PUFF SYSTEMS LIMITED TRAINGLE ELEMENTS IN VIEW OF LONGITUNDINAL SHIFT``................................................................................................161 8. IRINA GRIGOLIA. ``ON ADAPTATION OF SPRUCE ABIS GENUS IN TBILISI BOTANIC GARDEN``.........................................................................................................165 9. NINO MILASHVILI, VAJA KVACHRELISHVILI. ``ANATOMICAL PECULIARITIES OF THE EAR CAUDALIS NERVE OF SOME CATTLE``......................................170 10. VAJA KVACHRELISHVILI, NINO MILASHVILI. ``ANATOMICAL PECULIARITIES OF THE COW CHEEK DORSAL NERVE``..............................................................174 11. KETEVAN BURDULADZE. ``FUNGOID DISEASES``..................................................178 12. TSIALA GHUDUSHAURI, IRINA UGREKHELIDZE, TSISANA KHARBEDIA, LAMARA BERISHVILI. ``CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION ON CLINOPTILOLITE OF MIXTURES CONTAINING ZINK FROM TRANSITION METALS``..............183 11

13. ANTONINA

MSKHILADZE,

MINEDA

CHANTURIA.

``NOBEL

PRIZE

IN

CHEMISTRY IN 2007``........................................................................................................188

1. . ..............................................................................................................12 2. . ...........18 3. . ..............................................................................22 4. . ....................................................................................................................28 5. . .........................................34 6. . - ..................................................................................40 7. . ?............................46 8. . ...................................................................50 9. . ...................................................................................................56 10. . ............................................................................63 11. . 313- .............................................................70 12

12. . .............................................................76
13. .

...............................................................83 14. . -...........91 15. .

.....................97

16. , , ,
, . ...........................................................................................................................102

17. , . .................................................................109 18. . ( 1989 )........................................................................................................118 19. , . .............................124

13

1. , , , . .............................................128 2. , . ..........................................................................136 3. , , . CAD , ........................................142 4. , . ......................................................148 5. , , .

....153 6. . ...................................................................................................158 7. , , . () .........................161 8. . (ABIES) ................................................................................................165 9. , . ................................................................................................................................170 10. , .

............................174 11. . ...............................................178

14

12.

. ...................183 13. , . 2007 ...................................................................................................188

filipe gogiCaiSvilis publicistikis Tanamedrove aspeqtebi

mari wereTeli iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori, filologiur mecnierebaTa doqtori

TvalsaCino

qarTveli

mecnieris,

iv.

javaxiSvilis

saxelobis

Tbilisis

saxelmwifo

universitetis erT-erTi damaarseblis filipe gogiCaiSvilis sazogado,samecniero da samwerlo moRvaweoba moicavs gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan periods_XIX saukunis 90-iani wlebidan XX saukunis 50-ian wlebamde, igi aRmoCnda urTulesi istoriuli kataklizmebis momswre da monawile, sazogado saqmeTa WeSmaritad gulSematkivari moRvawe, romlis saxelTanac dakavSirebulia qarTuli kulturis, mecnierebis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani monapovrebi. biografiis mniSvnelovani Strixebi: daibada 1872 wlis 20 ianvars lanCxuTSi, mRvdlis gabriel gogiCaiSvilis ojaxSi. ozurgeTis sasuliero saswavleblis dasrulebis Semdeg swavlobda Tbilisis sasuliero seminariaSi. erTxans muSaobda zestafonSi, cnobili mrewvelis nikoloz RoRoberiZis kantoraSi-franguli korespondenciis mwarmoeblad. 1897 wels gamoCenili sazogado moRvawis petre umikaSvilisa da mecenatis daviT sarajiSvilis SemweobiT swavla gaagrZela germaniaSi, sadac gaxda laipcigis universitetis filosofiis fakultetis ekonomikuri ganyofilebis studenti. mniSvnelovania, rom aq misi pedagogebi iyvnen saqveynod cnobili swavlulebi: biuxeri, kirxneri, lamprexti, vundti. 1901 wels filipe gogiCaiSvilma warCinebiT daamTavra laifcigis universiteti da sajarod daicva disertacia Temaze ,,xelosnoba imdroindeli saqarTveloSi, risTvisac mas mieniWa filosofiis iuwyeba: doqtoris samecniero xarisxi. axalgazrda mecnieris am warmatebas uyuradRebod ar tovebs qarTuli presa. GgazeT ,,kvalis korespondencia (1901, #15) ,,oficialuri ganxilvis Semdeg profesorTa krebulma moiwona (Sroma) da disertants doqtoris 15

xarisxi mianiWes. fakultetis profesorma k. biuxerma (igi) umaRlesi niSniT daajildova, rac iSviaT movlenas Seadgens biuxeris cxovrebaSi. 1901 welsve tiubingenSi dasaxelebuli naSromi calke wignad gamoica. gazeTi ,,kvali (##29-30) kvlav vrceli recenziiT exmaureba wigns da mis gansakuTrebul Rirebulebaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas: ,,aqedan Cans, ra mniSvnelobas aZlevs axalgazrda mecnieris Sromas erTi udidesi korifei ekonomikuri mecnierebisa biuxeri da Cven... vityviT mxolod, rom es wigni metad sainteresoa evropis mecnierebisaTvis, igi acnobs maT sruliad axal mxares, da im mxriv, romelic xeluxlebelia evropis mecnierTagan. araTu ekonomikursocialuri mxriT, saxeliTac Zlivs gvicnobs jer kidev evropa da yovel sxvaTa RonisZiebaTa garda, amiTac Zvirfasia es Sroma CvenTvis. f. gogiCaiSvilis mecnieruli Tvalsawieris masStaburobas adasturebs is faqtic, rom karl biuxeri Tavis cnobil naSromebSi amierkavkasiis Sesaxeb ZiriTadad swored filipe gogiCaiSvilis monografias emyareboda. Ees iyo biuxeris ori sayovelTaod cnobili naSromi: ,,saxalxo meurneobis warmoSoba (1904) da ,,Sroma da ritmi(1909). cnobili mecnieri paata guguSvili aRniSnavda: ,,ramdenadac vici, ar yofila SemTxveva, rom sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa sferoSi msoflio masStabiT esoden gavrcelebul zogadmecnierul SromebSi, rogorc karl biuxeris dasaxelebuli Txzulebania, ase vrclad yofiliyos warmodgenili qarTvelologiuri masala.(4,5) f. gogiCaiSvilis naSromi ,,xelosnoba saqarTveloSi (,,Das Gewerbe in Georgien) qarTul enaze gamoica 1976 wels, germanulidan Targmna nikoloz gamrekelma. laifcigis universitetis damTavrebis Semdeg f. gogiCaiSvili erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi muSaobda parizis nacionalur biblioTekaSi da miuxedavad germaniidan SeTavazebisa, samecniero muSaobis gagrZelebis Sesaxeb, 1902 wels igi saqarTveloSi dabrunda. am periodidanve daiwyo man energiuli sazogadoebrivi da samecniero moRvaweoba. sxvadasxva dros muSaobda mniSvnelovan Tanamdebobebze, Tavis ZiriTadi specialobis mixedviT. 1918-1920 wlebSi igi damoukidebeli saqarTvelos parlamentma erTxmad airCia saqarTvelos respublikis saxelmwifo kontroliorad. filipe gogiCaiSvilis pirveli publicisturi werilebi 1892 wels gamoqveynda gazeT ,,iveriaSi, fsevdonimiT- ,,ugvaro. sxva da sxva dros TanamSromlobda periodul gamocemebSi: ,,moambe, ,,kvali, ,,cnobis furceli, ,,saqarTvelos moambe, ,,eri da sxv. Mmis biografiaSi sruliad gamorCeuli periodia 1905-1906 wlebi, rodesac piradad ilia WavWavaZis TxovniT filipe gogiCaiSvili saTaveSi Caudga gazeT ,,iverias, sadac yvelaze mkafiod gamoikveTa misi, rogorc redaqtorisa da publicistis SesaZleblobebi. TvalsaCino sazogado moRvawe da publicisti samson fircxalava Tavis memuarul nawarmoebSi ,,mogonebaTa furclebi aRniSnavs: ,,iveria gadavida f. gogiCaiSvilis xelSi, romelmac gaafarTova da gaaumjobesa igi. (5, 530). 16

gogiCaiSvilis pirovnuli avtoritetis da Rirsebis damadasturebelia is daakisres filipes iakob gogebaSvilma da niko RoRoberiZem.

faqtic, rom ilia

WavWavaZem swored mas miando Tavisi anderZis aRsruleba, aseTive sapatio misia 1917-1918 wlebSi igi ivane javaxiSvilis miwveviT xdeba Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis damaarsebelTa sainiciativo jgufis wevri da sruliad gansakuTrebul Rvawls sdebs am did saqmes. (aRsaniSnavia, rom swored man Seadgina Tsu-s SemosavalTa da xarjTa nusxa, agreTve mxari dauWira ivane javaxiSvils, raTa ar gadadebuliyo universitetis gaxsna 1918 wlis seqtembramde.) f. gogiCaiSvilis TaosnobiT Caeyara safuZveli saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri mecnierebis ganviTarebas_mniSvnelovania, rom meoce saukunis ocdaaTian wlebSi man originalebidan Targmna politikuri ekonomiis klasikosTa: daviT rikardos, adam smitis da sxvaTa naSromebi, maT Soris marqsis ,,kapitali. germanuli, franguli, inglisuri, rusuli da rac mTavaria, qarTuli enis SesaniSnavad codnam, mas SesaZlebloba misca Cinebulad Seesrulebina es urTulesi samuSao. ganuzomelia misi wvlili Seqmnis saqmeSi. f. gogiCaiSvilis mravalmxrivi mdidari memkvidreobis mniSvnelovani nawilia misi publicistika, romelic jerac ar gamxdara sagangebo kvlevis sagani. Ggarda avtorisTvis esoden mniSvnelovani agraruli sakiTxebisa, igi moicavs mraval sxva Temas, aris masStaburi da aqtualuri, rac mTavaria, ikiTxeba swored Tanamedrove konteqstSi, rogorc TematikiT da problematikiT, aseve Tavad publicistis xedviT. masSi mZlavrad igrZnoba epoqis sunTqva, drois ritmi, rac misi kompetenciisa individualuri publicisturi xelweris damsaxurebaa. Cven sagangebod gavamaxvileT yuradReba filipe gogiCaiSvilis evropul ganaTlebaze, rac naTlad Cans misi werilebidan, publicituri azrovnebidan, romelic xasiaTdeba XIX saukunis saukeTeso Rirebulebebis da XX saukunis axali, evropuli tendenciebis erTgvari sinTeziT. Mmisi publicisturi teqstebi amkvidrebs WeSmaritad dasavlur, demokratiul faseulobebs da qarTul realobas ganixilavs da afasebs msoflios sxvadasxva qveynebSi mimdinare movlenebis WrilSi. xSirad mouxmobs ucxour gamocdilebas, mis mier gavlebuli paralelebi miznad isaxavs politikuri, ekonomikuri, samarTlebrivi Tu kulturul-saganmanaTleblo codnis gavrcelebas, amasTan es publicisturi werilebi Rirebulia rogorc sainformacio, aseve analitikuri TvalsazrisiT. operatiulad aisaxa mimdinare movlenebi mis ,,Sinaur mimoxilvebSi, romelic gamoirCeva aqtualobiT,simwvaviT da arc Tu iSviaTad, polemikuri xasiaTiT. maTSi kargad Cans avtoris Rrma codna, erudicia, argumentirebuli msjelobis unari. da misTvis damaxasiaTebeli, sociologiuri terminologiis

17

Tanamedrove aqcentebiT gamoirCeva publicisturi werilebi saqalaqo arCevnebis, qalaqis marTva-gamgeobis, ganaTlebis, qarTuli enis, literaturisa da Teatris Sesaxeb. Ppublicistis gansjis sagania samoqalaqo sazogadoebisaTvis iseTi arsebiTi Temebi, rogoricaa: presis Tavisufleba, damoukidebeli sasamarTlo, politikis, kulturis, sazogadod, politikuri kulturis sakiTxebi, mimosvlis Tavisufleba, kavkasiis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis perspeqtiva da a. S. magaliTad, 1905 wliT daTariRebuli werili ,,presis Tavisufleba (iveria, #7) mimarTulia beWdviTi sityvis Sesaxeb kanonebis gadasasinjad Semdgari komisiisa da misi Tavmjdomaris kobekos mier momzadebuli kanonproeqtis winaaRmdeg, (kanonproeqti zRudavda kavkasiasa da saqarTveloSi Tavisufal presas. Ff. gogiCaiSvili asabuTebs Tavisufali presis mniSvnelobas da daucileblobas, rogorc sazogadoebis Tavisufali nebis gamoxatvisaTvis ualternativo pirobas. Mmcire amonaridi: ,,presis damonebam da damunjebam ufskrulamde miiyvana sazogadoeba da cxovreba,...sazogadoeba Txoulobs sityvis da weris Tavisuflebas. Ppresis Tavisuflebis, agreTve funqciis savsebiT Tanamedrove gaazrebaa mocemuli werilebSi: ,,presis zrda, ,,xalxis moTxovnilebani da presis garkveuloba. calkeul Temebze msjelobisas publicistis meTodia filosofiuri, politologiuri, fsiqologiuri, sociologiuri Ziebebi. mis xelSi uZlieresi argumentebia aristoteles, platonis, monteskies, spenseris, bebelis, leturnis Tu sxva moazrovne-swavlulTa naazrevi, misi msjeloba efuZneba pozitivs da naTlad ikveTeba swrafva idealurisken, rac aris yoveli sazogadoebis logikuri mizani da arCevani. werilSi ,,sindisis arCevani (moambe, 1895) igi aRniSnavs: ,,safrangeTis erTi cnobili mwerali wers svindisze imasve, rac sruliad arafriT ganirCeva Cemi maswavleblebis nalaparakebisgan: ,,me ar vsaWiroeb platonis, Tunda aristoteles swavlebas, rom Cemi Tavisufleba kanons eqvemdebareba. axali ekonomikuri sistema uTuod cvlis sazogadoebis fsiqologias, mis Tvisobriobas. publicisti saintereso fsiqologiur axsnas uZebnis sazogadoebaze kapitalizaciis procesis gavlenas da mTavar Rirebulebad adamianis da sazogadoebis Tavisuflebas miiCnevs. vfiqrobT, metyvelia es amonaridic: ,,dRes ekonomikuri individualizmis xanaa, yvela moqmedebs Tavis angariSisa da midrekilebis mixedviT da cdilobs cxovrebaSi Tavis gatanas, sakuTari Zal-RoniTa da gamWriaxobiT (kerZo da sazogadoebrivi cxovreba, 4,166). kapitalizmis pirobebSi f. gogiCaiSvili aucileblad miiCnevs msoflios gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebas. werilSi ,,politikuri cvlilebebis aucilebloba, aSkarad SeiZleba davinaxoT Cveni drois ganmsazRvreli realoba: ,,Tu saxelmwifos unda arseboba, droisa da moTxovnilebis Sesaferad unda Seicvalos. (iveria, 1905, #95) f. gogiCaiSvilis, rogorc publicistis uTuo Rirsebaa realobis SegrZnebis unari, rasac adasturebs misi, CvenTvisac siptomaturi mosazreba: ,,iyo dro, roca sagareo cxovrebas ar 18

hqonda didi gavlena saxelmwifos Sinaur wyobilebaze, magram burJuaziul realobaSi saerTaSoriso ganwyobilebas, dawinaurebuli xalxebis sazogadoebrivi wyobilebis gavlenas, TiTqmis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba mieca saxelmwifoTa Sinaur cxovrebaSi. (politikuri cvlilebebis aucilebloba) saxelmwifos demokratiulobis mTavar niSnad publicists damoukidebeli sasamarTlo miaCnia. uaRresad Tanamedroved JRers misi Tvalsazrisi: ,,sadac ar aris kanonmdebloba, mmarTveloba da sasamarTlo, iq arc saxelmwifoa(damoukidebeli sasamarTlo. iveria, 1906,#20). vrcel analizs am Temaze monteskies ,,kanonebis sulidan, safrangeTis, inglisis da aSS-s sasamarTlo sistemis analizisas igi mihyavs daskvnamde: ,,sasamarTlo ise damoukideblad da demokratiulad mowyobili arsad ar aris, rogorc amerikaSi. rodesac publicisti mravalmxriv akvirdeba sazogadoebaSi mimdinare socialur procesebs, Tavisufali sazogadoebisa da samarTlebrivi socialuri urTierierTobis qvakuTxedad mainc adamianis uflebebs miiCnevs, dasZens: ,,wesieri cxovreba SeuZlebelia iq, sadac moqalaqes araviTari ufleba ara aqvs (politikuri cvlilebebis aucilebloba), f. gogiCaiSvilis werilebis saTaurebic ki cxadad metyvelebs TemaTa aqtualobaze. Mmag; ,,inglisuri aRzrda, ,,xalxis azri, ,,moxele da moqalaqe, ,,politika da kultura, da sxv. publicistis dakvirvebuli Tvali kargad xedavs socialuri ganviTarebis dinamikas, rac cxadia ar aris konkretuli droisa da viTarebis WrilSi gansaxilveli, aramed is mudmivad gaiazreba Tanamedrove konteqstSi. magaliTad, uaRresad sainteresoa aseTi dakvirveba: ,,biurokratiuli azrovnebis meqanizmi zantad muSaobs, xolo cxovrebam ar icis SeCereba da sakancelario qaRaldebis lodini, aqedan warmodgeba is axirebuli movlena, rom biurokratia Tavis progresul saqmianobiTac ver igebs xalxis guls, vinaidan yvelaferi ,,axali, rasac igonebs da xalxis dasakmayofileblad Semoaqvs cxovrebaSi, daZvelebulia da ver akamayofilebs win wasuli cxovrebis moTxovnilebas. (xalxis azri. iveria, 1908, #119). f. kavSirs. gogiCaiSvilis mas, publicisturi werilebi gamoirCeva rusuli imperialisturi politikis ar mamxilebeli paTosiT, Tanamedrove mkiTxveli uTuod dainaxavs movlenaTa Soris Tvisobriv rogorc WeSmaritad saxelmwifoebrivad moazrovne moRvawes, axasiaTebda viwro partiuli interesebi, mis wuxils iwvevda sazogadoebis politikuri polarizacia, gaTiSuloba, Tumca ideur sakiTxebSi igi ar gaurbis mwvave polemikas, swored am principebiT aris motivirebuli misi polemikuri werilebi sxvadasxva mimarTulebis jgufebis, maT Soris qarTveli social-demokratebis winaaRmdeg, vinaidan misTvis miuRebelia maTi pozicia erovnul sakiTxSi, Sesabamisad ar erideba arsebiT ideur kamaTs, ise, rogorc publicistur werilebSi: ,,rus golicinebis rusuli politika da qarTveli soc. Ddemokratebis taqtika, patara fiqrebi, ,,saqarTvelos akleba da sxv. 19

publicisti kritikulad uyurebs qarTul sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebul normebs da cdilobs, axali evropuli xedviT Seafasos zogierTi ram. MmagaliTad sruliad novaciuria XIX saukunis tradiciuli gagebisagan sazogado moRvawis tipis miseuli gaazreba, metic, igi grZnobs, rom axal realobaSi pirovnebis funqciac Seicvala, misi azriT ,,SeiZleba kaci monawileobas ar iRebdes gamosaCen ,,sazogado saqmeebSi da amitom sazogadoebaSic didebulad ar sCandes, magram Tavis codniTa da ,,kerZo moqmedebiT sazogadoebisTvisac didad sasargeblo iyves da Tavis sazogadoebriv mniSvnelobiT ,,zogierT moRvawes sruliadac ar Camouvardebodes.Ees asea saxeldobr maSin, roca TiToeuli kaci, romelsac ganaTleba miuRia da naswavlad iTvleba Tavis sferoSi, Tavis xelobaSi varga, amorCeuli profesiis Sesaferi safuZvliani codna aqvs da cxovrebiTac ise cxovrobs, rom Tavis bednierebisaTvis sxvis ubedurebas ar xdis safuZvlad (Zveli Wiri, iveria, 1905, #131) f. gogiCaiSvilis werili ,,simciris gavlena (2.95), mravalmxriv sagulisxmo da mniSvnelovania erTgvari mamxilebeli paTosiT da qarTvelTa mankierebis gaazrebis TvalsazrisiT. publicisti CamoTvlis da ikvlevs qarTuli xasiaTis eTno-fsiqologiur Taviseburebebs da mas ,,simciriT-mcirericxovnobiT xsnis. igi Rrmad ixedeba qarTul xasiaTSi da damajereblad asabuTebs Tavis mosazrebebs im Taviseburebebze, rac misi azriT xelisSemSleli aRmoCnda qarTvelTaTvis. Aam Temis ilia WavWavaZiseuli xedvisagan mas erTgvari fsiqologiuri Ziebebi ganasxvavebs, werili publicisturi aqcentebiT, vfiqrobT, aqtualuria da uTuod daafiqrebs Tanamedrove mkiTxvels. f. gogiCaiSvilis publicistika mravalmxrivi gansjis safuZvels iZleva, amjerad ZiriTadi aqcentebiT SemovifargleT, rac uTuod gvaZlevs safuZvels davaskvnaT, rom igi arsebiTad amkvidrebs yvela im ideals, rac esoden faseulia amJamad da rac mas xdis WeSmaritad Tanamedrove Rirebulebebis matarebel avtorad.

literatura Literature 1. gogiCaiSvili f. rCeuli nawerebi, t. I. Tb, 1974 2. gogiCaiSvili f. werilebi, mogonebebi, Tb, 1993 3. griSaSvili i. TxzulebaTa krebuli V tomad, t.V, Tb, 1963 4. guguSvili p. f. gogiCaiSvilis cxovreba da moRvaweoba, Tb. 1973 5. qarTuli mwerloba, t. 27, Tb, 2006

reziume 20

filipe gogiCaiSvilis publicistikis Tanamedrove aqcentebi mari wereTeli naSromSi warmoCenilia Tbilisis iv. javaxiSvilis saxelmwifo universitetis erT-erTi fuZemdeblis filipe gogiCaiSvilis sazogado, samecniero da samwerlo moRvaweobis mniSvnelovani momentebi, gaanalizebulia misi publicisturi memkvidreobis Tanamedrove aqcentebi. publicistis biografiaSi sruliad gamorCeuli periodia 1905-1906 wlebi, rodesac igi piradad i. WavWavaZis TxovniT saTaveSi Caudga gazeT iverias, sadac kargad gamovlinda misi, rogorc redaqtorisa da avtoris SemoqmedebiTi SesaZleblobebi. f. gogiCaiSvilis publicistika mravalTemiani, masStaburi da aqtualuria, rogorc TematikiT da problematikiT, aseve Tavad publicistis xedviT, vinaidan igi Tavis nawerebiT amkvidrebs WeSmaritad dasavlur, demokratiul Rirebulebebs da yvela im ideals, rac esoden faseulia amJamad_ amdenad, misi naazrevi savsebiT logikurad ganixileba Tanamedrove konteqstSi.

SUMMARY PHILIPE GOGICHAISHVILIS MODERN ACCENT OF PUBLICISM MARI TSERETELI In this labour is presented significant moments of social, scientific and written activity of Philipe Gogichaishvili, one of the founder of Tbilisi, Ivane Javakhishvili State University; there is analyzed modern accents of his publicistic heritage. 1905-1906 years are fully distinguished period in publicists biography, by the appeal of I. Chavchavadze he lead newspaper Iveria where he revealed his creative ability as an editor and writer. P. Gogichaishvilis publicism is multi-topic, wide spread and urgent with its themes and problems also, by the publicists point of view. By his writings he inculcates true western democratic values and all those ideals that are so valuable today. So far, his though is logically discussed in modern scope.

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 , . , . 1905 1906 , . , , . . , , , , , , , , , .

22

postmodernistuli poeturi teqsti

sibila gelaZe iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis enebis centris maswavlebeli, filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori

cnobilia, rom dRevandeli poezia naklebad hgavs tradiciul poezias. zogierTi miiCnevs, rom poezia aRar arsebobs da Sesabamisad poetur teqstzec aRar SeiZleba msjeloba. yvelas axsovs adornos naTqvami osvencimis Semdeg poezia SeuZlebeliao, aseve deni roSic miiCnevs, rom poezia miuRebelia. miSel molpuas azriT ki swored es SeuZlebloba da miuRebloba sZens poezias azrs. (Jean-Michel Maulpoix La posie franaise depuis 1950, 1999, Paris, p.2) jer kidev bodleri werda, rom rac ki ram saintereso iyo, poeziam ukve gamoiyena da amitom TviTon SeeWida imas, rac darCa xriok miwas, radgan yovelTvis xiblavda sirTuleebi. anu, ainteresebda SeuZleblis keTeba, ramac SesaniSnavi Sedegi gamoiRo da kacobriobas misca borotebis yvavilebi- Sedevri, romelic mistikiT aris nasazrdoebi. dRevandeli poezia absoluturad gansxvavebulia klasikuri poeziisagan. upirveles yovlisa unda aRiniSnos, rom dRevandeli poetebi saerTod ar iyeneben riTmebs, rac klasikuri poeturi teqstis erTerTi distinqciuri niSania. XXI saukunis moqmedi frangi poeti - mozesi miiCnevs, rom riTmebis gamoyeneba poetur teqsts xelovnur iers SesZenda! SeiZleba vinmes moeCvenos, rom uriTmo poezia TiTqmis prozaa. prozasTan siaxloves TviTon poetebic ar uaryofen. ase magaliTad, fransis ponJi miiCnevs, rom proza iqca proemad, iv bonfuas SemoqmedebaSi poeturi proza uaxlovdeba moTxrobas. mokled, dRevandeli poezia warmodgenilia mTeli rigi poeturi teqstebiT, romlebic ar eqvemdebareba klasifikacias. xSirad Tanamedrove poezias uwodeben axal lirizms, an kritikul lirizms, an postmodernistul wakiTxvas imisa, rac iyo. mokled, xazgasmulia ~axali~. diax, dRevandeli poezia aris sruliad axali, SeiZleba iTqvas ucnauri da swored am ucnaurobaSia siaxle, riTac dRevandeli poeturi teqstebi aseTebad iTvleba. dRevandeli, postmodernistuli poeziis arsi yvelaze zustad umberto ekom warmoaCina. misi azriT, postmodernistuli poezia SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnas, rogorc ~Ria xelovneba~, romelic xasiaTdeba mniSvnelobaTa simravliT, sadac sityvebi da frazebi dezorganizebulia, rac safuZvlad udevs poetur teqsts da romlis interpretaciac xdeba mkiTxvelis codnisa da kulturis donis Sesabamisad. (Umberto Eco - La Potique de l'uvre ouverte -1962, Point Seuil n107 umberto eko - Ria xelovnebis poetika1962). am poeziisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ucnauroba, Tavisebureba da uCveuloba swored dezorganizebuli sityvebidan, frazebidan da gramatikuli struqturebidan momdinareobs. 23

poeturi

teqstis

zogadi

definicia

aseTia:klasikuri

poeturi

teqsti

diskursulisgan

gansxvavdeba mravali maxasiaTebeliT : igi iyenebs metrs, ritms, sxvadasxva saxis riTmebs da rac mTavaria, umTavresad, sityvaTa uCveulo kombinaciebs. rac Seexeba Tanamedrove poetur teqsts, igi Zalian iSviaTad mimarTavs riTmebs, uCveulo Sinaarsis struqturebs da TiTqmis yovelTvis eyrdnoba ritms. Tumca, zogierT poetur teqstSi CamoTvlili komponentebidan TiTqmis yvela SeiZleba gaqres. (mag. TeTr leqsSi).ismis kiTxva, aba ra niSniT SeiZleba teqsti Sefasdes rogorc poeturi? Cveni azriT, uCveulo ~dezorganizebuli~ sityvebiTa da frazebiT, anu enobrivi uwesrigobiT, romelsac entropia ewodeba. Tavis mxriv, entropia uSualodaa dakavSirebuli poeturi teqstis esTetikur intenciasTan. magaliTisTvis aviRoT gi gofetis poeturi teqsti krebulidan ~Crdilebis solo~ (Guy Goffette Solo dombres, 1983, Gallimard) Maintenant cest le noir Les mots ctait hier dans le front de la pluie la rise des coliers qui traversent lautomne et la literature comme lenfer et le paradis des marelles Tu prchais la conversion pnible des mesures agraires des souliers vernis des sabreuses de douze ans qui pincent le nez des rues et gifflent la pudeur des campagnes troites Tu prchais dans les flammes du bouleau du tilleul des glaciers qui nont pas vu la mer encore et qui la veulent tout de suite et qui la veulent maintenant exla sibnelea sityvebi guSin iyo wvimis frontze mowafeTa dasacinad romlebic gaivlian Semodgomas da literaturas rogorc jojoxeTs da samoTxes klasobanas TamaSisas Sen qadagebdi Znel cvlilebas miwis zomebisas laqis fexsacmelebis gasagonad Tormeti wlis momuSave gogonebisa romlebic cxvirze uWeren quCebs da silas awnian moridebas viwro mindvrebisas Sen qadagebdi cecxlSi aryis xisa da cacxvis myinvarebisTvis romlebsac ar unaxavT jer zRva da romelTac saswrafod undaT zRva axlave undaT zRva 24

Maintenant cest le noir tu changes un livre de place comme sil allait dpendre de ce geste risible en soi que le chanthyperbole de la posie maintenant cest le noir -impuissance cratrice, do lhsitation entre posie et prose te revienne et dtourne enfin avec la poigne de la nuit le cours forc de ta biographie

axla bnela Sen adgils ucvli wigns TiTqos damokidebuli iyos am TavisTavad sasacilo Jestze poeziis simRera hiperbola axla bnela - SemoqmedebiTi uZlureba, saidanac meryeoba poeziasa da prozas Soris SenTan modis da mimarTulebas ucvlis bolos Ramis muStis ZaliT naZaladev dinebas Seni biografiisa

mocemuli poeturi teqstis forma warmodgenilia Tavisufali leqsiT, zogjer gamoyenebulia 6 marcvliani leqsi, riTmebi da punqtuacia ar aris daculi, aqa-iq gvxvdeba asonansebi. es leqsi xasiaTdeba agreTve silefsiT mag: traversent lautomne et la literature; Semodgomas da literaturas . literaturis swavleba TiTqmis gaigivebulia religiasTan. cecxli da myinvari-s SemTxvevaSi isev religiur izotopiasTan gvaqvs saqme. leqsi eyrdnoba antiTezebs, rac mowafeTa samyaros warmoaCens. meore piris xmarebiT Canacvlebulia pirveli piri, rac postmodernistul siaxled SeiZleba CaiTvalos. ~axla bnela~ metaforulad niSnavs axla araferi xdebao, axla umoqmedobaao, rac mianiSnebs poeziis sterilurobaze. es azri impliciturad gasdevs postmodernistul poezias, ris dasabuTebasac vxedavT moarul azrSi, rom poeziasa da prozas Soris sazRvrebi iSleba. aRsaniSnavia, rom dRevandeli poeturi teqsti, miuxedavad imisa, rom daclilia riTmebisgan da ritmisgan, mainc ar SeiZleba gavaigivoT prozasTan, radgan mainc uCveuloa da am uCveulobiT ipyrobs yuradRebas. TviTon gi gofetis azri poeziasa da prozas Soris meryeobis Sesaxeb, mxolod da mxolod winaswar mRelvarebad SeiZleba miviCnioT poeziis mosalodnel gaprozaulobaze. postmodernistebi ZiriTadad ugulvebelyofen riTmebs, magram zogjer, Tumca iSviaTad, isini aramcTu riTmebs, aramed myari formis poetur teqstebsac qmnian. amis dasabuTebas SevxvdebiT filip JakotesTan: gaivlian

25

Sois tranquille, cela viendra! Tu te rapproches, dawynardi, mosaxdeni moxdeba, axlos xar, tu brles ! Car le mot qui sera la fin du pome, plus que le premier sera proche de ta mort, qui ne s'arrte pas en chemin.

iwvi, radgan bolo sityva leqsisa, pirvelze metad miuaxlovdeba Sen sikvdils, romelic gzaze ar Seyovndeba.

(L'Effraie, d. Gallimard, 1953) Cvens winaSea sonetis pirveli kvatreni, oRond ara klasikuri formis sonetis. kvatrenis gramatikuli wyoba da struqtura erTgvari aluziaa bodleris sonetis - ~meditacia~ pirveli kvatrenisa, sadac poeti mimarTavs tkivils, rom dawynardes da gayuCdes: ~tkivilo Cemo, gTxov iyuCo, droa miwynarde, saRamos ucdi? ai, isic, aqeT moiwevs: bneli haeri mosavs qalaqs bolo misxlamde, zogi simSvides, zogic wuxils axla moixveWs.~ amgvarad, sityvebisa da frazebis organizeba, ufro swored ki dezorganizeba, mocemul enobriv sistemasTan mimarTebaSi leqsad aqcevs teqsts, anu am niSniT miiReba poeturi teqsti. enobrivi uwesrigoba, rac gamoxatulebas hpovebs sityvaTa uCveulo kombinaciebSi, rac Tavis mxriv safuZvelia axali metaforebis warmoqmnisa, mudmivad axasiaTebs frangul poezias diu beledan da ronsaridan moyolebuli dRevandeli postmodernistuli poeziis CaTvliT. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom erTaderTi mudmivi niSani, romelic ar icvleba da yovelTvis axasiaTebs poetur teqsts aris misi agramatikuloba (rifateris terminiT), an enobrivi uwesrigoba, dezorganizebuloba (umberto ekos terminiT). maSasadame, yvela cnobili distinqciuri niSnidan, romlebic axasiaTebs poetur teqsts, arcerTi ar aris mudmivi garda erTisa, es aris enobrivi uCveuloba.

literatura Literature

26

1. 2. 107 3.

Jean-Michel Maulpoix La posie franaise depuis 1950, 1999, Paris, Umberto Eco - La Potique de l'uvre ouverte -1962, Point Seuil n Guy Goffette Solo dombres, 1983, Gallimard Philippe Jaccottet - L'Effraie, 1953, ditions Gallimard

4.

reziume postmodernistuli poeturi teqsti sibila gelaZe statiaSi ganxilulia postmodernistuli poeturi teqstis Tavisebureba gi gofetisa da filip Jakotes poeturi nimuSebis magaliTze. gaziarebulia Jan molpuas azri axal lirizmze da umberto ekos mosazreba Ria xelovnebaze, kerZod ki, postmodernistul poetur teqstze. poeturi teqstis (klasikuris, Tanamedrove Tu postmodernistuli) saerTo da ucvlel distinqciur niSnad miCneulia enobrivi uCveuloba.

SUMMARY POST MODERNISTIC POETICAL TEXT SIBILA GELADZE The article deals with the specificity of a postmodernist poetic text on the example of the poetic works by Guy Goffette and Philippe Jaccottet. Jean-Michel Maulpoixs opinion about the new lyricism, as well as Umberto Ecos view on the open art, particularly, on the postmodernist poetic text is being shared. The distinct feature that is common and unchangeable whether the poetic text is classical, modern or postmodern is the language pecularity. . , . (, ) . 27

erTi xelnaweris enobrivi analizisa da literaturuli paralelebisaTvis

nana ugrexeliZe iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis literaturis programis doqtoranti

xelnaweri A(128)- ,,wmidisa anastasisaTs antioqel mTavarepiskoposisa, kiTxva migeba vieTme marTlmorwmuneTa kacTa mimarT, romelTa hkiTxes quemowerilTa sityuaTaTs xelnaweri Sedgeba 16 kiTxva-migebisagan, romlebic exeba qristianuli swavlebis bevr sakiTxs da Tanamedrove adamianiTvisac friad sainteresoa. Targmani aris gamokrebili da Semoklebuli, anu, qarTuli da berZnuli teqstebi erTmaneTs emTxveva nawilobriv da fragmentulad, gvxvdeba gansxvavebuli teqsti, romelic naSromis, ase vTqvaT, argadatvirTvis mizniT calke grafad ar gavitaneT. V da XVI kiTxvebis da pasuxebis berZnuli Sesatyvisi ar aris, an Cvens xelT ar aris. xelnaweri mecnierTa mier daTariRebulia XI-XII saukuneebiT. misi enobrivi analizisas gasaTvaliswinebelia is, rom es aris periodi qarTuli enis istoriisa, romelic mecnierTa mier saxeldebulia saSualo qarTul enad. igi xasiaTdeba imiT, rom mTeli rigi grafemebisa, fonemebisa, morfemebisa, sintaqsuri da leqsikuri erTeulebisa, romlebic gamoiyeneboda Zvel qarTul ZeglebSi, am droisaTvis ukve aRar ixmareba, da Tu ixmareba, xSiradaraSesabamisad.zogadad rom iTqvas, warmodgenili teqsti ZiriTadad eyrdnoba ZvelqarTul gramatikul normebs, masSi arc ise xSiria wesidan gadaxvevis SemTxvevebi. fonetikuri movlenebi TiTqmis ar gvxvdeba: disimilacia: WurWeli 13.5; urCuloebani 14.5 dakargulia : Ze 2.6; sawuTrosani IX. zedmetia : winawarmetyueli 9.14. reduqcia: RmrTisagan 10.9;yovlisa 9.15; marTlad 8.5; uqorwinebloba 4.1; samrisa 4.12. arawesisamebr ixmareba : uku 1.2; metyul 1.5; msxurpl 2.5, 2.10; aCunos 4.7; uSuri 4.12; warukuTon 5.6; urcxunelad 5.7; momatyubeli 5.8 da a.S. es movlena yvelaze TvalsaCinoa saSualo qarTulisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli am teqstSi. aklia: grcxuenis 5.8; coda 3.1; gulisxma-yav 9.12; canT 14.5.

s2o3-is

niSnebisaTvis: a)zedmetia: scnobs 1.6; Sehracxa 13.2; swunobda 9.6; dahbada 14.9. b)

28

jer kidev SenarCunebulia n sufiqsi donian vnebiTebSi (gamocxadna 2.13), magram aris axali formac(ganmdidrdes 9.9), aseve pirdapiri obieqtis mravlobiTobis niSani (gamoikiTxna 6.2; qmnna 3.1; movisenne 3.4; miscnes 16.18; warudginneT 16.25). .inkluziv-eqskluzivi: guamcno 4.5; guaswavebs 2.14; guxedvides 14.1; guaqus 14.10; guyvna 14.10; gurwams 16.2. ikargvis emfatikuri a: cxorebiT cxondes 3.4; RmrTis mecnierebas aRasruleben1.2; vis mivxedne 2.16; RmrTisgan VIII; daviTisTs 9.3. uO-s enacvleba v: locva 4.9...; codva 3.1...; SiSvel 16.23... Sinaarsi upiratesad gadmocemulia Sedgenili SemasmenlebiT, romlebic Sedgebian meSveli zmnebisagan ,,yofa da ,,qmna, da saxelzmnebisagan, aseve saxelebisganac (rac uTuod berZnuli enis gavlenis Sedegi unda iyos): mkudar ars 1.2; amao da uxmar arian 1.2; jer ars1.2 da a.S. xSir SemTxvevaSi saxeladi nawili wrfelobiT brunvaSi dgas (rac Zveli qarTuli enis norma da berZnuli enis gavlenis Sedegia), igi da meSveli zmna gaTiSulia winadadebis sxva wevrebiT (savane mis Tana vyoT 2.2). msazRvrelsazRvrulis urTierTmimarTeba postpoziciuric aris da prepoziciuric.xandaxan isini gancalkevebulni arian erTmaneTisagan arTroniT (esec berZnuli enis gavlenis kidev erTi niSania),aris Tandebuliani formebic, ormagi brunebac, sazRvruli xSirad wrfelobiT brunvaSi dgas. gvxvdeba SeTanxmebulic, marTulic, marTulSeTanxmebulic, mirTulic. a) postpoziciuri wyoba: sarwmunoeba marTali 1.1; saqmeni keTilni 1.1; udeb locvisa 1.5; saqmeTa borotTa 1.2; mcnebani Cemni 1.3 da a.S. b) prepoziciuri wyoba: Rirsman mamaman 1.1;xeneSTa sityuaTa mtyuel 1.5; WeSmariti taZari 1.1; bilwTa saqmeTa moqmed 1.5 da a.S. g) Sereuli wyoba: qristes aRsarebiTa marTliTa1.1; yoveli brali Seni 5.7; ziareba qristes saidumloTa VI; yovelni codvani misni 3.4; miuwTomeliTa miT gankiTxviTa TsiTa 8.7 da a.S. tmesi iSviaTia: gan-Tu-vikiTxviT 6.3; 8.10; gan-Tu-iZarcos 16.23. defeqturi adgilebi iSviaTad, magram mainc aris: Tnie 1.2; suliers 2.8; asoeba 4.10; ucudvelTa 10.4; msuTuad 9.9; ipoos 8.5- es ukanaskneli konteqstis mixedviT vnebiTi gvaris zmnad aRiqmeba, magram berZnul variantSi igi Zveli aRTqmis iobs gulisxmobs. berZnuli enis gavlenis Sedegia mimReoburi konstruqciebi: mrisxane, maginebeli cudmoficav 1.5; metyuel, ZmismoZule 1.5; mocinar, gancxromil 1.5; moqmed 1.5;5.2; momsene 1.5 da a.S.

29

windebulebi da ukudebulebi: RmerTi Soris Cuensa 1.3,Sinagan gonebasa 1.5; sulsa Sina 1.6; mis Tana 1.4; Sinagan Tavsa Soris Tsa 1.6 da a.S. kuTvnilebiTi da ukuqceviTi nacvalsaxelebis Warbi xmareba: sulTa CuenTa 1.2; mcnebani Cemni 1.3; mamaman Cemman 1.3 da a.S. artikli sruliad ucxoa qarTuli enisaTvis, CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelebis am funqciiT gamoyeneba berZnuli enidan gadmoRebuli unda iyos: igi saqmeni 1.2; maT saxeTagan 1.6; saxli igi1.6 da a.S. berZnuli enidan Semotanili frazeologiuri gamoTqmebi: amis pirisaTs 3.1; ravdenisa pirisagan VII; oTxTa pirTagan 7.1; garemiqceviTa pirisa misisaTa8.4; mivecemiT elT mterTa CuenTasa 14.4; garemivaqcie piri Cemi 14.9; elTa mterTa maTTasa14.9; elTa Sina zraxvasa misTasa 14.11. paronomaziebi: simarTleman marTlisaman 3.4; marTalman simarTlisagan Tsisa3.1; nebiTa vinebo 3.5; usjuloman usjuloebisagan 3.3; cxorebiT cxondes 3.4. dakargulia zmniswini: avimaRlo 8.4. leqsikuri, frazeologiuri, saxeobrivi da Sinaarsobrivi msgavsebebi Zvel qarTul hagiografiul TxzulebeTan teqsti yvelanairi niSniT imeorebs im Taviseburebebs, romlebic qarTuli mwerlobisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. mTargmneli metad ganswavluli yofila qarTul sityvierebaSi mas nayofierad gamouyenebia yvela is fraza, gamoTqma, leqsikuri Tu stilisturi, Sinaarsobrivi tendencia, romlebic qarTulma literaturam saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi SeimuSava. Cven SevecadeT Segvedarebina warmodgnili Txzuleba qarTuli originaluri nawarmoebebisaTvis, da es friad mokrZalebuli mcdelobaa. savane mis Tana vyoT 1.2 savane ganumzadeT (abos wameba, gv.119); savane yav Cuen Tana (serapion zarzmelis cx., gv.369); savane vyoT saxlsa missa (igive, gv.341); araodes udeb-hyoT vanismyofTa amaTTs (gr. xanZTelis cx., gv.256). RmrTis mecnierebasa aRasruleben 1.2 RmerTsa ver Segamecnierna (daviT da konstantines wameba, gv.175); ufali mecnier yofda mas (abos wameba, gv.133); mecnierebasa RmrTisasa migawia (sibrZne balavarisa, gv.95); mecnier iyo igi yovelsave gangebulebasa qristessa (ninos cx.,gv189); mecniereba RmrTeebisa misisa (igive,gv198). Sinagan gonebasa kacisasa ars qriste 1.5 goneba Cemi qristes Tana ars (abos wameba,gv.138); odesme wmidaTa angelozTa goneba povis Cuen Soris da odesmeeSmakTa (gr. xanZTelis cx.,gv.227.); aRmwereli maTi gonebiTa moaqvnda (serapion zarzmelis cx., gv350.)

30

aReSenebis saxli sulisa Cuenisa 1.2friad aRvSendi amaTiTa xilviTa (ilarion qarTvelis cx., gv. 522); friad aRSenebul iqmna xilviTa... misiTa (giorgi mTawmindelis cx.,gv488.); sulierad da orcielad aReSennes (ioane da eqvTimes cx.,gv387). daemkdrebis RmerTi Soris Cuensa 1.2ufalsa hnebavs damkdrebad asoTa Sina TquenTa (abos wameba., gv119); Tavadi ufali mkdr ars Sen Tana (gr. xanZTelis cx., gv.223) taZar sulier RmrTisa iqmnas 2.4taZarman man qalwulebisaman (giorgi mTawmindelis cx.,gv.4250; ganwmida Tavi Tsi da taZari RmrTisa cxovelisa yo igi (igive, gv.,156). mivscen igini elTa mterTa maTTasa 14.9migce Sen mterTa SenTasa (sibrZne balavarisa, gv.65.) ganixeTqos mefoba Seni elTagan SenTa 9.4RmerTs ganexeTqa mefoba igi misi (gobronis wameba, gv.160). gan-Tu-iZarcos samoseli ese orcTa amaT mokudavTa 16.2ganiZarcvna ukve tyavisa igi samoselni (giorgi mTawmindelis cx., gv.140); raTa ganviZarco SiSi xorcTa amaT CemTa, romelni samosel arian sulisa Cemisa (abos wameba, gv.135) vidreRa varT sofelsa amas Sina 16.3; trTmZimeni ganvideT 16.4es gamoTqmebi Sinaarsobrivad igavea, rac: ganval cxorebisagan (ninos cx.,gv.211); xorcTa Sina myofi (igive,gv.198); mciredRa yofad ars Cemi xorcTa Sina yofa (gr. xanZTelis cx., gv.251.) xorcTa Sina yofasa missa (igive,gv.630); miaxlebul xorcTagan ganslvad (igive,gv.538); xorcTa sapyrobiliT ganval (igive,gv.318); dateveba ubadrukTa amaT orcTa CemTa (SuSanikis wameba,gv.22); daRacaTu dauteva kretsabmeli igi xorcTa TsTa (giorgi mTawmindelis cx.,gv.500)... da a.S. codvaTa Sina ganfrdil iyos cxoreba misi 16.codvaTa Sina ganfrdilsa sulisa Cemisa (ioane da eqvTimes cx.,gv.388). miSuebiTa RmrTisaTa mizezi 8.1miSvebiTa RmrTisaTa samxilebelad (daviT da konstantine wameba, gv.170); miSvebiTa RmrTisaTa gamoiRo da tyve yo (igive, gv.480) ra igi Tualman ara ixila da yursa ara esma da gulsa amaT saqmeTa gamoucdelisaTa ara mouda 2.9TualTa mier gancdiTa da yirTa smeniTa (giorgi mTawmindelis cx.,gv 426); romeli Tvalman ara ixila da yursa ara esma da gulsa kacisasa ara mouxda (evstaTi mcxeTelis cx.,gv.45). amisTs itys ioane oqropiri, viTarmed: eklesiaTa ara SemkobisTs aravin sada braleul iqmna RmrTisagan, xolo glaxakTa ara wyalobisaTs gehenia ganmzadebul ars, cecxli uSreti da dasja eSmakTa Tana 13.5raTu amas getyvis RmerTi, viTarmed eklesiani ara SeamkveniTo, aramed, rameTu, mSioda da ara meciT me Wamadi, viTarca itys ioane oqropiri.(giorgi mTawmindelis cx.,gv 467).

31

samarTalni da gankiTxvani RmrTisani miuwdomel arn 9.1umjobessa miuwdomel ars dabadebulTagan mecniereba misi (sibrZne balavarisi, gv.8).

yovelTasa

ganawesebs miuwTomeliTa saxierebiTa TvisiTa (ioane da eqvTimes cx.,gv.370);

literatura Literature

1. danelia k. ,qarTuli samwerlo enis istoriis sakiTxebi, Tb, 1983. 2. ..,- , ., 1958 3. kvaWaZe l., Tanamedrove qarTuli enis sintaqsi, Tb, 1975 4. PATROLOGIA, 86. 5. sarjvelaZe z.,qarTuli saliteraturo enis Sesavali, Tb, 1975. 6. sarjvelaZe z., Zveli qarTuli ena, Tb, 1975 7. uruSaZe ak., Zveli berZnuli ena, Tb, 1969. 8. qarTuli proza, I, Tb, 1982. 9. javaxiSvili iv., VIII, Tb, 1977.@@A

reziume erTi xelnaweris enobrivi analizisa da literaturuli paralelebisaTvis nana ugrexeliZe naSromSi gansazRvrulia, rom Targmani marTlac unda miekuTvnebodes qarTuli enis istoriis gardamaval xanas, magram ZiriTadad mainc eyrdnoba Zveli qarTuli enis normebs. igi enobrivad ganicdis berZnuli enis Zlier gavlenas, rac upiratesad gamoixateba aRwerilobiT da windebulian, infinitivur da mimReobur konstruqciebSi. rogorc wesi, Teologiuri xasiaTis Txzulebebi ar gamoirCevian originalobis TvalsazrisiT. hagiografi, da miT ufro egzegetikuri Txzulebebis avtorebi gaurbian axali formebis, axali azrebis, axali interpretaciebis Semotanas. maTi Semoqmedebis wyaro saRvTo werilia da mis konteqstSi ganixileba empiriuli sinamdvile. isini TavianT Tavs ganixilaven rogorc 32

saSual e b a s , riTac ad a m i a n e b s WeSm arite b a e m c n o b a T , Tu m c a a m b o b e n , ro m s a a m i s o d uRirs e bi arian, m a g r a m pas uxi s m g e b l o b a akisriaT. ,,Cuen TaviT TsiT arar a aRgviw e ri a, ara m e d ra igi vis w a v e T kacT a s ar w m u n o T a g a n da sulierT a ZmaTa, ro m e l T a igi exilvn e s da e m s a x ur a m a T d a , ro m e l ni- igi ucx o iyvn e yovliTurT tyuvilisa g a n da sa v s e ze g ar d m oT a (ioan e na w a r m o e b i s a da e q v Ti m e s avtori Tav s da yvel a vald e b ul a d Tvlis, a m a s xazi g au s v a s . m a dliT a aq e d a n cx., gv. 37 1) e s aris ko niun qtur a ha gi o g r afiuli a m e g z e g e ti k uri Txzule bi s TiTq mi s yvel a am fraza s

ga m o m d i n a r e , sruliad bun e b ri vi a is zed m i w e v n i Ti m s g a v s e b a q arTuli Targ m a n i s a Tvals a zrisiT. m a g r a m moep ov e b a ga vl e n a s . qarTul ha gi o g r afiul Txzule b e b T a n saint er e s o is aris, ro m Txzule bi s

leq sikuri, stilisturi Tu sax e o b ri vi

Tavisi b erZnuli de d ni s e uli zed m i w e v n iTi Ses atyvi si, da Cven va s k v niT, ro m

q arTuli origin aluri ha gi o g r afia g ani c di s b erZnuli literaturis, da ara m art o literaturis, mZlavr e s aris ara sruli nusx a im Sinaar s o b rivi paral el e b i s a , ro ml e b i c ha gi o g r afiul m w e rl o b a Si daiZeb n a win a m d e b a r e im Txzul e b a s T a n tradici e b s , Sed ar e b i s a s . rac mis mT ar g m n e li dro m d e tipolo giur a d igi srulad Rirseuli war m o a d g e n s sa m w e r l o Seq m n il a.

war m o m a d g e n e l i a Zveli qarTuli e g z e g e ti k uri m w e rl o b i s a .

SUMMARY FOR LANGUAGE ANALISES AND LITERATURE PARALELS OF A HANDWRITING NANA UGREKHELIDZE In the article there is determined, that translation must really be belonged to the transitional period of the history of Georgian Language, but mainly it is based on the norms of Old Georgian language. It experiences the great influence of Greek language, which is essentially expressed in the passive and prepositional infinitive and participle constructions. As a rule, theological kinds of works are not distinguished by originality. Hagiography and the authors of the exegetic works do not to bring in new forms, new opinions, and new interpretations. The source of their creation is Gods letter and in its context the empirical reality is discussed. They consider themselves as a means by which the humans learn the truth, though they say that they are unworthy for it, but they have responsibility for it. ,,Cuen TaviT TsiT arar a aRgvi w e ri a, ara m e d ra igi vis w a v e T kacT a s ar w m u n o T a g a n da sulierT a ZmaTa, ro m e l T a igi exilvn e s da e m s a x ur a m a T d a , ro m e l ni- igi ucx o iyvn e yovliTurT tyuvilisa g a n da sa v s e m a dliT a ze g ar d m oT a (St. Ioanne and ekvtime lives, page 371). According to this, the punctual similarity between this exegetic works of Georgian translation and Georgian hagiography works is completely natural by the lexical, stylistic and type view. But it is interesting that almost all the phrases of this work has got its Greek punctual equivalent, and we make conclusion that Georgian original hagiography experiences the great influence of Greek literature and not only its literature. 33

It is uncomplete list of the content parallels which are found in the hagiographic writing at the time of comparing the above-mentioned writings. Translator topologically fully represents the writing traditions that are created up to his/her period. Transator is a worthy representative of old Georgian exegetic writing.

34

 , , - . , , . , . , , . . , , , , . ,,Cuen TaviT TsiT arar a aRgvi w e ri a, ara m e d ra igi vis w a v e T ka cT a sar w m u n o T a g a n da sulierT a ZmaTa, ro m e lT a igi exilvn e s da e m s a x u r a m aT d a , ro m e l ni- igi ucx o iyvn e yovliTurT tyuvilisa g a n da s av s e m a dliT a ze g a r d m oT a ( , . 371) . , , . , , , . , . , . .

35

mxatvruli teqstis aRqmis erTi Tavisebureba

naTia nemsaZe iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis humanitaruli fakultetis asocirebuli profesori, filologiis mecnierebaTa kandidati

dRev a n d e li po etikis mix e d viT mx atvruli teq sti ar ars e b o b s sa m i m o u c il e b e li struqturuli ko m p o n e n ti s gar eS e: avtori, m kiTxv eli da sak uTriv na w a r m o e b i . sp e c i alur literatur aSi, ro m e li c a m kat e g o ri e b s g a m o y o f s , po etikis e s Tvals a zrisi gaT v alis wi n e b uli ar aris. Tuki Sevx e d a v T teq stis kate g o ri e b s am poziciida n, aRm oCn d e b a , ro m da s a x e l e b u li kat e g o ri e b i s umr a vl e s o b a aRq mi s mxrid a n (ga b m ul o b a , struqturuli mTlian o b a , Te mi s erTian o b a da sxv.) da s a x e l e b uli ar aris. mi m aCni a, ro m sp e ci alur

Sedis sak uTriv teq stis sfer oSi, mx ol o d erTi kat e g o ri a m o d a l o b a aris avtoris kuTvnile b a . ki arc e rTi kat e g o ri a literatur aSi da s a x e l e b uli kat e g o ri e b i s gard a a) teq st s aq v s kide v erTi kat e g o ri a m ol o di ni, b) e s aris aRm q m e li s poziciida n dan a x uli kat e g o ri a. Ce mi azriT, aRm q m e l s yov elT vis g a aCni a zo g a di da kont e q s t u al uri m ol o di ni, ro m e li c m oi c a v s teq st e b s , Tav e b s a da mTlian a d na w a r m o e b e b s a c . sa e r T o d , teq stis erTi el e m e n ti d a n m e o r e z e Se m d e g i el e m e n ti s ga m o C e n i s a . m o vl e n i s a cn o bili, uzrunv ely of e n fiqsird e b i a n a mito m , garkv e uli ko n kr etuli m ol o di n e b i s da sa g ni s ga d a s vli s dro s m o q m e d e b s ars e b o b a s g arS e m o (1). c o d ni s ga m e o r e b i s es alb aT o b a struqtur e bi an c o d ni s struqtur e b i, ro ml e b i c frei m e b i s sax eliT aris Sed e g a d

m e x s i e r e b a Si ars e b uli c o d ni s zo g a di ko m p o n e n t e b i s anu zo g a di m ol o di ni s s afuZvelz e. SeiZleb a vTqv a T, ro m Cven gv a q v s kon kr etul situa ci aSi kon kr etuli frei mi s saz o m i a mi si oriv e m ol o di ni: kon kr etuli m ol o di ni Sed e g iT (gacru e b i T a da m ol o di ni an zo g a di c o d ni s safuZvelz e kon kr etuli el e m e n ti s m ol o di ni. teq stis g a b m u l o b i s a ga m o x a t ul e b i s planSi. da teq stis mTlian o b i s amgvarad, m ol o di n s teq stis Se m a d g e n e l i el e m e n t e b i s da agr e T v e ag e b i s zo g a di m ol o di ni, rog o r c Sinaar si s ise arg a c r u e b i T) teq stis kat e g o ri a d teq sti. Ce mi Sexe d ul e b i s g a m a r Tl e b ul o b a s ad a s tur e b s ori m k vl e v a ri s m o s a z r e b a c lingvist k. b o o s ti s a da fsiq ol o g a. brud ni s. 1) Te mi s k. b o o s ti s daZabul o bi s Te oriis mix e d viT m s m e n e l i daZabulia ga m o n a T q v a m i s da m T a v r e b a m d e (2). a m a s uw o d e b s 36 k. b o o s ti daZabul o bi s Te oria s. es miviCn e v aRm q m e li s poziciida n m sj el o b i s a s . ar ars e b o b s is aris mx atvruli

yov el g v a ri mx atvruli infor m a c ii s aRq mi s safuZveli, uro m lis o d a c

daZabul o b a icvl e b a Te mi s cvla s T a n erT a d, teq stis azr o b riv da m T a v r e b a m d e .

2) 1 9 7 8 bun e b i s a saint er e s o da

w el s

TbilisSi Catar e b ul kvle v a s , fsiq ol o g

si m p o ziu m z e , Ce mi

ro m e li c kvlevi s

mi eZRvna dro s a c

ara c n o b i e ri s Zalian pire b s cdis

funq ci e b i s kerZod,

aRw erilia brudni s

mi m a r T ul e b i s a T vi s ro mlis

cd a.

e q s p e ri m e n ti,

urigd e b o d a T dan a w e v r e b u li teq sti da ev al e b o d a T misi awy o b a . cdis pire bi a wy o b d n e n azris m q o n e teq st e b s , ro ml e b i c yov elT vis ga n s x v a v d e b o d n e n pirvan d e li teq stis a g a n . m e c n i e ri as k v ni s, ro m teq stis erTi na wilida n m e o r e z e pro c e s i s ara c n o b i e ri ko m p o n e n t e b i) impliciturad Seic a v s g a d a s vl a (teq stis g a g e b i s es Tavis TavSi Sed ar e b a s .

Sed ar e b a g an s a k u Tr e b uli tipisa a, ro m e li c gulisx m o b s Cven s fsiqikaSi ars e b ul etal o n T a n Sed ar e b a s (3). m e c n i e r s mi aCnia, ro m pirveliv e day ofis erT e ul e b i d a n da w y e b u li, ro ml e b s a c Sinaar si ga aCni aT, individs uviTard e b a pro g n o zir e b a s T a n (3:9 8). rog o r c cn o bi e r e b a Si ga n w y o b a s . vxe d a v T , da fsiq ol o gi s azriT, teq stis uq m ni s aRq mi s dro s xde b a teq stis na wil e bi s Sed ar e b a g a m o C e n i s m aRali alb aT o b i s m q o n e etal o n T a n , ro m e li c ars e b o b s aRm q m e li s m kiTxv el s pro c e s i , Tavid a n v e mo m d e vn o Sinaar si s rad g a n a c pro g n o zir e b i s ga n pir o b e b u li a aRq mi s mi si azriT, variatuli pro c e s i a , ganwy o b a , ro m e li c dak a vSir e b ulia Se m d g o m i Sinaar si s

aRm q m e l i su bi e q ti s individu aluri Tvis e b e b i T , SeiZleb a ga n pir o b e b u li iyos situa ciiT, ep o q iT da sxv a faqtor e b iT a c . rog o r c vxe d a v T , es oriv e kon c e f ci a, m arT alia sxv a cn e b e b Si Cam o y ali b e b uli, m ol o di ni s ad a s tur e b s im faqts, ro m teq stis erT- erTi m a m oZra v e b e li aris m ol o di ni. lingvist k. b o o s ti s daZabul o b a , ise v e , rog o r c a. brudni s `prog n o zir e b a faqtiura d axlo s dg a s m o vl e n a s T a n . mx atvrul teq stSi ga c ru e b uli m ol o di ni s efe qti s fsiq ol o g iuri m e q a n i z m i , Ce mi s azriT, fiqsir e b uli g an w y o b i s aRm o c e n e b i s a da rRvevis pro c e s e b s e m y a r e b a . rog o r c d.uzn aZe miiCn e v d a , fiqsir e bi s fen o m e n i cdis piris aT vi s s a g a n w y o b o o bi e q t e b i s ga n m e o r e b i Ti mi w o d e b i s Sed e g s war m o a d g e n s , e.i. ga m e o r e b a asrul e b s gada m w y v et rols. ga m e o r e b u li situa ciis ze m o q m e d e b i s Sed e g a d g an w y o b a fiqsird e b a . Ce mi kvle vi s Se m Txv e v a Si sa d a c teq stSi, m ol o di ni s ga c ru e b a m ai n c ki war m o i q m n e b a aq ga c ru e b uli m ol o di ni s efe q ti, zo g a di m ol o di ni. e.i. 1) xSirad aris g a m e o r e b i s faqti. m aSin a c , rod e s a c ga m e o r e b a ar aris kon kr etul a d m o c e m u li ars e b o b s . m uS a o b s ga m e o r e b a zo gj er xd e b a teq stSi, axd e n s fiqsire b uli g an w y o b i s g a m o m u S a v e b a s da aCe n s kont e q s t u al ur m ol o di n s , 2) teq sti ar Seic a v s ga m e o r e b a s , m a g r a m misi aRq m a m o m x d a ri a mana m d e, sa n a m 37 aRm q m e li miux e d a v a d a mi s a , teq st s (zog a di fiqsir e b uli ga n w y o b a da m ol o di ni ars e b o b s . a m Se mTxv e v aSi ara erT g zi si ga m e o r e b a da g a d aSlida

presupozi ci uli mol odi ni) . presupozi ci a aq gamoyenebul i a im gagebi T, ra gagebi Tac igi gamoy eneba poetikaSi: raR aci s winaswari gansazR vra, varaudi. (3). m xatvruli teqsti s kiTxvas rom viwyebT, ukve gvaqvs fiqsirebuli ganwyoba zogadi mol odi ni Tundac im sa, rom teqstSi arsebobs da moqmedebs m sTvi s damaxasi aTebel i i i kat egori ebi da paramet r ebi ; Tumca, ra Tqma unda, ama Tu im konkretuli teqsti saTvi s damaxasi aTebel i gamovli nebi T, rom s S esaxebac li Cven TiTqmi s araf eri viciT. aseTi ni muS ad S e leba movi yvanoT iZ mol odi ni s arsebobi sa da m si gacruebi s xelS esaxeb i

nawyveti j.joisi s nawar moebi dan axal gazrda mxatvri s portreti: Once upon a time and a very good time it was there was a moocow coming down along the road and this moocow that was coming down along the road met a nicest little boy named baby tuckoo. . . His father told him that story: his father looked at him through a glass: he had a hairy face. He was baby tuckoo. The moocow came down the road where Betty Byrne lived: she sold lemon platt. gacruebuli a mol odi ni darR veuli a Txrobi s mosal odnel i logikuri jaW vi. darR veuli a koher ent ul oba da semanti kuri m Tlianoba. magr am teqsti ar aris daSlili, radganac mas kravs sxva kat egori a kohezi a sintaqsuri m anoba. Tli am epizods anu TxrobiT monakveTs ar gaaC ni a Txrobi s logika. es darR veva iwvevs Cveni zogadi mol odi ni s gacruebas, rodesac aR qmaS i S e erxebi s S edegad Cven vaxdenT f im el ement ebi s obi eqti vaci as, rom ebmac l moaxdi nes S e erxeba, f win wamoi weva avtori saTvi s re evanturi l bavS vuri azrovnebi sa da metyvel ebi saTvi s damaxasi aTebel i

maner a, sai danac S emdeg amoiZ erweba mTavari gm s portreti. iri For Thine is the Kingdom For Thine is Life is For Thine is the This is the way the world ends This is the way the world ends This is the way the world ends Not with a bang but a whimper1 (t.s.elioti) Cveni zogadi codnidan gamomdinare, aq darRveulia azrTa Tanamimdevroba, gamonaTqvamis semantikuri mxare, TiToeuli azris semantikuri gaformebuloba, gramatikuli gaformebuloba, versifikacia, TviT teqstis gabmuloba (profesiuli Tu popularuli gagebiT). It was a bright cold day in April and the clocks were striking 13 (jorj orueli, 1984). (aprilis mziani civi dRe iyo da saaTi 13-s rekda).

radganac Senia samefo, ase mTavrdeba samyaro

magram ara xmauriT, aramed wuwkuriT

38

Tavid a n Se m uS a v e b u li g a n w y o b a (bright, April) irRvev a, zo g a di s e m a n tik uri m ol o di ni cruvd e b a s e m a n tik ur a d da logikur a d m o ul o d n e li (Tan a c m niSvn el o v a n pozici aSi my ofi) Sed e g a d . am Seferx e bi s Sed e g a d xde b a im Sinaar si s o bi e qtiv a ci a, m ol o di ni. a mi s wyal o b iT yuradRe bi s 1 3- is gaC e ni s

ro m e l s a c m o a q v s raRac axali, usia m o v n o , saxifaT o

c e ntrSi m o x v e d rili 1 3 post factum aqr o b s Cven s aRq m aSi my of Sinaar s e b s (bright, April), a m sur aTis xalis s, arT m e v s a m sityv e b s naT el Sinaar s e b s (mziani, naT eli, kaSk aSa dRe) da axd e n s m a Ti (bright, April) mTliani s e m u ri Se m a d g e n l o b i d a n usia m o v n o Sinaar s e b i s aqtu aliza ci a s . mz e spilenZisferi da civia, mz a d d e b a raRac cudi da saxifaT o. aq darRveulia ko h e r e n t ul o b a , ko h e zi a da c ulia. l. sterni s na w a r m o e b S i tristra m Sendi s cxo vr e b a da azr e bi g a cr u e b uli m ol o di ni s ef e q t s q m ni s Seus a b a m o b a nakl e b i yuradRe b a aRq m a s mT a v a ri da s aT a ur s a da siuJets Soris e.i. Te m a t ur- siuJeturi do n e . a m g miris cxo vr e b a s m ol o di ni s aq v s daT m o b ili. yv el af eri e s o bi e q tiv a cii s Sed e g a d iwv e v s Cven saT a uris m q o n e na w a r m o e b S i IXto mi s b ol o s mT a v a r g mirs xuTi w eli usruld e b a da yv el az e Seferx e b aSi g a cr u e b uli ef e qt s .

va c n o b i e r e b T Cven s ga n c d a s

da viRebT g a cr u e b uli m ol o di ni s ef e qtz e ag e b ul ko m i k ur

ef e q t s win a aR m d e g o b a s na w a r m o e b i s fabula s a da saT a ur s Soris. a m na w a r m o e b S i avtori ar mis d e v s m o vl e n e b i s logikur svla s . aq mT a v a ri a g mir e bi s su bi e q t uri da m o k i d e b u l e b e b i , m a Ti ucn a uri da origin aluri qc e v a . TviTo n teq st e b i s a da m et at e q s t e b i s ko h e r e n t ul o b a c ar aris da c uli, rac iwv e v s ga c ru e b uli m ol o di ni s efe qt s . m o ul o d n e li a grafikuli do n e c . a m na w a r m o e b i s arqite qt o ni k a avtor s g a m o x a t uli aq v s erT m a n e TSi Tvaln aTlivi kan o n z o m i e r e b e b i s g ar eS e g a d a xl arTuli wyv etili da iribi xaz e biT, ro ml e b z e c mr a v ali kuTx e da nax e v a r w r e a . yvel af eri es m o ul o d n e l o b i s ef e qt s q m ni s (es ef e qti ufro Zlieri iqn e b o d a XVIIIsauk u ni s b ol o s , l.sternis Tan a m e d r o v e e b i s a T vi s ef e q tz e ag e b uli Cveni kulturuli ep o q i s ga m o i rC e v a m kiTxv elT a n l.sterni s meore Sed ar e b i T). m o ul o d n e l o b i s ro m e n i c s e nti m e n t al uri ko m p o zi ciiT

m o g z a u r o b a . aq a c vxvd e b i T tradiciuli ko h e r e n t ul o bi s darRve v a s grafikuli xerx e b i s uCveul o ga m o y e n e b i s g a m o . m a g a liT a d: but why make suppositions?-,, or should it happen------------xSirad azri g a w y v e tilia, ar mT a vr d e b a ; g a cr u e b uli m ol o di ni s ef e qti gv a q v s sinta q s ur do n e z e , teq stis g a b m u l o b i s a da ko h e r e n t ul o bi s darRve viT. . . . when I had done, to see both were right in doing it to suddently it unavoidably threw the fair fille de chambre: of her center-and then avtori b e vr sityva s b eWduri as o e b i T ga m o y o f s m et o n i m i uri per s o nifik a ciis aT vi s, nar atiuli struqturid a n m a Ti e m f a ziT ga m o y o fi s a T vi s. . . . said Avarice . . . You know not who she is, said Caution or what scrapes the affair may draw you into, whisperd COWARDICE. 39

movl enaTa

logikuri svl a da, aqedan

gamomdi nar e, grZ nobebsa

teqsti s logikuri progr esi ac, da azrebs asaxavs. viR ebT xdeba

darR veuli a (rac teqsti s formaS i c aisaxeba) , radganac avtori saTvi s mniS vnel ovani a mxol od is det al ebi , rac gm s Sinagan cxovrebas, iri S e erxeba f aR qmaS i da avtori s msof l mxedvel obi s obi eqti vaci a; zesemant ur

informaci as. aR niSvni s R irsia nawar moebi s pirveli nawilis finaluri abzaci : So that when I stretchd out my hand, I caught hold of the Fille de Chambres . es winadadeba ar aris dasrul ebuli, darR veuli a am teqsti s semanti kuri m anoba da azrobri vi damTavr ebul oba. Tli ufro meti c, dausrul ebel i a m anad nawar moebi c. Tli rogor c vnaxeT, yvel a moyvanili ni muSi S e icavs mol odi ni s gacruebi s ef eqt s, romeli c uzrunvel yof s esTet uri e eqti s gaC enas. moul odnel obi s ef eqti efuZ neba erTsa da imave f fsiqol ogi ur kanonzomi er ebebs (Se erxeba aR qmaS i da S emdeg obi eqti vaci a im f isi, rac mniS vnel ovani a mwerli saTvi s) . esTet uri e eqti s konkretuli Sinaarsi, zesemant uri informaci a, f calkeul S emTxvevebS i gansxvavebuli a. xSirad teqstSi irR veva xol me koher ent ul oba da semanti kuri izotopi a: (ohenri: He halted in the district where by night are found the lightest streets, hearts, vows and liberettos). igive procesebs vxvdebi T Temat ur- siuJ etur doneze. mol odi ni s gacruebi s doza da aqcenti sxvadasxvaa sxvadasxva J anris nawar moebebS i . xSirad kont eqst ual uri mol odi ni s gacruebi s e eqtzea agebuli siuJ eturi J anris nawar moebebi f da maTi erT- erTi nairsaxeoba det eqti vi. m s siuJ e saf uZ vel s qmni s gauxsneli danaS auli, i tur rom s li gaxsnac didi interesi T unda aR iqmebodes. aR qm s i si m afres Z a lie Z rebs moul odnel oba. ufro xSirad kvanZ is gaxsni s dros mkiTxvel s mol odi ni ucruvdeba. aR qmaS i S e erxebi s S edegad mkiTxveli axdens obi eqti vaci as im sas, rac ukve momxdari a, m f i Teli siuJ e tisas, m s xe axal gacnobi er ebas. i l

literatura Literature 1. .. . . // .. , , , , 1989. gv. 5-12.

40

2. Boost Karl, neue Untersuchungen zum Wesen und zur Struktur des deutsehen Satzes. Der Satz als Spannungsfeld. Berlin, Akad. Verl., 1855. 88- e gv. 3. ., // . . . , .3. , , . ., , , 1978, gv. 98-105. 4. ., // . , . 8. ., , 1978. gv. 337-370. 5. uznaZ e d., Sromebi , t. VI , gamomceml oba mecni er eba, Tbilisi, 1977, gv. 332.

reziume mxatvruli teqstis aRqmis erTi Tavisebureba naTia nemsaZe teqstis cnobili kategoriebis garda, teqsts gaaCnia kidev erTi kategoria molodini, romelic aRmqmelis poziciidan danaxuli kategoriaa. teqstis aRqmis Seferxebisas, rac xdeba moulodneli elementis gamoCenis Sedegad, molodini cruvdeba da xdeba Seferxebis mizezis obieqtivacia anu gacnobierebuli aRqma, gamoyofa movlenaTa jaWvidan da misi xelaxali aRqma-gaazreba.

, , . , .. e , .

41

SUMMARY HOW THE CREATIVE TEXT PERCEPTED NATIA NEMSADZE Along with well-known categories, a text has one more category expectancy, that is a category viewed from the position of a reader (perceptor). Occurrence of an unexpected element interferes with perception of a text, expectancy is frustrated and the reasons for interference are objectivized i.e. conscious perception, its segregation from the chane of events and new realization.

42

tropis moqmedebis meqanizmi

naTia nemsaZe iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis humanitaruli fakultetis asocirebuli profesori, filologiis mecnierebaTa kandidati

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yoveli axali msoflmxedvelobiTi efeqtis mqone literatura, romelic, bunebrivia, axali esTeturi principebis mixedviT aris agebuli, saerTod gacruebuli molodinis efeqts iZleva wina TaobebisaTvis, zogadi molodinis, tradiciebisa da normebis rRveva moaqvs. rogorc mkvlevari n. liiCi aRniSnavs: es paradoqsi, romelic SeiZleba gamarTlebul iqnas, Tavs iCens rogorc enaSi, aseve sxva sferoebSi xelovani namdvilad Semomqmedi rom iyos, unda iyos damangreveli: kanonebis, pirobiTobebisa da molodinebis damangreveli. magram am SemTxvevaSi mwerlis SemoqmedebiTi unari moiTxovs, agreTve, aseTive unars mkiTxvelisagan, romelmac unda gamoitanos daskvna Tavisi saerTo logikiT. gaurkvevloba SeiZleba gauTanabrdes im xarisxs, romliTac mkiTxveli saWiroa iyos Semomqmedi. fsiqologiaSi molodins ganixilaven rogorc subieqtur orientaciebs, codnis elementebs, qcevis stereotipebs, Sefasebebs, socialuri ganwyobis erTobliobas da a.S., romelic saerToa socialuri jgufis wevrebisaTvis (an sazogadoebisaTvis mTlianad). es exeba momaval movlenebs da uzrunvelyofs individis emociur da qceviT mzadyofnas am movlenebisadmi. es molodinebi emyareba gamocdilebas da vrceldeba da Zlierdeba komunikaciisa da urTierTqmedebis safuZvelze, yvelaze gavrcelebuli molodinebi qmnian myar socialur normebs (2). socialuri Tu individualuri molodinebis da maT mier Seqmnili normebis zogierT SemTxvevaSi argnxorcielebis anu rRvevis cnobili faqti fsiqologiis TvalsazrisiT qmnis momlodine adamianis garkveul fsiqikur mdgomareobas, romelsac frustracias uwodeben (2). frustraciam SeiZleba gamoiwvios am mdgomareobaSi myofis sxvadasxva reaqciebi: Secvlis (gansvlis) tipebi fantaziis sferoSi gansvla, depresia, agresiulobisaken mimarTuli Sinagani tendenciis aRmoceneba, qcevis saerTo regresi anu ufro iol da primitiul qcevaze gadasvla, moRvaweobis xSiri cvla. frustraciis Sedegi SeiZleba iyos TavSi daurwmunebloba, agreTve moqmedebis im xerxebis fiqsacia, romlebic frustraciis mdgomareobaSi gamoiyeneboda (2). mxatvruli nawarmoebis aRqmis situaciaSi molodinis gacruebas anu frustrirebas ar mosdevs zemoaRwerili reaqcia, albaT, imitom, rom mkiTxvelis molodini ar Seicavs aqtiobis miznisa da misi miRwevisaken swrafvis moments. aq Sedegi, SeiZleba iTqvas, esTeturi 43

xasiaTisaa. Cndeba is, rac esTeturi efeqtis arsebobas uzrunvelyofs; is, razedac iyo laparaki zemoT, rasac v.Sklovski uwodebs avtomatizmis daZlevas, romelsac mxatvrulobis ganxorcielebisaTvis aucilebeli gaucxoeba moaqvs, rasac l. doleJeli da i.mukarJevski miiCneven verbaluri teqstis elementis aqtualizaciad deavtomatizaciis Sedegad, l.miliki da p.harvini aRsaqmeli elementis win wamowevad (foregrounding) da a.S. rogorc ukve iTqva, swored am movlenis fsiqologiuri meqanizmis warmoCena aris Cemi mizani. sainteresoa, rogor moqmedebs aRwerili meqanizmi xatebis doneze. pirdapiri mniSvnelobebiT Seqmnil xatebSi, romlebic esTetur gancdas iwveven (sasiamovnosa Tu usiamovnos) moqmedebs erTidaigive da gasagebi meqanizmi TviT aRweriTi an dasaxelebuli Sinaarsi, xatis an suraTis TviTsemantika. magaliTad lurji ia aq axdens efeqts TviTon lurji iis warmodgena. nagviani quCa efeqts axdens TviT am quCis warmodgena. amitom esTeturi efeqtis fsiqologiuri meqanizmis Zieba sainteresoa ara pirdapiri mniSvnelobebiT Seqmnil xatebSi, aramed tropebSi (metaforebSi) ori garemoebis gamo: (a) esTeturi efeqtis moxdena aris metaforis (tropis) ganuyofeli funqcia, (b) tropis aRqmas ganuyoflad axlavs metnaklebi moulodnelobis momenti, romelic tropis Semadgenel or mniSvnelobas Soris mimarTebis faqtSi xorcieldeba. berZnuli gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad, tropi aris mxatvruli efeqtis momxdeni figura, Seqmnili movlenaze mniSvnelobis miTiTebiT gadataniT da meores aSkarad naxsenebidan nagulismevze anu erT esaa gulisxmobiT. Tanamedrove dazustebiT

mniSvnelobis gadanacvleba, Tanaarseboba erT aRmniSvnelTan ori mniSvnelobisa pirdapiris da gadataniTis, centraluris da gverdiTis, mniSvnelobis gaoreba, gaxleCa, semantikuri paralelizmi. (3:206). metafora aris ori tipis leqsikuri mniSvnelobis realizacia leqsikonurisa da konteqstualuris romlebic erTdroulad realizdebian garkveul konkretul SeTanxmebebSi (4:16). tropebis funqciebis gansazRvrisas gamoyofen maT gamomsaxvelobiT, eqspresiul, SefasebiT da konceftualur funqciebs. es ukanaskneli eyrdnoba im faqts, rom metaforebi awarmoeben axal konceftebs ukve arsebuli cnebebis safuZvelze (70:11). erT-erTi xedvis kuTxe, romlidanac xdeba mecnierebaSi metaforis aRqma-analizi da romliTac Semodis tropi (metafora) Cemi naSromis interesis sferoSi, aris mis mier esTeturi efeqtis moxdenis unari da moulodnelobis elementi, romelic metaforis aRqmas axlavs. metaforebis (tropebis) klasifikaciis safuZvlad aRiarebuli erT-erTi momenti specialur literaturaSi aris metafrebis mosalodneloba-moulodnelobis xarisxi.

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moulodnelobis efeqtis safuZvlis Ziebam mimiyvana im maxasiaTeblamde, romelic qmnis tropulobas es aris metaforaSi (tropSi) Semavali elementebis Tavisufal niSanTa (3:218), maTTan dakavSirebul asociaciaTa da TviT am niSnebis moulodnelobis xarisxi. . . . ara semantikuri paralelizmis faqti TavisTavad, aramed swored damatebiTi asociaciebis warmomqmneli Tavisufali niSnebia is maxasiaTebeli, romelic tropulobas qmnis trops aratropisagan ganasxvavebs, tropis emociur-esTetur efeqianobas uzrunvelyofs (3:219). moulodneblobis faqti gansazRvravs Tavisufali niSnebis arsebobis faqts, rac, sxvasTan erTad, iZleva tropis gansxvavebul tipebs (gramatikuli tropi, realuri tropi, impresionistuli tropi da eqspresiuli /msoflmxedvelobiTi/ tropi (3:257). Tavisufal niSanTa simdidre gansazRvravs, garkveulwilad, tropis esTeturi efeqtianobis intensiobasac. rogorc sxva esTetur efeqtebSi, tropSic mainteresebs misi fsiqolingvisturi meqanizmis analizi. vaanalizeb: 1) mTlianad tropis semantikur struqturas anu konkretul mimarTebas xatsa da sagans Soris da 2) xatis konkretul semantikur struqturas anu mimarTebas am konkretuli xatis elementebs Soris. ganvixilav tropebs The Night Clouds. The white mares of the moon are all standing on their hind legs pawing at the green porcelain doors of the remote Heavens2 es mozaikuri xati ramdenime sxvadasxva trops Seicavs. xatis (mTeli aRweriTi suraTis) dakavSireba saganTan (TeTri Rameuli Rrublebis suraTi mTvaris SuqiT ganaTebul mwvanegadakrul caze) Zalian moulodnelia. aq ar Sedgeboda semantikuri paralelizmis faqti (ar ganxorcieldeboda metafora), ver mivxvdebodiT, rom Rrublebzea saubari, rom ara leqsis situacia da misi saTauri The Clouds (Rrublebi). mTvaris TeTri cxenebi aq mTvarian RameSi Rrublebis metaforaa. mTvariani Ramis Rrublebis niSnebia silamaze, siSore, TeTri feri, moZraoba. yalyze damdgari TeTri cxenis niSnebia siTeTre, moZraoba, mRelvareba, silamaze, emociuroba, swrafva, temperamenti, romantikuli ganwyobileba. rogorc vxedavT, saerTo niSnebi maT cota aqvT. maTi dakavSireba sakmaod moulodnelia da iwvevs Seferxebas aRqmaSi. am Seferxebis Semdgomi obieqtivaciisas xdeba moulodnelobiT aSlili Tavisufali niSnebis obieqtivacia. obieqtivacias Sedegad moaqvs tropis mier aRZruli emociebis (silaRis, usasrulobis, gaurkveveli amboxis) gancda da obietivacia.
2

Ramis Rrublebi.

mTvaris teTri cxenebi dganan yalyze (TavianT ukana fexebze) da floqvebs urtyamen Soreuli cis mwvane faifuris kars (emi louel).

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gacruebuli molodinis efeqts vxvdebiT TviT xatis semantikur struqturaSi: fafarayrili, gaqaful-aforiaqebuli cxenebi, romlebic floqvebs ubraxuneben ras? mosalodnelia yvelaferi, garda imisa, rac naxsenebia Soreuli cis mwvane faifuris kari. xatis es nawili mTlianad ar Seesabameba Cvens zogad molodins da iwvevs molodinis gacruebis ramdenime etaps da Seferxebas aRqmaSi (cxenebi, romlebic floqvebs urtyamen Soreuli cis kars I etapi; Soreuli cis kari II etapi; cis faifuris kari III etapi; urtyamen faifuris kars e.i. is advilad ar imsxvreva IV etapi). obieqtivaciis Sedegad xdeba aRqmaSi Seferxebis mizezis obieqtivacia da aqtualizacia xatis mier aSlili asociaciebis mTeli seriisa: Semodis esTetizmis, gancdis daxvewili sinatifis Zlieri niuansi; gancda miznisa, romelic Tavisufalia pirobiTobebisagan, socialuri SezRudvebisagan; miznis sinatife, sifaqize. es niSnebic Zalze moulodnelia da Semodis aRmqmelis cnobierebaSi (aqtualizirdeba) molodinis gacruebis Sedegad. xorcieldeba, faqtiurad, poetisaTvis sasurveli efeqti, romelic am konkretul SemTxvevaSi (romelic saerTo kanonzomierebis konkretuli gamoxatulebaa) ormagia viRebT semantikur da, rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, zesemantur informacias. konkretuli analiziT vaxden ilustrirebas im Teoriuli mosazrebebisa, romlebic konkretuli analizis Sedegad Camoyalibda. saerTod moulodnelobis xarisxi gansazRvravs metaforis xasiaTs da, garkveulwilad, misi efeqtianobis xarisxs: yoveli aRqma miT ufro Zlierad aRizianebs, rac ufro naklebad aris is momzadebuli. uwyvetobis dekompozicia gvevlineba Tanamedrove impresionizmis meTodikur principad (6:259). mSvidad, mSvidad iare, Cemo lurjTvaleba moTminebav (b.xaranauli) mSvidad iare, Cemo lurjTvaleba . . . velodebiT yvelafers (satrfov, sayvarelo, gogona . . .), garda moTminebisa. ukve xdeba Seferxeba da iwyebs moqmedebas igive meqanizmi. ra iwvevs Seferxebas aRqmaSi? is, rom moTmineba dadis, moZraobs, rom lurTvalaa, sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, moTmineba sulieria anu xatis Sinagani semantikuri struqtura. gacruebuli molodinis efeqts iwvevs am tropSi subieqtisa da predikatis da agreTve subieqtisa da atributis moulodneli kavSiri (lurjTvaleba moTmineba metaforul epiTets warmoadgens). moTmineba TavisTavad asocirdeba simSvidis semasTan. amitrom moTminebis mSvidad siaruli naklebad moulodnelia. abstraqtuli saxelis (moTmineba) konkretul saxelebTan asocirebul zmnasTan gamoyeneba gacruebuli molodinis efeqts iwvevs, rac, Tavis mxriv, iwvevs Seferxebas aRqmaSi. obieqtivaciis Sedegad win 46

wamoiwevs am tropis gacnobierebuli aRqma. niSnebis (siwynare, amaRlebuloba, simSvide. . . ) aqtualizacia Cvens cnobierebaSi moxda aRqmis Seferxebis Sedegad, romelic moulodnelobam moitana. es tropi ganpirovnebas sulieri warmoadgens. sruliad moulodnelia miwera. aramaterialuri lurTvaleba movlenisadmi arasebisaTvis damaxasiaTbeli niSnis

moTmineba am sityvaTSTanxmebaSi Cans poetis msoflaRqma, humanuri, qristianuli, araZalismieri damokidebuleba samyarosadmi, sulieri siRrmiTa da simaRliT savse, naTeli da, ra Tqma unda, tkiviliani, radganac moTmineba sWirdeba. es aris misi mudmivi mdgomareoba. iare da ara, vTqvaT, gaiare, permanentuli moZraobaa mxedvelobaSi. am tropSi Sinaarsobrivi mimarTeba xatsa da sagans Soris da maT mniSvnelobebs Soris kavSiri aris Tavisufali da subieqturi. SemakavSirebeli niSani maT Soris aris ara yvelaze arsebiTi da ZiriTadi, aramed erT-erTi, nebismieri. es tropi asociaciurad mdidaria. esTeturi simdidre aseT tropSi kavSiris aracalsaxeobazea dafuZnebuli (ra kavSiri daamyara poetma, ra igulisxmeba), subieqtur STabeWdidlebebze, romelsac axdens movlena poetze da romelic arCevanis saSualebas utovebs mkiTxvels (3:238). lurTvaleba moTmineba, romelic mSvidad dadis impresionistul trops warmoadgens. aseTi tipis tropSi poetis mimarTeba samyarosTan principulad subieqturia, impresionistuli metafora aq tropuli azrovnebis wamyvan formadaa qceuli (3:240). rogorc vxedavT tropebSi esTeturi efeqtis Sinaarsi gansxvavebulia, magram efeqtianobis meqanizmi erTi da igivea. metaforis SemTxvevaSi cruvdeba zogadi molodini. nebismieri STabeWdilebis safuZvels movlenis uCveuloba warmoadgens. metyvelebaSi raime moulodneli stilisturi xerxis gamoCenis faqti TavisTavad ukve iwvevs gacruebuli molodinis efeqts, romelsac aqvs garkveuli esTeturi funqcia.

47

literatura Literature

1. Leech G.N., Linguistics and the Figures of Rhetoric / / Essays on Language and Style, ed. by R.Fowler; gv. 135-160. 2. The Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology, Ed. by Rom Harre and Roger Lamb. The MIT Press, Cambrige, Massachusetts, 1984, gv. 244. 3. naTaZe m., naTaZe g., ra aris tropi da rogor aisaxeba mis cvlaSi epoqebis svla // dasavleT evropis literatura (XX saukune). literaturis istoria, poetika, urTierTobani, Tbilisi, 1988, gv.194-259. 4. .., // , 3, . , ., 1973, gv. 14-26. 5. ... : // , ., . , 1988, gv. 11-30. 6. . , . , .-, 1911, gv/ 163195, 256-260.

reziume tropis moqmedebis meqanizmi naTia nemsaZe esTeturi efeqtis moxdena aris metaforis (tropis) ganuyofeli funqcia; tropis aRqmas ganuyoflad axlavs metnaklebi moulodnelobis momenti, romelic tropis Semadgenel or mniSvnelobas Soris mimarTebis faqtSi xorcieldeba. (a) mTlianad tropis semantikuri struqturisa anu konkretul mimarTebas xatsa da sagans Soris da (b) xatis konkretul semantikur struqturas anu mimarTebas am konkretuli xatis elementebs Soris analizis Sedegad dadginda, rom tropis fsiqolingvisturi meqanizmi molodinis gacruebis efeqts efuZneba.

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 () ; , , . () (.. ) () (.. ) , - () .

49

SUMMARY MECHANISM OF A METAPHOR EFFECT NATIA NEMSADZE The intrinsic function of a metaphor is having an aesthetic effect; perception of a metaphor (figure of speech) is always connected with the moment of unexpectedness that is realized in the interrelation between two meanings of a metaphor. As a result of an analysis of the semantic structure of a metaphor (i.e. concrete interrelation between an image and an object) and (b) a concrete semantic structure of an image (i.e. interrelation between the elements of a concrete image) it has been determined that the psycho-linguistic mechanism of a metaphor is based on the effect of frustrated expectancy.

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mokvecili sityvebis sakomunikacio pragmatuli aspeqtebi

ekaterine bakaraZe iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis doqtoranti, asistent-profesori

morfologiuri neologizmebis warmoebis araregularul xerxebs Soris, bolo oci wlis manZilze yvelaze popularulad iTvleba mokveca. miuxedavad imisa, rom neologizmebis saerTo raodenobidan mokvecili sityvebi arc ise did procents Seadgens, maTi ricxvi dRiTidRe izrdeba. inglisuri enis istoriaSi mokvecili sityvebis uZvelesi nimuSebi TariRdeba meTeqvsmete saukunis meore naxevriT, rodesac gamoiyenes coz < cousin 1559, gent < gentleman 1564, mas < master 1575, chap < chapman 1577 da winkle < periwinkle 1585. vermserma, romelic ikvlevda enis diaqtonul aspeqtebs (1976), samwuxarod gverdi auara mokvecil da Senazard sityvebs, magram qenonisa (1987) da aljeos (1980) kvlevebSi naTlad Cans, rom mokvecili sityvebi sakmaod mcire rols TamaSobdnen XX saukunis 90-ian wlebamde. mokvecis Taviseburebaa is faqti, rom misi xmareba ZiriTadad SezRudulia salaparako enis farglebSi. mokvecili sityvebi ZiriTadad damaxasiaTebelia slengis sxvadasxva tipisaTvis: sagazeTo, saskolo, sportuli, sabavSvo da a.S. mag: alliterate < a + illiterate; op < optical art; movie < moving picture; bubblegum < bubblegum music; Des Res < desirable Residence; Garbology < garbage+ology; presale < presale view; prt < prt-a-porter; govt < government. imis mixedviT, Tu ra nawili moekveca sityvas, asxvaveben mokvecis sam ZiriTad tips: a) bolo marcvlis mokveca - apokope; b) Sua marcvlis mokveca - sinkope; g) sawyisi marcvlis mokveca - aferezisi. mokvecili sityvebis ZiriTad masas warmoadgens apokope, radgan, rogorc z. xaritonCiki da a. eldiSevi miiCneven, sityvis pirveli nawili emTxveva, rogorc wesi, sityvis Zireuli morfemis nawils da misi SenarCuneba uflebas gvaZlevs, SevinarCunoT kavSiri Zireul, motivirebul erTeulsa da abreviaturas Soris. magaliTad: bubble < bubblegum music; dog < dog and pony; cathart < catharsis. aseve anchor < anchorman - tele-radio programebis mimomxilveli (sxvaTa Soris, es sityva ixmareba inglisuri enis mxolod amerikul variantSi, britanul variantSi mis nacvlad iyeneben sityvas presenter); detox < detoxification - klinikis an saavadmyofos nawili, sadac mkurnaloben alkoholikebsa da narkomanebs. mag: I went to detox againand it`s been five years since I came out and hadn`t drink or pill since. naklebad mravalferovania pirveli an sawyisi marcvlebis mokveca. mag: bubble < soap bubble; boot sale < car boot sale (aqac pirveli sityva srulad amovarda). sainteresoa Semdegi magaliTebic: chauvinism < male chauvinism; story < history; sapping? < what`s happening? `za < 51

pizza; `tsup < catsup; zup < what`s up? an s`up/`sup/whassup? da upmanship < one-upmanship imis SesaZlebloba, rom garSemomyofTa aRfrTovaneba moipovo an daimsaxuro. miuxedavad sayovelTaod cnobili mosazrebis aferezesis tipis sityvebis simciris Sesaxeb, Cvens mier moZiebuli magaliTebidan SegviZlia sapirispiros damtkiceba. mag: deduc < tax deduction; netiquette < on-line etiquette; kevork < Jack Kevorkian (a suicide doctor); net < internet; morph < metamorphosis; bud < marijuana bud; hish < hashish; mike < one microgram; dorph < endorphins; teen < martini; O sign < mouth Open sign; skns < waterproof oilskin clothing; ax < saxophone; burbs < suburbs; Nam < Vietnam; cots < apricots; copter < helicopter, varsity < university, chute < parachute, coon < racoon, gator < alligator), pike < turnpike da sxva mravali. aseTi sityvebi enis leqsikaSi myarad ikideben fexs, rogorc enis damoukidebeli erTeulebi, romlebic xSirad gansxvavdebian prototipebisa da stilisturad neitraluri dubletebisagan TavianTi mniSvnelobiT. am jgufis sityvebSi zogjer adgili aqvs asimilaciasac. magaliTad: chute < parachute. sawyismarcvalmokvecili sityvebis didi raodenoba davafiqsireT SavkanianTa metyvelebaSic: a'bin < have been; an' < and; 'ave / 've / 'a < have; 'appen < happen; 'ere < here; 'ome < home; 'e < he; 'ow < how; 'n' < than; 'sail right < it's all right. SedarebiT naklebia, Suanawilmokvecili sityvebis raodenoba. mag: cosmopolization. am sityvidan amovarda nawili tani, magram sityvas mniSvneloba ar Seucvlia, metic, gamosaTqmelad gamartivda. aRsanisnavia aseve sxva magaliTebic: closed caption < closed circuit caption, am SemTxvevaSic erTi sityva mTlianad amovarda, albaT drois ekonomiis mizniT. morbenal striqonSi satelevizio titrebis wakiTxva yru adamianebisTvis ufro advilia sityvebis gamotovebiT. Ultrafiche < ultramicrofiche - mikrofilmis baraTi, romelic Seicavs ramdenime aTas nabeWd gverds. aseve, flu < influenza, tec < detective, polly < apollinaris, jams < pyjamas, shrink < head-shrinker. sainteresoa, rom Suanawilmokvecili sityvebi or jgufad iyofa: 1. sityvebi, romlebSic amovarda mamoZravebeli funqciis mqone morfema. mag: maths< mathematics; specs< spectacles; 2. sityvebi, romlebsac Sua nawili ekvecebaT JReradobis, konteqstisa da riTmis mixedviT. mag: f a n c y < f a n t a s y ; m a ` a m < m a d a m . arseboben iseTi leqsikuri erTeulebic, romlebSic adgili aqvs kombinirebul Semoklebas: esaa TavsarT-bolosarTis mokveca. mag: cablegram < cable telegram, op art < optical art, orgman < organization man, linocut < linoleum cut; -creed < street credibility; VID < a short video film; kombinirebul SemoklebaSi Semavali sityvebi ZiriTadad salaparako terminologiaSi gamoiyeneba: litcrit < literary criticism; flu < influenza. mokvecis es ukanaskneli tipi

araproduqtiulia da imdenadac, rom bevri mecnieri mas srul ignorirebas ukeTebs. i.v. arnoldi ganixilavs mokvecili sityvisa da misi prototipis urTierTobas: `is nawili an sityva, romelic srul formas moekveca, nebismier dros SeiZleba aRvadginoT da Tavis adgils davubrunoT. ase rom, kavSiri srul formasa da mis mier nawarmoeb sityvas Soris ar aris 52

dakarguli, radgan mokvecis Semdeg nawarmoebi forma ZiriTadad, mniSvnelobas ar icvlis. mag: pol < politician, wide < wide ball, bubblegum < bubblegum music, chap < chapman. amasTan dakavSirebiT, r.s. ginzburgi da misi Tanaavtorebi Tvlian, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom mokvecili sityvebi enaSi zogjer Tanaarseboben maT sawyis sityvebTan erTad, aqvT damoukidebeli leqsikuri erTeulis funqcia da mniSvneloba. mokvecili sityvebis leqsikuri mniSvneloba da is sityva, romlisganac isini arian warmoebulebi, mniSvnelobiT gansxvavdebian, mag: d o g niSnavs t e l e p h o n e . rogorc lingvistebi aRniSnaven, mokvecili sityvebi yovelTvis gansxvavdeba im sityvebisagan, romlebic ar ikveceba emociuri da stilisturi TvalsazrisiT. mokvecili sityvebi ufro uSualo, sasaubro stils ekuTvnis, Tumca garkveuli drois Semdeg bevri mokvecili sityva saliteraturo enaSi mkvidrdeba, ris gamoc sasaubro elfers kargavs. zogi ukve aRar iTvleba mokvecil sityvad. mag: pants sityvidan pantaloons, bus < omnibus, bike < bicycle. zogic gviCvenebs maTi sruli formebisagan sxvadasxvagvar semantikur gaTiSvas. aRniSnuli sakiTxi gaxda kamaTis safuZveli imis Sesaxeb, marTebulia Tu ara mokvecili sityvis miCneva calkeul, damoukidebel sityvad. zogi lingvisti miiCnevs, rom marTebulia maTi miCneva nawarmoebi sityvebis variantebad, sxvebi ki maT damoukidebeli sityvebis statuss aniWeben. vTvliT, rom mokvecili sityva ar aris sityva, romelsac ubralod moekveca sawyisi, Sua an bolo nawili. maT Soris yovelTvis aris Tvisobrivi sxvaoba. meoradi leqsikuri erTeuli xSirad Tavad xdeba iseTi fuZe, romelsac kvlav SeuZlia sxva morfemebis darTva da Tavad awarmoos axali sityva. mokvecili formebi enaSi arseboben maTi prototipebis gverdiT. gansxvaveba isaa, rom maSin, rodesac pirveli jgufis sityvebi SeiZleba maTi prototipebis nacvlad vixmaroT, urTierTSenacvlebac xdeba maT Soris, dubletebi leqsikurad ekvivalentebi arasodes arian. SeiZleba variantebs Soris Canacvlebis magaliTebi moviyvanoT: CvenTvis cnobilia, rom sityvis saxophone Semoklebuli forma aris sax, magram ar SegviZlia vTqvaT: The boss of the Tenor Sax iseve, rogorc vixmaroT sityva mag (Semoklebuli sityvidan magazine) momdevno magaliTSi: The public he wrote for was largerly a new public bought to consciousness by the industrial revolution, a public for which magazine proprietors hadn`t catered before 1882, radganac sruli sityvis prototipi stilisturad neitraluria. gansxvavebulia, aseve variantebisa da dubletebis semantikuri statusic. variantebis mokvecil sityvebs prototipis mxolod erTi savaraudo mniSvneloba aqvT da isinic salaparako an slengur mniSvnelobas iZenen. mag: Half a me; you go and make the coff, Con,I shan`t b a jiff- everything with her was abbreviation. mokvecili sityva polisemiuri mniSvneloobis mqone

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sityvis mxolod erT, meorad mniSvnelobas iZens. saerTod, am tipis mokvecili sityvebi ZiriTadad erTmarcvliania. mag: poll < politician gym < gymnasium, vet < veterinaty /veteran. mokvecis dros warmoqmnili axali sityva imave metyvelebis nawils ekuTvnis. Semoklebuli sityvebis ZiriTad masas qmnian arsebiTi saxelebi. Tanamedrove inglisur enaSi zmnebis Semokleba adre metad iSviaTi movlena iyo da msgavsi magaliTebi TiTze CamosaTvleli. r e v sityvidan r e v o l v e da t a b sityvidan t a b u l a t e gamonaklisebad iTvleboda. magram Tanamedrove inglisuri enis sasaubro enaSi sakmaod bevri zmnis Sekveca gvxvdeba, magaliTad: wok < work; gonna < to be going to; gotta < have got to; hadda < had to; gimme < give me; mek < make; tek < take; 'member < remember; oughta < ought to; s'pose < suppose; shuah < sure; shurrup < shut up; gerrup < get up; gerraway < get away; usta < used to; speaka < speak to; talka < talk to; wanta < wanna < want to; wun't < won't. zedsarTavi saxelebi mokvecis dros iZenen slengur, ZiriTadad, saskolo slengis iers. magaliTad: c o m f y < c o m f o r t a b l e , m i z z y < m i s e r a b l e , d i l l y < d e l i g h t f u l , imposs < impossible. aRsaniSnavia nacvalsaxelebis reducirebuli formebiT metyvelebisadmi tendencia Tanamedrove axalgazrdobis metyvelebaSi, rasac sakmaod xSirad vxvdebiT aseve sxvadasxva Janris simRerebSic: ain't < am not / is not / are not / have not / has not; ain'tcha < ain't you; can'tcha < can't you; letcha < let you; don'tcha < don't you; didja < did you; whenja < when did you; toleja < told you; wudja < what do you /what did you; tha' < that; willya < will you; wuddaya < what do you; hellya < hell do you; tellya < tell you; ya / ye < you / your. saskolo-kolejis metyvelebaSi aqtiurad gamoiyeneba aseve Semdegi mokvecili sityvebi: c a f < e t e r i a , h o m e e c s < e c o n o m i c s , l a b , m a t h s , p r e p , p r o f , d o c , t r i g , undergrad, tranny < transmission, seppo< septic; front < confront; moto < motivated. sabavSvo terminologia mkveTrad gansxvavdeba yvela saxis sasaubro stilisagan, radganac patara bavSvebi SeZlebisdagvarad amokleben yvela sityvas da xSir SemTxvevaSi arasworad warmoTqvamen mas. sainteresoa Semdegi magaliTebi: hanky < handkerchief, pinnie < pinafore, nightie < night dress /gown; mayo < magazine; boarder < skateboarder; caj/cas < casual jacket; za < pizza da sxva mravali. ganxilvis Rirsia aseve dabali fenisTvis damaxasiaTebeli reducirebuli sityvebiT saubris yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli formebi: a 'course < of course; awys /orluss < always; coupla < couple of; fella < fellow; fost < first; g'night < good night; t'day < today; c'mon < come on; g'by < good by; heah < here; helluva < hell of a; . how'bout < how about; jes' < just; leggo < let go; lemme < let me; les's see < let us see; mistah < mister; musta < must have; on'y < only; outa < out of; orright < all right; gerron < get on; so's < so as; tomorra < tomorrow: twenny = twenty; thirdy < thirty; wi' < with; yeah /yeap < yes. SavkanianTa, reperTa metyvelebis ganuyofeli nawilia Semdegi saxis saubari: - Who the' dell are yet An' why ye brung me 'ere? < Who the devil are you? And why did you bring me here? an Weel, I tell ye, it wam't much different from ... < Well, I'll tell you. It was not much different from. rac Seexeba metyvelebis dros kiTxviT winadadebebSi damxmare zmnis ugulebelyofasa da mesame piris mxolobiTSi doesnt -is nacvlad dont -is 54

gamoyenebas awmyo droSi, ukve aRar warmoadgens siaxles. mag: (Are) You OK?; (Have) You got time?; (Does) She knows (know) him? rac sruliad arRvevs inglisuri enis gramatikiT dawesebul wesebs winadadebis agebis dros. rogorc aRvniSneT, Semoklebul sityvaTa umravlesoba sasaubro enaSi gamoiyeneba da gamoTqmis Taviseburi stilisturi elferi aqvT. sanam am sityvebis prototipi enis leqsikaSi ixmareba, isini sinonimebad iTvleba, xolo rodesac prototipi gaeTiSeba, Semoklebuli sityva SeiZleba stilisturad neitralur erTeulad gadaiqces, rogorebicaa, magaliTad: cello, cab. aseTi sityvebi slengis sxvadasxva tipebSi SeiZleba gavrceldes. bevr sityvas, rogorc Cans, amokleben originalurobis misaRwevad, zogjer - sxva sityvebis analogiiT. Semoklebul sityvebSi nasesxebic bevria. mokvecili sityva zogjer sapirispiro mniSvnelobasac ki iZens. mag: alliterate miviReT sityvisagan illiterate, TavsarTi a-s Canacvlebis Sedegad sityvam SeiZina TiTqmis sapirispiro mniSvneloba, ironiulic ki: alliterate - adamiani, romelic ar kiTxulobs, illiterate - adamiani, romelic ver kiTxulobs. sityva p r t - frangulidan aris nasesxebi da misi sruli forma aris prt-a-porter - mza tansacmeli. sityva saliteraturo enaSic ki damkvidrda. Garbology saTaves iRebs sityvidan g a r b a g e da aqvs, cota ar iyos, ironiuli mniSvneloba, mecniereba nagavis Sesaxeb. Des res- sruli forma aris Desirable residence da Semoklda droisa da adgilis ekonomiis mizniT. am termins vxvdebiT sareklamo rgolebSi, gancxadebebSi da SemoklebiT Cawerisas sawer qaRalds vzogavT, xolo warmoTqmisas - dros vigebT. imisaTvis, rom bavSvebma kargad daimaxsovron planetebi, zogierT skolaSi maswavleblebi iyeneben sxvadasxva xerxs. sainteresoa Semdegi aratradiciuli saSualeba: My Very Excellent Mother Just Served Us Nine Pizzas: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto, rac abreviaciis kargi nimuSia. ar SegveZlo gverdi agveara Semdegi ganacxadisagan: We're a very time-oriented society. We've got very little time to say what we mean. So when I say "these ads in my zine really annoy me," you know I'm referring to advertisements in a magazine. I've studied math (mathematics), I pay for gas (gasoline), and I ride a bike (bicycle), saidanac sakmaod kargad Cans avtoris mier ironiulad naTqvami, romelic marTalia, Semoklebulia, magram sakmaod advilad gasagebi da misaxvedri CvenTvis. sainteresoa .com < dot com(pany), sadac Tavad wertili cvlis mTlian sityvas. mokvecis es magaliTi 1994 wels iqna warmoebuli da aRniSnavs kompanias, romelic internetis saSualebiT axorcielebs biznes-korespondenciasa da sxva saqmian urTierTobebs. radganac interneti komunikaciis erT-erTi wamyvani saSualeba gaxda, saWiro Seiqna martivi terminis SemuSaveba, romelic am saqmianobis aRweras SeZlebda. es ki Zalze advilad mosayvani magaliTia imisaTvis, Tu rogor SeiZleba ideis ganxorcieleba-realizacia axal sityvaSi. neologizmebi xSirad Sedian enaSi masmediis saSualebiT an e.w. w o r d o f 55

m o u t h - is gziT da gansakuTrebiT, rogorc lingvistebi amtkiceben, Tineijerebis meSveobiT. axalgazrdebi itaceben da iTviseben maTTvis SedarebiT martivad, ucxod warmosaTqmel sityvebs, raSic zemoTmoyvanili magaliTebi gvarwmunebs.

literatura Literature 1. .. - , 1992 2. .. , The English Word, 1986 3. Marchand H.- The Categories and Types of Present-Day English Word Formation, Munchen, 1969 4. Ayto John - The Longman Register of New Words. . , 1990 5. Dickson Paul - The Authoritative Topic-by-topic Dictionary of American Lingoes, 1999 6. Ginzburg R.S., Khidekel S.S., Knyazeva G.Y., Sankin A.A. - A Course in Modern English Lexicology, M. Vishaya Shkola, 1979 7. .. .., 1989 8. .. - .4, 1992 9. Allen W. - A history of Georgian People, 1971 10. www.teachingideas.co.uk/science/orderingplanets.htm

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reziume mokvecili sityvebis sakomunikaciopragmatuli aspeqtebi ekaterine bakaraZe naSromSi ganxilulia mokveca, rogorc Semoklebis erT-erTi tipi, romelic sakmaod aqtualuri da produqtiuli movlenaa inglisuri enis sityvawarmoebis procesSi. gaanalizebulia mokvecili sityvebis warmoebisa da gamoyenebis Taviseburebi.

SUMMARY COMMUNICATIVE-PRAGMATIC ASPECTS OF CLIPPED WORDS EKATERINE BAKARADZE The article deals with the clipping of words as one type of shortening, which is quite active and productive way of the present-day English wordformation process. Characteristics of creation and usage of clipped words are also analyzed.

- , , . .

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 ?
. , - , , . : abbreviation, abecedism, acronym, alphabetic word, anagram, blend, clipping, contraction, curtailment, elliptical word, incomplete compound, initialism, logogram, protogram, shortening, stum-word, trunk-word . . , , , , , . . , , , . (), . , [1.190-191]. - , . , . , , , . , , , , , , , , ( ); , ( ). . . , , , [2.176]. , - [3.103]. . . , , . , , , . , , , , [4.8]. . , 1) , ; 2) ; 3) , , , . , , . , .

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 , . , , , . , : , , . : , , . , , , . `pativi () `qaragma (). , (qaragma) - , (~) , . : q~e (qriste); r~n (romelman); v~a (viTarca) . . , , . , : , , . . : SPOR Senatus Populusque Romanus, . , , . , , , , . , , , . , XV Modus Legendi Abbreviaturas in Utroque Jure. -, , , 40-50- XX . , . , , , , . , . . . 60- 9% , 70- 14%, , . , , . , , , XX , ( . , . , . . ). . , ( ). : @; $; &; ; . . , () . . 59

 , , . , , . . - . , . , . , , battleshipline of battle-ship. : , (GMTA great minds think alike; MFR memorandum for record); (COLA cost of living adjustment, asap as soon as possible); (narc narcotics; ad - advertisement), (sportoons sport + cartoons; infotainment information + entertainment). . , , , . . , , , . , , , , . , - . . . . , 70- , . , , . . . , , .

literatura Literature 1. .. - , 1992 2. .. , The English Word, 1986 3. javaxiSvili iv. - qarTuli enis istoria, 1951 4. G.k. Zipf - Human Behaviour and Principle of the Least Effort, Cambridge, 1949 5. ..- , 1962 6. .. - . - , ., -, 1972

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reziume ra aris Semokleba? ekaterine bakaraZe

naSromSi ganxilulia Semoklebuli sityvebisa da erTeulebis warmoebis ZiriTadi miznebi. ganxilulia maTi warmoebis gzebi da saSualebebi sityvawaroebis procesSi. gaanalizebulia grafikuli da leqsikuri abreviaciis istoriuli da qronologiuri klasifikacia. naSromSi aseve ganxilulia sityvebis Semoklebisa da axali leqsikuri erTeulebis Seqmnis mizezebi.

SUMMARY WHAT IS SHORTENING? EKATERINE BAKARADZE This article is about the main point of formation, development, stages, role and meanings of shortened words and units in the process of their creation. Historical and chronological classification of graphical and lexical abbreviations, reasons of making words shorter and creation the new units is also discussed in the article.

? . , . . .

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62

sirTuleebi sasoflo-sameurneo dargis teqstebis Targmnisas

lolita TabuaSvili saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sasoflo-sameurneo universitetis enebis Semswavleli centris franguli enis maswavlebeli

Targmans didi mniSvneloba eniWeba ara marto rogorc mxatvruli nawarmoebis saxiT, aramed rogorc uamravi axali aRmoCenis Tu mecnieruli naSromis, teqnikuri miRwevebis gacnobiT farTo sazogadoebisaTvis, kerZod ki dainteresebul pirTaTvis. dednis gageba da TargmanSi misi gadmocemis stili gansazRvravs Targmanis xasiaTs da xarisxs. araviTar eWvs ar iwvevs da, ra Tqma unda yoveli Targmani, radganac is TavisTavad Semoqmedebaa, garkveulad atarebs mTargmnelis individualuri interpretaciis kvals, magram es gavlena Tu msoflmxedvelobriv sakiTxebSi igrZnoba, maSin es Targmanis naklze miuTiTebs da ara Rirsebebze. Targmani erT mizans emsaxureba gaacnos mkiTxvels originalis Sinaarsi. yvela saxis TargmanSi Cans mTargmnelis inteleqti, TviT teqnikur TargmanSic. kargi Targmani amdidrebs da alamazebs enas, cudi, piriqiT aRaribebs. kargi Targmani saukuneebs uZlebs, cudi vera. naTargmni literatura gvexmareba ufro axlos gavicnoT sxva qveynis kultura, misi awmyo da warsuli, aRmoCenebi da miRwevebi, miviRoT saWiro informacia da davamyaroT urTierToba sxva qveynis specialistebTan. Tanamedrove msoflioSi Targmani yvela sferoSi arsebobs gansakuTrebiT literaturaSi, xolo mecnierebisa da teqnikis progress Tan sdevs ganviTarebuli dargebis (ekonomika, ekologia, meRvineoba, mebaReoba da sxv.) amsaxveli leqsikiT gamdidreba, rac xels uwyobs axali sagnis, masalis aRmniSvneli axali sityvebiT enis Sevseba. ena, rogorc Zalze saintereso fenomeni iyo da dResac rCeba mravali mecnieris kvlevis sagnad. enisadmi interesi jer kidev Cvens welTaRricxvamde ramdenime saukuniT adre gaCnda. yvela enas gaaCnia sakmaod didi raodenobis sityvaTa maragi, romelic saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi viTrdeboda da misi ganviTareba dResac grZeldeba. swored amitomac didi mniSvneloba eniWeba Targmanis kulturas. teqstis Targmnisas unda iTargmnos yvela sityva da dazustdes maTi mniSvnelobebi sxva sityvebTan mimarTebaSi. yvela sityvis mniSvnelobis dadgena ar niSnavs sityvasityviT Targmans. sityvebis mniSvelobebis dadgena gvexmareba azrobrivad davakavSiroT isini erTmaneTTan da vTargmnoT teqsti. 63

sasoflo-sameurneo dargis terminologiis teqstebi Seicavs garkveuli dargis specifikur informacias, romlebic damuSavebulia stilisturi normebis safuZvelze da gankuTvnilia ama Tu im dargis specialistisTvis. am dargis teqstebis qarTul enaze sworad Targmna SesaZlebelia maSin, Tu viciT Targmnis specifika, Targmnis xerxebi da aseve romeli xerxiT vTargmnoT. Targmnis istoria gvamcnobs, rom wlebis ganmavlobaSi ganixileboda Targmnis sami saxe: sityvasityviTi, Tavisufali da adekvaturi Targmna. mecnierebisa da manqaniT Targmani. Targmnis am saxeebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia rogorc saerTo, ise ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi. saerToa is, rom yvela saxis Targmanze muSaobisas saqme gvaqvs bilingvizmTan, e. i ori enis specifikasTan, saidanac Targmni da romel enazec Targmni. gansxvavebulia maTi mniSvneloba da mizanmimimarTeba. sityvasityviTi Targmna, rogorc amas saxelwodeba gviCvenebs, miznad isaxavs winadadebis yvela sityvis TanmimdevrobiT Targmnas. Targmnis es saxe gamoiyeneba ucxo enis swavlebis sawyis etapze, gansakuTrebiT specialobis mixedviT teqstebis Targmnisas, roca saWiroa calkeuli sityvebisa da martivi winadadebebis Targmna. sasoflo-sameurneo terminologiis teqstebis Targmnisas unda iTargmnos yvela sityva da dazustes maTi mniSvnelobebi sxva sityvebTan mimarTebaSi. yvela sityvis mniSvenelobis dadgena ar niSnavs sityvasityviT Targmnas. sityvebis mniSvnelobebis dadgena gvexmareba azrobrivad davakavSiroT isini erTmaneTTan da ise vTargmnoT teqsti. Tavisufali Targmani gulisxmobs ucnobi teqstis miaxlobiT Targmnas. igi gvexmareba zogadi informaciis miRebaSi. es ki SesaZlebelia maSin, Tu saSualod mainc viciT franguli ena da saTargmni teqstis mTlianad wakiTxvis Semdeg SevZlebT gavigoT, Tu razea laparaki am teqstSi. adekvaturi Targmna niSnavs zustad moiZebnos franguli leqsikuri erTeulebis, gramatikuli formebisa da konstruqciebis zusti Sesatyvisi qarTul enaze. Targmnis es saxe, upirveles yovlisa saSualebas gvaZlevs sworad gadmovceT ucnobi teqstis Sinaarsi da naTargmn teqstSi davicvaT stilisturi normebi. Targmanis aRniSnuli saxeebidan Cven upiratesobas vaniWebT adekvatur Targmnas, radganac Targmnis es saxe, rogorc ukve avRniSneT, saSualebas gvaZlevs sworad moiZebnos franguli leqsikuri Sesatyvisi qarTu;l enaze, sworad gadmovceT ucnobi teqstis Sinaarsi da naTragmn teqstSi davicvaT stilisturi normebi. teqnikis ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnul saxeebs kidev daemata ori saxe: sinqronuli da

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franguli specialobis mixedviT teqstebis Targmanisas unda gvaxsovdes, rom es teqsti informaciis wyaroa. informacia gadmocemulia leqsikuri erTeulebiT da misgan Sedgenili, azrobrivad dakavSirebuli winadadebebisagan. franguli enisTvis damaxasiTebelia sityvebis myari wyoba winadadebaSi:; qvemdebare, Semasmeneli, meorexarisxovani wevrebi. am principiT agebuli winadadebebi gvxvdeba sasoflo-sameurneo dargis samecniero naSromebSi. es wyoba mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT teqstze muSaobis dros da winadadebis Targmna qvemdebaridan daviwyoT. Targmanis Sesruleba SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva xerxiT. davuSvaT, Targmnis procesSi winadadebis romelime sityvis mniSvneloba an gramatikuli konstruqcia sworad ver vTargmneT am sityvas avRniSnavT, calke amovwerT da veZebT mis mniSvnelobas leqsikonSi. moZebnil sityvas CavsvamT Tavis adgilas da vTargmniT mTel winadadebas. igive principiT vmuSaobT momdevno winadadebazec. teqstis garkveuli monakveTis an erTi abzacis Targmnis Semdeg, rodesac yvela winadadebis azri gasagebi gaxdeba, viwyebT naTargmnis stilisturad gasworebas. Tu naTargmni teqstis azri gaugebari iqneba, maSin xelaxla veZebT im sityvis mniSvnelobas, romelic aferxebs Targmans da kvlav vasworebT teqsts. ganvixiloT aseTi winadadeba, mag. Les plantes les plus menaces sont naturellement celles dont on rcolte la racine, le bulbe ou les rhizomes, les espces dont les parties utiles correspondent la tige sont moins menaces. am teqstis Targmnisas amovwerT sasoflo sameurneo terminologias; esenia: la plante, la racine, le bulbe, le rhizome, lespce, la tige. xolo Semdeg SevecdebiT Targmnas yvelaze ufro didi safrTxe emuqrebaT mcenareebs, romelTa fesvs, bolqvs da fesvurebs iReben, xolo is jiSebi romelTa aucilebeli organoebi RerosTanaa dakavSirebuli nakleb safrTxis qveS imyofebian. analogiurad vTargmniT momdevno winadadebebsac da Semdeg vasworebT mTlian teqsts. ucnobi sityvis amoweras vaxdenT teqstis wakiTxvis procesSi. Semdeg vubrundebiT teqsts da amowerili sityvebis daxmarebiT vTargmniT. magram unda gvaxsovdes, rom am xerxiT Targmna mizanSewonilia, Tu mTargmnelma kargad icis ucxo ena. Les insectes sont nuisibles aux plantes tous les stades de leur dveloppement. Ils dvorent les feuilles, les bourgeons et parfois les racines. mwerebi mcenareebs azianeben ganviTarebis yvela stadiaze. isini Wamen foTlebs, ylortebs da zogjer fesvebsac. saTargmni teqsti SeiZleba ramdenjerme wavikiTxoT, amoviweroT ucnobi sityvebi da vTargmnoT. Il est indiscutable que chaque espce disparat reprsente une perte difficile valuer matriellement. udavoa rom TiToeuli gauCinarebeli jiSi mZime danakargs warmoadgens materialuri Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare. rogorc ukve avRniSneT dasaxelebuli sami xerxidan mizanSewonilad migvaCnia pirveli teqstis adekvaturi Targmani, radgan am xerxxiT Targmnisas saqme gvaqvs winadadebebis Tanmimdevrul TargmanTan, rac aadvilebs mTliani teqstis Sinaarsis 65

gagebas. amasTan advilad zustdeba teqstSi gamoyenebuli sityvebisa da terminologiis mniSvnelobebic. SemoTavazebuli xerxiT Targmna Zneldeba maSin Tu specialisti sityvebs ar eZebs dargobriv leqsikonSi da maSinac, roca is garkveuli ar aris leqsikis da gramatikis formebisa da konstruqciebis Targmnis zogierT sakiTxSi. amis dasturad mogvyavs ramdenime damoukideblad aRebuli polisemiuri sityva. mag. : 1. pied m. 1. TaTi (cxovelisa); 2. fexi (dgamisa); 3. Rero, yunwi (mcenarisa) 2. pivot m. 3. vigne f. 4. produit m. 1. menji, lilvaki; WanWiki, Rero, TiTistari; 1. venaxi, zvari; 2. yurZeni, vazi; 1. nawarmi, produqti, saqoneli; 2. Semosavali, mogeba; 3. namati, naSeni. 5. verdeur f. 1. tenianoba, sinedle (xisa, SeSisa); 2. umwifroba, moumwifebloba (nayofisa); 3. simagre (Rvinisa) ... droebiT SevCerdeT dargobriv terminologiis warmoSobasTan. termini aris sityva an sityvaTSexameba, romelic zustad gadmoscems mecnierebis, teqnikis, xelovnebis an sxva romelime dargis garkveul cnebas. XVII saukunis bolomde safrangeTSi uaryofili iyo franguli terminologiis gamoyeneba. frangi mecnierebi ugulebelyofdnen axali franguli terminebis SemoRebas, saWiro sityvas xSirad mTeli winadadebiT cvlidnen an terminis axsna-ganmartebas iyenebdnen. franguli samecniero terminologia, iqmneboda laTinur enasTan brZolis procesSi, mecnierebis dargebidan laTinuri enis gandevnisa. terminebis ukmarisobis gamo mTargmnelebi neologizmebs iyenebdnen. es neologizmebi damkvidrda enaSi da farTo gavrceleba hpova sxva mecnierTa naSromebSi. rogoricaa: bio, biotechnicien,-ne, biosurveillance f. caviste, technologiste adj. business-plan m. coconception f. emission f. etc. termini Tavis funqcias da mniSvnelobas teqstis gareSec inarCunebs. enaSi axali terminis Seqmna cxovrebis moTxovniT aris gamowveuli. termini iqmneba maSin, roca saWiroa moispos terminis mravalmniSvneloba, anda Seicvalos aradamakmayofilebeli Zveli termini da maSinac roca, romelime cnebis axsnisaTvis saerTod ar aris Sesaferi termini. 66 2. bot. ZiriTadi fesvi

terminebis sakiTxebze muSaoben samecniero-kvleviTi institutebi, gamodis dargobrivi leqsikonebi, xdeba terminebis standartizacia. miuxedavad amisa, gverds ver avuvliT im faqts, rom terminebi xSirad neologizmebia, leqsikonebSi fiqsirebuli ar arian da Zneldeba maTi Targmna, Tu mTargmnelma ar icis aseTi sityvebis Targmnis wesi. neologizmi berZnuli warmoSobisaa da niSnavs axal sityvas, axal termins, axal cnebas (neos - axali, logos - sityva). neologizmi SeimCneva yvelgan: salaparako enaSi, mxatvrul da dargobriv literaturaSi. neologizmebis enaSi damkvidrebas ganapirobebs istoriuli movlenebi, mecnierul-teqnikuri progresi, qveynebs Soris arsebuli socialur -kulturuli urTierToba da sxv. XVIII saukunis didma samecniero-teqnikurma aRmoCenebma xeli Seuwyo frangul enaSi dargobrivi terminebis Setanas. am periodSi Semosuli bevri termini dResac igive mniSvnelobiT ixmareba. neologizmis Targmna Tavisebur siZneles warmoadgens. neologizmis mniSvneloba dgindeba teqstSi da misi TargmnisTvis saWiroa mawarmoebeli gzebis codna. neologizmebi formirdeba lingvisturi kanonebis safuZvelze da amdidrebs enis leqsikur fonds. qvemoT Cven ganvixilavT warmoebuli sityvebis Targmnis specifikas, vinaidan warmoebuli sityvebi teqstSi xSirad gamoyenebulia, rogorc neologizmi da maTi TargmnisTvis saWiroa mawarmeobeli gzebis codna. warmoebuli sityvebis TargmnisTvis saWiroa mawarmoebeli gzebis codna. esenia: prefiqsacia, sufiqsacia da sxv. sityva, romelsac daerTvis prefiqsi da sufiqsi azrobrivad axal Sinaars iZens da mas warmoebuli sityva ewodeba. mag.: impntrable adj. - pntrable adj.SeuRwevadi - SeRwevadi imaturit f. -maturit f. moumwifebloba - mwife infiltration f.- filtration f. infiltracia, filtracia infertilit f. -fertilit f. unayofoba, nayofiereba incultivable adj.-cultivable adj.dasamuSaveblad gamousadegari, dasamuSavebeli inorganique adj. organique adj. araorganuli, organuli re prefiqsi ganmeorebiTi moqmedebis maCvenebelia. replanter vt.- planter vt. xelaxla gadargva, gadargva reproduction f.- production f. reproduqcia, rpoduqcia rgnration f.- gnration f. xelaxali aRdgena, aRdgena rensemencer vt.- ensemencer vt.xelaxali daTesva, daTesva recrotre vi.- crotre vi. xelaxali gazrda, gazrda da a. S 67

sufiqsi sityvis bolos daerTvis da axal sityvas awarmoebs. mag. sufiqsi zedsarTav saxels awarmoebs. cultiver vt. - cultivable adj.damuSavaba, dasamuSaveblad vargisi labourer vt.-labourable adj.xvna, Tesva da saxnavi pturer vi.-pturable adj. Zovna, saZovrad, sabalaxod vargisi transplanter vt. -transplantable adj. gadargva, gadasargavad vargisi irriguer vt.-irrigable adj.morwyva, sarwyavi da a.S. sasoflo-sameurneo terminebis Targmnisas vxvdebiT iseT rTul sityvebs, rodesac defisi asrulebs makavSirebel rols da saTargmneli gvaqvs ori an meti sityva: mag. plate-bande kvali porte-greffe m. entom. saZire porte-foret m. saxvretela, dreli taupe-grillon m. zool. maxra, bostana vegeto-animal m. mcenareul cxoveluri windebulebiT warmoebuli rTuli sityvebi gramatikuli TvalsazrisiT Tavisufal sityva SeTanxmebaTa jgufs ganekuTvneba. magram maT Suris mWidro semantikuri kavSiri arsebobs. mag. oiseau de proie mtacebeli frinveli pied -de-semoir saTeselas saxnisi brin de paille Calis Rero bromure de potasse kaliumis bromidi fraise de bois tyis marwyvi Targmnis procesSi sityvis swori ekvivalentis moZebna Zneldeba maSin, Tu ucnob sityvas dargobriv leqsikonSi ar veZebT. amgvarad, imisTvis rom uzrunvelyoT srulyofili Targmani, mTargmnelisTvis aucilebelia ZedmiwevniT icodes is sagani saidanac igi Targmnas apirebs da kidev, enis srulyofili Targmna sulac ar niSnavs, rom mTargmnels SeuZlia yvela specialobis teqstis, Cvens SemTxvevaSi sasoflo-sameurneo teqstebis srulyofilad Targmna.

literatura Literature 68

1. Jean -Rene Ladmiral traduire : thorme pour la traduction .

2. Georges Mounin Les belles infidles 3. La langue franaise par Ada Giusti, dition Flammarion 1997 4. Prcis dhistoire de la langue franaise par V. Chigarevskaa , dition 1984 5. La terminologie thorie, mthode et application par Marie Teresa Cabre, dition 1998 6. . . , , 1970.

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reziume sirTuleebi sasoflo-sameurneo dargis teqstebis Targmnisas lolita TabuaSvili naSromSi ganxilulia mxatvruli, teqnikuri, sasoflo sameurneo da a.S. mniSvneloba. Targmnis

rogorc avRniSneT kargi Targmani amdidrebs da alamazebs enas, cudi,

piriqiT aRaribebs. kargi Targmani saukuneebs uZlebs, cudi vera. naTargmni literatura gvexmareba ufro axlos gavicnoT sxva qveynis kultura, misi awmyo da warsuli, aRmoCenebi da miRwevebi, miviRoT saWiro informacia statiaSi ganxvixilavT Targmnis sam saxes: sityvasityviTs, Tavisufals da adekvaturs.

SUMMARY SOME DIFFICULTIES IN THE TRANSLATION OF AGRICULTURAL TEXTS LOLITA TABUASHVILI The paper deals with the importance of belletristic, technical, agricultural and other types of translations. It is noteworthy that a good translation makes the language richer and more beautiful, while the bad one makes it poorer. A good translation exists for centuries. It helps us to look deeply into other countrys culture, its present and past, to learn about its discoveries and achievements as well as to receive the necessary information. The paper analyzes three types of translation: word of word, free and adequate. , , . , , , . , . , , , . , .

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qristianuli da antikuri musikis anTropologiisTvis

mRvdeli levan maTeSvili iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis humanitaruli fakultetis doqtoranti, saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis Teologiis saswavlo-samecniero centris maswavlebeli

musikis orientiri aris RvTis Semecneba, an sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, arsebobs musikis gziT RvTis Secnobis potenciuri SesaZlebloba. es SesaZleblobebi konkretulad mJRavndeboda Zveli saberZneTis musikalur-Teoriul da musikalur-filosofiur sistemebSi. am sistemaTa Seqmna mxolod ZvelberZnuli kulturis damsaxureba ar aris, romlis fesvebi ufro Rrmad, uZveles droSi midis, xolo fundamentad Zveli aRmosavluri civilizaciis musikaluri praqtika da musikaluri Sexedulebebi gvevlineba. berZenma filosofosebma ki am fundamentze aRmarTes uzarmazari Senoba musikis Sesaxeb antikuri xanis swavlebisa, romelic aerTianebs uZvelesi msoflios musikaluri azrovnebis yovelgvar miRwevas. piTagorelTa swavlebis mixedviT, kosmiur ierarqiaSi Musica mundana-s (samyaros musika) mosdevs Musica humana. harmonia anu aris kacobriobis sijansaRe, musika, sneuleba radgan ki adamianuri arsebobisaTvisac damaxasiaTebelia harmonia, romelic urTierTsapirispiro sasicocxlo ZalTa wonasworobas asaxavs. disharmoniaa, keTilxmovanebis (konsonanturobis) dakargva. aqedan momdinareobs musikis uprecedento mniSvneloba adamianis sicocxlisaTvis piTagoras swavlebaSi. iamblixi gvamcnobs: `piTagoram daawesa aRzrda musikis saSulaebiT, saidanac xdeba adamianuri zneCveulebebis (xasiaTis) da vnebebis mkurnaloba da sulier unarTa harmoniis aRdgena. (14, 128-129). amgvarad, musikis mesame saxeoba _ instrumentuli musika, an Musica instrumentalis, aris mxolod saxeba da msgavseba umaRlesi musikisa. Musica mundana. da Tumca RvTiuri siwminde ricxvisa ver hpovebs srul gansxeulebas miwier smenad musikaSi, mainc instrumentis xmas SeuZlia harmoniul mdgomareobaSi moiyvanos suli, romelic Tavis mxriv, mzadaa aiTvisos zeciuri harmonia, vinaidan msgavsi zemoqmedebs msgavsze da msgavsiTve SeiZleba iyos zemoqmedebuli. adamianis sulze musikis amgvari zegavlenis aRiarebidan gamomdinareobs daskvna, rom struqturulad gansxvavebuli melodiebi sxvadasxva eTikur zegavlenas axdenen cnobierebaze. am viTarebam, romelic warmoadgens musikis ganviTarebis Semdgom istoriul etaps, miiRo saxelwodeba eTosis Sesaxeb swavlebisa. pirvelad am swavlebis Sesaxeb berZnebma Seityves aTeneli damonisagan, romelic gaxldaT periklesa da

71

sokrates musikis maswavlebeli. sruli ganviTareba da sistemuroba musikis Sesaxeb swavlebam platonis qmnilebebSi hpova. gansxvavebuli musikaluri struqturebi sxvadasxva zegavlenas axdenen adamianis sulze, amitom, bunebrivia, rom am struqturebs Soris aRmoCndes metad Sesaferisi, naklebad Sesaferisi an sulac Seuferebeli aRzrdisaTvis. musikalur struqturaTa sargebelisa da zianis garCeva Tu Secnoba warmoadgens eTosis Sesaxeb swavlebis arss. kiloTagan berZnebSi ufro amaRlebulad, mamacurad da zneobrivad srulyofilad iTvleboda doriuli kilo. aRsaniSnavia klimenti aleqsandrielis mowmoba, romelic gvamcnobs, rom `ebraelebSi batonobs doriuli kilo~. frigiul kilos berZnebi Tvlidnen aRmgznebad da omisTvis gamosadegad, lidiurs _ qalaqur, momadunebel da Sesasustebelad da amitomac Tavisufali adamianis aRzrdisaTvis gamousadegarad. Sesabamisad, yvela sxva kiloTagan TiTeuls miewereboda mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli eTikuri Sinaarsi da zemoqmedeba. eTikur Sefasebas eqvemdebareboda ara mxolod kiloebi da ritmebi, aramed instrumentebic. roca piTagora xmarobda liras, `fleitas Tvlida raRac TavaSvebul, medidur da Tavisufali adamianisaTvis arasakadrisi JReradobis mqoned~. platoni zneobis ganmryvnel instrumentad Tvlida avloss. saerTod ki platoni, awarmoebda ra swavlebas eTosis Sesaxeb ufro Tanmimdevrulad da mkacrad, dasaSvebad miiCnevda, Tavis idealur saxelmwifoSi, mxolod ori kilos xmareba: doriulisa _ mSvidobianobisas, frigiulis _ omianobis dros. aqedan gamomdinareobs daskvna cocxal musikalur praqtikaze mkacri sulieri kontrolis aucileblobis Sesaxeb (9, 79-420). antikuri samyaros cocxalma musikalurma praqtikam ver SeZlo am sulier moTxovnilebaTa simaRleze SeCerebuliyo. siamovnebisa da mZafri gancdebis wyurvili ufro Zlieri aRmoCnda sulier srulyofilebisaken swrafvaze da gaarRvia ra yovelgvari kanonikuri sazRvari, musikaluri xelovneba gadavida Tavisi arsebobis Semdgom stadiaSi _ esTetikur stadiaSi. amieridan musikis miznad iqca ara umaRles harmoniasTan Serwyma, ara mamaci moqalaqis aRzrda, aramed raRac gansakuTrebuli siamovnebis gancda, romelic esTeTikur siamovnebad iwodeboda. aristoteles sityvebiT musika aris `Cveni Tavisufali drois Sevseba~ da is emsaxureba `Tavisuflad Sobili adamianebis inteleqtualur garTobas~ (. . VII 5). qristianuli galobis Camoyalibebis procesi urTulesi istoriuli procesia, romlis arsis mdgomareoba sxvadasxva elinur, iudevelTa, siriul, koptur, qarTul da sxvaTa erovnulmelodiuri sawyisebis gaerTianebaSia, aseve mTeli am sxvadasxvagvari miwieri galobis zeciuri galobis erTian da WeSmarit saxed gardaqmnaa. `axal bgeriT sferoSi erTbaSad gavrcelda, da rogorc fluidma aavso teqstebi koloraturuli arabeskebiT, damrigebluri da strofikuli melodiebiT, romlebic gamoiyvnen pnevmoniuri melosidan. amgvarad musika 72

gadaiqca sulis simbolod, romelic moefina mxolod morwmuneebs da gaanaTla yoveli maTgani, amasTan misi arsis erTianoba amiT ar darRveula~, _ wers XX s-is I naxevris cnobili mkvlevari saeklesio galobisa _ henrix besseleri (4, 95). am zeciuri galobis danawevreba ukve ar efuZneba sacekvao, antikuri musikis sxeulis raodenobriv ritmikas, aramed warmoadgens axali tipis Tavisufal ritmul wyobas. am sistemis arsebobis istoria SeiZleba daiyos or periodad: pirveli _ mociqulebidan wminda konstantine didis moRvaweobamde, meore _ wminda konstantine didis epoqidan RmerTSemosil ioane damaskelisa da VII saeklesio krebamde. pirveli periodi didad gansxvavdeba TviTon araerTgvarovani melodiuri tradiciebisagan da calkeuli eklesiebis mier maTi praqtikaSi sakmaod Tavisufali gamoyenebisagan. pirvel saukuneebSi qristianuli RvTismsaxureba mWidro kavSirSi iyo Zveli aRTqmis RvTismsaxurebasTan, romelic ierusalimis taZarSi sruldeboda. mociqulebi da pirveli qristianebi, erTis mxriv, mudam taZarSi iyvnen, `adidebdnen da akurTxebdnen ufals~, meores mxriv ki, sakuTriv qristianul Sekrebebs saxlebSi awyobdnen. am Sekrebebs rom galoba axldaT, mowmobs rogorc wminda mociqul iakobis eipistole, ise wminda mociqul pavles sityvebi, sadac igi gvirCevs `fsalmunebiT, sasuliero simRerebiT, guliT vugalobdiT RmerTs~ (iakobi 5: 13; efeselTa 5:19). amgvarad, ierusalimis taZris sagalobo praqtika ori komponentisagan Sedegeboda: Zveli aRTqmis saeklesio galobisa da xalxuri, anu TviT qristianul Sekrebebze Sesrulebuli galobisagan. swored am meore komponentma iwyo aqtiuri ganviTareba axlad Camoyalibebuli qristianuli taZrebis praqtikaSi. imis Sesaxeb, rom am Sekrebebze galobas hqonda Tavisi gansakuTrebuli damoukidebeli xasiaTi, mowmobs filon aleqsandrieli, Zv. w. I da ax. w. I ss. iudeveli mwerali, romelic pirveli qristianebis Sesaxeb gvamcnobs Semdegs: `isini mxolod Wvretas ki ar swavloben, aramed adgenen sagaloblebsa da himnebs RvTis sadideblad, sxvadasxva zomiTa da hangiT, romelTac maSinve Sesaferis ritms Seuwyoben~ (13, 52). amgvari sagaloblebisa da himnebis Sedgena da maTi Sesruleba atarebda Tavisufal da, SesaZlebelia iTqvas, improvizebul xasiaTsac ki. `xelebis dabanviTa da lamprebis anTebiT, _ wers tertuliane, _ TiToeuls gamoixmobda SuagulSi, raTa Seesrulebina RvTissadidebeli galoba sakuTarai SesaZleblobebidan gamomdinare wminda werilis an sakuTari gonebis karnaxiT~ (. . 4,3). aq jer kidev ar arsebobs arc specialuri werilebi RvTismsaxurebis galobisa, arc specialurad gawvrTnili da momzadebuli mgaloblebi, xolo radgan pirveli qristianebi ZiriTadad dabali socialuri fenidan iyvnen, maTi simRerac advilad gasagebi unda yofiliyo. filon aleqsandrieli am galobas aseTnairad aRwers: `fsalmuni iwyeba erTi zomieri da keTilxmovani galobiT, danarCenebi ki Cumad ugdeben yurs da mxolod bolo taepSi uerTeben TavianT xmebs~ 73

(13, 53). am aRwerilobaSi advilad icnoba galobis ipofoniuri principi, romlis arsic mdgomareobs imaSi, rom mgaloblebi xmas uwyoben erT yvelaze gamocdil mgalobels, imeoreben ra mTel melodiur strofs, an mxolod mis daboloebas, an kidev erT romelime frazas (magaliTad: `aliluia~, `rameTu ukunisamde ars wyaloba misi~ da a.S.) Tanamedrove RvTismsaxurebis praqtikaSi ipofoniuri galobis kvali SeiniSneba misamRerebis Sesrulebisas `rameTu CvenTan ars RmerTi~ qristeSobis dResaswaulze da `dideba maRalianze~ didi SabaTis msaxurebaze da aRdgomis dResaswaulze `qriste aRsdga~-s troparis gameorebac SeiZleba CaiTvalos ipofoniuri galobis magaliTebad. ipofoniur galobasTan erTad adreuli qristianuli eklesia farTod iyenebda antifonur galobasac, romelsac aseve Rrmad gaedga fesvebi Zveli aRTqmiseul galobis tradiciaSi. plinius umcrosis werilSi traianes mimarT naTqvamia, rom `zogierT dReebSi qristianebi ikribebian mzis amosvlamde da monacvleobiT (e. i. antifonurad) uZRvnian RmerTs saxotbo himnebs~ ( . X, 97). es werili, romelic Seqmnilia 111-112 ww., drois mixedviT emTxveva wminda mamis egnate RmerTSemosilis (49-107 ww.) cxovrebasa da moRvaweobis Jams da iribad adasturebs istorikos sokrates cnobas imis Sesaxeb, rom swored am mociqulma SemoiRo antifonuri galoba antioqiis eklesiaSi da aqedan, rogorc ZiriTadi wyarodan, igi gavrcelda mTels qristianul eklesiaSi (11, 102). magram, es cnoba adasturebs mxolod im faqts, rom wmida mama egnate RmerTSemosilis (ax. w. 75 w.) antioqiis episkoposobamde antifonuri galoba, ukve kargad cnobilia qristianebisaTvis, ar ixmareboda mxolod imis Sedegad rom, qristianuli RvTismaxureba sruldeboda didi saidumloTi, dafarulad da SesaZloa mokrZalebiT, maSin rodesac antifonuri galoba moiTxovs garkveul zeimurobas da amaRlebul ganwyobilebas. ipofonuri da antifonuri principebis garda Zveli qristianuli eklesia icnobda aseve simfoniur (anu SewyobiT) principis galobas. swored ase ganisazRvra wminda mociqulebis mier samgzis egalobaT uflis locva `mamao Cveno~ da iqneb swored es principi asxams yvelaze metad xorcs mTeli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis galobis miswrafebas, gamoxatuls sityvebiT: `erTiTa piriTa da erTiTa guliTa~ (2, 65). Zveli qristianuli galobis samive principi _ ipofoniuri, antifoniuri da simfoniuri, rogorc yvelaze metad keTilxmovani, axlac JRers marTlmadideblur eklesiaSi brwyinvale SvideulSi saeklesio tipikonis mixedviT. es warmoadgens dasturs imisa, rom is, rac Rirebulia ar SeiZleba iqnes amoRebuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis gamocdilebidan da rom yvelaferi sulieri mniSvnelobis mqone samudamod rCeba mis mexsierebaSi. adreqristianuli RvTismsaxurebis praqtika galobis principebis garda ganasxvavebda sagalobelTa calkeul tipebsac. wminda grigoli noseli wers: `fsalmuni aris melodia, romelic musikalur instruments moiTxovs; galoba aris adamianis bageebidan momdinare hangi, 74

romlis drosac JRers danawevrebuli sityvebi. himni aris RvTis kurTxeva CvenTvis boZebuli keTildReobisaTvis~ (6, 111). am sityvebSi ara mxolod galobis raRac klasifikaciaa mocemuli, aramed ikveTeba ierarqiac, romelic ufro mkafiod yalibdeba wm. ioane oqropiris mier: `fsalmunebSi Tavmoyrilia yvelaferi adamianuri, himnebSi ki araferia adamianiseuli. amitomac Tavidan bavSvs aswavle fsalmuneba, xolo amis Semdeg ki igalobos himnebi, radgan es ukanaskneli ufro RvTaebrivia. zeciuri Zalebi himnebs galoben da ara fsalmunebs~ (7, 112). es sityvebi mowmobs swrafvas kargad ganviTarebuli da mofiqrebuli RvTismsaxurebis struqturebis Seqmnisaken, romelsac Tan axlavs mkacrad gansazRvruli melodia, magram am miswrafebis realizeba ver iqneboda miRweuli mocemul istoriul etapze, romelzec safuZveli mxolod ZiriTad melodiur sistemebs eyreboda. Secdoma iqneboda, rom axalaRTqmiseuli galoba gagvego, rogorc meqanikuri Sekrebis, sxvadasxva principebisa da galobis saxeebis gaerTianebis procesi, rogorc ukve arsebuli tradiciebis ubralo eqspluatacia, radgan galobis Camoyalibeba, upirveles yovlisa, warmoadgenda mkacr gadarCevas da ganxilvas melodiuri saSualebebisa, romelic xorcieldeboda maTi axali qristianuli cxovrebis poziciis maRal sulier esTetikur bunebasTan gulmodgine ganxilvis safuZvelze. `gulisamaCuyebeli hangebi da mtirala ritmebi _ es kariuli musikis muzis cbieri xrikebi _ ryvnian zneobas, SeumCnevlad TavianTi veraguli xelovnebiT, CaiTreven ra suls kosmosis TareSsa da parpaSSi (saxalxo seirnoba [qeifi] simReriT)~ (. . 5,3) _ wers klimenti aleqsandrieli, erTerTi pirveli moZRvari eklesiisa, romelmac daiwyo dawvrilebiT galobisa da cxovrebis urTierTzemoqmedebis sakiTxis ganxilva. swored misgan iRebs saTaves wminda mamaTa swavleba saRvTismsaxuro galobis Sesaxeb, romelic SemdegSi mdgomareobs: swori galoba marTali cxovrebis Sedegia, xolo marTali cxovreba swori galobis winapirobaa. amgvarad, iqmneba viTareba, romlis mixedviTac marTali cxovreba ukve aris galoba. wminda mama grigol noseli amgvarad xsnis am mosazrebas: `ufali gibrZanebs, rom Seni cxovreba iyos fsalmuni, romelic Sedgenili iqneboda ara miwieri bgerebisagan (bgerebad nagulisxmebia azrebi), aramed maRliT, zeciuri simaRlidan miiRebda Tavis wminda da mkafio JReradobas. am fsalmunis igavuri arsis msmenelebi arian isini, visac Sen aZlev Rirseulad cxovrebis magaliTs~ (6, 112). galobis amgvari gageba warmoSobs swavlebas adamianze, rogorc suli wmindis mier gamarTul instrumentze. `maS viqceT fleitad, viqceT kifarad suli wmindisa, Cvenc movamzadoT Tavi misTvis rogorc awyoben musikalur instrumentebs. dae Seexos igi Cvens sulebs pleqtorad~ _ wers wminda ioane oqropiri (7, 115). adamianis sxeulis sxvadasxva nawilebi, Rawvebi, ena da xorxi hgvanan simebs, romelTac plektoris saSualebiT awyoben. tuCebi iseve moZraoben, rogorc TiTebi fleitaze wers grigoli noseli 75

(5, 112). am musikalur anTropologias aviTarebs wminda mRvdelmTavari basili didi. misi mtkicebiT: fsalterioni (RmerTisadmi aRsavleni himnebis asaJRerebeli instrumenti) sxeulis wyobaa, xolo TviT fsalmuni aris gonebas daqvemdebarebuli sxeulis moZraoba (5, 389391). yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan SesaZlebelia praqtikuli daskvnis gakeTeba: musika sxva araferia, Tu ara ufro maRali cxovrebis stilisaken swrafva. misi mizania mouwodos keTilismyofelT ar dauSvan TavianT qmedebebSi aramusikaluri qmedebebi, rac arRvevs JReradobas da afrTxilebs ar dauSvan simebis zedmetad daWimva, raTa aman ar gamoiwvios simebis gawyveta. ar aris saWiro simebis zedmetad moSvebac, vinaidan is dakargavs sasurvel JReradobas msgavsad sulisa, romelic zedmeti modunebisagan yruvdeba. saerTod, musikis wesebis mixedviT, simebi xan daWimul mdgomareobaSia da xanac piriqiT. am faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT aucilebelia gvaxsovdes, rom SevinarCunoT Cveni cxovrebis melodia da swori ritmi da Tavidan aviciloT rogorc zedmeti daWimuloba, agreTve zedmeti moduneba (6, 112-113). grigoli noselis am sityvebs mTavari adgili uWiravs musikaluri anTropologiis religur interpretaciaSi, vinaidan, isini aRweren antikuri eTosis Sesaxeb swavlebidan gardasaxvis, ganwmendisa da ganviTarebis process da imavdroulad warmoaCenen galobis axal, qristianul safuZvlebs. amrigad, Tavisi istoriuli ganviTarebis pirveli periodis bolosaTvis qristianuli eklesiis saRvTismsaxuro galoba ukve mravalmxriv movlenas warmoadgenda da moicavda, upirveles yovlisa, sxvadasxva principebis mqone galobis diferencirebul praqtikasa da galobis sxvadasxva tipebs; agreTve masSi ukve SeiniSneboda am principebis mmarTveli sistemis Canasaxebi rac axdenda maT erT struqturasa da saeklesio wesdebaSi moqcevas; da bolos, saRvTismsaxuro galobis koncefcia, romelic adamians suliwmindis instrumentad moiazrebda, aqedan momdinareobda musikaluri anTropologia. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom galobis mTeli sirTule da mravalmxrivoba jer kidev erTgvarad ganuviTarebel, potenciur mdgomareobaSi iyo, vinaidan permanentuli devna da qristianTa katakomburi, naxevradukanono mdgomareoba aferxebda misi sruli ganviTarebis saSualebas. Tumca am movlenis erTgvari gauxsneloba ar gvaZlevs uflebas uarvyoT misi arseboba. vinaidan, rogorc TeslSi, sadac mcenaris mTeli formaa Cadebuli, aseve am gauxsnel mdgomareobaSi iyo Cadebuli pirveli sami saukunis qristianuli galobis didebuli fesvebi. saWiro iyo mxolod saTanado pirobebi zrdis dasaCqareblad da swored konkretulma istoriulma movlenebma ganapiroba saRvTismsaxuro galobis pirveli dafaruli periodis dasasruli da meore mSvidobiani ganviTarebis periodis dasawyisi.

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literatura Literature axali aRTqma, stoqholmis gamocema 1989. . Constitutiones Apostolorum. /. Funk F. //2 . . . Paderborn. 1905. . . VII 5, 1340 b 5. : . , 1999. . , , 1931. . . / . Pruche B. / / SC 17 (1947). . .: //. , 1993. . . 2 / /PG 44.999-1108. . . 1999. . . . / /PG 50.571-578. . .: . 1993. . . : - . . 2002. . .. . .. / / . . : , 1994. . 3. . . epistulae. : . 1984. . / / PG 67.29-872. . .: : , 1996. . : , , , , , , , , , . : . 1994. . . De vita contemplative / . . . : . 1994. . . 10 . . 1 . . 1993. reziume qristianuli da antikuri musikis anTropologiisTvis mRvdeli levan maTeSvili RvTis Semecnebis potenciuri SesaZleblobebi musikisa, dakavSirebuli mistikur harmoniul kaTarzissa da eTosis Sesaxeb swavlebasTan, realizebuli iqnen axal aRTqmiseul RvTismsaxurebis galobaSi da gardaqmnili saxiT mis Semadgenel nawilad iqcnen. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom galobis mTeli sirTule da mravalmxrivoba jer kidev erTgvarad ganuviTarebel, potenciur mdgomareobaSi iyo, vinaidan permanentuli devna da qristianTa katakomburi, naxevradukanono mdgomareoba aferxebda misi sruli ganviTarebis saSualebas. Tumca am movlenis erTgvari gauxsneloba ar gvaZlevs uflebas uarvyoT misi arseboba. vinaidan, rogorc TeslSi, sadac mcenaris mTeli formaa Cadebuli, aseve am 77

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

gauxsnel mdgomareobaSi iyo Cadebuli pirveli sami saukunis qristianuli galobis didebuli fesvebi. saWiro iyo mxolod saTanado pirobebi zrdis dasaCqareblad da swored konkretulma istoriulma movlenebma ganapiroba saRvTismsaxuro galobis pirveli dafaruli periodis dasasruli da meore mSvidobiani ganviTarebis periodis dasawyisi.

SUMMARY ON CHRISTIAN ANTHROPOLOGY AND ANTIQUE MUSIC PRIEST LEVAN MATESHVILI Potential possibilities of music in knowledge of God connected with mystical harmonious catharzis and the doctrine about ethos, have been realized in the chant of the New Testament Divine service and became its component in a changed way (with some changes). It is necessary to notice that all the complexity of chant was not developed yet, on account of conditions of permanent persecution of Christians and their catacomb, not legal position and that an obstacle for its full development. However not opened condition of this phenomena does not give us the ground to believe that it was not. As in a seed in which all form of a plant is hidden so great roots of Christian chant of the first three centuries were hidden in this "not opened" condition. It needed some particular conditions for its development. And when the time came for such conditions it lead to an and of the first hidden period of Christian chant and to the beginning of the second, peaceful period of its development.

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antikuri mxatvrobis integracia pirvel qristianul garemoSi

mRvdeli levan maTeSvili iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis humanitaruli fakultetis doqtoranti, saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis Teologiis saswavlo-samecniero centris maswavlebeli qristianoba warmoiSva mas Semdeg, rac Zvelma antikurma samyarom ganvlo ganviTarebis grZeli gza kulturuli cxovrebis yvela ganxriT. yvela es mimarTuleba dakavSirebuli iyo religiur warmodgenebTan da ganmsWvaluli iyo warmarTuli elementebiT. klasikuri xelovnebac mxatvrul formebs, zogadsakacobrio idealebs, maSindeli msoflaRqmis formebSi gamoxatavda da antikuri miTologiis warmodgenebSi asaxavda. xelovneba ki savse iyo miTologiuri warmodgenebiT. klasikur mxatvrul xelovnebas ar SeeZlo uari eTqva maTze Tavis qmnilebaSi. aseTi xasiaTiT gvevlinebodnen ara marto RmerTebisa da gmirebis esa Tu is gamosaxulebebi, aramed Cveulebrivi cxovrebis amsaxveli ambebi da bunebrivi movlenebi. antikur samyaroSi arc erTi eri ar flobda iseT mxatvrul intuicias da xelovneba arsad ar ikavebda iseT gamosaCen mdgomareobas adamianTa cxovrebaSi da religiur garemoSi, rogorc saberZneTSi. TviT berZnebis religia sakuTari RmerTebis saxeebiT sxva araferi iyo, Tu ara esTetikuri anTrofomorfizmis kulti, amitomac, is mxatvruli forma, romelSic iZerweboda berZenTa religiuri warmodgenebi, maT sarwmunoebaSi Seerwya mis Sinaarss da asazrdoebda religiur grZnobas, ufro sworad dogmatur formulebs da Teoriul wesebs. romaelebi esesxnen etruskebs kosmogonias da miTologias, xolo Semdeg, roca uSualod Sevidnen berZnebTan kontaqtSi, gaiTavises berZnuli religiis esTetikuri garsi da misi mxatvruli formebi. mxatvrebis da gansakuTrebiT fermwerebis umetesoba, romlebic romSi muSaobdnen, pirvelad iyvnen berZnebi an is romaelebi, romlebmac ganaTleba miiRes berZnul skolaSi. Sesabamisad, maTi Semoqmedebis siuJetebis umravlesoba elinuri miTologiidan iyo aRebuli. magram aqve gvinda aRvniSnoT is faqtic, rom mogvianebiT Zveli religiis dakninebis da romauli sazogadoebis zneobrivi dacemis Sedegad dadga periodi, rodesac romis sazogadoeba moraluri deficitis arsebobas ganicdida, ris Sedegadac ar aris gasakviri, rom xelovnebam miiRo mcdari mimarTuleba, SeimuSava iseTi motivebi, romlebic Tanaewyoboda imdroindel Tavisufal zneobas. magaliTad, ar SeiZleba ar SevniSnoT, rom imperiis drois ferwera garkveul siuJetebs aniWebda upiratesobas da saerTod ar exeboda im miTebsa da legendebs, romlebic Tavis TavSi raime seriozuls da mniSvnelovans Seicavda, kerZod, raime filosofiur azrs, religiur an 79

moralur WeSmaritebas. rwmenisagan gamdgar da moralurad garyvnil sazogadoebas antikur miTologiasa da legendebSi moswondaT pikanturi scenebi. sazogadoeba interesdeboda miTebiT, romlebSic moTxorbili iyo olimpos RmerTebis siyvarulisa da sasiyvarulo urTierTobebis, maTi Tavgadasavlebisa da sxva sisusteebis Sesaxeb (8, 89-91, 95-98). zogadad, aseT mdgomareobaSi daxvda qristianobas antikuri samyaro, Tavisi, SeiZleba garegnulad momxiblavi, magram Sinaganad msubuqi da gamofituli xelovnebiT, romelic warmarTul religias emsaxureboda. cxadia, rom qristianoba ver Seegueboda berZnul-romauli xelovnebis amgvar mimarTulebas da sakuTari (qristianobis) warmomadgenlebis saxiT Caudga mas opoziciaSi. unda aRiniSnos is faqtic, rom

iudaizmic, romelic qristianobasTan axlo dogmatur da liturgikul urTierTobaSi iyo da saidanac gamovidnen qristianobis pirveli mimdevrebi, aseTive azris iyvnen antikuri xelovnebisadmi. kerpTayvanismceblobisagan Tavis aridebas, RmerTis, rogorc absoluturi arsebis gamosaxvis akrZalvas, qadagebda ebraelebis ZvelaRTqmiseuli religia Tavisi mcnebiT: `ar Seqmna kerpi da arc misi msgavsi (gamosvlaTa 20:4; II rjuli 5:8). es mcneba krZalavda RmerTis warmodgenas raime xiluli saxiT. eklesiis arsebobis pirvel saukuneebSi, rodesac warmarTobisamdi Seuwynarebloba vlindeboda uxeSi protestis formiT da rodesac religiuri antagonizmi xels uSilda axali religiuri sazogadoebis wreebs gaevloT zRvari xelovnebasa da im warmodgenebs Soris romelTanac igi iyo kavSirSi warmarT msoflioSi, qristianebSi gaCnda partia, romelsac klasikuri xelovnebisadmi iseTi mtruli damokidebuleba gaaCnda, rom gacxarebuli polemikisas mzad iyo uareyo TviT idea xelovnebis arsebobisa qristianobaSi. am mkacri antimxatvruli partiis warmomadgeneli iyo tertuliane. misi gagebiT, xelovneba saidumlo kerpTayvanismceblobaa da isini, vinc uZRvebian mas _ eseni iqnebian moqandakeebi, mZerwavebi, fermwerebi Tu meCuqurTmeebi _ emsaxurebian eSmakiseul Zalebsa da avrceleben warmarTobis interesebs. yovelgvari xelovneba, romelic qmnis kerps, ra saxisac unda iyos igi, xdeba kerpTayvanismcemlobis moTave, mniSvneloba ara aqvs, gamosaxuleba gamodis mZerwavis, moqandakis Tu mkeravis xelidan da kerpi Seqmnilia TabaSirisgan, qvisgan, spilenZisgan, vercxlisgan Tu Zafisgan. sul erTia, risganaa kerpi Seqmnili, radgan ara materiaSia saqme, aramed mis formaSi, imaSi rasac uwodeben sityvas eidoz Eidwlon kninobiTi formidan, rac berZnulad niSnavs formas (saxes, gamosaxulebas, xatebas) (. . 1, 4-5). tertulianes droindeli da mogviano periodis qristianobis apologetebi marTalia ar iziarebden mis ukidures Sexedulebebs da mZafr gansjas xelovnebaze, magram imavdroulad Sors iyvnen qristianebis mier wminda gamosaxulebebis gamoyenebisgan. 80

sa e r o miz e zi,

xel o v n e b i s a d m i war m a r T ul s ak ulto

qristiani

ap ol o g e t e b i s xel o v n e b i s realiza ciiT

arak e Tilg a n w y o b ili da m o k i d e b u l e b i s ad a m i a n u r da vn e b e b z e iyo orie ntir e b uli ga n pir o b e b u li. ver m o a s w r e s Serwy m iT maT

uda v o d

s a m y a r oSi

midr e kil e b e b i s

m s a x ur e b a Si

mx atv arT a g a n vinc ki a m sa q m i T iyo dak a v e b u li, aucil e bl a d mi e k uT v n e b o d a antikur sk ol a s da xel mZRvan el o b d a m aTi nim uS e biT. Ses a b a m i s a d , jer kide v siuJet e bi s ga m o s a x v i s da m o u ki d e b e l i for mi s g a m o m u S a v e b a , rac ga a x m o v a n e s ara b or oti mizniT, ara m e d im perio di s a T vi s Ses a b a m i s i xerx e bi s ar c o d ni s ga m o . religiuri mr w a m s i s Secvlis Se m d e g , isini aRm oCn d n e n uZlurni, See c v a l a T mx atvruli stili, daS or e b o d n e n sauk u n o v a n m oZRvre b a s da da m d g a riyv n e n bibliuri da sax ar e b i s e uli siuJete bi s Sinaar si s do n e z e . as e T Se mTxv e v aSi ga m o d i o d a , ro m qristian uli ga m o s a x ul e b a keTili m oZRvrisa, hg a v d a antikuri mx atvr e b i s fariT Janris nax at e b s , da ro ml e b s a c krav e b i T sc e n a z e mxr e b z e ; ga m o h y a v d aT m o c i q ul e b i da mwy e m s e b i cxvris garS e m o r ty m uli

win a s w a r m e t y v e l e b i ga m o s a x ul ni iyvn e n ro mi s sa m y a r o s pativd e b ul m s a x urT a atribut e biT, xolo axali religiuri ide e b i xSirad ga m o i x at e b o d n e n w ar m a r T uli w ar m o m a v l o b i s si m b o l o e b i T . Sed ar e b iT gvia n d e l peri o dSic ki mx atvr e b i cdilo b d n e n qrist e, antikuri zev si s saxiT ga m o e s a x a T . qristian ul imy of e b o d n e n , ga m o y e n e b a z e , ZiriTada d Tu ga m o x a t vi s raRa sa d a c und a msg av si vTqv a T xerxi iyo daSv e b uli katak o m b e b i s kliriko s T a Cveul e b riv say of a c x o v r e b o sa d a c uSve b d n e n yofaSi xel o v n e b i s m et ke dl e b z e , qv eS xSir sa g n e b s m aT sa m arx e b z e , ro m e l ni c sa v ar a u d o d m e T v al yur e o b i s

e s zed a m x e d v e l o b a

ver aRw e v d a . a mit o m a c

hq o n d a T

de k o r atiuli daniSnul e b a .

Tavisufle b a s war m a r T ul ro m

Sesrul e b aSi da isini mi s aRe bi iyo nakl e bi g arCe viT a da Sefas e b i T. qristian o b a s mkv eTr ar SeiZleb o d a didxa n s hq o n o d a ne g atiuri da m o k i d e b u l e b a m aSin (antikur) xel o v n e b a z e , m a T, religiur m otiv e b T a n dak a vSir e biT a c , Tu ar CavTvliT tertulian e s uary ofiT Sexe d ul e b a s war m a r T uli xel o v n e b i s a d m i , davin a x a v T, xelo v n e b a qristian o b i s a d m i mtrulad ga n w y o b ilia ara ars o b riv a d , ara m e d , igi war m a r T o b a m Tavis iaraRad ga m o i y e n a , s ak uT ari religiuri ide e b i s ga vr c e l e b i s s auk e T e s o ukv e icav d n e n qristian o b i s sa s a r g e b l o d xel o v n e b i s g a m o y e n e b i s ide a s . sa m w u x a r o d , tertulian e m da qristian o b i s sxv a ap ol o g e t e b m a , ar g a n a vr c e s TavianT na w a r m o e b e b S i war m a r T e b T a n Tvals a zrisiT furcl e b z e a m g v a ri da m o k i d e b u l e b a , ris miz e z a d a c gv e vlin e b a prop a g a n d i s is faqti, ro m Zlier iaraRs xelo v n e b i s dapirispir e b ul ni iyvn e n sruliad da a m aSi xel o v n e b i s aq saSual e b a d . xelo v n e b i s a m g v a ri g a a zr e b a ukv e mi s aRe bi gaxd a da IV- sauk u n e e b i s ekl e sii s m a m e b i V

xed a v d n e n , Ses a b a m i s a d , rod e s a c xelo v n e b i s Zegle b s uyur e b d n e n , istoriul Rirebul e b e b i s bWo b d n e n g an s x v a v e b u l a d . isini aRm oCn d n e n m c o d n e e b a d da Se mf a s e b l e b a d . m a T g a m o rC e uli inter e s iT Sea q vT Tavia nTi traqtat e b i s antikuri plastikis mr a v ali q m nil e b a , det alur a d aRw er e n da un e bli e d Tayv a n s 81

sc e m e n

am

ula m a z e s

mx atvrul

nim uS e b s .

miux e d a v a d

g ar e g n ul a d

war m o C e n ili

anta g o n iz m i s a , qristian o b i s pirveli sauk u n e e b i s m w e rl e b m a , klasikuri xelo v n e b i s istoria s mis c e s m niSvn el o v a n i s ar g e b l o b a , ra m e T u Seis w a vl e s mi si mr a v ali RirsSes a niSn a vi Zegli da axs n e s m aTi Sinag a ni azri. klim e nti ale q s a n d ri eli, ro m e li c as w a vlid a RvTis mi m a r T sulier Tayv a ni s c e m a s , rog o r c klasikuri kulturis Rrma m c o d n e , icav d a qristian e b s war m a r T uli kerpT ay v a ni s m c e b l o b i s a da antikuri kulturis zn e o b ri vi ze m o q m e d e b i s a g a n , ar iyo ra a m ukan a s k n e li s m o w i n a aR m d e g e `xelov n e b a magra m im s a x ur e b s qeba s da pativis c e m a s~ (. , 5,7) igi ar und a Seafa s o WeSm arite bi s do n e z e , aRniSnav d a klim e nti ale q s a n d ri eli.

m a s SeeZlo g a e g o Tan a m e d r o v e mx atvr o b a da Tavis Tan a m e d r o v e e b T a n erT a d aZlevd a Rirseul Sefas e b a s g a m o C e n il xelo v a n T a (apul eiusi s, sk o p a s i s pra q sit elis) na m uS e v r e b s . es aris miz e zi im win a aR m d e g o b i s a , ro m e lSic aRm oCn d n e n Cven s mi er ze m o T Cam o y ali b e b uli m k a c ri Sexe d ul e b e b i ; c o c x al gar e m o s a da qristianT a Soris mx atvruli

Se m o q m e d e b i s ars e b ul cd e b T a n Sejax e b i s a s . a m win a aR m d e g o b a T a Ses a m s u b u q e b l a d , Sua m a v a l iaraRad Seiq m n a is n eitraluri niad a g i, ro m e l z e c ufro advila d SeiZleb a qristianuli w e si s war m a r T ul mi m d e v r e b i s Tan a c x o v r e b a . as e T wr e d pirv el a d m o g v e v lin a qristianT a ojaxuri ide e b T a n cxo vr e b a , ar sada c xel o v n e b i s sagn e bi aq war m o d g e n ili iyvn e n cxo vr e b i s e ul axal religiur safrTx e ar gar e m o e b e b i s xarisxSi da rog o r c Tavis e b u ri saxis um niSvn el o Cveul e b a m o di o d n e n win a aR m d e g o b Si. kerpT ay v a ni s m c e m l o b i s

SeiZleb o d a yofiliyo iseTi Zlieri, rog o r c sa e kl e s i o sfer oSi da bun e b rivi midr e kil e b a ojaxuri cxo vr e b i s sa si a m o v n o da ko mf o rtuli m o w y o b i s a xelo v n e b a Si ufro Tavisufal ga m o v li n e b a s hp o v e b d a . m e o r e gar e m o , sa d a c xel o v n e b a s SeeZlo ufro Tavisuflad ga n viT ar e b a da sa d a c m a s ufro lm o bi e r a d uyur e b d n e n , iyo pirveli sauk u n e e b i s qristianul ekl e si aSi ars e b uli er etikuli wr e e b i . sxv aT a Soris, und a aRiniSno s im rolis Ses ax e b , ro m e l s a c uary ofiTi da rog o r c sa s a r g e b l o , as e v e a m g avr c el e b u l wr e e b Si, a m a s maT ar SeeZlo mx ar e s , hq o n o d a T er etikul isini Ta m aS o b d n e n m aSin d eli xel o v n e b i s mi m a r T, kerZod, ro m is erTi da im a v e dro s iyo, rog o r c dad e b i Ti ise m a v n e b e l i. pirv el sauk u n e e b Si er etikuli s e q t e b i, prop a g a n d a kargi Tan a m e d r o v e hq o n o d a T da religiuri ro m rog o r c cn o bilia, sak m a o d mr a v alricx o v a n n i iyvn e n da Tu xel o v n e b a poul o b d a TavS e s af ar s ukv e aRar SeeZlo ga e w i a sak m a ri si s e qt e b s avtoriteti, ek uTv niT raTa qristian ul sa m y a r o Si, m a g r a m sxv a mxriv, rog o r c ekl e sii s g a n araRiar e b uli saz o g a d o e b a , reputa ci a w mi n d a m arTl m a di d e b l ur wr eSi. Tu qristianT a yofiTi cxo vr e b a upirat e s a d win s w e v d a xel o v n e b i s dek o r atiul na w a r m o e b i ga m o s a x ul e b e b i s xasi aTiT. ugul e b e l y ofili ar und a iqn a s im azris sa m a r Tlian o b a , 82

qristian uli xel o v n e b i s

ga n viT ar e b a Si, mi s

sa w yi s

etapz e

pirveli sauk u n e e b i s

er etikul

s e q t e b s , kerZod gn o s tik o s e b s miuZRviT g ark v e uli roli. gn o s ti ciz mi Tavis TavSi a erTian e b d a plato niz mi s s a w yi s e b s da al e q s a n d riis filos ofia s qristian uli cn o b i e r e b i T da iswr afv o d a , rog o r c erTi, is e m e o r e m o e y v a n a w o n a s w o r o b a Si. aRm o s a vl ur m a kulte b m a m a Ti si m b o likiT, mist eri e b iT da saidu m l o s w a vl e b i T Sead gi n e s gn o s tikuri do qtrinis arsi da g a m o i w vi e s xel o v n e b i s dar g e b i T daint er e s e b a , ra Tq m a und a, m a s z e Tavis e b u ri mistikuri an a b eW di s da d e b i T. w mi n d a aRniSnav d n e n qristian uli irine o si, tertulian e da Se m d g o m S i epifan e ra m d e n i m e ikon o g r afiis faqts kvali er etik o s e b i s da misi kvipr eli, ro ml e b m a c m o n a w il e o b a z e SeiZleb a vipo v o T gv a zi ar e s qristian uli va silida s WeSm ariti sar w m u n o e b i s s w a vl e b a s da gn o s tikuri partie bi s sxv a d a s x v a saxis Cvev e b s , pra qtikul xelo v n e b i s sa w yi s s etapSi. ga m o y e n e b a mi m d e v r e b Si, irine o s i s sityv e biT, isini mis d e v d n e n spiritizm s mi s n o b i s a s ga m o s a x ul e b e b s mi s n o b a s , iyen e b d n e n SeCv e n e b a s ,

(utuntuv im a giib u s) da sxv. ( .

. 2,7). aiTvis e s ra war m a r TT a kulte bi s s w a vl e b i s zo gi erTi mx ar e da isarg e b l e s ra qristianT a pirveli proz elite bi s org v ari da m o k i d e b u l e b i T rw m e n a s T a n , va silidian e b i a m ukan a s k n e l T ibire b d n e n Tavia nT mx ar e s m a g iiT, Selo c v e b i T, sul e bi s g a m oZax e b i T da mi m a r T, advili mis a x v e d ri a, ga n s a k u Tr e b uli crurw m e n i s ritual e biT im ga m o s a x ul e b e b i s ga m o s a x ul e b e b i . lap ar a k o b s ga m o c a n i s g a s aR e b a d SeiZleb a ga m o d g e s is, ro m

ro m e l ni c g a m o d i o d n e n m a Ti sax el o s n o e b i d a n . irine o si ar xsnis sax el d o b r , rog o ri iyo e s is Se m d g o m S i harp o kr atia n e b z e . a m ukan a s k n e l T mi si sityv e biT, g a m o y e n e b a Si hq o n d a T

ga m o s a x ul e b a n i Seq m n ili funjiT, as e v e sxv a m a s a li s a g a n da m z a d e b u li. s e qt a ntT a azriT, e s ga m o s a x ul e b e b i , qrist e s na m d vil s ax e s w ar m o a d g e n d n e n , ro ml e b i c , TiTq o s d a pilate s miTiT e biT da m z a d e b u li ies o plato ni s, aristot el e s qrist e s sur aTis m oRw e uli asl e bi a. `isini a m k o b e n m aT gvirg vin e b iT (yvavile biT) w ar m o a d g e n e n da sxv aT a g a nT q m u li filos of o s e b i s , sax el d o b r piTag o r a s , gv er diT, da war m a r TT a msg av s a d

g a m o s a x ul e b e b i s

adid e b e n m aT Rirse b e b s ( . . 2,7). epifan e , ro m e li c av s e b s da s a x e l e b uli er etik o s e b i irine o s s , ak eT e b s win aS e ko m e n t a r s mis Ses ax e b Tavia nT im azriT, ro m da m aT aRasrul e b d n e n saidu m l o e b e b s

m s x v e r plS e wirv a s ( . . 5,7). qriste s mx atv ruli g a m o s a x ul e b e b i s g ar d a , gn o s tik o s e b s , alb aT, hq o n d a T qristianuli ikon o g r afiis m o c i q ul e b i wrida n iyvn e n , sxv a pirovn e b a T a sax e e b i c , rog o ri c, m a g a liT a d petr e da pavl e metad magra m gn o s tik o s e b i s mx atvruli m oRv a w e o b a yvel az e

wari m a rT a sxv a mi m a r T ul e b iT, ro m e li c m e c n i e r e b a Si cn o b ilia `abra q s a s~- is s ax eliT, sa d a c ga n s a k u Tr e b i T reliefura d g a m o i x at a a m s e qt e b i s religiuri sinkr etiz mi. 83

gn o s tikuri abr a q s a s i mi e k uT v n e b a

qristianuli xelo v n e b i s

adr e ul xan a s

da Tavis

mxriv, w ar m o a d g e n d a m e d a li o n e b s , g e m e b s si m b o l uri g a m o s a x ul e b e b i T a da w ar w e r e b i T da Tavis droz e a m ul et e b i s a da Tilis mi s daniSnul e b a s asrul e b d n e n . sax el w o d e b a , Abraxaz zo gi erT e b i s azriT war m o s d g e b a va silidis mi m d e v a r T a um aRle si RmerTida n , xolo m e o r e na wilis azriT, e s sityva en a T e s a v e b a Abrakoura -s qalRm erT isida s _ de di s sax el s , m a g r a m ufro da s aj e r e b e li a m aTi g a n m a r t e b a , ro ml e b i c a m sityvaSi xed a v e n um aRle si RmerTis an pliro mi s as oiT g a m o s a x ul e b e b s , Sedg e b a rad g a n a c b erZnuli as o e b i s rao d e n o b a , ro m e l T a g a n a c e s sityva, Tu ga d a y v a n il iqn e b a cifre b z e , Sea d g e n s 3 6 5 , ro m e li c tolia mzis s afuZvelz e, xelo v n e b i s im drois

w eli w a di s Se m a d g e n e l i dRe e b i s a (4, 2 5- 2 6). qristian uli xelo v n e b i s sa w yi s eta pz e , ukv e w ar m o d g e n ili m o n a c e m e b i s SeiZleb a poul o b d a mivid e T im da s k v n a m d e , xel o v n e b a s ro m und a pirvel qristian ul s a m y a r oSi

m d g o m a r e o b a ar iyo g a m y a r e b u li da mi si na w a r m o e b e b i yvel a qristiani s cn o bi e r e b a Si ver Tan a g rZno b a s . gae m a rjva pirv el rigSi mis d a m i saRv m Ti s m e t y v e l o azris m at ar e b e l T a w ar m o m a d g e n l e b z e , raTa m o e p o v e b i n a qristianT a Soris sa e rT o aRiar e b a da Se m d g o m aRw e v d a wes e bi, sayd arSi, aRapis Tan d a T a n da da e k a v e b i n a Rirseuli ad gili m aTi RvTis m s a x ur e b i s ekl e sii s cxo vr e b a Si, ro m e l T a c uaxlo e s i xel o v n e b i s sfer oSi. ikeT e b d a ra bud e s jer qristian ul ojaxSi, saxlSi, xel o v n e b a Se m d g o m Seu mCn e vl a d g a d a di o d a sxv a urTierT o b a hq o n d a T yofiT cxo vr e b a s T a n , rog o ri c a a , m a g a liT a d SeuRlebi s a da dakrZalvis aRsrule b a s az o g a d o e b r i v- religiuri Cveul e b e b i . na w a r m o e b e b i s a d m i cudi g an w y o b il e b a ZvelqristianT a Soris ar iyo say o v e l T a o da Tavis ukidur e si for miT war m o d g e n ili iyo mx ol o d zo gi erTi pirovn e b i s g a n . da b ol o s , ar und a da g v a vi w y d e s , ro m e s gulgrili da m o k i d e b u l e b a uary ofiTi ze m o q m e d e b a rw m e n i s ZiriTada d g a m o w v e u li iyo Tan a m e d r o v e da pirvel qristian ul saz o g a d o e b i s

antikuri xel o v n e b i s a d m i win a aR m d e g o b i T da mxurv al e m o n d o m e b i T , raTa a e cil e bi n a T misi s w a vl e b a s a zn eCv e ul e b e b z e . m a g r a m , a m g v a ri m d g o m a r e o b a didxa n s ver g a g rZeld e b o d a . sak m a ri si iyo, mx atvrul for m e b Si Cad e b uliyo qristianuli Sinaar si, ga c o c xl e b uliy o isini qristian uli suliT, ro m sa m u d a m o d uzrunv ely ofiliyo xel o v n e b i s m d g o m a r e o b a qristianul sa m y a r o Si da igi q c e uliy o Zlier aRmzrd el o b iT iaraRad axali aRTq mi s ekl e siis xelSi. Tu ra m d e n a d adr e dai wy o as e Ti s wr afv a, gv aCv e n e b s katak o m b e b i s inve nt ari. da s a k rZalv e bi m a Ti arq e o l o g i uri si m di driT mi e k uT v n e b i a n qristian o b i s adr e ul xan a s da Tu w ar w e r e b i T a da mx atvruli stiliT g an v sjiT, zo gi erTi m aTSi g a d arC e nili ga m o s a x ul e b a n i saT a v e s iReb s I-II s auk u n eSi. aRsaniSn a vi a, ro m im ad gil e bSic ki, s a d a c qristian e b i m aTi de v ni s ep o q a Si Zlivs poul o b d n e n us afrTxo kuTx e e b s da im dro s a c raTa farTo d ki, roc a m aT ar SeeZloT da ar hq o n d a T TavianTi RvTis m s a x ur e b a 84 da kar gi m at eri aluri ezrun aT religiuri saSual e b e b i aRevlin aT

m eebi saTvi s, _ iqac ki, saxel dobr xar

am droSi saf uZ veli hqonda

Cayrili qristianuli

xel ovnebi s S emdgom ganviTar ebas m s um i Tavr es sf eroebS i: arqiteqturas, m xatvrobasa da qandakebaS i. am m wi sqveS a nagebobaT a kedl ebi da TaR ebi daf aruli iyo m i xatvrobi T, sarkof agebi S emkuli iyo bareli ef ebi T; saekl esi o arqiteqturamac ki ipova aq Tavi si war momadgenl ebi kriptepSi, romel Tac saR vTismsaxur o daniS nul eba hqondaT. qristi anobi s winaS e dadga amocana, raTa m eca axali m marTul eba klasikuri xel ovnebi saTvi s, romel i c i i iTvlida ukanasknel dR eebs, da aseTi igi unda gardaeqmna saxiT da gaewmi nda war marTuli Tavi si nakl ovanebi sagan ganwmendi li gamoey enebi naT

moTxovnil ebebi saTvi s.

literatura Literature 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. biblia. Tbilisi: saqarTvelos sapatriarqos gamomcemloba, 2000. . . , 1995. .. , , 1998. . . . , . 79. 1989. . . (Dt haeresibus) / / PG 41-42. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1994. . /. Harway// . 2. Cambridge. . .1957. . . : - . 1998. , . . 1890 . : , , , , , , , , , . : . 1994.

reziume antikuri mxatvrobis integracia pirvel qristianul garemoSi mRvdeli levan maTeSvili qristianuli xelovnebis sawyis etapze, ukve warmodgenili monacemebis safuZvelze, SeiZleba mivideT im daskvnamde, rom pirvel qristianul samyaroSi xelovnebis mdgomareoba ar iyo gamyarebuli da misi nawarmoebebi yvela qristianis cnobierebaSi ver poulobda TanagrZnobas. magram, amgvari mdgomareoba didxans ver gagrZeldeboda. sakmarisi iyo, mxatvrul formebSi Cadebuliyo qristianuli Sinaarsi, gacocxlebuliyo isini qristianuli suliT, rom 85

sa m u d a m o d uzrunv ely ofiliyo xel o v n e b i s m d g o m a r e o b a qristianul sa m y a r o Si da igi q c e uliy o Zlier aRmzrd el o b iT iaraRad axali aRTq mi s ekl e siis xelSi. Tu ra m d e n a d adr e dai wy o as e Ti s wr afv a, gv aCv e n e b s katak o m b e b i s inve nt ari. da s a k rZalv e bi m a Ti arq e o l o g i uri si m di driT mi e k uT v n e b i a n qristian o b i s adr e ul xan a s da Tu w ar w e r e b i T a da mx atvruli stiliT g an v sjiT, zo gi erTi m aTSi g a d arC e nili ga m o s a x ul e b a n i saT a v e s iReb s I-IIs auk u n eSi.

86

SUMMARY ANTIQUE PAINTING AND THE EARLY CHRISTIANITY PRIEST LEVAN MATESHVILI On the basis of already presented data, we can come to a conclusion that in the early Christian world the position of an art was not strong and not all the first Christians sympathized it. But that could not last for a long. When the Christian spirit was inhaled into the art it was for ever strengthened in the Christian world and it became the powerful weapon of education for the New Testament Church. That process began quite early and we can see it from the cathacomb materials Sepulchres which belong to the early Christian epoch and style and inscriptions remained there (I-II centuries).

, , , . . . , . , , , I-II .

87

konstantine didis 313 wlis milanis ediqtis sakiTxisaTvis

mRvdeli levan maTeSvili iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis humanitaruli fakultetis doqtoranti, saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis Teologiis saswavlo-samecniero centris maswavlebeli

kon st a ntin e religiad g a d ai q c a

didis

313

wlis

milani s

edi qtis

Sinaar s z e

m k vl e v a r T a sxv a

mo s azr e b e bi pirv el religi e b T a n

ZiriTada d or na wila d iyofa: erTni miiCn e v e n , ro m a m g a n k a r g ul e b iT qristian o b a imp eri aSi, xolo me or e ni ki mx ol o d qristian o b i s gaT a n a b r e b a s xed a v e n .

edi qtis Cven e uli g a g e b a dafuZne b ulia TviT milani s edi qtis teq stz e . Tuki yuradRe biT ga v e c n o b i T milani s edi qt s, davin ax a v T , ro m mi si mT a v a ri o bi e q ti qristian o b a a qristianuli religia. g ark v e viT Cans, ro m kan o n m d e b l i s mT eli azri kon c e n trir e b uli a qristian o b a z e , rog o r c amas Ses a niSn a v a d SeniSnav s g. bu a si e _ sin a m d vil eSi ko n st a ntin e fiqro b s mx ol o d qristian e b z e da ara ro m e li m e sxv az e . imp er at o ri aZlevs ufleb e b s qristianul religia s da uars ar eu b n e b a as e Tiv e ufleb e b z e sxv a religi e b s a c . m arT alia, milani s edi qti sxv a religi e b s a c Tavisufali aRm s ar e b l o b i s ne b a s rTav s, m a g r a m vin igulisx m e b i a n milani s edi qtSi naxs e n e b sxv a religi e bSi (etiam aliis)? ra Tq m a und a, oficialuri ro mi s kulti ar igulisx m e b o d a , arc ne b a d a r T uli religi e bi, rad g a n m a Ti aRm s a r e b l o b a ara Tu akrZaluli, ara m e d sa v al d e b u l o c iyo. iqn e b sxv e bSi igulisx m e b a kan o niT akrZaluli religi e bi? m a g r a m , CvenT vi s a m edi qtSi say o v e l T a o toler a ntiz mi s ide a miuRe b eli a, rad g a n , Tuki, as e Tavisufali aRm s ar e b l o b a iqn e b o d a , m aSin ro mSi a m edi qtis yvel a s und a mis c e m o d a m a g a liT a d, m a ni q e v e l o b a

Sed e g a d n e b a d a r T uli und a ga m x d a riy o , m a g r a m real o b a sxv a g v a ri iyo, milanis 3 1 3 wlis edi qtSi nax s e n e b i fraza TiTo e ul s mi e c e s n e b a Tavisi gulis karn axi s Tan ax m a d m o e q c e s im sar w m u n o e b a z e , ro m e l s a c miiCn e v s Tavisi Sex e d ul e b i s Ses a b a m i s a d . .. sin a m d vil eSi ar Sesrul e b ul a. m a ni q e v e l o b a Se m d e g a c sxv e b i rog o r c ko n st a ntin e m d e ga m o m di n ar e, Tvalis akrZaluli iyo, as e v e kon st a ntin e s ro m akrZaluli darCa. aq e d a n mx ol o d fas a d s , win a erTg v ar planz e Cven Seg viZlia dav a s k v n a T , w ar m o a d g e n s

milanis 3 1 3 wlis edi qti m oi a zr e b s mx ol o d qristian e b s , mis ufleb e b s da privilegi e b s , xolo axv e v a s sxv a 88 Tan ai m p e r a t o r ubr al o d, es liciniusisT vis, ro m e li c a m edi qts kon st a ntin e s T a n erT a d xels a w e r d a . Cveni azriT, milanis edi qti qristian o b a s ay e n e b d a religi e b T a n Sed ar e b iT,

SeniRbul, Sefarul xasi aT s atar e b d a da rog o r c ki liciniusi istoriis ar e ni d a n ga qr a _ edi qtis SeniRbuli faruli m niSvn el o b a yv el a s T vi s cxa di da g a s a g e b i gaxd a . jer kide v sul m cir e xnis win kan o n m d e b l e b i TavianT religiur edi qt e b Si m u d m i v a d Seax s e n e b d n e n qv eS e vr d o m T Cveni RmerT e b i s Ses ax e b , Cveni ukvd a vi RmerT e b i s mig v aCni a ca ni s SeniSvn a: arafris g a n ro m milanis See q m n a edi qtis arar eligiuri an pirveli ar iyo Ses ax e b , m a g r a m axla milanis edi qti sa e rT o d ign orir e b a s uk eT e b s m aT. roc a a m kuTxiT vuyur e b T milani s edi qt s, sa m a r Tlian a d kon st a ntin e a m aRl e bi s ise pirvel Sors, rog o r c mcd el o b a s . im azris g a n , as e ro m , toler a ntuli

sax el m w if o [10] . ars e b i T a d , milanis edi qti, w ar m o a d g e n s sxv a araf er s, Tu ara qristian o b i s um niSvn el o v a n e s i Tavis e b u r e b a m d g o m a r e o b s im aSi, ro m a m edi qtiT qristian o b i s T vi s pot e n c i ur a d udid e si

privilegi e b i Caido, milani s edi qti upirat e s a d qristian o b i s T vi s gaxd a magna charta libertatum. m e o r e m niSvn el o v a n i Tavis e b u r e b a , ro m e li c axa si aT e b s milani s edi qts, aris qristianuli ter min ol o g i a _ corpus christianorum, qristian uli saz o g a d o e b a , qristianuli ekl e si a . Corpus christianorum - e s aris qristian uli religiis yv el a w e vri, ra er o v n e b i s a c ar und a yofiliyo is, - e s aris ekl e si a, ro m e l s a c ar aq v s kavSiri arc erT er o v n e b a s T a n , ara m e d m aT z e m aRla dg a s , e s aris qrist e s yvel a mi m d e v ri s sulieri kavSiri. rog o r SeZlo ko n st a ntin e m , ro m e li c aRzrdili iyo ro m a ul iuridiul cn e b e b z e da 3 1 3 w el s jer kid e v m cir e d icn o b d a qristian ul Te ol o g i a s , as e s wr afa d da as e zusta d m o eZ e b n a iseTi ter mini qristian uli religiis aRsa niSn a v a d , ro m e l s a c ar icn o b d a ars e b o b s ro m a uli kan o n m d e b l o b a g al eriusi s dro s , e. i. ori wlis win? m e c n i e r e b a Si kon st a ntin e icn o b d a cn o b il var au di, ro m ukv e milani s edi qtis g a m o c e m i s a s ,

istoriul pirs o si a s , kordu bi s epis k o p o s s [6], Cveni azriT, e s var au di s av s e b i T safuZvliania. rad g a n a c Zneli w ar m o s a d g e n i a , ro m kon st a ntin e s a m peri o di s a T vi s qristian uli Te ol o gi uri cn o bi e r e b a hq o n o d a da TviTo n mi e s a d a g e b i n a a mit o m , und a vivar au d o T , ter mi ni axali cn e b i s ga m o s a x a t a v a d ro m milani s edi qtis g a m o c e m a S i qristian uli ekl e si a . o si a

kordu b e l s garkv e uli wvlili miuZRvis. Tu risi miRw e v a surd a ko n st a ntin e s milani s edi qtiT, mi si religiur politikuri sa q m i a n o b a war m o a C e n s , ro m e li c a m edi qtis g a m o c e m i s T a n a v e ga m a rjv e b a m d e religiuri (32 3 w.) ga g rZelda, ris Se m d e g a c kerZod, ki qristian e b z e ga c x a d d a da imp er at o r liciniusz e ufro kon st a ntin e s igive s a q m i a n o b a amgvarad ga m o x a t a v d a : w mi n d a religia, msg avs a d,

Ta m a m i da miz a n m i m a r T uli xd e b a . s ax el m w if o do k u m e n t e b Si kon st a ntin e Tavis n e b a s sakiTx e b i s a d m i , krZalva s, w mi d a ro m e li c Tavis RvTis m s a x ur e b a , ims a x ur e b s uw mi n d e s i kaT olik e RvTis m s a x ur e b a ,

Rrm a d s a p a ti v s a c e m o

kan o ni. ko n st a ntin e s

krZalvas kaT olik e ekl e siis mi m a r T, as e v e g a m o x a t a v s prok o n s uli anulini, ro m e li c c ot a xnis win qristianT a m d e v n e li iyo. rod e s a c igi karT a g e n i s epi sk o p o s s mi m a r T a v d a sityviT, mis leq sik aSi ukv e sau b a ri a w mi n d a kan o ni s 89 (qristian o b i s) Ses af eris krZalvaz e [7].

epi skoposebi s (ceciliane da malti adusi 313 wel s da qrest e sirakuzeli 314w)

m marT i

weril ebS i konst anti ne maT didi R merTi s da yovlismpyrobel i R merTi s m arvel obas f usurvebda (. . X , 5) . amgvari ritorika, krZ alva da epi skoposebT an xSiri urTi erTobebi cxadyof s, rom m ani s edi qtiT konst anti nem qristi anobas tol erant obaze il gacil ebi T meti ram m aniW a. is, rom konst anti ne yvel aze met ad zrunavda qristi anobaze i iqidanac Cans, Tu rogor Cqarobda is ekl esii sTvi s devnul obi s dros CamorTmeuli qonebi s dabrunebas. konst anti ne erTi meor es m ebi T aqveynebda brZ anebebs, raTa ekl esi as iyol dabruneboda qoneba (. . X, 6-7). konstantines ukve ainteresebda sazogadoebrivi azri qristianebze, mas surda daecva qristianebis reputacia; magaliTad, mas awuxebda eklesiis Sida uTanxmoebebi, romelic warmarTebs dacinvis safuZvels aZlevda. savaraudoa, rom ganxilul periodSi konstantines mier qristianobis mxardasaWerad gamoqveynebuli zogierTi kanoni osia kordubelis pirdapiri gavlenis qveS aris Sedgenili (. . X, 6). Sesabamisad, romi ukve eklesiisa da saxelmwifos gaerTianebis safuZvels amzadebda. konstantine zogjer pirdapir acxadebda Tavs qristianobis mfarvelad, raSic sayovelTao keTildReobis winapirobas xedavda. is werda afrikis prokonsuls: mravali faqti warmoaCens, rom roca is religia, romelSic daculia Rrma pativiscema zeciuri siwmindis mimarT, ar aris saTanado pativiscemaSi, did safrTxes uqmnis saxelmwifo saqmeebs; xolo roca igive religia (Semdegi sityvebidan Cans, rom konstantine laparakobs qristianobaze) aRiarebulia da daculia saTanadod, mas moaqvs romisTvis didi bedniereba, da saerTod, yvela xalxisTvisac gansakuTrebuli keTildReoba (. . IX, 1); mxedvelobidan ar unda gamogvrCes isic, rom qristianobis Sesaxeb am gankargulebaTa didi nawili, romlebSic imperatori gamoxatavs keTilganwyobas, imave wels gamoica, romelSic milanis ediqti, - es naTels hfens milanis ediqtis WeSmarit Sinaarss. am periodSi konstantine warmarTobis mimarT iseve iyo ganwyobili, rogorc manamde 311 wlis ediqtis droisTvis galeriusi qristianobis mimarT; rolebi Seicvala. galeriusi qristianebs ugunurebas miawerda (stultitia), xolo warmarTul RmerTebs zeciur RmerTebad moixseniebda. konstantine ki piriqiT, rogorc aRvniSneT, qristianul RmerTs uwodebda did RmerTs, yovlismpyrobel RmerTs, maSin, roca warmarTobas crurwmenad racxda. 319 wlis erT-erT brZanebaSi konstantine warmarTebs ukve ase moixseniebda: visac surs Tavisi crurwmenebis monoba, SeuZlia aRasrulon TavianTi wesebi..., rameTu Cven ar vkrZalavT (mxolod: ar vkrZalavT non prohibemus!) da SeuZliaT cxadad Seasrulon moZvelebuli fuWi saqmeebi (praeteria usurpatio) (Codex Theodores. XVI, 1-2). cxadia, konstantine warmarTul kultmsaxurebas ar arTmevs Semwynareblobas, rogorc galeriusis 311 wlis droisTvis es Semwynarebloba ar hqonda warTmeuli qristianobas. ubralod, moxda 90

ZalTa ga d a n a c v l e b a : qristian o b a m ga d a s w o n a war m a r T o b a s . milanis edi qti, SeiZleb a iTqv a s , ka c o b ri o b i s istoriis zRvarg a m y o fi niSnulia, Cvenis azriT, igi ufro aRm at e b uli istoriuli m o vl e n a a , vidr e nik eis 3 2 5 wlis I m s o flio sa e kl e s i o kre b a , ro m e l s a c b e vri m k vl e v a ri qristian o b i s sax el m w if o religiad g a m o c x a d e b i s TariRad miiCn e v s . nik ei s kre b a s Tavisi miz e z e b i , mizn e b i da a m o c a n e b i ga aCn d a , xolo qristian o b i s statusi a m droisT vis, m arTl a c s ax el m w if o e b ri v si m aRlez e iyo asuli da nik ei s kre bi s dro s e s ukv e real o b a s ro m e l s a c w ar m o a d g e n d a , ras a c saT a v e , uda v o d milani s 3 1 3 wlis edi qt m a Cauyar a, Tan m i m d e v r ul a d m o h y v a sxv a edi qt e b i, ro mliTa c qristian o b a Tan d a T a n axal

privilegi e b s iZend a: 3 1 3 w. kon st a ntin e klireb s aTa vi s ufl e b s dek uri o n ati s si mZimis a g a n . 3 1 9 w. kliris w e vr e b s Tavisi sa q m i s da s v e n e b i s yv el a g a d a s a x a d i d a n aTa vi s ufl e b s . im a v e 3 1 9 w. episk o p o s e b s epis k o p o s i s im a v e s a s a m a r Tl oSi, Cveul e b rivi sa s a m a r Tl o w el s ekl e si e b s g an s a k u Tr e b uli ufleb a instan ciis mi e c a T eniWe b a T iurisprud e n c i a sa m o q a l a q o s a q m e e b S i, ris Sed e g a d a c yvel a qristian s SeeZlo g a d at a n a gv er di s avliT. da qristian uli religiida n ga m o m d i n a r e , kvira _ RvTis dRe ro mSi oficialuri dRed ga m o c x a d d a . SeeZinaT an d e rZiT da m tki c e b uli q o n e b a . 3 2 3 w. brZan e biT ki aikrZala qristian e b i s a T vi s war m a r T ul ritual e bSi m o n a w il e o b i s Zaldatan e b a . Tu aq a m d e ekl e si e b i Tav a d qristianT a Sewirulo b a T a xarjiT ige b o d a , 3 2 4 wlis Se m d e g kon st a ntin e ekl e si e b i s aSen e b a s sa m e f o xazinis s ax sr e b i T ak a n o n e b s . b ol o ga n k a r g ul e b a ga n s a k u Tr e b i T m a niSn e b e li a imis a, ro m qristian o b a xarje b s a c a m droisTvi s sax el m w if o religiad g a d ai q c a ki sax el m w if o xazin a farav d a , aq e d a n da s a e kl e s i o kre bi s m o w v e v i s I sa e kl e s i o kre b a ga m o m d i n a r e ,

aRsrule b uli m o vl e n i s aSkar a g a mJRavn e b a , ga m o m z e u r e b a eku m e n u ri Seiq m n a .

da de m o n s trir e b a iyo erT

glo b al ur imp eri aSi, riTac qristian uli ekl e si a eku m e n u r (ms oflio) ar e alz e g a m o v i d a da Tav a d m k vl e v a r T a yuradRe bi s c e ntrSi yov elT vis milani s 3 1 3 wlis edi qti iyo, I-IIIsauk u n eSi qristianT a sa s a r g e b l o d imp er at o rT a s ak a n o n m d e b l o m oRv a w e o b i s na wil o b rivi Tu frag m e n t uli Ses w a vl a XIXs auk u ni s da XXs- is I nax e vri s m e c n i e r e b i s gard a Tan a m e d r o v e sa m e c n i e r o literatur aSi a m kuTxiT Ses w a vlili ar yofila. a mito m , Cveni azriT, milanis 3 1 3 wlis edi qtis an alizi ar iqn e b a sauk u n e e b i s glo b al ur sur aT s da mogvc e m s arc milani s safuZvels 313 wlis s w o ri, Tuki m a s qristianT a mi m a r T miT ko nt e q s t u al ur a d istoria sT a n ar m o vi a zr e b T , I-III qristianT a mi m a r T ro mi s sak a n o n m d e b l o erT a d, ro m e li c erT dina m i uri imp er at o r niWieri politikuri

toler a ntuli kan o n m d e b l o b i s ufro, ar yofila rev olu ciuri. ga d a w y v e til e b a ko n st a ntin e s

ga n viT ar e b i s a , rac milani s edi qtiT logikur a d da g vir g vin d a . ko n st a ntin e s e s edi qti ar yofila sp o nt a n uri kon st a ntin e s qristian o b a m m o kl e b uli, edi qti aris ara rev olu ciuri xolo

m m a r T v e li s a (rac kon st a ntin e z e sruli sis a v siT SeiZleb a iTqv a s), ara m e d etap o b rivi daT m o b e b i s Sed e g a d 91 m oip o v a ,

ev olu ciuri, rac

g e ni alur o b a (ro m araf eri vTqv a T sar w m u n o e b r i v cn o b i e r e b a z e ) m d g o m a r e o b s ep o q i s sulis zed m i w e v n iT karg a d dan a x v aSi da qristian uli sar w m u n o e b r i vi ide e b i s realiza ci aSi. milanis edi qtis ga m o c e m a m sa q m i a n o b a m mtkic e safuZveli da kon st a ntin e s qristian o b i s s a s a r g e b l o d war m a r T ul m a Cauyar a qristian o b i s da ekl e siis war m a r T o b a z e

ga m a rjv e b a s . m a g r a m , a m ga m a rjv e b i s T vi s kon st a ntin e m ufro m eti g a a k e T a m a s Se m d e g , roc a igi imp eriis erTpiro v n uli m m a r T v e li g ax d a . ko n st a ntin e m da a s r ul a mi s mi er da w y e b u li sa q m e qristian o b a sa b o l o o d da a m k v i dr a b erZnul ro m a ul s a m y a r oSi. e s g an x o r ci el d a m aSin, rod e s a c m a n sZlia aRm o s a v l e T ro mi s imp er at o r licinius s da dau m o rCila Tavis qristian o b i s aRzev e b a s ga m o T q m e b i Cauyar a magra m m m a r T v e l o b a s sruliad ro mi s imp eri a. a m g v a r a d , 3 1 3 wlis milani s edi qtiT ko n st a ntin e m safuZveli. m arT alia, milani s edi qtSi ar aris win a aR m d e g ga m a rjv e b i s da qria stia n o b i s upirat e s o b a Se m d e g aRm o s a vl e Ti s m k v e T ri w ar m a r T o b i s

mx ol o d pot e n c i ur a d igulisx m e b o d a . or edi qtSi is ukv e gai marj va

sa m a g i e r o d , kerZo xasi aTis brZan e b e b Si imp er at o ri m a s uw o d e b s crurw m e n a s . liciniusz e mi m a r T pirdapir uw o d e b s rogorc war m a r T o b a s uw m i n d ur o b a s (. . X , 8) . konst anti ne didis dros qristianul ma ekl esi am war marTobaze saxel mwif o institutze: man S e ina ofici aluri statusi, Z a iZ laufleba da Z lie reba.

92

literatura Literature

m vildaZ e m `romi da aRmosavluri religiebi ax. w. I-III ss.~, Tbilisi. 2005. S ., . , ., 1914. . ( ), ., 1989. . . Vita Constantini /. Heikel //CSE7 (1902). . . : - 1993. 5. . . / / . Schwartz. ( ). : - . 1993. 6. Baur G. Kirchengeschichte der 3 ersten Jahrh. Tubingen, 1863. 3-te Ausgabe. 7. Keim T. Die rom. Toleranzedicte. Zurich, 1870. 8. Pietri L. Les rsistances: de la polemique paenne a la perscution de Diocltien, Naissance dune chrtient (250-430), t. II, Paris, 1995. 9. Simon M. La civilization de lAntiquit et le Christianisme, Paris, 1962. 10. Zahn A. Constantin der Grosse. Hannover, 1876. 1. 2. 3. 4.

reziume konstantine didis 313 wlis milanis ediqtis sakiTxisaTvis mRvdeli levan maTeSvili milanis ediqtis gamocemam da konstantines qristianobis sasargeblod warmarTulma saqmianobam mtkice safuZveli Cauyara qristianobis da eklesiis warmarTobaze gamarjvebas. magram, am gamarjvebisTvis konstantinem ufro meti gaakeTa mas Semdeg, roca igi imperiis erTpirovnuli mmarTveli gaxda. konstantinem daasrula mis mier dawyebuli saqme qristianoba sabolood daamkvidra berZnul romaul samyaroSi. es ganxorcielda maSin, rodesac man sZlia aRmosavleT romis imperator liciniuss da daumorCila Tavis mmarTvelobas sruliad romis imperia.

SUMMARY ON THE ISSUE OF KONSTANTINE THE GREATS 313 YEAR EDICT OF MILAN PRIEST LEVAN MATESHVILI Konstantine the Greats activity for Christianity and issuing of the Edict of Milan made a strong foundation for the conquer of Christianity and the church over paganizm. But he had done more for this victory after he became an individual ruller of the empire. He reached his goal and 93

finally established Christianity in Greek-Roman world. That accomplished after He had defeated the emperor of the east Licinius and submitted to his control the whole Roman empire.

313- . . , - . , .

94

eklesia da samarTali
vladimer Nnarsia kardifis universitetis saeklesio samarTlis magistri Tbilisis sasuliero akademiis Teologiis magistri

saeklesio

samarTlis

TematikasTan

dakavSirebuli

sakiTxebis

kvleva,

dRes

Tanamedrove qarTuli sazogadoebisTvis, udavod saintereso da sasargeblo saqmed mimaCnia. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi mrevlis mniSvnelovanma zrdam da misi rolis sagrZnoblad gafarTovebam qveynis Sida da sagareo politikur arenazeda saWiro gaxada Tavad eklesiasTan dakavSirebuli samarTlebrivi sakiTxebis ufro safuZvliani Seswavlis aucilebloba. es naSromi pirveli mcdelobaa qarTuli humanitaruli mecnierebis sferoSi safuZveli daedos saeklesio samarTlis sagnis, rogorc sauniversiteto saswavlo disiplinis damuSavebas da mis mecnierul Seswavlas. aq mokled aris ganmartebuli saeklesio da kanonikuri samarTlis ZiriTadi cnebebi da masTan dakavSirebuli terminologiuri gansxvavebebi. aseve saubaria ikonomiisa da epitimiis fundamentalur mniSvnelobaze. naSromi miznad isaxavs mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisaTvis saeklesio samarTlis sakiTxebSi pirvelwarmodgenebis Seqmnas. sityva kanoni, <<canon>>, saeklesio tradiciaSi aris raRac wesebis an dadgenilebebis gamomxatveli termini. mas ebraul-berZnuli Ziri aqvs da migviTiTebs xeljoxze an lerwamze, rogorc swor da gaumrudebel saganze, romelsac saxelmZRvanelo daniSnuleba gaaCnia. amitomac damkvidrda igi saRvTismetyvelo terminad, miiCnevdnen ra, rom naTlad gadmocemda wm. werilis wignebis mizansa da daniSnulebas. me-4 saukunidan es termini gamoiyeneboda saeklesio krebaTa dadgenilebebis aRmniSvnel terminad, sapirispirod berZnuli sityvisa <<nomoi>> rac miuTiTebda brZanebulebebze, romlebic gamoicemoda saero xelisuflebis mier. swored aqedan warmoiSva termini <<Nomocanon>> rac gulisxmobs saeklesio da saero kanonebis erTad Sekrebil kodeqsTa wigns. aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom, saeklesio praktikaSi termin kanons gansxvavebuli Sinaarsobrivi datvrTvac gaaCnia. magaliTad: wmindanebis kanoni-zacia, an liturgikuli msaxurebis - kanonebi anu, igive muxlebi. dasavleTis qristianul eklesiebSi mas kidev erTi gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba aqvs da gamoiyeneba, rogorc zedwodeba samRvdelo pirTaTvis da miuTiTebs maT aRmatebul ierarqiul xarisxze. garda zemoTaRniSnulisa, saeklesio normebisa da dadgenilebebis aRmniSvnel terminad aseve gamoiyeneboda Semdegi sityvebi: canones; ordo canonicus; sanctio canonica 95

da jus canonicum. termini <<jus canonicum>>, anu igive <<canon law>>, saeklesio samarTlis sivrceSi mxolod me12 saukunis dasawyisSi Cndeba da igi gamoiyeneba samoqalaqo kanonebis <<juris civilis>> sapirispiro cnebis aRmniSvnel terminad. zemoTqmulis kvalobaze dResac sainteresoa terminebis Canon law da "Ecclesiastical law" SedarebiTi ganmarteba. isini TiTqos msgavsi cnebebia, vinaidan orive eklesiasTan dakavSirebul samarTlebriv sakiTxebs aregulireben, magram maT Soris arsebobs sayuradRebo gansxvaveba. kerZod, Zvel romSi Ecclesiastical law saeklesio samarTlis mxolod im normebis erTobliobas warmoadgenda, romlebic romauli samarTlidan iyo Sesuli saeklesio samarTalSi. amitom, am normaTa avtorebi SesaZloa imperatorebi an sxva maRali rangis saero pirebic yofiliyvnen. Sesabamisad, dRemde am terminis miRma moiazreba is kanonebi romlebic iqmneba saero xelisuflebis (saxelmwifos) mier eklesiisaTvis. maSin roca, "Canon law" gulisxmobs mxolod im normatiul dadgenilebebs romlebic iqmneba saeklesio ierarqTa mier eklesiis Sidasaorganizacio sakiTxebis mowesrigebisaTvis da eyrdnoba rogorc sauflo (saRvTo) kanonebs aseve wm. mamaTa (bunebiT) kanonikur swavlebebs. garda am gansxvavebisa saero da saeklesio, e.w. wm. kanonebs Soris arsebobs ufro sayuradRebo gansxvavebac da es mdgomareobs SemdegSi: 1. wyaro 2. mizani 3. dro 4. adgili saeklesio kanonebis wyaroa RvTis neba. saeklesio kanonebis mizania adamianTa sulebis xsna. saeklesio kanonebs maradiuli daniSnuleba gaaCniaT. saeklesio kanonebi araamqveyniuria, vinaidan eklesia universaluria normebis erTobliobaa romelic miiReba

- saekleso kanonis moqmedeba droSi usazRvroa, radgan

kanonikuri samarTali im samrTlebrivi

umaRlesi saeklesio xelisuflebis organoebis mier da xels uwyobs saeklesio cxovrebis swor marTvasa da regulirebas. misi mizania morwmune sazogadoebis keTili megzuroba sulis cxonebis gzaze da eklesiaSi saRvTismetyvelo da dogmaturi sakiTxebis uryevi dacva. amitomac, kanonikuri samarTlis subieqtad SeiZleba CaiTvalos eklesiis morwmune mrevli qristes samwyso, xolo obieqtad ki Tavad eklesia, rogorc qristes mistiuri sxeuli. maSasadame, kanonikuri samarTali sakmaod rTuli mecnierebaa, gzagasayaria adamianursa da RvTaebrivs, Seqmnilsa da Seuqmnels Soris. vinaidan eklesiis upirvelesi mizani adamianTa sulebis cxonebaa, amitomac mis wiaRSi mudmivad xdeba iseTi wesebisa da kanonebis SemuSaveba romlebic, rogorc damxmare saSvaleba, uzrunvelyofs eklesiisaTvis am misiis aRsrulebis xelSewyobas. radgan eklesia simboloa adaminaurisa da Rvaebrivis 96 Tanaarsebobisa, mas rogorc adamianebisagan Semdgar institutes aucileblad esaWiroeba kanonebi mis Sida da gare

samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis swori marTvisa da regulirebisaTvis. es imas ar niSnavs, rom am saSualebebis gamoyenebiT eklesiaSi rwmenis an mistiurobis xarisxi mcirdeba, aramed am wesebiTa da kanonebiT ufro SesaZlebeli xdeba eklesiis daniSnulebisa da misi universaluri misiis aRsruleba dedamiwaze. kanonikuri samarTlis warmoSobis pirvelsafuZvlad axali aRTqma unda miviCnioT, imdenad ramdenadac macxovris Tu samociqulo epistolaruli Janris samoZRvro xasiaTi mkafiod miuTiTebs garkveuli normebisa da dadgenililebebis pirvelwanamZRvrebis Seqmnaze. marTalia am normebis daxvewa, maTi mecnierebis statusamde ayvana da sistematizacia mogvianebiT moxda, magram misi saTaveebi udaod axalaRTqmiseul epoqas ukavSirdeba. aq sakmarisia gavixsenoT mociqulTa epistoleebSi formulirebuli sxvadasxva saxis saeklesio sanqciebi, an Tundac moralur-samarTlebrivi xasiaTis disiplinaruli normebi, romlebic miznad isaxavda axladCamoyalibebul qristianul TemebSi saeklesio wesrigis Seqmnas. kanonikuri samarTlis axalaRTqmiseul warmoSobaze is faqtic mowmobs, rom macxovnebeli sarwmunoebis qadagebis ufleba ieso qristem sakuTar mociqulebs gadasca, rogorc am moZRvrebaSi uSualod ganswavlulebs da ara maT visac amis survili gauCndeboda. es faqtic wesrigisa da disiplinis garkveuli demonstrirebaa. garda amisa, eklesiis istoria mowmobs, rom jer kidev pirvel saukuneebSi aRmosavleT qristianuli Temebi qmnidnen saeklesio kanonikur krebulebs. pirveli aseTi krebuli cnobilia didaqes saxeliT. igi mociqulTa swavlebebze dayrdnobiT SesaniSnavi ilustraciaa eklesiaSi liturgikuli wesebis, marxvisa da sxvadasxva saeklesio saidumloebebis pirveladi kanonikuri saxis gansazRvrebisaTvis. mogvianebiT, me-2 me-3 saukeneebidan, saeklesio praqtikaSi ufro mkafiod ikveTeba Sida saeklesio urTierTobebis samarTlebrivi meTodebiT regulirebis aucilebloba. amaze mowmobs am epoqaSi Seqmnili kanonikuri samarTlis krebuli, romelic ipolite romaelis saxels ukavSirdeba. misi adresati romis qristianuli Temia. aq miTiTebulia kanonikuri wesebis dacvis Sesaxeb episkoposis, mRvdlisa da diakonis kurTxevis aRsrulebis dros. aseve, wesebi naTlobis saidumlos Sesrulebis Sesaxeb. am faqtis kidev erTi dadasturebaa 220-230 wlebSi, karTagenSi mowveuli saeklesio kreba. kipriane karTagenelis mowmobiT am krebaze ganxiluli iqna naTlobis saidumlos wesebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi. 251 wels, amave wmindanis mier mowveul iqna kidev erTi saeklesio kreba romelmac ganixila im adamianTa eklesiasTan Serigebis sakiTxi vinc devnis gamo ganudgnen sakuTar sarwmunoebas. aseve, wm. kviprianes saxels ukavSirdeba pap stefanesTan kamaTi imasTan dakavSirebiT, kanonieria Tu ara eretikosebis mier aRsrulebuli naTloba da a. S. odnav mogvianebiT ki vxvdebiT ucnobi avtoris mier Sedgenil kanonikur-samoZRvro krebuls didaskalia. me-4 saukunidan ki maT sias Seemata aTeulobiT adgilobrivi da msoflio 97

saeklesio krebebis normatiuli dadgenilebebi da

kanonikuri xasiaTis epistoleebi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom Tvisobrivad isini yvela aRbeWdilia erTi saerTo niSniT da Seqmnilia wm. werilisa da wm. mamaTa swavlebebze dayrdnobiT. amitomac, es dadgenilebebi marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi dRemde inarCuneben kanonikuri da samarTlebrivi normebis avtoritetsa da statuss. IV-V saukuneebidan saeklesio samarTlis metad daxvewisa da gafarToebis kuTxiT gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevs romis saxelmwifos mier gamocemuli kanonebi, romlebic, garda eklesiis saxelmwifosTan urTierTobisa aseve, uSualod eklesiis Sidasaorganizacio da administraciuli sakiTxebis mogvarebas uwyobda xels. amaze mowmobs iustinianes kodeqsis 41 saimperatoro statutebi, romlebic awesrigebdnen saeklesio samarTlis sakiTxebs. am kuTxiT sainteresoa Teodore didis kodeqsi da konstantine didis saimperatoro kanonebi. aq ar vapireb dawvrilebiT aRvwero saeklesio samarTlis mecnierebis daxvewisa da ganviTarebisa es metad saintereso istoriuli msvleloba, magram oriode sityviT msurs aRvniSno, rom laTinur dasavleTSi, me-5 saukunis Semdeg, saeklesio kanonebis gamocemis iniciativa Tavad eklesiam aiRo xelSi da am procesebma saxelmwifodan TandaTanobiT eklesiaSi gadainacvla. aRmosavleTSi ki radikalurad gansxvavebuli suraTia konstantinopolis dacemamde, 1453 wlamde, sadac saxelmwifo aqtiurad monawileobs da mniSvnelovan gavlenebs inarCunebs Sidasaeklesio sakiTxebis marTva-gamgeobis sferoSi. dasavlur-kaTolikuri samarTlisagan gansxvavebiT, marTlmadidebel saeklesio samarTalSi samarTlis normebis kodifikacia arasodes momxdara. marTalia, berZnuli nomokanoni, igive pedalioni, marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi miRebuli kanonebis kompilaciis gziT Seiqmna, magram igi ar aris sistemurad gadamuSavebuli normatiul aqtTa krebuli, sadac kanonebi dalagebulia Sinaarsis, aRwerilobisa da daniSnulebis mixedviT. marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT araerTgvarovani damokidebuleba arsebobs da xazgasasmelia, rom mas ori urTierTgamomricxavi msjeloba axlavs: 1. tradiciulad miiCneva, rom vinaidan marTlmadidebeli eklesiis struqturul erTobas ganapirobebs damoukidebelad marTvadi sxvadasxva avtokefaluri da avtonomiuri eklesiebi, amitom SeuZlebelia Seiqmnas iseTi univrsaluri normatiul aqtTa sistema, romelic Tanabrad gaiTvaliswinebs am eklesiebis gansxvavebul tradiciebsa da eTno-kulturul Taviseburebebs. am mosazrebas amyarebs da saeklesio tradiciebis dacvis mizanSewonilobaze mowmobs me-6 msoflio krebis 39-e kanoni: ...TiToeuli eklesiis tradiciebisa da wesebis ucvlelad dacva saTnod miaCniaT wm. mamebs... swored am debulebis Tanaxmad marTlmadidebeli eklesia dRemde erTgulebs mis wiaRSi damkvidrebul tradiciebs. TumcaRa, maTi 98

dakanoneba yovelTvis gansakuTrebuli dafiqrebisa da gansjis sagania eklesiisaTvis. tradica mxolod maSin aris aRiarebuli eklesiis mier Tu is Seesabameba wm. werilsa da saeklesio dogmatebs; ar ewinaaRmdegeba wm. mamaTa kanonikur swavlebebs; da gaaCna eklesiaSi arsebobis xangrZlivi da myari praqtika. maSasadame, zemoremsjeloba gvaZlevs saSualebas davaskvnaT, rom marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi saeklesio kanoniebis kodifikacias xels uSlis avtokefaluri eklesiebis tradiciebis mravalferovneba da maTi gansxvavebuli eTnokulturuli Taviseburebebi. 2. sapirispirod tradiciuli Tezisa, marTlmadidebluri saeklesio kanonebis kodifikaciasTan dakavSirebiT saintereso mosazreba aqvs konstantinopolis patriarq barTlomeos. igi miiCnevs, rom marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi miRebuli kanonebis wyaro da safuZveli erTia da es aris RvTis neba, amitomac avtokefaluri eklesiebis mravalferovneba ar unda warmoadgendes dabrkolebas saeklesio samarTlis normebis kodifikaciisaTvis. patriarqi ambobs, rom marTlmadidebel avtokefalur eklesiaTa erToba federaciuli gaerTianeba ar aris, aramed igi mowmobs am eklesiebis rwmenisa da dogmatebis msgavsebis aRiarebze. maTi erToba ganuyofelia qristeSi da TiToeuli maTgani am erTobisa da ganuyoflobis gamoxatulebaa dedamiwis sxvadasxva geografiul adgilebSi. patriarqi ar ewinaaRmdegeba avtokefaluri eklesiebis tradiciebis mravalferovnebis SenarCunebisa da dacvis aucileblobas, magram iZleva safuZvlian ganmartebas, rom vinaidan marTlmadidebeli eklesiis kanonaTa wyaro erTia - da es aris RviTis neba, amitom SesaZlebelia maT kodifikacia. kanonikuri samarTali, garda ucvleli dogmaturi dadgenilebebisa, aseve moicavs saeklesio disiplinaruli xasiTis normatiul aqtebs. es ukanaskneli SesaZlebelia Seicvalos droisa da cvalebadi istoriuli garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, magram mxolod im SemTxvevaSi Tuki is ar gascdeba macxovnebeli moZRvrebis WeSmarit principebs. profesori nikoloz aTanasievi ganmartavs, rom: wminda kanonebi saeklesio dogmebis interpretirebuli zedmiwevniTi saxea sizustiT eklesiis istoriuli yofierebis saeklesio garkveuli momentisaTvis... magram isini gadmoscemen moZRvrebas, umetesad

gadmoscemen am sizustes Tu isini Seesabamebian konkretul istoriul realobas, macxovnebeli moZRvrebis sruli dacviTa da gaTvaliswinebiT. saeklesio kanonis amgvari formulireba gvaZlevs saSvalebas vTqvaT, rom wm. kaonebis umTavresi soteorologiuri daniSnuleba mxolod maSin aRsruldeba Tu is gaiTvaliswinebs konkretuli droisa da istoriuli realobisaTvis damaxasiaTebel moTxovnebs WeSmarit dogmatur swavlebebTan ewodeba. am mimarTebaSi. swored am principebis dacviT kanonikur samarTalSi kanoniT dadgenili wesebidan gansazRvrul gadaxvevas ikonomia - anu gangebuleba 99 samarTlebrivi moqmedebis aRsrulebis uflebamosileba eklesiaSi mxolod umaRles ierarqiul

xelisuflebas

gaaCnia.

misi

gamoyenebis

safuZveli

SeiZleba

gaxdes

adamianuri

sisusteebisadmi TanagrZnoba. amgvari TanagrZnoba gamarTlebulia eklesiis mgznebare surviliT raTa Tavidan iqnas acilebuli nebismieri arasasurveli Sedegi rac SesaZloa gamowveuli iyos kanonis mkacri da ukompromiso midgomebiT. gamonaklisad CaiTvleba iseTi SemTxvevebi roca kanonis moTxovnis zedmiwevniTi aRsruleba ufro saziano SeiZleba aRmoCndes adamianis sulieri keTildReobisaTvis vidre am kanonisagan gansazRvruli gadaxveva. ikonomia ar daiSveba iseT dadgnilebebze romelTac saklesiodogmaturi mniSvneloba gaaCniaT. igi individualuri xasiaTis samarTlebrivi moqmedebaa da misi precendentad gamoyeneba dauSvebelia. saeklesio praqtikaSi damkvidrebuli wsebis Tanaxmad ikonomiis gamoyeneba dauSvebelia sakiTxis winaswar ganxilvisa da krebiTi msjelobis gareSe. am moqmedebis prerogativa eklesiaSi saeklesio krebas - wm. synods gaaCnia. TumcaRa, es ufleba gamonaklis SemTxvevbSi SesaZloa gadaeces wm. sinodis erT romelime episkoposs, krebis saerTo gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze. ikonomia dasrulebulad CaiTvleba maSin, roca miiRweva am samarTlebrivi moqmedebiT gaTvaliswinebuli Sedegi. saeklesio disipilnis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani aspeqtia epitimia. misi dadgena xdeba moZRvris mier, monanulis aRsarebis Semdgom. epitimia berZnuli sityvaa da niSnavs akrZalvas. igi gulisxmobs sxvadasxva saxis saeklesio disiplinaruli xasiaTis sasjelebs, magaliTad: marxvis dadgena; metaniebis Sesruleba; damatebiTi locvebis Sesruleba; gansazRvruli droiT ziarebisagan Tavis Sekaveba da sxva. saeklesio disiplinaruli sasjelebi samoZRvro-pedagogiuri xasiaTisaa da igi arsebiTad gansxvavdeba samoqalaqo sasjelebis daniSnulebisa da miznebisagan. epitimia ar SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas rogorc sanacvlo misagebeli Cadenili danaSaulisaTvis damnaSavis dasjis mizniT, aramed misi mizania monanulis sulieri keTildReobisaTvis zrunva da mas aRmzrdelobiTi funqcia akisria. aq ganxiluli sakiTxebis mokle retrospeqtiva SeiZleba CaiTvalos damxmare wanamZRvrebad am Tematikis momavalSi ufro siRrmiseuli samecniero Seswavlisa da analizisaTvis. me imedi maqvs, rom aRniSnuli sakiTxebis Semdgomi kvleva-Ziebac keTilad daexmareba dainteresebul mkiTxvels am mimarTulebiT ufro naTeli samecniero orientirebis gamokveTaSi.

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literatura Literature 1. Spiritual Dimensions of the Holy Canons. by Lewis J. Patsavos. Edt. Holy Cross Orthodox Press. 2003. 2. A Common Code for the Orthodox Churches. Kanon I [Vienna, 1973] 3. The Canons of the Church: Changeable or Unchangeable? edt: St. Vladimir's Theological Quarterly 11(1967). 4. The Rudder. (Pedalion) by D. Cummings. 1908 5. didi sjuliskanoni. e. gabiZaSvili. gamomcemloba mecniereba. 1975 6. mcire sjuliskanoni. e. WeliZe. Tbilisi. 2003.

reziume eklesia da samarTali vladimer Nnarsia

am statiaSi mokled aris ganxiluli kanonikuri samarTlis ZiriTadi principebi. aq saubaria eklesiasa da samarTlis urTierTobis pirvelsafuZvlebze da kanonikuri samarTlis warmoSobaze, ganmartebulia zogierTi mniSvnelovani termini da xazgasmulia ikonomiisa da epitemiis cnebebis fundamentaluri mniSvleobis Sesaxeb. aseve, gamijnulia terminebi saeklesio samarTali da kanonikuri samarTali da miTiTebulia maT SigTavsebze da arsebiT gansxvavebeze. aRniSnuli Tematikis ganxilva da misi samecniero Seswavla Tamamad SeiZleba CaiTvalos sruliad inovaciur wamowyebad qarTuli humanitaruli mecnierebis sferoSi axali mimarTulebis danergvis kuTxiT. Sesabamisad, am naSromis mizania kanonikuri da da saeklesio samarTlis sferoSi mkiTxvelisaTvis pirvelwarmodgenebis Seqmna da damxmare wanamZRvrebis dadgena momavalSi am Tematikis ufro siRrmiseuli analizisaTvis qarTuli saeklesio samarTlis mecnierebis ganviTarebis xelSewyobisaTvis.

SUMMARY CHURCH AND LAW VLADIMER NARSIA

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Here is briefly described the basic principles of Canon Law. This essay considers the fundamentals of the relationship of Church and Law, as well as the origin of Canon Law study from its historical perspective. Besides that, fundamental concept of economy [oikonomy, i.e. dispensation] and epitimia are highlighted alongside with the term - Ecclesiastical Law and Canon Law, where differences of their inner concept and essentials are reviewed. Discussing the subject on its scientific level can be freely considered to be an innovative enterprise that will introduce new direction in the Georgian humanitarian scholarly filed. Consequently, the purpose of this work is to give the interested reader initial perceptions about Canon Law and Ecclesiastical law and to create conditions for far-reaching analysis of this topic and to promoting studies in the field of Georgian Orthodox Canon Law.

. , , . . . , .

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bavSvebisa da danaSaulis Temis gaSuqeba qarTul mediaSi

dali osefaSvili iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis Jurnalistikis mimarTulebis asocirebuli profesori

Cveni naSromis mizania warmovadginoT kvlevis Sedegebi Tu rogor aSuqebda qarTuli beWduri media 2007 wlis ianvar-seqtemberSi bavSvebisa da danaSaulis Temas. kvlevis obieqtia gazeTebi: 24 saaTi, alia, axali versia, axali Taoba, rezonansi. bavSvebisa da ZaladobasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi im erT-erT sensaciur TemaTagania, romelic myvirala saTaurebiT usaTuod gazeTis pirvel gverdze an axali ambebis gamoSvebis nomer pirvel informaciad gvevlineba. saerTod, bavSvebis Temaze Zalzed iSviaTad vxvdebiT pozitiur masalebs. rogorc Cans, aramomgebiania am sakiTxebis gaSuqeba da mxolod maSin iwevs is wina planze, rodesac saqme mkvlelobebsa da Zaladobebs exeba. amas mowmobs Cveni raodenobrivi kvlevis monacemebi. Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT saagentoebis mowvdil mokle niusebs, am periodSi sul bavSvebis Temaze daibeWda 189 sagazeTo publikacia. aqedan 93 exeba danaSauls, 23 seqsualur Zaladobas asaxavs, 31 ganaTlebis sakiTxebs aSuqebs, xolo 42 warmogvidgens sxva iseT Temebs, rogoricaa saxelmwifos valdebulebebi da bavSvebi, Svilad ayvanis problema, mzrunvelobas moklebuli bavSvebi da sxv. grafikulad es raodenobrivi monacemebi amgvarad gamoisaxeba:

s ul
42

189 pu bl i kac i a

93 31 23

d anaSau l i s T em a seqsu al u r i Zal ad o ba ganaT l eba sxva

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bavSvebisa da danaSaulis Temis gaSuqeba am sakiTxze momuSave Jurnalistebisgan saTanado samarTlebriv codnas moiTxovs.YTumca, ramdenad koreqtulad Suqdeba es Tema qarTul mediaSi? yvelaze mTavari Secdoma, rasac xSirad uSveben qarTveli Jurnalistebi bavSvebisa da danaSaulis Temis gaSuqebisas, udanaSaulobis prezumciis darRvevaa. arcTu iSviaTad am Temaze momzadebul masalebs mxolod sanaxaobisa da Sous elferi dakravs; aseve xdeba bavSvebis Temis politizireba, rasac mowmobs gaxmaurebuli zerekiZis saqme. bavSvebisa da danaSaulis Tema bolo dros imdenad aqtualuri gaxda qarTul sazogadoebaSi, rom xelisufleba axali sakanonmdeblo iniciativiT gamodis _ sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis minimaluri zRvari 14-dan 12 wlamde Semcirdes.ETumca, es axali iniciativa politi-kosTa mZafr vnebaTaRelvas da eqspertTa seriozul SeSfoTebas iwvevs. bavSvTa uflebaTa konvenciis mixedviT, yvela xelmomweri qveyana valdebulia daicvas da aRiaros is saerTaSoriso normebi Tu standartebi, romlebic arasrulwlovanTa samarTlis administrirebas exeba. am saerTaSoriso standartebis Tanaxmad, bavSvebi, romlebmac kanoni daarRvies, msxverplad moiazrebian da ara damnaSaveebad. maTi asakidan gamomdinare, isini dacvas, zrunvas da gansakuTrebul mopyrobas saWiroeben. marTlmsajulebis farglebSi maTdami gansakuTrebuli mopyroba ganpirobebulia maTive daucvelobiT [1: 52]. konvenciiT ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli is minimaluri asaki, rodesac SesaZlebelia bavSvis dasja, Tumca, civilizebuli qveynebis umetesobaSi, es asaki 14 wels Seadgens. gaeros bavSvis uflebaTa komiteti mudmivad mouwodebs monawile qveynebs, rac SeiZleba evropis SeSfoTeba maRali sabWos gamoTqva, zRvari daaweson sisxlis samarTlebrivi dacvis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxebSi, Tomas gansazRvrisTvis. komisarma rom adamianis uflebaTa zogierTi hamarbergma specialuri gancxadeba gaakeTa arasrulwlovanTa danaSaulis Sesaxeb. man evropis sabWos saxelmwifo arasrulwlovan uflebebis damnaSaveebTan dakavSirebuli kanonmdeblobis miRebisas, bavSvTa

konvenciisa da sxva saerTaSoriso da evropuli standartebis ignorirebas axdens an maT safuZvlianad ar icnobs. rogorc am gancxadebaSi vkiTxulobT: arasrulwlovanTa marTlmsajulebisas adgili ar unda hqondes damsjelobiT zomebs. Zalisxmeva unda mivmarToT imisken, rom arasrulwlovanma SeigrZnos pasuxismgebloba, magram es unda moxdes reintegraciis gziT. im evropaSi, romlis aSenebac Cven gvinda, im bavSvebisTvisac unda iyos adgili, romlebmac cudad daiwyes TavianTi cxovreba. /www.crin.org/resources/infoDetail./. vidre mediaSi mozardTa uflebebis darRvevis konkretul faqtebs SemogTavazebdeT, Tvali gadavavloT zust statistikas. sainteresoa, ra saxis danaSauls Cadian mozardebi.

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wyaro: saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo www.statistics.ge

wyaro: saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo www.statistics.ge Tumca, saqarTvelos generaluri prokuraturis monacemebiT, 2007 wlis 9 Tvis ganmavlobaSi klebis tendenciiT xasiaTdeba arasrulwlovanTa mier Cadenili danaSaulebi. am monacemebis mixedviT, yvelaze xSiria qurdoba. kerZod, 751 arasrulwlovani msjavrdebulidan umetesobas _ 386 Cadenili aqvs qurdoba, Semdeg yaCaRoba _72, Zarcva _ 53 da a. S.

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wyaro: saqarTvelos generaluri prokuraturis aparati monacemebi arasrulwlovanTa mimarT ganxorcielebuli sasjelis RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb wyaro: saqarTvelos generaluri prokuraturis aparati

ra saxis danaSauls sCadian bavSvebi, ra iwvevs agresias mozardebSi, da kanonTan konfliqtSi myofi bavSvebi da kamonmdebloba _ es is ZiriTadi Temebia, romelic sagazeTo publikaciaTa analizis Sedegad ikveTeba garda, TviT uSualod konkretuli danaSaulis faqtebis gadmocemisa.

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es Temebi gvxvdeba TiTqmis yvela Cvens mier Seswavlil gazeTSi, Tumca 24 saaTi da rezonansi gvTavazoben ZiriTadad faqtebs, axali versia da alia danaSaulis versiebs ganixilaven, axali Taoba ki umetes SemTxvevaSi warmogvidgens sxvadasxva pirTa komentarebs, Tu ra iwvevs agresias bavSvebSi. kvlevis Sedegebi mowmobs, rom qarTuli beWduri media did yuradRebas uTmobs bavSvebisa da danaSaulis Temas. amitomac, sakmaod didi nawili publikaciebisa, pirvel gverdzea ganTavsebuli. rac Seexeba wyaroebs, kvlevam gviCvena, rom qarTul mediaSi am sakiTxze sasaubrod Jurnalistebi ZiriTadad mxolod politikosebs, mxolod fsiqologebs an mxolod samarTaldamcvelebs da mimarTaven da ar aris publikaciebi mravalwyaroze dayrdnobiT momzadebuli, romelSic kompetenturi pirebi problemas mravalmxrivad da siRrmiseulad gaanalizebdnen; sasurvelia metad iyos warmodgenili am sferos specialistTa da eqspertTa komentarebi; vxvdebiT mSobelTa da moqalaqeTa komentarebs.Easeve aranakleb saintereso iqneboda TviT bavSvTa xmis CarTva ras fiqroben mozardebi maTsave TanatolebSi arsebul moWarbebul agresiaze; 189 publikaciidan bavSvebis mxolod 6 komentari Segvxvda. ramdenad koreqtulad Suqdeba Tema? arasrulwlovanTa saqmeebis gaSuqebisas, maTi konfidencialurobis dacva _ saerTaSoriso moTxovnaa da xels uwyobs damnaSavis damRis Tavidan acilebas. rogorc misuris Jurnalistikis skolis axali ambebis saxelmZRvaneloSi vkiTxulobT, garda daRisa, romelic samudamod daaCndeba arasrulwlovani damnaSavis saxels, arsebobs mosazreba, rom zogierT jgufebSi axalgazrdis aseTma saxelganTqmulobam SeiZleba ubiZgos sxva axalgazrdebs kanonis darRvevisaken. sxvebis azriT, sajaro damcirebis perspeqtiva axalgazrdebs kargad daafiqrebs danaSaulis Cadenamde. [2: 505]. miuxedavad am gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisebisa, saerTaSoriso samarTlis mixedviT, arsebobs ramdenime ZiriTadi saxelmZRvanelo dokumenti, romelic bavSvebs Seexeba: bavSvTa uflebebis konvencia, gaeros arasrulwlovanTa samarTlis administraciis minimaluri standartuli wesebi (pekinis wesebi, 1985) da gaeros TavisuflebaaRkveTil arasrulwlovanebTan mopyrobis wesebi (1990). gaeros minimaluri standartuli wesebiT, arasrulwlovanTa marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebisas (e.w. pekinuri wesebi), pativi unda eces arasrulwlovani piris uflebas piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobaze, raTa Tavidan iqnas acilebuli misTvis zianis miyeneba da nebismieri informacia, romelsac SeiZleba Sedegad arasrulwlovani gamoqveyndes samarTaldamrRvevis (muxli 8). identifikacia mohyves, principulad iseTi ar unda saerTaSoriso standartebiT ikrZaleba informaciis

gamoqveyneba, romelic saSualebas iZleva, moxdes arasrulwlovani kanondamrRvevis identifikacia. satelevizio gadacemaSi samarTaldamrRvevis saxe usaTuod dafaruli unda iyos da saxel-gvari ar unda iyos naxsenebi. 107

amdenad, arasrulwlovanTa saqmeebis gaSuqebisas, maTi konfiden-cialurobis dacva saerTaSoriso moTxovnaa da xels uwyobs Tavidan acilebas. amgvaria saerTaSoriso midgoma _ Cvens sazogadoebaSi ki, araTu msxverplad moiazreben danaSaulis Camden arasrulwlovnebs, aramed qarTul mediaSi, arcTu iSviaTad irRveva udanaSaulobis prezumfcia da axali ambebis gaSuqebisas xSirad damnaSaveebad ixsenieben eWvmitanil mozardebs, romelTa braleulobac ar aris damtkicebuli da maT saxelgvarebsac umxelen sazogadoebas. es ki, imavdroulad profesiuli eTikis darRvevac aris da bavSvTa uflebis _ piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis Selaxvac. Jurnalistebi SeiZleba iTqvas, erTgvari dilemis winaSe dganan _ SesTavazon auditorias mozardTa danaSaulebTan dakavSirebuli skandaluri istoria Tu maT uflebebze ifiqron. anu ra gadawonis sazogadoebis interesi, Seityos momxdari faqti Tu TviT arasrulwlovanTa interesi. marTalia, Jurnalistebi ZiriTadad moqmedeben cnobili principiT, cudi axali ambavi yvelaze kargi axali ambavia, magram rogorc Cans, naklebad fiqroben imaze, maT mier miwodebuli informacia ra uaryofiT zegavlenas moaxdens mozardTa da saerTod, adamianTa fsiqikaze. iseve rogorc, TviT danaSaulis Camdens an msxverpls SeiZleba gamousworebeli daRi daasvas mediiT gavrcelebulma informaciam. JurnalistTa saerTaSoriso federaciis principebiT, bavSvebTan dakavSirebuli publikaciebis gaSuqeba maTi daucveli mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT unda moxdes. mediis saSualebebma yvelaferi unda gaakeTon imisaTvis, rom ar gadauxvion umaRles eTikur standartebsa da normebs bavSvTa problemebis gaSuqebisas. kerZod, gTavazobT am problemasTan dakavSirebul mxolod ramdenime moTxovnas profesiuli standartidan. bavSvebis sakiTxebis gaSuqebisas maT Zalisxmeva ar unda daiSuron sizustisa da koreqtulobis dasacavad; unda moeridon iseTi fotoebisa da informaciis gamoqveynebas bavSvebisaTvis gankuTvnil mediasivrceSi, romelic saziano iqneba maTTvis. moeridon BbavSvebTan dakavSirebuli problemebis sensaciur da stereotipul gaSuqebas publikaciebis popularobis mizniT; bavSvebTan dakavSirebuli nebismieri masalis gamoqveynebisas saguldagulod awondawonon SesaZlo Sedegebi da minimumamde daiyvanon zianis faqtori. Tu amas sazogadoebrivi interesi ar moiTxovs, daicvan bavSvis vinaoba da ar gamoaqveynon misi fotoebi; /www.unicef.org/media_tools_guidlines.html/ es zogadi standartia, romelTa gaTvaliswinebac marTebT Jurnalistebs, Tumca, qarTul mediaSi arcTu iSviaTad irRveva es standarti. 108 stigmis anu damnaSavis damRis dasmis

rogorc aRvniSneT, bavSvebisa da danaSaulisa Tu seqsualuri Zaladobis problemis gaSuqebisas arsebobs safrTxe, rom daarRvion udanaSaulobis prezumcia da Txrobis sensaciuri stilis gamoyenebiT skandaluri istoria SesTavazon mkiTxvelebsa Tu mayureblebs. magaliTad, erT-erT gazeTSi rubrikiT Semzaravi istoria vxvdebiT statias saTauriT _ 14 wlis bavSvs 23 Wriloba miayenes, romelic Tbilisis erT-erT skolaSi momxdar incidents warmogvidgens /axali versia, N#517/. rogorc qvesaTauridan vkiTxulobT _ braldebuli daWrilis Tanaklaseli gogoa da savaraudod, es incidenti lesbosur niadagze momxdara _ mas da mis msxverpls erTi da igive gogona hyvarebiaT. ramdenadac TemaAqarTuli realobisTvis ucxo da tabuirebulia, publikaciac sensaciuri stiliT aris Sesrulebuli. Jurnalisti, marTalia, ar amtkicebs, rom danaSauli namdvilad am niadagze moxda, magram TanaklaselebTan eqskluziur interviuebze dayrdnobiT, faqtiurad, swored am versias ganixilavs. aRsaniSnavia, rom Zalian bevr komentars vxdebiT, magram ar aris braldebuli gogonas Yadvokatis komentari. yvelaze mZime Secdoma ki, rasac Jurnalisti uSvebs, aris eWvmitanili gogonas vinaobis gamxelaa (aseve, zustad uTiTebs im skolasac, sadac danaSauli moxda). Cven Segnebulad ar vasaxelebT mis saxelsa da gvars, raTa faqtis tiraJireba ar gamogvivides da kidev erTxel ar Seilaxos misi Rirseba. ramdenime Tvis Semdeg ki, sasamarTlo procesis msvlelobisas, gazeTi ubrundeba imave faqts, da gvTavazobs publikacias, romlis mixedviTac, es gogona, ara rogorc damnaSaved, savaraudod, mowmed unda ganvixiloT. /arasrulwlovani gogo ganaCenis molodinSia, axali versia, N#564/. Tumca, gazeTi ar aRiarebs, rom maT udanaSaulobis prezumfcia daarRvies. mxolod imis aRniSvniT kmayofildeba, rom gogonas albaT gaamarTlebs sasamarTlo. aqsiomaa, rom Jurnalistma mxolod da mxolod eWvmitanilis saxiT SeiZleba moixsenios piri, vidre misi braleuloba ar aris damtkicebuli, Tumca vxvdebiT iseT Secdomebs, rodesac mediaSi damnaSaved acxadeben pirs. unda iTqvas isic, rom rogorc publikaciaTa analizi mowmobs, bavSvTa uflebebis damrRvevebad gvevlinebian aramxolod Jurnalistebi, aramed samarTaldamcvelebic. magaliTad, 24 saaTSi vkiTxulobT gazeTis sakuTar informacias, rom: samarTaldamcvelebis informaciiT mkvlelobis Camdeni 16 wlis ilia iaSvilia. rogorc fotoebis analizma gviCvena, danaSaulis Temis gasaSuqeblad ZiriTadad, zogadi suraTebi gamoiyeneba, Tumca vxdebiT iseT SemTxvevebsac, rodesac cnobadia fotoze aRbeWdili mozardi. amdenad, udanaSaulobis prezumfciisa da konfindencialurobis darRveva, rogorc danaSaulSi eWvmitanil mozardis, aseve msxverpli bavSvebisa, erT-erTi uxeSi Secdomaa da laxavs bavSvTa uflebebs. Tumca, erTi ram gvsurs xazgasmiT aRvniSnoT, am kvlevis 109

mizani ar iyo kritika erTi romelime gazeTisa, aramed Cveneba zogadi tendenciisa, romelic axasiaTebs Tanamedrove qarTul medias. gamosavali ki, Cveni azriT profesiuli standartis dacvaa.

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literatura Literature 1. bavSvTa sakiTxebis gaSuqeba mediaSi, saxelmZRvanelo studentebisaTvis, Tbilisis sax. universiteti da gaeros bavSvTa dacvis fondi, Tb., 2008; 2. B.Brooks, G.Kennedy, News Reporting and Writing, The Missouri Group, ed 7. Boston-New York., 2002.

reziume bavSvebisa da danaSaulis Temis gaSuqeba qarTul mediaSi dali osefaSvili

Cveni kvlevis mizania SeviswavloT, 2007 wlis ianvar-seqtemberSi qarTuli beWduri media rogor aSuqebda bavSvebisa da danaSaulis Temas. kvlevis obieqtia gazeTebi: 24 saaTi, alia, axali versia, axali Taoba, rezonansi. bavSvebisa Jurnalistebisgan da danaSaulis Temis gaSuqeba codnas am sakiTxze rogorc momuSave Cveni kvleva saTanado samarTlebriv moiTxovs.

mowmobs, yvelaze mTavari Secdoma, rasac xSirad uSveben qarTveli Jurnalistebi am Temis gaSuqebisas, udanaSaulobis prezumciis darRvevaa; kvlevis Sedegebi rogorc mowmobs, qarTul mediaSi am sakiTxze sasaubrod Jurnalistebi ZiriTadad mxolod politikosebs, mxolod fsiqologebs an mxolod samarTaldamcvelebs mimarTaven da ar aris publikaciebi mravalwyaroze dayrdnobiT momzadebuli, romelSic kompetenturi pirebi problemas mravalmxrivad da siRrmiseulad gaanalizebdnen.

SUMMARY GEORGIAN MEDIA COVERAGE OF CHILDREN AND CRIME DALI OSEPASHVILI Our research is aimed at studying the Georgian press coverage of children and crime in the period of January - September 2007. The subjects of research are the newspapers: "24 Saati", "Alia", "Akhali Versia", "Akhali Taoba, "Rezonansi. Coverage of children and crime requires appropriate legal education from the journalists working on this issue. As our research proves the main mistake often made by Georgian journalists while covering this topic is violation of presumption of innocence; 111

As the research results prove for discussing the abovementioned issue the journalists in Georgian media refer to interviews only with politicians, psychologists or lawyers. The publications are not prepared on the basis of multiple sources in which the efficient persons would have made deep and versatile analysis of problem. , . : 24 , , , , . , , . , , , . , , , ; , , .

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media-monitoringis angariSis warmoeba

mariam gersamia iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis asocirebuli profesori

presasTan

da

sazogadoebasTan arss da miznebs

urTierTobis

sakiTxebSi

specialistisTvis agebulebas

da da

analitikosebisTvis mniSvnelovania media-monitoringis sworad warmoeba. ganvsazRvravT media-monitoringis (1), monitoringis angariSis momzadebis procedurebs (2), fabrikaciis elementebs, maTi gamovlenis da maTze reagirebis saSualebebs (3). am sakiTxebis codna miexmareba media-analitikoss ukeT gaiazros rogor unda daamuSavos media-produqti, xolo Jurnalists miexmareba ufrom metad iyos Sedegze orientirebuli. media-monitoringis miznebi (1): media-monitoringis warmoebis mizania sainformacio qselSi organizaciis/uwyebis Sesaxeb Seqmnili suraTis Sesaxeb operatiuli informireba da analizi. media-monitoringis Sedegad fasdeba rogorc mediasTan urTierTobis efeqturoba, aseve mediis da organizaciis/uwyebis profesionalizmi. angariSis agebuleba Sabloni Sedgeba da momzadeba (2): angariSi mzaddeba winaswar Sedgenil ramdenime cxrilisgan da asaxavs: samizne sainformacio SablonSi ganTavsebuli informaciis analizis Sedegad. saSualebebs, organizaciis/uwyebis mier inicirebul RonisZiebebs, Sefasebis indikatorebs da sxv. Sablonis ganaxleba xdeba yoveldRiurad. media-monitoringis angariSSi savaldebuloa iyos: ZiriTadi mignebebi, sainformacio saSualebebiT gasuli masalebis statistikuri da kontent-analizi da rekomendaciebi. ZiriTadi mignebebis siswore mowmdeba argumentebiT, romlebic vlindeba im sxvadasxva faqtorebze dakvirvebiT, romelTa kombinaciac mediis da organizaciis mxridan ganapirobebs movlenis pozitiurad an negatiurad asaxvas mediaSi. analizis Sedegad ikveTeba muSaobis procesSi gamovlenili xarvezebi, warmatebebi. angariSSi warmodgenilia ra ganapirobebs pozitiur da negatiur pozicionirebas. axali ambebis Semadgenel am elementebs pozitiur da negatiur simboloebs vuwodebT. poziciuri simboloebia (Sefasebis 13 indikatoris mixedviT): dadebiTi politikuri rezonansi; adaminis uflebebis dacvis/damcvelis pozicionireba; sainformacio sababis sainteresod warmoCena; sworad SerCeuli dro, mesiji da spikerebi (maT Soris cnobadi 113

saxeebi); dadebiTi gamoxmaureba movlenis garSemo; dadebiTi Sefasebebi; kargi vizualuri garemo; presis protokolis marTva: reglamenti da sainformacio uzrunvelyofa; warmatebuli istoriis, magaliTis warmoCena: miRweuli Sedegis demonstrireba; risk-faqtoris mqone ambebis inicireba; konteqsti: im dRes/kviras ganviTarebuli sxva movlenebi; ramdenime media saSualebaSi asaxva; kmayofili adamianebi. negatiuri simboloebia (Sefasebis 11 indikatori): uaryofiTi politikuri rezonansi: politikosebis kritika; uaryofiTi gamoxmaureba movlenis garSemo (maT Soris cnobadi saxeebis); uaryofiTi Sefasebebi; cudi vizualuri garemo; sainformacio vakuumi: daubalansebeli informacia; warumatebuli magaliTis warmoCenis maprovocirebeli garemos Seqmna; reagireba post-faqtum; konteqsti: im dRes/kviras ganviTarebuli sxva movlenebi; adamianis uflebebis darRvevis faqtis warmoCena an ignorireba; ukmayofilo adamianebi; ramdenime media saSualebaSi asaxva. efeqturobis Sesafaseblad analitikosisTvis mniSvnelovania rogorc gaSuqebis sixSiris, aseve simboloebis raodenobis Sepirispirebis da dinamikis Cveneba. monitoringis SablonSi, grafebSi Cawerilia pozitiuri da negatiuri indikatorebi, romelTa dafiqsirebis SemTxvevaSic, analitikosi amarkerebs Sesabamisi komponents. rekomendaciebis SesamuSaveblad aucilebelia pozitiuri da negatiuri komponentebis Sepirispireba, aseve organizaciis da negatiur niSas Soris balansis dadgena. gaSuqebis sixSiris Sesabamisad xdeba organizaciis aqtiurobis maCveneblis gansazRvra negatiur niSasTan mimarTebiT. es niSnavs, rom analitikosi ajamebs Semdegi saxis statistikur informacias: organizaciis mier gaavrcelebuli presrelizebis da mediaSi maTi asaxvis raodenobas; organizaciis mier inicirebuli ambebze momzadebuli axali ambebis raodenobas, mTavar sainformacio gamoSvebaSi gasuli ambebis raodenobas, top-niusad gasuli axali ambebis raodenobas; sferos (mag: ganaTlebis, ekonomikis, biznesis, kulturis da sxv) Sesaxeb momzadebuli axali ambebis saerTo raodenobas (am monacems analitikosi amowmebs kontentanaliziT); `negatiuri niSaSi moxvedrili ambebis raodenobas (procentuli daangariSebiT); `organizaciis niSaSi, anu organizaciis mier inicirebuli ambebis raodenobas (procentuli daangariSebiT); monitoringi sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis specialists exmareba media-gegmis momzadebaSi. media-monitoringis efeqturobas adasturebs Sidauwyebrivi kvlevebic. mag: 114

ganaTlebis da mecnierebis saministroSi warmoebuli media-monitoringis Sedegad (2007 wlis ianvari-ivnisi) dadasturda, rom yvela SemTxveva, roca saministros warmomadgeneli ar akeTebs komentars momxdarze Suqdeba negatiurad; ganaTlebis da mecnierebis saminsitos mier dagegnili RonisZiebebis umravlesoba (70%) asaxvas povebs mediaSi, xolo saministros dagegmili axali ambebis umetesoba Suqdeba obieqturad (amaTgan 19% - pozitiurad, 78% - neitralurad); RonisZiebis kargad an cudad gaSuqebis albaToba izrdeba sxvadasxva faqtorebis kombinaciis, urTierTzemoqmedebis Sedegad da sxv. media-monitoringis yovelkvireul angariSSi iwereba rekomendaciebi sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis moklevadiani da grZelvadiani strategiis SemuSavebisTvis. aseve SesaZlebelia yovelTviuri da kvartaluri angariSebis momzadeba. media-monitoringis daxmarebiT SesaZlebelia Jurnalisturi fabrikaciebis elementebis gamovlena (3). fabrikacia aris Jurnalisturi Sromis produqti (satelevizio-radio Tu publicisturi masala), sadac sxvadasxva elementebis kompinirebis saSualebiT obieqturi realobis damaxinjebulad warmoCena. roca informciis nakadi aris Zalian didi, fabrikaciis Seqmnis msxverpli SeiZleba Tavad Jurnalistic gaxdes. xSirad ambebis calkeuli nawilebi informacias sworad asaxaven, magram konteqstSi damajinjebuli suraTi iqmneba. erT-erTi amerikeli Jurnalisti, mark singeri, amas mozaikis awyobas adarebs, roca sxvadasxva Seusabamo nawilebi SesaZloa erTmaneTs moergos, magram saboloo suraTis Seqmnisas erTi Secdomac ki afuWebs yvelafers - wyaros miTiTeba [1]. aseT SemTxvevaSi media-analizis Sedegad iwereba: ZiriTadi mignebebi (3.1), statistikuri analizi (3.2), kontent-analizi (3.3), fabrikaciis elementebis dajgufeba (3.4) rekomendaciebi (3.5) ZiriTad mignebebSi (3.1) aisaxeba: ra Temaze Seiqmna fabrikacia? ra aris fabrikaciis Seqmnis mizani? ra faqtoria gamoyenebuli fabrikaciis Seqmnis maprovocirebeli faqtorad? ra Sedegi moyva fabrikacias? ra reagireba mohyva fabrikacias oponentebis mxridan? raze/visze imoqmeda dadebiTad da uaryofiTad? rogoria arsebuli politikuri/ekonomikuri/istoriuli foni (e.w. beqgraundi)? romeli media-saSualebebi da Jurnalistebi qmnian fabrikaciebs da rogor? yvelaze xSirad ra elementebis gamoyenebuli fabrikaciis Sesaqmnelad?

statistikur analizSi (3.2) aisaxeba: 115

rogoria samauwyeblo da beWdviTi mediis wili fabrikaciaze? rogoria fabrikaciebis asaxvis sixSire mediis sxvadasxva saSualebebSi? rogoria fabrikaciebis perioduloba? rogoria respodentebis dublirebis sixSire mediis sxvadasxva saSualebebSi? rogoria fabrikaciebis procentuli wili e.w. negatiur niSaSi (negatiur axal ambebSi) kontent-analizSi (3.3) Semdeg media-analitikosma unda daadginos/daasabuTos aris

Tu ara Jurnalisturi produqti fabrikacia? amisTvis saWiroa fabrikaciis elementebis gamovlena (3.4). ai, ra elementebi SeiZleba iyos gamoyenebuli fabrikaciis Sesaqmnelad: dauzustebeli informacia (varaudis da ara faqtebis warmoCena); Wori/tyuili/Secdomebi; anonimuri wyaro/wyaroebi; anonimuri respodenti (maT Soris sinqronebi arasworad miTiTebuli vinaobiT an vinaobis gareSe); arasworad miTiTebuli/dauzustebeli adgilmdebareoba; Jurnalistis/respodentis cinikuri toni; miTis Seqmnis mcdeloba TviTmxilvelebis/monawileebis ignorirebiT an TviTmxilvelebis mridan zedmiwevniT identuri gancxadebebis gamoyenebiT; miTis Seqmnis mcdeloba realuri Sous elementebis (ambebis rekonstruqciis) gamoyenebiT; resodentebis mxridan meti emociis da naklebi infomaciis Cveneba; uaryofiTi emociuri konteqstis xazgasma; arakvalificirebuli respodentis SerCeva; Jurnalistis mxridan vizualis mxolod sityvieri aRwera; ambavs hyavs: gmiri, msxverpli, damnaSave, idumali personaJi; amiT manipulireba; ganviTarebuli movlenebis aRwerisas fizikurad SeuZlebeli garemoebebis aRwera; qronologiuri da logikuri xvrelebi; saarqivo masalis sxva Tematur konteqstSi gamoyeneba; respodenti aRwers ara movlenis mimdinareobas, aramed imas, rac movlenis Semdeg naxa [2]; rekomendaciebSi (4.5) aisaxeba Tu rogor unda moxdes fabrikaciebze reagireba. Tu Jurnalisti aRmoaCens fabrikaciis Seqmnis elementebs, mas SeuZlia moaxdinos reagireba, daazustos da daadasturos faqtebi varaudebis sapirispirod. fabrikaciis

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sapirispirod am SemTxvevaSi informacias:

Jurnalisti (aseve, niusmeqerebi) iyenebs Semdegi saxis

ra dadasturda/ar dadasturda sinamdvileSi? (faqtebis da ara varaudebis warmoCena); dazustebuli wyaroebi; respodentebis identifikacia (Tu SesaZlebelia igive respodentebis mxridan axali sinqronis moZieba); axali, sarwmuno respodentebis moZieba da Cawera; dazustebuli adgilmdebareoba; damatebiTi TviTmxilvelebis interviuireba da informaciis sxvadasxva kuTxiT Cveneba (ara zedmiwevniT identuri gancxadebebis warmoCena) ambebis dekonstruqcia/ramdenime nawilad daSla da analizi; konkretuli adamianebis moqmedebebis aRwera; ambis nawilebs Soris Sesabamisobis dadgena; qronologiuri da logikuri xvrelebis aRmoCena; ambis nawilebSi urTierTgamomricxavi emociebis da informaciis aRmoCena; dadgena imisa, Tu ra akavSirebT respodentebs erTmaneTTan; emociuri gancxadebebis Semcveli frazebis gamijvna faqtebisgan; dadebiTi emociuri fonis povna; kvalificirebuli respodentis SerCeva; Jurnalistis mxridan sityvebis vizualuri dadasturebis moZieba; gmiris, msxverplis, damnaSavis da idumali personaJis gadafasebis SesaZleblobis povna; dadastureba, rom aRwerili movlenebi ase ver ganviTardeboda; qronologiuri da logikuri Tanmimdevroba; saarqivo masalis konteqstis moxmoba/ganmarteba; movlenis mimdinareobis Sesaxeb zusti informaciis gavrceleba; dazustebuli informaciis gavrceleba dadebiTad pozicionirebisTvis; ramdenime media saSualebaSi asaxva; monitoringis cxrilSi analitikosma unda miuTiTos Semdegi monacemebi: eTerSi

gasvlis/gamoqveynebis

TariRi,

qula/gaSuqebis

sixSire,

avtori,

mediaSi

asaxva

(CamonaTvali: romel arxze, ra gamoSvebebSi, romel blokSi gaSuqda), ra iyo mediis mesiji, vin iyvnen mTavari da meorexarisxovani spikerebi.

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literatura Literature

1. Zinsser William, Speaking of Journalism, Harpercollinspublishers, New York, USA, 1994. p. 96 2. Alexandra Kitty Dont Believe it, How lies become news, 2005.USA, p. 378-380

reziume media-monitoringis angariSis warmoeba mariam gersamia

presasTan analitikosebisTvis

da

sazogadoebasTan

urTierTobis

sakiTxebSi sworad

specialistisTvis warmoeba.

da

mniSvnelovania

media-monitoringis

statiaSi

gansazRvrulia media-monitoringis daniSnuleba (1), monitoringis angariSis agebuleba da momzadebis procedurebi (2), fabrikaciis elementebi, maTi gamovlenis da maTze reagirebis saSualebebi (3). am sakiTxebis codna miexmareba media-analitikoss ukeT gaiazros rogor unda daamuSavos media-produqti, xolo Jurnalists miexmareba ufro metad iyos Sedegze orientirebuli.

SUMMARY MAKING AN ACCOUNT OF MEDIA-MONITORING MARIAM GERSAMIA Producing proper media-monitoring reports are essential for the public relations specialists as well as for the media-analytics. This research paper dwells on the following topics: purposes of media-monitoring reports (1), structure of this reports and tips on how to draft them.(2), elements of fabrication, the ways of identifying them and overwriting the stories correctly (3). These issues will help the media-analytics to better develop a media-product. Journalists and newsmakers can apply thr knowledge of the above mentioned issues to make themselves more result-oriented.

118

119

- , -. - (1), (2), , (3). - -, _ .

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OLD GEORGIAN TRADITIONS

SOPHIO MIDELASHVILI FIRST COURSE MASTER OF HUMANITARIAN-SOCIAL FACULTY OF TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA Today in the 21st century the new coming generation is protecting the native inheritance and most of them still do not realize the mission they have to carry on, in a small country which possesses the huge saint ness and treasure. There is often heard in Georgia the saying remember who you are! and in this article I want to reveal Georgian history, Georgian character and traditions. Georgia is a part of ancient civilization and a country of Early Christian culture, manuscripts, legends and traditions. It became a kingdom about 4 BC. Georgia's recorded history dates back more than 3000 years. The recently discovered Dmanisi hominid in the foothills of the lesser Caucasus provides a remarkable 1.8 million year old link with first European humankinds earliest transitions. After the Stone Age, humans started settling on Georgian territory even more intensively. Since those ancient times, humans have always inhabited Georgian land. The Georgians are a nation and an ethnic group, originating in the Caucasus. The Georgian ethnic group is one of the oldest ethnic group in the world and a part of the Iberia Caucasian peoples and are classified in the South Caucasian family ethnically, linguistically and culturally. Georgian language is one of the oldest living languages in the world, which has its own distinctive alphabet, one of the oldest and independent one. Georgian writing was first seen in the 5th century and their alphabet is one of the fourteen unique alphabets which exist in the world today. The first Georgian alphabet was created by the first King of Caucasian Iberia (also called Kartli), Pharnavaz in the 3rd century BC. However, the first examples of that alphabet, or its modified version, date from the 4th-5th centuries AD. During the centuries the alphabet was modernized. Nowadays there are three Georgian alphabets which are quite different from each other, so that knowing one of them can't help one read a text written in the others. These alphabets are called asomtavruli (Capitals), nuskhuri (Small letters) and mkhedruli. The first two are used together as capital and small letters and they form a single alphabet used in the Georgian Orthodox Church and called khutsuri (priests'). It should be mentioned that Eastern Georgian kingdom of Iberia became one of the first states in the world to convert to Christianity in 327 AD. The Georgian Orthodox Church is one of the world's most ancient Christian Churches, founded in west part of Georgia in the 1st century by the Apostle Andrew and later Saint Nino of Cappadocia preached Christianity in the Georgian Kingdom of Iberia. According to the legend, she received the grapevine cross from the Virgin Mary or, alternatively, she forged it herself on the way to Mtskheta and secured it by entwining with her own hair. Nino came with this cross on her mission to Georgia. She performed miraculous healings and converted the Georgian queen, Nana, and eventually the pagan king Mirian of Iberia, who, lost in darkness and blinded on a hunting trip, found his way only after he prayed to Ninos God. Mirian declared Christianity an official religion and Nino continued her missionary activitie among Georgians until her death. Georgians have great persons, who created hisory of Georgia. The most distinguished one was David IV, known as David the Builder, from the House of Bagrationi, he was King of Georgia from 1089 to 1125. Popularly considered as the greatest Georgian king and the most successful Georgian ruler, he succeeded in driving the Seljuk Turks out of the country winning the major Battle of Didgori in 1121. His reforms of the army and administer actions made him enabled to reunite the country and bring most Caucasian lands under Georgias control. A friend of the church and a notable promoter of Christian culture, he was canonized by the Georgian Orthodox Church. King David the Builder gave close attention to the education of his people. 121

The king selected children who were sent to the Byzantine Empire "so that they be taught languages and bring home translations made by them there". Many of them later became wellknown scholars. At the time of David IV there were quite a few schools and academies in Georgia, among which Gelati occupies a special place. King David's historian calls Gelati Academy. Besides Gelati there also were other cultural-enlightenment and scholarly centers in Georgia at that time, i.e. the Academy of Ikalto. David Agmashenebelis successors (Kings Demeter I, David V and George III) continued his policy. However, the most glorious sovereign of Georgia of that period was definitely Queen Tamar (1184-1210), Davids great-granddaughter. The reign of Queen Tamar was the peak of Georgias might in the whole history of the nation. Trebizond Empire was heavily dependent of Georgia for more than two hundred years. In 1210 Georgian armies invaded northern Persia (modern day Iranian Azerbaijan) putting part of the conquered territory under Georgian protectorate. That was the maximal extent of Georgia throughout her history. Queen Tamar was addressed as The Queen of Abkhazians, Kartvels, Rans, Kakhs and Armenians, ShirvanShakhine and Shakh-in-Shakhine, The Sovereign of the East and West. Georgian historians often refer to her as Queen Tamar the Great. The period between the early 12 th and the early 13th centuries and especially, the era of Tamar the Great, can truly be considered as the golden age of Georgia. Besides the political and military achievements, it was marked by the development of Georgian culture including the architecture, literature, philosophy and sciences. From shadowy past to day, Georgians proud their kings and mothers grow children with the legend of the kings. The most important fact is that Georgia is rich with traditions. Many of them disappeared, but Georgian people are eager to preserve traditions, which are given from generations to generations. Unfortunately, nowadays Georgians teenagers try to imitate foreigners and forget their own nature, what badly reflects on out future life. I think, in order to have a strong state with proper nation, there is only one way, dont forget our history and traditions. On the one hand it is quite a good factor that Georgian people, especially the new generation tries to reflect European traditions and values, but on the other hand these two traditions should be in harmony with each other, and European values should not overcome Georgian ones. Georgians have been said to be irreverent, good humored and generally high spirited. A good demonstration of the Georgian character can be seen by a guest in a Georgian home, where you will be treated like monarch and entertained with food and drink until you can take no more. They believe - Every guest is God-sent. They are among the most hospitable people on the Earth with strong traditions of chivalry. It goes without saying that ,,Table is characteristic for Georgians, which has deeper implications than an ordinary meal. In Georgia every table has ,,tamada, who proposes traditional toasts either it is family table, friends reunion, wedding party or funeral ceremonial Table members interpret each toast before drinking it. In Georgia, you never drink wine without toasting. Traditional tables are usually accompanied by singing. Folk songs are the most frequently sung around the table in modern Georgia and this tradition itself forms a direct link to Georgias past. Also this country is famous for its rich unique folk dance and music. Unique in folkdancing tradition, Georgian male performers dance on their toes without the help of special blocked shoes. Every region of Georgia has its own dance, such as: Svanuri, Kazbeguri, Acharuli, Khevsuruli, Mokheuri and other. The dances are characterized with graceful, soft, and playful flirtation between the males and females, the relationship between men and women in this dance is more informal and lighthearted. Georgian folk music, featuring complex, three-part, polyphonic harmonies, has long been a subject of special interest among musicologists. Men and women sing in separate ensembles with entirely different repertoires. The inspiration is most often the church, work in the fields or special occasions. Georgia is the homeland of wine says a greater part of the worlds competent experts. Wine is more than an industry in this country. To Georgians wine and vineyards are eternal symbols of culture and the good life. In Georgia there are 400 sorts of vine out of the total of 122

four thousand types exiting in the world. They boast that their mountainous, homeland could well have been the birthplace of wine. Archaeologists have shown that wine may have been part of life in Georgia over 5000 years ago. Perhaps even more than other Christian lands wine holds a very high position in Georgian spiritual life, where it is used in religious ceremonies of all kinds Georgian wine manufacturing is generally concentrated in three areas Kakheti (about 6070%), Kartli and Imereti, but Kakheti is main vine-growing region and Kakhetians are the most hospitable and lively people in Georgia. They have old pagan carnivals, called Berikaoba, Beri means child, therefore Berikaoba refers to being childish, playing around. Berikaoba is a masquerade performed by several men. Even though there are over 100 improvised scenes, the main idea of Berikaoba is to program a fertile year. Before the festivity, village men gather to pick the actors for the mystery. The chief characters of the mystery are Berikas, who are disguised as animals. These are mostly totemic animals of ancient Georgia the bear, the boar, the goat, the wolf. Together with animal Berikas, there is a bride character Kekela (also performed by a man), a groom who is often disguised as a monkey wearing a Chokha, traditional Georgian dress, and several other characters that mostly represent the invaders of Georgian land. The costumes and masks for the mystery are designed from the skins and hides of animals. Animal skulls, tails, feathers, horns, pumpkins, ribbons and bells are used to create colorful, impressive images. Berikas often color their faces with coal. Once the preparations are finished, the villagers are notified about the approaching procession of Berikas by the sound of bugle. Equipped with large baskets and colorful sacks, accompanied by the sounds of Stviri (the bag pipe), Chonguri and Panduri Berikas proceed door to door expecting the openhanded treat from the hosts. The hosts present Berikas with wine, honey, floor, meat and so on. Despite the hearty welcome, Berikas plunder the victuals from the house. This however is considered to be a good sign for the hosts. If Berika rolls over in the yard, it demonstrates his malcontent and is believed to bring lamentable aftereffects for the hosts. Also, Zezvaoba and the Carpet Festival is very popular in mountainous region of Kakheti. On May 31, the last weekend of the month, Alvani Field, located in the Tusheti, hosted numerous visitors. The region was celebrating its traditional holiday Zezvaoba as well as a carpet festival being held in the village. The celebration, which was organized by the Agency of Protected Areas, involved a lot of interesting activities, displaying many of the old traditions of the region. "Zezvaoba itself is a name-day of Zezva Gaprindauli, a person considered to be a hero and a savior of his people during the rebellion of the Bakhtrioni against the Turks in 1659. And since 1958 Zezvaoba has been celebrated in Tusheti every year in the last week of May. The day starts with an exhibition of Georgian-style carpets, handmade accessories, traditional Tushetian food and wine on the road. Tushetian women have been working with carpets for many years already. They have nearly 60 natural colors, and teaches the traditional handicraft to young people. Very old houses decorated with numerous beautiful carpets, and from its small, green yard, full of old Georgian style Qvevris (Georgian vessels to keep wine) and with the voices of Tushetian women performing national songs, the traditional spirit started to spread all around and lasted to the end of the day. The pagan festivities of Georgians have helped them to preserve through the centuries the national traditions of wrestling, singing and dancing, which were well preserved and disguised as ritual games in the mysteries. And what concerns a family it is universal word in Georgia. Georgians keep significance of this word in mind. Family has the important function in Georgia society and it is one of the cornerstones of the Georgian life style. Georgians family style is different from the many other 123

European countries. One of the example is that often three generations parents and children live together. Women are highly esteemed in society and are accorded a respect endowed with great courtlires. The statue of mother of Georgia (kartlis deda) that stands in the hill above Tbilisi, perhaps best symbolized the national character: in her left hand, she holds a bowl of wine with which she greets her friends and in her right is a sword drawn against her enemies. In past centuries, it was not recommended to wear a low necked dress, short or bathing suit, but now Georgian womans old face is changed and in the 21th century, it seems to me, one can see modern, intelligent and independent-minded women in Georgia. Real Georgian wedding is a beautiful, entertaining and rich holiday with observance of all original customs of Georgian people. The first rule of Georgian wedding is abundance of invited guests. Sometimes the number of guests reaches several hundreds. By the way, it is impossible to refuse to come to a wedding since it is a big insult for the inviting party; sometimes a long-term enmity of two families might begin for this reason. Family creation in Georgia has three stages: machankloba -marriage proposal, nishnoba betrothal and kortsili-wedding. Although today parents frequently do not participate in the choice of the bride or the groom for their children as it used to be, the family role remains very high. Once a couple has decided to marry, the young man takes an engagement ring and other jewelry to the young womans family to ask for her hand. The parents of the bride to be than host a tea for the groom to be and his parents. The meeting signifies that the engagement is official and plans for the wedding begin. If the wedding is to be a religious ceremony, the couple wear jeweled crowns, exchange rings (to be worn on the right hand) and share wine from a silver cup (piala). Vows are spoken and the couple circles the sanctuary three times. Upon crossing the threshold of groom's house, the couple stomp on an inverted ceramic plate. Whoever breaks the plate first will have the ruling hand in the marriage. The number of broken pieces signifies the number of troubles the couple will face. Instead of catching the bouquet or the garter, anyone wished to marry, next should place a piece of the plate under the pillow. After the plate ritual, the couple is served a sweet treat, symbolizing the sweetness of married life. Its a briefly review of Georgia and its traditions. All above-mentioned reveals the countrys traditions, and Georgian peoples high spirit, the fact is in a Georgian mans nature character. According to the Great Illia the collapse of nation begins when the people, unfortunately, forgets its own history. It is not a nation which doesnt remember its own history.

literatura Literature 1. g. bostoRanaSvili, l. mirianaSvili saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, 2002. 2. www.aboutgeorgia.net 3. www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgians 4. Brewers Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. London, 1992 5. Oxford Dictionary of Current Idiomatic English. Oxford University Press, 1989

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reziume Zveli qarTuli tradiciebi sofio midelaSvili statiaSi saubaria qarTveli xalxis uZveles istoriaze, maT stumarTmoyvareobasa da mraval saintereso tradicaze, romelTa daviwyebac cudad aisaxeba saqarTvelos momavalze.

SUMMARY OLD GEORGIAN TRADITIONS SOPHIO MIDELASHVILI In the article is revealed old history of Georgian people, its hospitability and many interesting traditions, disrespecting of which reflects badly on the future of Georgia.

, , , .

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 , ( ) [1]. - 200 ( WWF) , 25, . , , , , . , , . , , - - , . , , . 1910 ; (. , 1990). 1913 . ( ) XIII , , , , : ... , , , , . , , , . , , . (1913 , . ). ( ), . ; , . ! 30 1977 . . . . -- , , . 19- 1997 . -10 . . . .. ! , . , 127

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 , () , , . , , . , . , , , . , - , ( - ). , , . . (, ), ( ) . . , - , , , - . . , . . , , . , - , ? 2003 11 . 2002 , . , , , , . . , . : (2004), (2005), (2006) (2007). 2008 , - , , , . : , . ( ) , , 129

 . , . , , , , , , . , , , . ; . 19992 . -- , - , , . , - . - , , , , , . ( ) , , , , , , ( . . 19988. . 633). - ? ( , ; , , ): - - . , . - . ( ) .., , , . , . . - , . , , . , . , , . . , , 130

 ; , , . : ; - , ; - , , ; ; ; , , , . : 1. , , , . 2. , . 3. - , , , . 4. , , .

literatura Literature 1. Biodiversity of the Caucasus Ecoregion. Edit. V.Krever et all. Tbilisi, 2001. 132 p. 2. (. , 1990). . 413. 3. . XIII . , 1913 . (., ). 4. . . 1989 .. . 633. 5. ... . .: , 2, 1995. . 15 16.

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 , , , , . . . , , - - , . . reziume kavkasiis regionis mdgradi ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofis zogierTi samarTlebrivi sakiTxi marat cicqiSvili, lali SaiSmelaSvili, Teimuraz ninua, mariam cicqiSvili, giorgi maduaSvili naSromSi ganxilulia kavkasiis regionis mdgradi ganviTarebis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi. kavkasia msoflio istoriuli da ekologiuri faseulobis mqone regionia. amave dros es regioni tranzituli derefania aziasa da evropas Soris. mTiani ekosistemebis maRali mowyvladoba, gamowveuli bunebrivi arastabiluribiTa da aq mimdinare egzo- da endogenuri procesebis maRali intensiurobiT, moiTxovs mudmiv Zalisxmevas aramdgradi wonasworobis SesanarCuneblad. dasabuTebulia axali ekologiuri koncefciis SemuSavebis aucilebloba. SUMMARY SOME LEGAL QUESTIONS OF THE PROVISIONS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF CAUCASUS REGION MARAT TSITSKISHVILI, LALI SHAISHMELASHVILI, TEIMURAZ NINUA, MARIAM TSITSKISHVILI, GIORGI MADUASHVILI In work legal aspects of maintenance of steady development of region of Caucasus are considered. Caucasus - region of the raised historical and ecological value. Simultaneously Caucasus - a transit corridor between Asia and the Europe. Extremely high vulnerability mountain ecosystem, explained by natural instability of geophysical conditions, high intensity going here egzogenic and endogenic processes, demand constant efforts on maintenance of unstable ecological equilibrium. Necessity of development of the New ecological concept" is proved.

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gakotrebis saqmis warmoebis sakanonmdeblo siaxleebi

qeTevan qoqraSvili samarTlis doqtori, saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis sruli profesori laSa gorgaZe saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis samarTlis magistranti

mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi sasesxo valdebulebis SeusruleblobisaTvis zogierT qveyanaSi arsebobda sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgebloba, ramac me-18 saukuneSi civiluri forma miiRo da samoqalaqo samarTlebriv ganxilvas daeqvemdebara. mogvianebiT calkeul qveynebSi yalibdeba sagakotrebo samarTali (germaniaSi saizolvenco samarTali) da iqmneba specialuri kanonebi gakotrebis saqmis warmoebis Sesaxeb. es iyo seriozuli win gadadgmuli nabiji movalis qonebrivi dacvis meqanizmis srulyofis TvalsazrisiT. zogadad samarTali da miT umetes gakotrebis samarTali konkretuli qveynis politikur da ekonomikur viTarebas esadageba da misi sazogadoebis moTxovnebs pasuxobs, amitom imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom XX saukunis Sua periodSi sabWoTa qveyanebSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSi regulirebadi ekonomikis pirobebSi TiTqmis yvela sawarmos saxelmwifo marTavda, praqtikulad ar arsebobda moTxovna gakotrebis samarTalze. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis da saqarTvelos mier damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg, kerZod 1991 wels saxelmwifo sabWom miiRo `sawarmoTa gakotrebis dekreti~, romelic efuZneboda ruseTis gakotrebis dekrets. amasTn, sagulisxmoa, rom aRniSnuli dekretis gamoyenebis faqtebi praqtikaSi ar arsebobs. mogvianebiT dekreti Caanacvla 1996 wlis saqarTvelos kanonma `gakotrebis saqmeTa warmoebis Sesaxeb~, romelic garkveuli cvlilebebiT moqmedebda 2007 wlis 15 agvistomde. gakotrebis samarTals da Tavad gadaxdisuunarobis process sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxva Sinaarsobrivi datvirTva aqvs. zogierT qveyanaSi igi calsaxad prokreditorulia, zogan ki kanonmdebeli gadaxdisuunarobis cnebis SinaarsSi ufro metad movalis gadarCenis `survils~ gamoxatavs (swored aseTi prodebitoruli Sinaarsisaa sxva da sxva qveynebidan kreditoruli davalianebebis gamo `gaqceuli~ xalxis mier `daarsebuli~ amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis gakotrebis samarTali). Tanamedrove msoflio iuridiul leqsikaSi Tanabrad gamoiyeneba rogorc termini gadaxdisuunaroba, ise gakotreba. magaliTad, aSS-Si gamoiyeneba termini gakotreba 134

(US Bankroptcy Code); inglisSi da germaniaSi Insolvency Act, insolvenzordrung, safrangeTSi 1999 wlis savaWro kodeqsi iyenebs rogorc gadaxdisuunarobas, ise gakotrebas, xolo savaWro sawarmos mimarT difficultes des enterprises sawarmo, romelic imyofeba rTul ekonomikur mdgomareobaSi (ssk. VI wigni). aSS-Si gakotrebis kanonTan erTad didi mniSvneloba eniWeba aSS-s umaRlesi sasamarTlos mier miRebul wesebs gakotrebis procedurebis Sesaxeb (Federal Rules of Civil Procedure). inglisSi pirveli kanoni gadaxdisuunarobis Sesaxeb miRebuli iqna 1986 wels, romelmac 2000 wels mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ganicada. kerZod, Tu 1986 wlis kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli iyo sawarmos ekonomikuri gajansaRebis SesaZlebloba, 2000 wlis kanonma gaaZliera es SesaZlebloba da misi ganxorcieleba dauSva sawarmos saqmianobis ufro adreul etapze. Kkidev erTi mniSvnelovani cvlilebaa is, rom kanonma dauSva mxareTa nebayoflobiTi SeTanxmeba (CVA). SeTanxnmebis miRebis momentidan igi savaldebulod Sesasruleebeli xdeba gadaxdisuunarobis procesis yvela monawilisaTvis, ucnobi kreditorebis CaTvliT. aRniSnul SeTanxmebas amtkicebs kreditorTa kreba. germanuli kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs mTel rig prevenciul RonisZiebebs sawarmos gadaxdisuunarobis Tavis acilebis mizniT. kerZod: msxvili sawarmoebis valdebuleba, yovelwliurad gaiaron savaldebulo auditoruli Semowmeba; SemoRebulia Sps-s da saaqcio sazogadoebis xelmZRvanelTa valdebuleba, sakuTari am kapitalis 50%-is gaxarjvis SemTxvevaSi, iwvevs aRniSnulis partniorebisaTvis sisxlis Setyobineba; A valdebulebis Seusrulebloba sawarmos xelmZRvanelTa samarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas. xelmZRvanelebi, aseve valdebulni arian partniorebs dauyovnebliv acnobon Tu sawarmo ver ixdis valebs. franguli kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs mTel rig RonisZiebebs, romlebic mimarTulia sawarmos finansuri sirTuleebisagan dacvisaken. kerZod: sawarmoTa sabuRaltro aRricxvisa da finansuri informaciebis srulyofa; sawarmos partniorTa mier xelmZRvanelebze kontrolis gamkacreba; prevenciuli RonosZiebebis SemuSavebis jgufebis Seqmna. A am jgufebis Semadgenlobas amtkicebs regionSi saxelmwifos warmomadgeneli. rogorc wesi, aseT jgufebSi Sedian sabuRaltro organizaciebi, savaWro palatebi, profesionaluri organizaciebi. fizikur pirs jgufSi monawileobis ufleba ar aqvs. jgufs evaleba

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konfindencialurad Seamowmos sawarmoTa mier warmodgenili sabuRaltro aRricxvisa da finansuri informaciis monacemebi. inglisis kanoni gadaxdisuunarobis Sesaxeb iTvaliswinebs mTel rig procedurebs, raTa Tavidan iqnas acilebuli sawarmos likvidacia. kerZod: kreditorisa da movalis nebayoflobiTi SeTanxmeba (CVA), rac Tavisi SinaarsiT kompromisuli SeTanxmebaa valebis dafarvis Taobaze. misi iniciatori, rogorc wesi, kompaniis direqciaa; sakonkurso masis marTvis SemoReba. A am proceduris umTavresi principia, rom kreditorebi warmoadgenen moratoriums, raTa kompanias mieces Tavisi saqmianobis restruqturizaciis (reorganizaciis) saSualeba. Aamgvari marTvis SemoReba SesaZloa ganxorcieldes rogorc kompaniis, ise kreditoris iniciativiT, saboloo brZanebas aRniSnulis Taobaze gamoscems sasamarTlo. nebayoflobiTi SeTanxmebis SemTxvevaSi, iniSneba e.w. meTvalyure, xolo saqmianobis reorganizaciis SemTxvevaSi mindobili mmarTveli, es piri aseve unda iyos gadaxdisuunarobis saqmeTa specialisti (Insolvency Act. 388). aSS-Si kanoni gakotrebis Seasaxeb (m.362, a) iTvaliswinebs kreditorTa moTxovnebis dakmayofilebis SeCerebas, reorganizaciis Sesaxeb gancxadebis Setanis momentidan. avtomaturi Sewyveta moicavs gansazRvrul periods, romlis ganmavlobaSic kreditorebi ar arian uflebamosilni moiTxovon im moTxovnebis dakmayofileba, romelic warmoiSva gakotrebis saqmis aRZvramde. Ees movales aZlevs damatebiT saSualebas, moagvaros finansuri problemebi. gakotrebis sakiTxebi wydeba federalur doneze. saqarTveloSi 2007 wlis 15 agvistomde moqmedi kanoni `gakotrebis saqmeTa warmoebis Sesaxeb~ miRebulia 1996 wels, Tumca misi faqtobrivi gamoyeneba praqtikaSi daiwyo daaxloebiT 2000 wlidan. igi efuZneboda germaniis gakotrebis samarTals (the Konkursordnung, romelic miRebul iqna 1877 wels da misi Semdgomi, 1935 wlis Vergleichsordnung) da albaneTis gakotrebis samarTals (1991 wlis kanoni gakotrebis procesis Sesaxeb). kanoni ramdenjerme Sesworda, Tumca mniSvnelovani cvlilebebis Setana ar momxdara. XXI saukunis dasawyisSi saqarTveloSi faqtobrivad vakuumi Seiqmna gadaxdisuunarobasTan da gadaxdisuunaro sawarmoebis marTvasTan, aseve gakotrebis samarTlis, rogorc sabazro ekonomikis finansuri da komerciuli struqturis nawilis rolTan da mis bunebasa da gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT. `gakotrebis saqmeTa warmoebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis miRebidan dRemde sagakotrebo samarTali ganviTarda, dagrovda praqtikuli gamocdileba, ramac cxadhyo moqmedi kanonis ara adekvaturoba qveyanaSi mimdinare movlenebTan. Tavad germanuli 136

kanoni, radikalurad Seicvala Insolvenzordnung-iT, (cvlilebebi ZalaSi Sevida 1999 wlis 1 ianvars). es ukanaskneli miiCnies moZvelebulad, radgan veRar akmayofilebda miRebul saerTaSoriso standartebs da ver pasuxobda Tanamedrove sabazro ekonomikis moTxovnebs (albaneTis 1991 wlis kanonic Seicvala 2002 wlis kanoniT `gakotrebis saqmeTa warmoebis Sesaxeb~, romelic Tavis mxriv efuZneba axal germanul kanons). 1996 wlis kanoni ver amarTlebda am kanonis ZiriTad `momxmarebelTa~ _ movalisa da kreditorebis molodins. praqtikaSi xSiri iyo mosamarTleTa cdomilebani kanonis sworad ganmartebis, gamoyenebisa da administrirebis kuTxiT. Wianurdeboda gancxadebis ganxilva da gadawyvetilebis miReba. xSirad maT mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi ar iyo konkretuli. yovelive amis mizezi iyo kanonis erovnuli arasrulyofileba kulturis da Tanamedrove segmentia. sazogadoebrivi moTxovnilebebisa da realurad saqarTveloSi arsebuli viTarebisadmi Seusabamoba. zogadad, samarTali mniSvnelovani miuxedavad imisa, Tu sazogadoebis ra tipis urTierTobebs aregulirebs esa Tu is kanoni, nebismier SemTxvevaSi igi morgebuli unda iyos konkretuli qveynis politikur da ekonomikur viTarebas, unda pasuxobdes konkretuli sazogadoebis moTxovnebs. yovelive zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, saqarTveloSi calsaxad gaCnda `gakotrebis saqmeTa warmoebis Sesaxeb~ 1996 wlis kanonis axali kanoniT Secvlis aucilebloba. Cvens qveyanaSi mimdinare ekonomikuri da samarTlebrivi reformebis procesSi gamoikveTa mTeli rigi problemebi, romlebic xels uSldnen ukve aRZruli gakotrebisa da reabilitaciis saqmeTa dasrulebas, realurad arsebobda uargumentod, vadebSi gawelili procesebi, romelic faqtobrivad ar emsaxureboda konkretuli obieqtis arc likvidaciasa da arc gajansaRebas; gakotrebisa da reabilitaciis procesis araefeqturi warmoeba xels uSlida investiciebis mozidvas, sawarmoTa efeqtur marTvas da bazarze monawile obieqtebis, rogorc erTiani sawarmoo kompleqsis SenarCunebas. praqtikis gaTvaliswinebiT, saprivatizacio nusxaSi Setanili sawarmoebis umravlesoba dResdReobiT gakotrebis reJimSi imyofeba. xSirad, swored gakotrebisa da reabilitaciis rTuli da mouwesrigebeli procedurebi xdeba privatizaciis procesis damabrkolebeli barieri. gakotrebis mmarTvelis pasuxismgeblobis mkacri kriteriumebis ar arseboba, gakotrebis procesis gaWianurebis daSveba, gakotrebis saqmis warmoebis aRZvris wesebi da axali kanonis miRebamde moqmedi "gakotrebis saqmeTa warmoebis Sesaxeb" saqarTvelos kanonSi arsebuli sxva xarvezebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi borotad gamoiyeneboda movaleTa an kreditorTa mier, rac sabolood, mniSvnelovnad azianebda rogorc saxelmwifos, ise dainteresebul pirTa interesebs. yovelive es gaxda mizezi axali kanonis miRebisa, romelic `gadaxdisuunarobis saqmis warmoebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis saxeliTaa cnobili da ZalaSi 2007 wlis 15 agvistodan Sevida. 137

aRniSnuli kanoni ara mxolod realurad arsebul problemaTa gadawyvetis martiv meqanizms moicavs, aramed gacilebiT operatiulad awesrigebs mravali wlis win dawyebul gakotrebisa da reabilitaciis dausrulebel da ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT sruliad wamgebian procesebs. is absoluturad pasuxobs sazogadoebis Tanamedrove moTxovnebs da gamoirCeva iuridiuli teqnikis simartiviT. am etapze gacilebiT mniSvnelovania gadawyvetilebaTa gonivruli siswrafe da realobasTan misi adekvaturoba. am mxriv axali kanoni namdvilad warmatebuli aRmoCnda, rac araerTxel daadastures ucxoelma eqspertebma da aRniSnuli kanonis erT-erT umTavres prioritetad daasaxeles. `gakotrebis saqmeTa warmoebis Sesaxeb~ kanonisgan gansxvavebiT, axal kanons ewoda `gadaxdisuunarobis saqmis warmoebis Sesaxeb~ kanoni. mizezi logikuria. aRniSnuli kanoni gakotrebis procesTan erTad aregulirebs reabilitaciis process, xolo orives win uswrebs gadaxdisuunarobis saqmis aRZvra, romelic SesaZloa gagrZeldes gakotrebiT an reabilitaciiT (ar gamoiricxeba saqmis warmoebis Sewyvetac). sxva sityvebiT, termini `gadaxdisuunaroba~ ufro zogadia, vidre `gakotreba~, iuridiuli teqnikis gaTvaliswinebiT ki saxeli unda moicavdes zogads da ara konkretuls. garda amisa, termini `gakotreba~, miuxedavad imisa, rom ar aris dasjiTi RonisZieba (sanqcia) mainc negatiuri Sinaarsis matarebelia, rac TavisTavad ar aris am kanonis mizani, piriqiT, axali kanoniT misi aRiarebuli mizania movalis da kreditoris (kreditorebis) interesebis Tanabarzomieri dacva, SesaZleblobis SemTxvevaSi movalis finansuri siZneleebis gadaWra da kreditorTa moTxovnebis dakmayofileba an amis SeuZleblobis SemTxvevaSi movalis qonebis realizaciiT miRebuli Tanxebis ganawilebiT kreditorTa moTxovnebis dakmayofileba. zogadad, arsebobs valis amoRebis aprobirebuli gza _ saaRsrulebo warmoeba, rodesac piri valis amoRebas axorcielebs sasarCelo gancxadebis safuZvelze samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsiTa da Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT. gakotreba _ Sinaarsobrivad ufro xSirad movalis dacvis saSualebaa, vidre misi `dasjis~. kanonis mniSvnelovani cnebebi saqarTveloSi (da ara mxolod) arsebobs modave mxareTa sasamarTlos gareSe molaparakebis praqtika, rac am konkretul SemTxvevaSic warmatebiT gamoyenebadia. es TavisTavad xels Seuwyobs davaTa `mSvidobiani~ gziT operatiul gadawyvetas. garda amisa, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu movale obieqturad Seafasebs mosalodnel gadaxdisunarian situacias da sasamarTlos gziT Tavad moiTxovs gakotrebas, kanoni iTvaliswinebs kidev ufro martiv da daCqarebul process, rac aiolebs proceduris dasrulebas da kreditorTa dakmayofilebas. cota ram Tavad sakanonmdeblo novaciebTan dakavSirebiT, risi mizanicaa: gadaxdisuunarobis procesis maqsimaluri deregulireba sakanonmdeblo TvalsazrisiT;

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 gadaxdisuunarobis procesis mxareTa Tanabarzomieri dacva, Tumca aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom davis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, movalesa da kreditors Soris idealuri balansis dacva, maTi interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeuZlebelia. maT Soris arsebobs logikuri konfliqti, Tumca kanonis ideaa, rom ar daafiqsiros arc `prokreditoruli~ da arc `prodebitoruli~ midgoma. am mxriv balansi daculia, kerZod: kreditorTa mkafiod gamoxatuli ierarqia, maTi riskis faqtorisa da uzrunvelyofis mixedviT; rogorc gakotrebis, ise reabilitaciis procesis operatiuloba; sawarmos, rogorc erTiani ekonomikuri kompleqsis SenarCuneba; gadaxdisuunarobis saqmesTan dakavSirebul davaTa gadawyvetis mindoba Tavad procesis mxareTa mier SerCeuli pirebisgan Semdgari `momrigebeli sabWosadmi~, rac logikurad gazrdis sandoobis xarisxs da procedurebis siswrafes; adre warmoebuli gakotrebisa da reabilitaciis dausrulebeli procesebis damTavreba; sakanonmdeblo teqnikis gamartiveba da daxvewa. garda amisa, kanons axlavs terminTa ganmartebebi, sadac ganmartebulia yvela mniSvnelovani da saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo sivrcisTvis novatoruli termini, rac gaaiolebs kanonis Semecnebasa da praqtikaSi mis realizacias. kanonis moqmedeba ar vrceldeba: a) fizikur pirebze (individualuri mewarmeebisa garda) Tu fizikuri piris mimarT kreditors warmoeqmneba finansuri moTxovnis ufleba, misi dakmayofileba SeuZlia saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis normebis Sesabamisad. misTvis sxva gansakuTrebuli reJimis daweseba Warb regulirebas gamoiwvevs da kidev ufro gaarTulebs fizikur pirTa Soris warmoqmnili davebis ganxilvis proceduras; b) sajaro samarTlis iuridiul pirebze zogadi wesis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo, misi administraciuli erTeuli da sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri gadaxdisuunarobas ar eqvemdebarebian; g) bankebze, arasabanko sadepozito institutebsa da sadazRvevo kompaniebze, vinaidan maTi gadaxdisuunarobis sakiTxi wesrigdeba specialuri kanonmdeblobiT. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom zogadad kanoni da miT umetes `gadaxdisuunarobis saqmis warmoebis Sesaxeb~ kanoni cocxali organizmia da permanentulad viTardeba, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom garkveuli periodis Semdeg aRniSnuli kanoni gavrceldes rogoc fizikur pirebze, ise sabanko da sadazRvevo dawesebulebebze, ra Tqma unda, Tu gaCndeba am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT sazogadoebrivi moTxovnileba. germanuli kanonmdeblobiT gadaxdisuunarobis saqmis aRZvra dasaSvebia rogorc iuridiuli, ise fizikuri piris mimarT (insolvenzordrung $ 11). Kkanonis moqmedeba ar vrceldeba

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federaciis

an misi subieqtis (miwis), aseve sajaro samarTlis iuridiul pirebze, romelze gadaxdisuunarobis saqmis warmoeba SasaZloa ganxorcieldes

zedamxedvelobas axorcielebs germaniis federaciis subieqtis mier. safrangeTSi komersantebis, xelosnebis, soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebul pirTa da kerZo samarTlis iuridiul pirTa mimarT. gacilebiT gamartivebul proceduras iTvaliswinebs kanoni fizikur pirTa da im iuridiul pirTa mimarT, romelTa TanamSromelebis ricxvi ar aRemateba 50-s. Ggamonaklisis saxiT sasamarTlo uflebamosilia sakuTari, an movalis, an prokuraturis iniciativiT, aseTi subieqtebis mimarT ganaxorcielos gadaxdisuunarobis standartuli procedura, Tu es gamowveulia gadaxdisuunaro subieqtis interesebidan gamomdinare. inglisuri kanonmdeblobiT gadaxdisuunarobis saqmis aRZvra dasaSvebia fizikuri pirebisa da kompaniebis mimarT, garda im kompaniebisa, romlebic axorcieleben sadazRvevo da sabanko saqmianobas da romelTa regulireba xdeba specialuri kanonebiT. aSS-Si gadaxdisuunarobis subieqti SasaZloa iyos: fizikuri pirebi, korporaciebi, municipalitetebi, oRon ara saxelmwifo warmonaqmnebi. mniSvnelovania, rom saqarTveloSi gadaxdisuunarobis saqmeebisaTvis dadginda specialuri gansjadoba. saqmeebs ganixilaven mxolod Tbilisisa da quTaisis saqalaqo sasamarTloebi. statistikis gaTvaliswinebiT, aseTi saqmeebis simciridan da TviT ganxilvis sirTulidan gamomdinare, maTi ganxilvis Tavmoyra mxolod Tbilisisa da quTaisis sasamarTloebSi xels Seuwyobs procedurul simartivesa da operatiulobas, garda amisa, gadaxdisuunarobasTan dakavSirebul yvela saqmes ganixilavs specialurad momzadebuli mosamarTleebis mcire jgufi. yovelive es ki xels Seuwyobs sasamarTlos kvalifikaciis amaRlebas. (magaliTad, aSSSi funqcionireben specialuri federaluri sasamarTloebi, romlebic mxolod gakotrebis saqmeebs ganixilaven). aseve, gadaxdisuunarobis Sesaxeb gancxadebis warmoebaSi miRebis Taobaze sasamarTlos ganCinebis gamoqveynebis Semdeg movalis qonebasTan dakavSirebuli nebismieri dava gansaxilvelad gadaecema am saqmis ganmxilvel sasamarTlos (mosamarTles), garda saapelacio da saqarTvelos uzenaes sasamarTloSi mimdinare davebisa. aRniSnuli normis mizania, rom gadaxdisuunarobis saqmis mwarmoebel sasamarTlos sruli informacia hqondes movalis finansur da qonebriv mdgomareobaze, garda amisa, xdeba yvela im piris moTxovnebis Tavmoyra, romelTac qonebrivi xasiaTis pretenzia aqvT konkretuli movalis mimarT. axali kanoniT Semcirda saqmis warmoebasTan dakavSirebuli yvela procesualuri vada, rac gaTvaliswinebuli iyo `gakotrebis saqmeTa warmoebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoniT ama Tu im procesualuri moqmedebebisaTvis. gadaxdisuunarobis Sesaxeb gancxadebis warmoebaSi miRebis sakiTxi sasamarTlom unda gadawyvitos gancxadebis Setanidan 5 dRis vadaSi. amxanagobebi,

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yvela sakiTxi wydeba kanoniT zustad dadgenil vadebSi da aRar xdeba gadavadebebi. kerZod, zustadaa dadgenili kreditorTa mier moTxovnebis warmodgenis vadebi, kreditorTa krebebis Catarebis vadebi da a.S. xSirad, gadaxdisuunarobis dros xdeba finansuri mdgomareobis swrafi gauareseba, ris gamoc kreditorebi cdiloben rac SeiZleba mokle vadebSi daikmayofilon moTxovnebi darCenili aqtivebidan. amasTanave, gadaxdisuunarobis dadgomisas rCeba cduneba movalis aqtivebi gaxadon miuwvdomeli kreditorebisaTvis. aqedan gamomdinare, kanoni awesebs am kanoniTve gaTvaliswinebuli procedurebis dawyebas umokles vadebSi. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi gamoricxuli ar aris movalis da kreditorTa mikerZoebuloba (araobieqturoba). axali kanoniT, gadaxdisuunarobis saqmis aRZvrisTanave iniSneba meurve, romlis ZiriTadi valdebulebaa movalis qonebis dacva ganadgurebisa da dazianebisagan. mniSvnelovania, rom meurvis kvalifikacia da uflebamosilebis farglebi, valdebulebebi da pasuxismgebloba kanonSi naTladaa gawerili. meurvis funqciaa meTvalyureoba sawarmos saqmianobaze, misi saqmianobis periodi sakmaod mcirea. amitom ar aris mizanSewonili mas mieces didi anazRaureba. sasamarTlos SeuZlia gansazRvros realurad ra aris, an ra SeiZleba iyos meurvis gasamrjelo. meurve ar aris dainteresebuli saqmis SedegebiT. igi aris neitraluri piri da misi samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba arsebiTad gansxvavdeba mmarTvelebis samarTlebrivi mdgomareobisagan. gakotrebisa da reabilitaciis mmarTvelebi warmarTaven Sesabamisad gakotrebisa da reabilitaciis process. maT niSnaven kreditorebi. maT Soris ideba xelSekruleba, riTac ganisazRvreba maTi uflebamosilebis farglebi, anazRaurebisa da pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxebi. Zogadad, eniWeba. moutans gadaxdisuunarobis procesis da sworad da operatiulad praqtika rom warmarTvaSi mniSvnelovnad gaxdes gakotrebisa da reabilitaciis mmarTvelebis saqmianobis efeqturobas didi mniSvneloba Tanamedrove rogorc movales, gakotrebisa ise reabilitaciis imisaTvis, gaumjobesdeba, Tu mas warmarTavs gamocdili da kvalificiuri praqtikosi. es did sargebels kreditorebs. SesaZlebeli mmarTvelebze dayrdnoba, aucilebelia uzrunvelyofili iqnas amgvari mmarTvelebis kompetenturoba da keTilsindisiereba. rogorc aRvniSneT, gadaxdisuunarobis saqmis warmoebis procesis sasamarTlosmieri regulireba, rac SeiZleba naklebad unda ganxorcieldes. gadaxdisuunarobis procesis mxareebs _ kreditorsa da movales eqmnebaT SesaZlebloba, Tavad gadawyviton mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi. am TvalsazrisiT, movalis gadaxdisuunarobis sakiTxis Sefaseba 141 gakotrebisa da reabilitaciis

da arsebiTi gadawyveta gamoeyo sasamarTlos kompetenciis sferos da gadaeca damoukidebel da kolegialur organos _ momrigebel sabWos. momrigebeli sabWo mxareTa mier paritetul sawyisebze arCeuli sami wevrisagan Sedgeba. erT wevrs niSnavs movale, erT wevrs irCeven kreditorebi, xolo mesame wevris SerCeva xdeba movalisa da kreditorTa mier gamwesebul momrigebelTa SeTanxmebiT. SeuTanxmeblobis SemTxvevaSi mesame wevrs daniSnavs mosamarTle. momrigebeli sabWo saSualebas aZlevs movales da kreditors awarmoon sasamarTlos gareSe molaparakebebi da morigebis Sedegad SeZlon am proceduris swrafad dasruleba. momrigebeli sabWo kanonis erT-erTi unikaluri siaxla. igi moqmedebs ara rogorc saarbitraJo sasamarTlo, aramed iRebs gadawyvetilebas gadaxdisuunarobis saqmis ganxilvis Sedegebis Taobaze (gakotreba, reabilitacia, saqmis warmoebis Sewyveta). saqarTvelos axalma kanonma gadaxdisuunarobis Sesaxeb naTlad Camoayaliba gadaxdisuunarobis (gakotrebis, reabilitaciis) procesis mxareTa subieqturi Semadgenloba, kerZod: movale, romelic warmodgenilia rogorc sawarmo da rogorc sawarmos mesakuTre (mesakuTreni). kreditori, romlelTa mimarTac dadginda novatoruli ierarqia, kerZod, axali kreditori, uzrunvelyofili kreditori da Cveulebrivi kreditori. axali kreditoris moTxovnebi uzrunvelyofil kreditorTa moTxovnebze adre kmayofildeba. es imiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom maT mier gaweuli riski yvelaze seriozulia, maT `daxmarebis xeli~ gauwodes sawarmos, romlis mimarTac ukve aRZrulia gadaxdisuunarobis saqme. faqtobrivad isini finansurad xels uwyoben sawarmos, rom ar gakotrdes da gamoiyenos kanoniT dadgenili reabilitaciis Sansi, an miuxedavad gakotrebis gardauvalobisa, bolomde SeinarCunos ekonomikuri da sawarmoo mTlianoba. yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT misi vali yvelaze prioritetulia, Tu aseT kreditors ar eqneba motivacia, gamoricxulia msgavsi sesxebis gacemis riski. axal kreditorebTan mimarTebaSi kanoni iTvaliswinebs mTel rig dacviT RonisZiebebs, rom movalem ver dados nebis naklis mqone, magaliTad TvalTmaqcuri garigebebi da uzrunvelyofil kreditorebs ar daxvdeT `ganiavebuli~ aqtivebi. metad mniSvnelovania uzrunvelyofil kreditorTa axleburi samarTlebrivi reJimi, gaizarda uzrunvelyofil moTxovnaTa dakmayofilebis daculoba. uzrunvelyofis dros faqtobrivad erTi finansuri biznesi fuls awvdis sxva tipis biznesebs, vinaidan darwmunebulia, rom SeZlebs am fulis amoRebas nebismier SemTxvevaSi. gakotreba aris safrTxe nebismieri uzrunvelyofili kreditorisaTvis. amitom kanonSi Caido uzrunvelyofili kreditorebis dacvis SedarebiT srulyofili meqanizmi. Tu sxva, maT Soris sagadasaxado valdebulebas uzrunvelyofil kreditorze maRla davayenebT, es niSnavs, rom realurad uzrunvelyofas daekargeba Sinaarsi. 142 garda amisa, gasaTvaliswinebelia

samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsSi ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebi, romelic uapelaciod aRiarebs uzrunvelyofil kreditorTa prioritets, Semoaqvs maTi dacvis specialuri meqanizmi, zrdis mxareTa nebis farglebs da aiolebs aRsrulebis proceduras. amitom cxadia, rom uzrunvelyofili kreditori unda idges yvela sxva kreditorze maRla. yvela mniSvnelovani sakiTxis gadawyveta xdeba uzrunvelyofili kreditorebis mier, maTi uSualo TanxmobiT. uzrunvelyofili kreditoris Tanxmobis gareSe sakiTxis gadawyveta niSnavs, uzrunvelyofis, rogorc samarTlebrivi institutis SebRalvas. uzrunvelyofili kreditorebi darwmunebuli unda iyvnen, rom vals amoiReben, maT xom qoneba dadgenili wesiT (ipoTeka, giravnoba) daazRvies. Cveulebrivi kreditorebis mimarT vali, rogorc wesi, warmoiqmneba sawarmos mimdinare procesebidan gamomdinare (anu sawarmos Cveulebriv saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT). es, ra Tqma unda, ar niSnavs maTi interesebis ugulvebelyofas, magram kanoniT dadgenil ierarqiaSi maTi adgili absoluturad adekvaturia maTi mdgomareobisa.

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reziume gakotrebis saqmis warmoebis sakanonmdeblo siaxleebi qeTevan qoqraSvili, laSa gorgaZe statia eZRvneba saqarTveloSi mimdinare samarTlebrivi reformis erT

umniSvnelovanes aspeqts, romlis axleburi regulireba gamowveulia qveyanaSi mimdinare ekonomikuri movlenebiT, sazogadoebrivi moTxovnebis radikaluri cvlilebebiTa da da biznesis ganviTarebis xelSewyobiT. am da sxva mizezTa gamo 2007 wels ZalaSi Sevida axali kanoni `gadaxdisuunarobis saqmis warmoebis Sesaxeb, romelmac realur pirobebTan SesabamisobaSi moawesriga sawarmos/mewarmis gakotrebasa da reabilitaciasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi.

SUMMARY NOVELTY OF LEGISLATION ABOUT MAKING BUNKRUPTY CASES KETEVAN KOKRASHVILI, LASHA GORGADZE The article is dedicated to the most important aspect of current reform. New regulation of this reform is caused of curent economical occurrences, radical changes of society demands and help of the bussines development. Because of these and othet reasons, in the 2007 year was set in the motion new law about ,,making case of insolvency, which regulated bankruptcy of industry/employer more conformable to the real conditions

, , , . 2007 , .

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arasrulwlovanTa marTlmsajulebis sakiTxebi (gaeros 1989 wlis `bavSvTa uflebaTa saerTaSoriso konvenciisa~ da saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis mixedviT)

irakli yandaSvili iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis asistent-profesori

bavSvebi, romlebic kriminalur karieras adreuli asakidan iwyeben, rogorc wesi rTulad ubrundebian sazogadoebas Rirseul wevrebad, es kidev erTi mizezia imisa, Tu ratom unda miexedos am problemas siRrmiseulad. am etapisTvis ori ZiriTadi mimarTuleba ikveTeba sakiTxis gadawyvetisa, pirveli, SevamciroT asaki sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisaTvis da kidev ufro meti bavSvis izolireba moxdes sazogadoebisgan da meore, romelic Seesabameba gaeros bavSvTa dacvis konvenciis miznebsa da principebs, kerZod, kriminalizaciis Tavidan acileba da dapatimrebis sxvadasxva socialuri alternativebiT Canacvleba. gaeros egidiT, yvela evropuli saxelmwifos mier, ratificirebuli bavSvTa dacvis konvencia avaldebulebs xelSemkvrel saxelmwifoTa mTavrobebs, raTa maT daadginon minimaluri asaki bavSvebisaTvis sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis kuTxiT, romlis qveviTac prezumciis saxiT ivaraudeba, rom bavSvs ar gaaCnia unari daarRvios sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi. marTalia, konvencia Tavad ar adgens msgavs asaks, Tumca konvenciis safuZvelze Seqmnili komiteti, romelic konvenciis Sesrulebaze konvenciis xelmomwer saxelmwifoebSi monitorings anxorcielebs afiqsirebs pozicias, rom saxelmwifoebs Zalzed dabla aqvT asakis zRvari Camoweuli. marTalia, konvenciis mTavari mizania, raTa bavSvebis kriminalizaciis procesi iqnes Tavidan acilebuli, Tumca es srulebiT ar niSnavs imas, rom axalgazrda kanondarmrRvevebi yovelgvari pasuxismgeblobis gareSe darCnen. piriqiT, Zalzed mniSvnelovania, raTa axalgazrda kanondamrRvevebma srulad gaaanalizon sakuTari qmedeba da monawileoba miiRon mis gamosworebaSi. swored aq aris saWiro yuradRebis koncenteracia, raTa mofiqrebul iqnes is formebi, rac iqneba gamoyenebuli bavSvebis mimarT. erTi calsaxa da naTelia, rom msgavsi RonisZiebebi miznad unda isaxavdes kanondamrRvevis mier Tavisi qmedebis srulad Secnobas da gaanalizebas miyenebuli zianisa, anu am meqanizmma Tavis TavSi unda moicvas iseTi RonisZieba ris safuZvelzec axalgazrda kanondamrRvevi erTdoulad moinaniebs Tavis saqciels da gaaanalizebs qmedebis mZime xasiaTs da 145

meores

mxriv,

mis

mimarT

gatardeba

garkveuli

sanqciebic.

arasrulwlovnebis

sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis SemTxvevaSi mTavari mizani pasuxismgeblobis SecnobasTan erTad misi sazogadoebaSi integraciaze fiqri unda iyos. bavSvma gakveTili unda iswavlos yovelivedan da misi gameorebis survili aRar unda gauCndes. magaliTad, sloveniaSi moifiqres aseTi meqanizmi: SemoRebul iqna mediatoris instituti, romelic prokuroris Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSi dazaralebulsa da braldebuls Soris agvarebs urTierTobas, riTac gverds uvlis sasamarTlos da sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas bavSvis mimarT. xolo Tu es ar xerxdeba da mainc saqme sasamarTlomde midis da xdeba bavSvis dapatimreba, saxelmwifo yvela zomas mimarTavs, raTa bavSvi izolirebulad iyos zrdasruli patimrebisgan da gansakuTrebiT saSiSi damnaSaveebisgan. TiToeuli aseTi patimris mimarT muSavdeba individualuri reabilitaciis programa da ganaTlebas eqceva didi mniSvneloba. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis pirvelive muxli adgens sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis safuZvels, gansazRvravs Tu romeli qmedebaa danaSaulebrivi da awesebs Sesabamis sasjels an sxva saxis sisxlissamarTlebriv RonisZiebas. imave kodeqsis me-7 muxli iZleva sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis definicias. kerZod: sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis safuZvelia danaSauli, ese igi am kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli marTlsawinaaRmdego da braleuli qmedeba. kodeqsSi pirvelad aRniSnul muxlSi xdeba bralsa da braleul qmedebaze aqcentireba, xolo kodeqsis me-9 Tavi specialurad eTmoba iseT sakiTxs, rogoricaa bralis gamomricxveli da Semamsubuqebeli garemoebani, Semasubuqebel rac Tavis TavSi aerTianebs Semdeg asakis bralis gamomricxvel da garemoebebs: Seuracxaoba gamo, Seuracxaoba fsiqikuri

daavadebis gamo, SezRuduli Seracxadoba, Secdoma, brZanebis an gankargulebis Sesruleba da sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisufleba sxva arabraleuli qmedebis gamo. aRniSnli Tavis 33-e muxli erTdroulad adgens, rogorc bralis gamomricxvel erT-erT garemoebad qmedebis asakis gamo ar Seuracxaobis faqtors, kerZod, da rom am kodeqsiT adgens gaTvaliswinebuli marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedeba ar Seeracxeba bralad imas, visac am Cadenamde Sesrulebia ToTxmeti weli, amavdroulad sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dadgomis erT-erT winapirobad piris asaks, kerZod ToTxmet wels. aris mosazrebebi da SemuSavebulia proeqti kanonis cvlilebisa, romlis Tanaxmad sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dadgomisaTvis sakmarisi iqneba Tormeti weli ToTxmetis nacvlad, Tumca dReis mdgomareobiT es mxolod proeqtad da mosazrebad rCeba. miuxedavad amisa, sainteresoa, Tu ra praqtika arsebobs am kuTxiT sxva evropul 146

qveynebSi da ramdenad misaRebi iqneba Cveni realobisTvis msgavsi cvlilebis gatareba, raTa man gaamarTlos. kanonSi msgavsi cvlilebis gatarebis mxardamWerTa pozicias amyarebs erTi metad Zlieri argumenti, kerZod, is rom samwuxarod sagrZnoblad imata danaSaulTa ricxvma mozard TaobaSi da mis winaaRmdeg brZolisa da danaSaulis Tavidan acilebis saqmeSi yvela saSualeba gamarTlebulia, Tumca aris meore, aseve metad myari pozicia, imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom msgavsi cvlilebis gatarebam SeiZleba kidev ufro xeli Seuwyos mozardis fsiqikis danaSaulebrivi samyarosadmi daaxloebas misi adreuli asakidan umkacresi zomebiT dasjis SemTxvevaSi. am TvalsazrisiT saWirod da aucileblad gansaxorcielebel nabijad migvaCnia im winapirobebis aRmofxvra da gauvnebelyofa, rac mozards danaSaulis Cadenisaken ubiZgebs, rac aiZulebs iqurdos da sxva saxis kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSauli Caidinos. migvaCnia, rom msgavsi nabijebis gadadgma danaSaulis prevenciis mizniT minimaluramde daiyvanda sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dadgomis SemTxvevebs arasrulwlovnebSi. Tumca realoba mZime da savalaloa am kuTxiT, rac namdvilad saWiroebs raime saxiT mowesrigebas da daregulirebas.

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CexeTis gamocdileba: SesaZloa sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dadgomisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli minimaluri asaki 15 wlidan 12 wlamde Camoiwios gansakuTrebiT mZime danaSaulTa CadenisaTvisaseTi saTaurebiT ibeWdeboda CexeTSi 2005 wels sagazeTo statiebi. mizezi gaxldaT is garemoeba, rom 15 wlamde mozardTa mier Cadenil mkvlelobaTa ricxvma sagrZnoblad imata CexeTSi da situacia imdenad iyo daZabuli, rom CexeTis iusticiis ministri pavel nemeci daJinebiT moiTxovda kanonmdeblobaSi msgavsi cvlilebis gatarebas. aRniSnulma mosalodnelma cvlilebam mravali Cexi fsiqologis kritika daimsaxura, isini prognozs gamoTqvamdnen, rom msgavsi qmedeba ar gamodgeboda efeqtur zomad danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZolis saqmeSi da rom aRniSnul axalgazrdebs kidev ufro gauWirdebodaT sazogadoebaSi resocializaciis gavla. fsiqologebis didi nawili mouwodebda kanonmdebels efeqturi nabiJebi gadaedga im socialuri problematikis aRmofxvris TvalsazrisiT, rac danaSaulisaken ubiZgebda axalgazrda Taobas da marTlac CexeTma am gziT gadawyvita problemasTan brZola. gaeros 1989 wlis bavSvTa uflebaTa saerTaSoriso konvenciis Tanaxmad dadgenilia, rom bavSvebi garkveul asaks qvemoT arian metad patarebi, raTa maT mimarT ganxorcieldes sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli RonisZiebebi. konvencia mouwodebs xelmomwer saxelmwifoebs, raTa maT Tavad daadginon is minimaluri asaki, romlis qvemoT ivaraudeba, rom bavSvebs ar gaaCniaT SesaaZlebloba daarRvion sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis normebi, Tumca konvencia Tavad ar adgens am asaks. bavSvTa uflebebis dacvis komiteti, romelsac evaleba aRniSnuli konvenciis Sesrulebaze monitoringi xelSemkvrel saxelmwifoebSi rekomendaciis saxiT urCevs saxelmwifoebs, raTa asakis dadgenisas upirvelesad ixelmZRvanelon bavSvebis interesebidan gamomdinare. skandinaviur saxelmwifoTa gamocdileba: skandinaviis qveynebSi sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dadgomis asakad 15 welia miCneuli. SveciaSi Unicef-is ofisis xelmZRvaneli, cnobili fsiqologis lisbet palmis mosazrebiT, rodesac axalgazrda adamiani Cadis kanondarRvevas mas esaWiroeba daxmareba da ara sasjeli, sabolood msgavsi midgomisgan mxolod sazogadoeba ixeirebs. saerTo samarTlis doqtrina - Doli Incapax (uunaro Caidinos danaSauli) aRniSnuli doqtrinis Tanaxmad bavSvis pasuxisgebaSi micemisaTvis upirvelesad sasamarTlo gamoZiebam unda daadginos is garemoeba, rom danaSaulis Cadenis momentSi mozards gaaCnda ara mxolod neba (rea), aramed mas srulad hqonda gaanalizebuli Cadenili qmedebis simZime da danaSaaulebrivi xasiaTi. saerTo samarTlis rig 148

qveynebSi amoRebul iqna kanonmdeblobidan msgavsi midgoma (inglisi), Tumca zogierT maTganSi (avstralai) igi dResac moqmedebs. dabolos, evropis sabWos adamianis uflebaTa dacvis delegatma, batonma tomas hamerbergma, romelic araerTxel saqarTvelosac stumrobda, 2006 wlis 5-6 ivliss moskovSi gamarTul konferenciaze, romelic arasrulwlovanTa sisxlis samarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxebs eZRvneboda Semdegi sityvebi warmosTqva: evropis sabWo awarmoebs kampanias, romlis mTavari motivia: vaSenoT evropa bavSvebisTvis da bavSvebTan erTad! is bavSvebi, visac cxovrebis dasawyisSi ar gaumarTlaT da cudi dasawyisi hqondaT aseve unda CaerTon am mSeneblobis procesSi. dro movida, raTa gadavxedoT Cvens politikas arasrulwlovanTa pasuxismgeblobis kuTxiT evropaSi. moqmedebs ki yvela is RonisZieba, ramac realuri Sedegi unda moitanos? daculia ki yvela bavSvis ufleba saTanado formiT? keTdeba yvelaferi imisTvis, rom am bavSvebma aaSenon momavali evropa? Znelia ar daeTanxmo baton hamerbergs, saWiroa gatarebul iqnes yvela aucilebeli zoma, rac bavSvebSi danaSaulisadmi midrekilebas aRmofxvravs, Tumca aqac Tanmimdevruli unda viyoT da upirvelesad unda vebrZoloT im socialur winapirobebs, rac arasrulwlovans, bavSvs danaSaulebrivi qmedebisaken ubiZgebs.

l i t e r a t u r a: L i t e r a t u r e: :

1. gaeros 1989 wlis saerTaSoriso konvencia bavSvTa uflebebis Sesaxeb 2. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi

reziume arasrulwlovanTa marTlmsajulebis sakiTxebi (gaeros 1989 wlis `bavSvTa uflebaTa saerTaSoriso konvenciisa~ da saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis mixedviT) irakli yandaSvili

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arasrulwlovanTa Soris gaxSirebuli danaSauli is senia, romelsac yvela formiT unda ebrZolos saxelmwifo da sazogadoeba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi qveynis winsvla gamoricxulia, radgan nebismier saxelmwifos esaWiroeba jansaRi da janmrTeli axali Taoba, janmrTeli rogorc fizikurad, aseve sulierad, upirvelesyovlisa. am TvalsazrisiT sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis zRvruli asakis kidev ufro qvemoT daweva mizanSeuwonlad mimaCnia, upriani iqneba im winapirobebis aRmofxvra da amoZirkva, rac bavSvs danaSaulebrivi qmedebisaken ubiZgebs, gamomdinare iqidan, rom Tu ara esa Tu is mZime socialuri piroba axalgazrda danaSauls ar Caidenda, Sesabamisad sjobs evoluciis gziT svla da danaSaulebrivi qmedebis ganmpirobebeli winapirobebis aRmofxvra. amasTanave, qveynis winsvlisa da Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis saWiroa, rac SeiZleba meti axalgazrdis yola da ganviTareba, maTTvis saTanado ganaTlebis micema da swor gzaze dayeneba. xSiria, roca cxovrebis dasawyis stadiaze mozards fexi gadaubrundeba da subieqturi Tu obieqturi mizezebis gamo, rac sabolood meore xarixovania, danaSauls Cadis da dRis wesrigSi misi sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi dgeba. unda swored Sefasdes Tu ra iqneba ufro sasargeblo am konkretul SemTxvevaSi bavSvisTvis -- daisajos umkacresad da aRmoCndes iseT garemosa Tu wreSi, rac sabolood gansazRvravs mis samomavlo danaSaulebriv karieras, amasTanave mis moralur mdgomareobas, vgulisxmob brazsa da borotebas, rac mas patimrobis wlebSi daugrovdeba garesamyaros mimarT da aucileblad ecdeba mis gamovlinebas roca ki saTanado SesaZlebloba Cauvardeba, Tu sjobs axalgazrdas kidev erTi Sansi mieces swor gzaze dadgomisa?! vfiqrob am ukanaskneli arCevaniT mogebuli aramarto axalgazrda darCeba, aramed mTlianad sazogadoebac.

SUMMARY THE PROBLEMS OF UNDER AGE JUSTICE (ACCORDING TO THE 1989 OON ``CHILDRENS RIGHTS CONVENTION`` AND GEORGIAN LAW) IRAKLI KANDASHVILI The quickened crime among under age is just a disease, against which must fight the state and society, otherwise the advance of country is impossible. Because any state needs the healthy young generation. Healthy not only physically, spiritually as well. In such a point of view, I think, lowering limit of criminal law is unsuitable. It is better to eradicate just the rash action which encourages to commit a crime. If not a hard social condition, the young people wouldnt have committed a crime. 150

Therefore, its better to move in evolution way and wipe out the reason of crime. Together with this, its necessary, for the world development, to have more young people, to give them education, to show them the right way. In the first steps of the life, by subjective or objective reason, the young generation often make mistake - commit a crime. It must be evaluated which is more constructive to punish them severely and find themselves in a social environment or vicious circle that defines their future crime career and moral condition; I mean, in case of some opportunity they will show that evil, unkindness towards the other world, which they will get while being in prison and will show it as soon as they have a possibility; Or, it is better give them another chance to choose the right way of living?! I think that the last choice would be better not only for under age but also for whole society.

( 1989 ) , . , , , . , . , , , , , . , , . , , , , . , : , , , , ?! , , .

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asakis gamo Seuracxadobis samarTlebrivi daxasiaTeba

mixeil mamniaSvili A samarTlis doqtori, soxumis universitetis asocirebuli profesori TaTia doliZe samarTlis magistri sisxlis samarTlebrivi urTierTobebi mTlianad damyarebulia sisxlissamarTlebriv

pasuxismgeblobaze es ukanakneli, Tavis mxriv aris piris valdebuleba sakuTari qceva Seusabamos sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobiT dadgenil normebs, romlis darRvevas mohyveba sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobiT gaTvalsiwinebuli iZuleba. maSasadame, TviT sislxissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba sxva araferia Tu ara damnaSavesa da saxelmwifos Soris warmoSobili urTierToba. swored amitom, kanonmdebeli sisxlis-samarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis safuZvlad moiazrebs danaSauls, romelic Tavis mxriv mraval elementiani sistemaa. am sistemis saTaveSi dgas qmedebis Semadgenloba, romlis aucilebeli komponentia qmedebis subieqti anu piri, romelmac Caidina sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli qmedeba. sxvadasxva epoqaSi gansaxvavebuli iyo damokidebuleba qmedebis subieqtis mimarT. magaliTad romis samarTali, monas saerTod samarTlis subieqtad ar miiCnevda. ,,danaSaulis subieqti SeiZleba iyos adamiani aRniSnavs ruseTis federaciis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi. rac TavisTavad gulsixmobs imas, rom danaSaulis subieqti SeiZleba iyos mxolod fizikuri piri. amdenad, rusuli kanonmdebl;oba saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobisagan gansxvavebiT pirdapir da erTmniSvnelovnad gamoricxavs iuridiuli piris sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas. kacobirobas axsovs is periodic, rodesac sisxlis samarTlis wesiT sjidnen cxovelebs, frinvelebs, da usulo sagnebsac ki. magaliTad 1593 wels ruseTidan cimbirSi gadaasaxles eklesiis zari, 1740 wels safrangeTSi gaasamarTles Zroxa, inglisSi ki me-19 saukunis Sua xanebamde arsebobda wesi, romlis Tanaxmadac sikvdilis gamomwvevi nivTi konfiskirebuli unda yofiliyo mefis sasargeblod. sabednierod Tanamedrove samyaro amgvari nonsensebs aRar icnobs da SedarebiT ufro civiluri kuTxiT viTardeba. zogadad qmedebis subieqti SesaZ-lebelia xasiaTdebodes mravali niSniTa da TaviseburebiT, magram sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisaTvis mxolod erTi konkretuli niSania aqtualuri, es niSania Seracxadoba. moqmedma sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsma airCia sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxvel garemoebaTa orkvaliani sistema, romelsac wina sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi saerTod ar icnobda. kodeqsiT aseve aRiarebul qina, rom marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedeba

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bralad rom Seeracxos pirs, mas unda Seswevdes unari angariSi gauwios sakuTar moqmedebas da uxelmZRvanelos mas. maSasadame, amisaTvis piri udna iyos Seracxadi. amdenad, Tanamedrove qarTuli sisxlis samarTali wavida ra, im msjelobiT, rom Seuracxad pirs ar unda daekisros sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba, gamijna Seuracxadobis ori SemTxveva: a) asakis gamo Seuracxadoba; b) Seuracxadoba fsiqikuri daavadebis gamo. asakis gamo Seuaracxadoba aris saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT ganmticebuli instituti, romelic gulismxobs piris sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisufelbas kanonmdeblobiT dadgenil sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobis asaks miuRwevlobis gamo. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis asakia 14 weli. amdenad, radgan asaks gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblbis gansazRvrisas, Sesabamisad konkretuli sisxlis samarTlis saqmis gamoZiebisas, dRis wesrigSi dgeba xolme piris askis dadgenis sakiTxi. sasamarTlo praqtikaSi asaks, rogorc wesi, Sesabamisi sabuTebiT (dabadebis mowmoba, piradobis damadasturebeli mowmoba, da sxv) adgenen. magram praqtikaSi isic xdeba xolme, rodesac sasamarTlo asakis ganmsazRvrel sabuTs ver moipovebs da piris zusti asaki eWvqveS dgeba aseT SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo niSnavs samedicino eqspertizas, magram am ukanasknels ar SeuZlia zustad gansazRvros piris asaki, radgan eqspertiza iZleva mxolod aseT daskvnas: piri danaSaulis Cadenis dros imyofeboda TometidanToTxmeti wlis asakmde. rogor unda moiqces am SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo? saqme imaSia, rom aseT sadavo situaciaSi, eWvi piris asakis Sesaxeb, udanaSaulobis prezumfciidan gamomdinare, (saqarTvelos konstituciis me-40 muxli) unda gadawydes TviT qmedebis Camdenis sasargeblod da sasamarTlom unda ivaraudos rom sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli qmedebis Cadenis dros pirs ar hqonda Sesrulebuli 14 weli. asakis gamo piris sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblboisagan gaTavisuflebisas unda gvaxsovdes isic, rom asakis dadgenis dros dabadebis dRe mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba. magaliTad, Tu 13 wlis nozaZes, 25 agvistos xdeba 14 wlis da am dRes igi Caidens sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebul qmedebas, igi ar daisjeba asakis gamo Seuracxaobis gamo, vinaidan piri 14 wels miRweulad iTvleba misi dabadebis dRis momdevno dRes. moqmedi sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis miRebis Semdeg, kodeqsiT dadgenili sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis asaki ucveli iyo da igi 14 wels Seadgenda. Tumca 2007 wlis 23 maisis cvlilebebiT es asaki garkveulwilad Semcirda da es Semcireba Seexo mxolod calkeul danaSaulebs. kerZod: 153

a) ganzrax mkveloba (ssk-is 108 muxli); b) ganzrax mkveloba damamZimebel garemoebebSi (ssk-is 109 muxli); g) janmrTelobis ganzrax mZime dazianeba (ssk-is 117-e muxli); d) gaupatiureba (ssk-is 137 muxli); e) Zarcva (ssk-is 178 muxli, garda amave muxlis pirveli nawilisa); v) yaCaRoba (ssk-is 179 muxli) z) 21 wlis asaks miuRweveli an nasamarTlobis mqone an/da narkotikebis moxmarebisaTvis adminsitraciulsaxdel dadebuli piris mier civi iaraRis tareba (ssk-is 238 muxli). zemoT CamoTvlil danaSaulebze kanonmdeblema sisxlissamar-Tlebrivi pasuximgeblobis asakad miiCnia 12 weli. aqedan gamomdi-nare, Tu 14 wels miuRweveli piri an 12 wels miuRweveli piri Caidens zemoT aRniSnul danaSaulTagan romelimes, misi qmedeba ar miiCneva braleulad. kerZod aseTi piris qmedeba marTalia iqneba marTlsawinaarmdego, magram iqidan gamomdinare, rom piri miiCneva Seuracxadad, qmedeba mas bralad ar Seeracxeba. magaliTad: 12 wlis irakli Todua, romelic saxlSi brundeboda imyofeboda ra nasvam mdgomareobaSi gaaCera gzaze momavali misTvis ucnobi pirovneba da im motiviT, rom am pirovnebas ar aRmoaCnda sigareti sastikad scema da miayena janmrTelobis naklebad mZime dazianeba. rogor unda gadawydes Toduas sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxis-mgeblobis sakiTxi.? saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 33-e muxlisa da saproceso kodeqsis 28-e muxlis me-2 nawilis safuZvelze, sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna ar unda daiwyos, xolo dawyebuli devna unda Sewydes im safuZvliT, rom pirs ar miuRwevia sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis asakisaTvis. aRniSnuli cvlilebiT kanonmdebelma qveyanaSi arsebuli sisxlis samarTlebrivi politika arasrulwlovanTa mimarT gaamkacra da uxeSad rom vTvaT, ufro metic, arasrulwlovani ,,gaimeta sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuximgeblobisaTvis. aRniSnuli sakanondmeblo cvlilebis miRebis dros motivaciad saxeldeboda arasrulwlovanTa danaSaulis maRali statistikuri maCvenebeli. sagangaSo statistikur maCvenebelad ki miiCnies wlis ganmavlobaSi daaxloebiT 252 sisxlis samarTlis saqme, rasac TavisTavad sagangaSo statistikasTan saerTo, vfiqrobT, rom araferi aqvs. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom amgvari tipis cvlileba mxolod mSral statistikur da mimdinare monacemebs ki ar unda emyarebodes, aramed yoveli am tipis cvlilebisaTvis sagangebod unda Catardes statistikuri kvleva da Semgom unda moxdes am kvlevis kompetenturi analizi da im mizezebis aRniSvna, ris gamoc aris gavrcelebuli arasrulwlovanTa danaSauli. Cveni azriT, zogadad arasrulwlovanis mier danaSaulis Cadena ganpirobebulia maTi ukontrolobiT. arasrulwlovanebis jgufSi aRsaniSnavia e.w. upatrono bavSvebis problema, romelTa cxovrebis wesi ubiZgebs maT Caidinon danaSauli. 154

maSasadame, am sakiTxSi saWiroa realuri kontroli. Mmakontrolebeli ki, am SemTxvevaSi, unda iyos bavSvis ojaxic, skolac da saxelmwifoc. saxemwifom, aseve, unda moagvaros upatrono bavSvebis problemac da Seuqmnas maT cxovrebis normaluri pirobebi. kontrolis sasjeliT gamoxatva da arasrul-wlovnebis cixeSi gamweseba ki saxemwifos mxridan absoluturad arasworia, radgan amgvari midgoma arasrulwlovanTa danaSaulis Semcirebas an srulad aRkveTas ver uzrunvelyofs. aseTi politika, didi xania uaryo msoflios civilurma qveynebma. meores mxriv, vamcirebT ra sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis asaks calkeul danaSaulebze, unda vifiqroT ra pirobebs vTavazobT arasrulwlovnebs Tavisulflebis aRmkveT dawesebulebebSi. Tu amas ganvixilavT saqarTvelos magaliTze mivxvdebiT, rom arasrulwlvnebTan mimarTebaSi sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT dadgenili sasjelis miznebi namdvilad eWvqveS dadgeba. yovelive es ki gvarwmunebs, rom es sakanonmdeblo cvlileba pirdapir ewinaaRmdegeba sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis fundamentur instituts sasjelis miznebs da amitom misi am formiT miReba mizanSeuwonelia.

literatura Literature 1. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, Codex kodificirebuli; 2. n. xuWua ,,asaki rogor bralis gamomricxveli garemoeba sisxlis samarTalSi saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociaciis almanaxi, sisxlis samarTali (I), dekemberi, 1998; 3. o. gamyreliZe, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis ganmarteba, Tbilis 2005; 4. T. donjaSvili, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, zogadi nawili, Tbilisi 2002; 5. saqarTvelos parlamentis iuridiul sakixTa komitetis sxdomis oqmi N30, 2006-11-30, 12:32 sT.

reziume Aasakis gamo Seuracxadobis samarTlebrivi daxasiaTeba mixeil mamniaSvili, TaTia doliZe naSromSi warmodgenilia bralis gramomricxveli garemoebis asakis gamo

Seuracxadobis Teoriuli da praqtikuli daxasiaTeba da am garemoebis saproceso regulireba.

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naSromSi uaryofiTad aris Sefasebuli sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuximgbelobis asakis 12 wlamde SemcirebasTan dakavSirebiT.

SUMMARY THE LEGAL CHARACTERISTIC OF AGE AS A CONDITION OF EXCEPTION OF GUILT MIKHEIL MAMNIASHVILI, TATIA DOLIDZE In this work it is characterized theoretical and practical aspects of age as a condition of exception of guilt. In this work also is mention procedural regulation of people which transfer a crime under age of the criminal responsibility. Also is mention a negative position of authors on last legislative changes age of the criminal responsibility in Georgia , . - , -. - .

qveyanaSi ekonomikuri procesebis regulirebis ZiriTadi makroekonomikuri indikatorebi

giorgi caava 156

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis profesori Tamar beriZe teqnikur mecnierebaTa kandidati bela goderZiSvili saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis doqtoranti lika beriZe saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis doqtoranti

qveynis an calkeuli regionis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis umTavresi mizani stabiluri ekonomikuri zrdis miRwevaa, ekonomikuri zrda ki iseTi umniSvnelovanesi makroekonomikuri indikatoris cvlilebaSi vlindeba, rogoricaa mTliani Siga produqti (mSp). mxolod makroekonomikuri indikatorebis meSveobiT aris SesaZlebeli ekonomikisaTvis `zusti diagnozis dasma~ da makroekonomikuri politikis SerCevisa da gatarebis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlo Sedegebis ganWvreta. qarTul ekonomikur literaturaSi mSp-s saxiT, mecnierTa erTi nawilis ganmartebiT, araswori termini damkvidrda da igi am terminis realur arss ver asaxavs. terminis inglisurenovan abreviaturas GDP (Gross Domestic Product) qarTul enaze ufro `erToblivi samamulo produqti~ Seesatyviseba da ara `mTliani Siga produqti~, rogorc es samwuxarod xSiradaa gavrcelebuli. ekonomikuri analizisaTvis farTod gamoiyeneba mSp-sagan warmoebuli indikatori, maT Soris yvelaze ufro gavrcelebulia mSp-is moculoba mosaxleobis 1 sulze. Tumca garkveuli mizezebis gamo, mSp-ic srulad ver asaxavs qveynis ekonomikur mdgomareobas: aq, uwinares yovlisa, igulisxmeba aRuricxavi ekonomikis, e.w. `Crdilovani ekonomikis~ arseboba, romelic cxadia uSualod ar xvdeba mSp-is aRricxvaSi, magram monawileobs rogorc erToblivi moTxovnis, aseve erToblivi miwodebis formirebaSi. ufro sruli makroekonomikuri analizisaTvis SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes qveynis teritoriis ekonomikuri aTvisebis indeqsi mSp-is saSualo maCveneblis gaangariSeba garkveuli farTobis mixedviT (magaliTad, 1 kv. m., an 1000 kv. km. da a.S.). qveynis teritoriis ekonomikuri aTvisebis indeqsi (inglisuri `Reclamation~dan, rac qarTulad `miwis aTvisebas~ niSnavs) gaeros monacemebze dayrdnobiT gaangariSebuli sxvadasxva qveynis ekonomikuri aTvisebis indeqsis mniSvneloba mocemulia qvemoT moyvanil cxrilSi: 157

qveynebis ekonomikuri aTvisebis indeqsi (1999 wlis monacemebiT)

teritoria (aT. qveyana kv. km) mosaxleoba (mln kaci) mSp (mlrd dolarobiT) mSp mosaxleobis erT sulze (aT. dolarobiT) (4:3) mSp erTi kv. km-ze (aTas dolarobiT), anu ekonomikuri aTvisebis indeqsi (4:2)

niderlandebi belgia Sveicaria gaerTianebuli samefo germania aSS kanada somxeTi ukraina azerbaijani saqarTvelo ruseTi

41.53 30.53 41.26 244.10 357.02 9363.41 9970.61 29.74 603.70 86.60 69.70 17075.40

15.81 10.21 7.14 59.50 82.10 275.13 30.49 3.80 49.91 7.98 5.40 145.94

387.24 248.63 259.53 1485.17 2153.89 9299.00 638.67 1.85 31.00 3.99 2.80 182.93

24.49 24.34 36.34 24.96 26.23 33.80 20.95 0.49 0.62 0.50 0.52 1.25

9325.20 8144.26 6289.58 6084.23 6032.93 993.12 64.05 62.03 51.35 46.12 40.17 10.71 cxrili 1

aRniSnuli maCveneblebis mixedviT, 1999 wlis monacemebidan gamomdinare, qveynis teritoria yvelaze ufro intensiurad iyo aTvisebuli niderlandebSi, sadac 1 kv. km-ze daaxloebiT 9,3 mln dolaris mSp iwarmoeboda, maSin rodesac igive maCvenebeli belgiisTvis 8,1 mln dolaria, SveicariisTvis 6,3 mln dolari, germaniisTvis 6 mln dolari, aSS-sTvis _ daaxloebiT 1 mln dolari, saqarTvelosTvis 40 aTasi dolari, xolo ruseTisTvis daaxloebiT 11 aTasi dolari. am maCveneblebidan naTlad Cans, rom niderlandebSi teritoria 232-jer ukeT aris aTvisebuli, vidre saqarTveloSi, 10-jer ukeT vidre aSS-Si da 930-jer ukeT vidre ruseTSi. saqarTvelos statistikis saxelmwifo departamentis eqspertuli gaTvlebiT gaangariSebuli saqarTvelos regionebis ekonomikuri aTvisebis indeqsebi qvemoT moyvanil cxrilSia motanili:
saqarTvelos regionebis ekonomikuri aTvisebis indeqsi (afxazeTis a. r. da cxinvalis regionis gareSe)
farTobi regionebi (kv. km) 1998 weli mSp (mln larobiT) regionis ekonomikuri aTvisebis indeqsi mSp (mln larobiT) 1999 weli regionis ekonomikuri aTvisebis indeqsi

158

Tbilisi samegrelo da zemo svaneTi imereTi da raWa guria qvemo qarTli Sida qarTli da mcxeTa-mTianeTi kaxeTi aWaris avt. resp. samcxe-javaxeTi sul saqarTveloSi

121 4916 14128 2182 4906 11094 12207 2864 6412 58830

1233.2 517.8 929.4 194.1 574.7 501.8 487.2 410.5 191.8 5040.5

10.19 0.11 0.07 0.09 0.12 0.05 0.04 0.14 0.03 0.09

1424.1 49.7 1036.9 202.2 673.3 566.9 548.3 498.7 218.3 5665.7

11.77 0.10 0.07 0.09 0.14 0.05 0.04 0.17 0.03 0.10 cxrili 2

aRniSnuli gaTvlebi cxadyofs saqarTvelos regionebis araTanabar ganviTarebas: Tu TbilisSi 1999 wels 1 km -ze 11,77 mln laris mSp iqna warmoebuli, samcxe-javaxeTSi 30 aTasi lari, Sida qarTlsa da mcxeTa-mTianeTSi 50 aTasi lari, qvemo qarTlSi 140 aTasi lari, aWaraSi 170 aTasi lari; saSualod saqarTveloSi 100 aTasi lari. qveynis an calkeuli teritoriebis ekonomikuri aTvisebis Tanabarzomierebis indeqsis gaangariSebisa da socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Sefasebis ramdenime kriteriumi arsebobs. magaliTad, mTliani erovnuli produqti (mep) mosaxleobis 1 sulze, romelic axasiaTebs qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dones, xolo realuri mTliani Siga produqti (mSp) mosaxleobis 1 sulze (anu msyidvelobiTunarianobis pariteti) ki sazogadoebis wevrTa materialuri keToldReobis saerTo donis maxasiaTebelia. rac Seexeba adamianuri ganviTarebis indeqss (adamianuri ganviTarebis indeqsi HDI Human Development Index mSp mosaxleobis erT sulze, sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba da ganaTlebis done), 1992 wlisaTvis sicocxlis yvelaze maRali saSualo xangrZlivoba hqonda iaponias (78,8 weli), yvelaze meti mSp mosaxleobis erT sulze aSS-s (22180 dolari), ganaTlebis maqsimaluri indeqsi (0,99) 34 saxelmwifos. imisda mixedviT, Tu romel maCvenebels gamoviyenebT, yvelaze ganviTarebuli qveyana sruliad sxvadasxva aRmoCndeba. magaliTad, mosaxleobis erT sulze mep-iT wlebis manZilze pirvel adgilzea Sveicaria, sadac am maCveneblis wliuri moculoba TiTqmis 40 aTasi dolaria (SedarebisaTvis: msoflios uRaribesi qveynis mozambikis maCvenebels igi 420-jer aRemateba); mosaxleobis erT sulze mSp-s mixedviT pirvel adgilzea aSS, adamianuri ganviTarebis indeqsiT ki kanada:
adamianuri ganviTarebis indeqsiT msoflios maRalganviTarebuli 10 qveyana (1992 w.)
2

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anu qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis indeqsi saukeTeso qveyana maCveneblis mqone qveyanasTan %-iT

mSp (msyidvelobiTunarianobis pariteti) anu mosaxleobis materialuri keTildReobis indeqsi saukeTeso qveyana maCveneblis mqone qveyanasTan %-iT

adamianuri ganviTarebis indeqsi saukeTeso maCveneblis qveyana mqone qveyanasTan %-iT

Sveicaria luqsemburgi iaponia SvedeTi norvegia fineTi dania islandia aSS arabTa g. s.

100 94.5 79.6 74.7 71.5 71.0 70.5 69.9 66.3 65.8

aSS Sveicaria luqsemburgi germania iaponia kanada honkongi safrangeTi dania avstria

100 98.4 94.0 89.3 87.6 87.3 83.6 83.3 80.8 79.9

kanada Sveicaria iaponia Svecia norvegia safrangeTi avstralia aSS niderlandebi didi britaneTi

100 99.9 99.7 99.6 99.6 99.5 99.4 99.2 99.0 98.6 cxrili 3

adamianuri ganviTarebis indeqsis gaangariSebis roli da mniSvneloba socialurekonomikuri ganviTarebis SefasebisaTvis sul ufro izrdeba. qveynebi, sadac HDI 0,5-ze naklebia, gaeros meTodologiiT miekuTvneba ganviTarebis dabali donis mqone qveynebs, 0,5-dan 0,8-mde ganviTarebis saSualo donis mqone qveynebs, xolo 0,8-ze meti maRalganviTarebul qveynebs. igulisxmeba, rom industriuli qveynebi ufro win unda iyvnen, vidre ganviTarebadi, magram es yovelTvis ase ar aris. magaliTad, barbadosi HDI-s mixedviT me-20 adgilzea, xolo irlandia, italia da espaneTi, Sesabamisad, 21-e, 22-e, 23-e adgilze, bulgareTi 48-e da rumineTi ki 72-e adgilze. am parametriT 1992 wels pirvel adgilze iyo kanada (0,932), boloze gvinea (0,191). unda aRiniSnos, rom aSkarad ikveTeba maRal da dabalganviTarebul qveynebs Soris am maCveneblis mixedviT gansxvavebis Semcirebis tendencia: Tu 1960 wels pirvel adgilze myofi SvedeTi bolo adgilze myofi gambiis monacemebs 12,8-jer aRemateboda, 1992 wels kanada gvineas mxolod 4,8-jer uswrebda. yofili ssrk-is respublikebi adamianuri ganviTarebis indeqsiT (HDI) gacilebiT win arian, vidre mep-iT (saSualod 16 erTeuliT). HDI-iT maT Soris yvelaze wina aris litva (28-e adgili msoflioSi), yvelaze bolos tajikeTi (97-e adgili). mep-iT, Sesabamisad, yvelaze win aris estoneTi (44-e adgili), yvelaze bolos ki kvlav tajikeTi (116 adgili). mSp-iT isev estoneTi (38-e adguli), xolo tajikeTi 114-e adgilzea. aRniSnulis fonze sainteresoa saqarTvelos wona da adgili msoflioSi. bolo wlebSi saqarTveloSi datrialebuli tragikuli movlenebis `wyalobiT~ Cveni qveynis mep-is moculoba 160

1990 wels 10 mlrd aSS dolaridan, 1993 wels 2,8 mlrd dolaramde Semcirda. aRniSnul periodSi qveynis xvedriTi wona am maCvenebliT msoflioSi 0,05%-dan 0,01%-mde daeca, mosaxleobis erT sulze mep-i msoflios saSualo donesTan SedarebiT 57,3%-dan 12,4%mde Semcirda, maT Soris saukeTeso donis qveynis Sveicariis maCvenebelTan 6,6%dan 1,5%-mde. Tu rogor icvleboda aRniSnul periodSi saqarTvelos adgili da roli msoflio meurneobaSi, amaze warmodgenas qvemoT moyvanili monacemebi iZleva:
saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri indikatorebi 1990-1993 w.w.
# 1. maCveneblebi mep-i mosaxleobis erT sulze (dolarebSi) procentulad 1990 welTan SedarebiT 2. mSp mosaxleobis erT sulze (dolarebSi) procentulad 1990 welTan SedarebiT 3. 4. adamianuri ganviTarebis indeqsi procentulad 1990 welTan SedarebiT adgili msoflioSi: _ warmoebuli mep-is mixedviT mosaxleobis erT sulze _ warmoebuli mSp-s mixedviT mosaxleobis erT sulze _ adamianuri ganviTarebis indeqsis mixedviT cxrili 4 49 66 80 88 50 77/79 92 103 1990 2200 100 4572 100 0.829 100 72 1991 1780 80.9 36.70 82.3 0.747 90.1 80 1992 850 38.6 3000 65.6 0.703 84.8 112 1993 520 23.6 2.450 53.6 0.668 80.6 126

swored aRniSnuli forsirebuli ukusvla gaxda imis ZiriTadi mizezi, rom saqarTvelo industriuli qveynebis rigebidan ganviTarebadi qveynebis siaSi iqna Seyvanili. adamianuri ganviTarebis indeqsma 1999 wlis monacemebiT saqarTveloSi 0,762 Seadgina da msoflioSi am maCvenebliT 70-e adgilze imyofeboda. cnobilia, rom mbrZaneblur-administraciuli sistemidan sabazro urTierTobebze gadasvlis procesi saqarTvelosTvis, rigi mizezebis gamo, gansakuTrebiT rTulad warimarTa: centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis postsocialistur qveynebSi sabazro ekonomikaze gardamaval periodSi mSp saSualod Semcirda 22%-iT, yofil sabWoTa respublikebSi saSualod 35%-iT, saqarTveloSi ki 65%-iT, rac uaRresad mkafiod aisaxa qveynis absoluturad yvela socialur-ekonomikur, maT Soris erovnuli simdidris indikatorSi.

161

1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi saqarTvelos mTeli erovnuli simdidre, dolarsa da maneTis imdroindeli msyidvelobiTi unarianobis paritetis gaTvaliswinebiT (erovnuli simdidre 180 mlrd, bunebrivi simdidre 175 mlrd, adamianiseuli kapitali 300 mlrd), sul unda yofiliyo daaxloebiT 655 mlrd dolari, anu mosaxleobis erT sulze daaxloebiT 120 aTasi dolari. Semdgom periodSi, iseve rogorc yvela sxva umniSvnelovanesi indikatori, erovnuli simdidrec mniSvnelovnad Semcirda, ramac seriozuli gavlena moaxdina rogorc qveynis ekonomikur potencialze, aseve mosaxleobis udidesi nawilis keTildReobazec. 2000 wlisTvis saqarTvelos mTeli erovnuli simdidre kvlavwarmoebiT nawilSi (erovnuli qoneba) 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisTan SedarebiT, 40%-iT da metad Semcirda da daaxloebiT 262 mlrd dolari Seadgina, mosaxleobis erT sulze ki 23 aTasi dolari. mosaxleobis keTildReobas (moxmarebas), qveynis mSp-sa da erovnuli simdidris (qonebis) zrdis tempebs Soris garkveuli funqcionaluri kavSiri arsebobs. aqedan gamomdinare, sakmaod maRali albaTobiT SeiZleba gaiTvalos erovnuli simdidris dinamika, Tuki danarCeni ori komponenti mosaxleobis keTildReobis da mSp-s zrdis tempebi iqneba cnobili, rasac SeiZleba sakmaod maRali gamoyenebiTi Rirebuleba hqondes. qveynebs Soris kapitalis moZraobis sakiTxma Tanamedrove pirobebSi, finansuri globalizaciis Sedegebidan gamomdinare, gansakuTrebuli aqtualuroba SeiZina. saerTod, kapitalis dinebas rogorc dadebiTi, aseve uaryofiTi mxareebic gaaCnia da misi ukontroloba qveynebs didi potenciuri problemebis winaSe ayenebs. saqarTvelos magaliTze optimaluri kapitalis raodenobis gansazRvra umniSvnelovanes rols asrulebs qveynis grZelvadiani monetaruli da fiskaluri politikis strategiis SemuSavebaSi. amitom metad mniSvnelovania qveynisTvis saWiro ucxouri kapitalis raodenobis gansazRvra da Sesabamisi ekonomikuri politikis SemuSaveba. mdgradi mimdinare angariSis balansis (sxvaoba qveynis Semosavalsa da saerTo moxmarebas Soris) gansazRvris maTematikuri modelis asagebad, Semdegi xuTi makroekonomikuri komponentis gaTvaliswinebaa saWiro: warmoebis, moxmarebis, investiciebis, arsebuli davalianebebisa da kapitalis raodenobis. mexuTe cvladis kapitalis raodenobis Sefaseba sakmaod seriozul problemasTan aris dakavSirebuli. gaTvlebis mixedviT, 2001 wlisaTvis saqarTveloSi kapitalis raodenoba qveynis mSp-s 2,5-jer aRemateba. aRniSnuli Sedegi miT ufro sainteresoa, rom igi sxva qveynebisaTvis miRebul analogiur monacemebs kargad esadageba. ekonomikur literaturaSi cnobili Sedegebis mixedviT, sxvadasxva qveyanaSi kapitalis raodenoba mSp-s saSualod 2-4-jer aRemateba.

162

Catarebuli

gaangariSebebis

mixedviT,

saqarTvelosaTvis

makroekonomikuri

maxasiaTeblebis raodenobrivi Sedegebis optimaluri varianti (mosaxleobis erT sulze dolarSi) Semdegi saxiT aris warmodgenili:

163

saqarTvelos makroekonomikuri maxasiaTeblebi mosaxleobis erT sulze dolaris eqvivalentSi (optimaluri varianti)
moxmareb a mimdinare investicia davalianeba mSp angariSebis deficiti mSp-s deficiti %%

weli

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2020 2030 2040

667 667 667 667 667 667 667 667 667 667 667

150.0 152.1 163.2 176.0 190.6 207.1 225.7 246.5 269.7 295.2 323.3

390.00 533.14 679.09 822.23 956.97 1077.57 1178.11 1252.33 1293.61 1294.85 1248.46

750.0 755.0 767.0 787.8 815.9 852.2 897.0 950.9 1014.3 1087.7 1171.6

148.7 143.1 145.9 143.1 134.7 120.6 100.5 74.2 41.3 1.2 0.1

19.8 19.0 19.0 18.2 16.5 14.2 11.2 7.8 4.1 0.1 0.0 cxrili 5

miRebuli Sedegi cxadyofs, rom ekonomikis yvelaze sasurveli gziT ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi, qveyanas mSp-is 19,8%-is odenobis finansuri saxsrebis importi SeuZlia. bunebrivia, droTa ganmavlobaSi es raodenoba iklebs da garkveuli periodis gasvlis Semdeg saqarTvelos mouwevs aRebuli valdebulebebis gastumrebis dawyeba. modelis Sedegebis mixedviT, am periodis xangrZlivoba 40-50 weliwadia da vadis gasvlis Semdeg, qveyana unda Seudges davalianebis dafarvas. cxrilis monacemebidan Cans, rom yvelaze optimaluri ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi mSp mosaxleobis erT sulze gaTvliT, 2010 wlisaTvis 30%-iT SeiZleba gaizardos. warmoebisa da Semosavlis zrdis paralelurad, moxmarebac gaizrdeba da mateba 52%-s Seadgens. globaluri masStabiT qveynis geopolitikuri potenciali anu misi ekonomikuri da politikuri SesaZleblobebi dRes ukve ara imdenad teritoriis mdebareobiT, zomiT da mosaxleobis raodenobiT ganisazRvreba, ramdenadac misi ekonomikuri ganviTarebiT. amasTan dakavSirebiT, saqarTvelomac msoflioSi mimdinare politikuri da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Sesabamisi RonisZiebebi unda gaataros, raTa igi msoflioSi ganviTarebuli da mosazRvre saxelmwifoebis politikuri da ekonomikuri manipulaciis mudmivi obieqti ar gaxdes. aRniSnul indikatorebze daydnobiT, qveynis xelisuflebas 164 sakmaod mniSvnelovani analitikuri

informaciis miRebis SesaZlebloba eZleva rogorc swori makroekonomikuri, aseve regionuli politikis formirebisaTvis.

literatura Literature

1. mesxia i., saqarTvelos ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis investiciuri indikatorebi, J. `saqarTvelos ekonomika" 2000, #11 gv. 7-10. 2. mesxia i., safinanso politikis transformacia makroekonomikuri stbilizaciis CarCoebSi, finansebis samecniero-kvleviTi institutis Sromebis krebuli, Tb., t. II, 1998, gv.11-35. 3.caava g., finansebi, fulis mimoqceva, safinanso inJineria, krediti, Tb., 1999, gv. 63.

reziume qveyanaSi ekonomikuri procesebis regulirebis ZiriTadi makroekonomikuri indikatorebi giorgi caava, Tamar beriZe, bela goderZiSvili, lika beriZe qveynis geopolitikuri potenciali anu misi ekonomikuri da politikuri SesaZleblobebi dRes ukve ara imdenad teritoriis mdebareobiT, zomiT da mosaxleobis raodenobiT ganisazRvreba, ramdenadac misi ekonomikuri ganviTarebiT. amasTan dakavSirebiT, saqarTvelomac msoflioSi mimdinare politikuri da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Sesabamisi RonisZiebebi indikatorebze unda gaataros, raTa igi msoflioSi ganviTarebuli da mosazRvre analitikuri saxelmwifoebis politikuri da ekonomikuri manipulaciis mudmivi obieqti ar gaxdes. aRniSnul daydnobiT, qveynis xelisuflebas sakmaod mniSvnelovani informaciis miRebis SesaZlebloba eZleva rogorc swori makroekonomikuri, aseve regionuli politikis formirebisaTvis.

SUMMARY PRINCIPLE MACRO ECONOMICAL INDICATORS FOR REGULATION OF ECONOMICAL PROCESS IN THE COUNTRY 165

GIORGI TSAAVA, TAMAR BERIDZE, BELA GODERDZISHVILI, LIKA BERIDZE Today the geopolitic potential of the country or its economic and political opportunities are defined not so much by an arrangement of territory, the area and quantity of the population, how many its economic development. In this connection, and Georgia should lead the actions corresponding to political in world political and economic development that it did not become object of political and economic manipulations on the part of the advanced world and next states. Being based on the specified indicators, authority of the country has an opportunity of reception of the significant analytical information for formation both macroeconomic, and a regional politics.

PEME , , , , , . , , , . , , .

166

arqiteqturuli informatika da eleqtronuli swavleba

goCa miqiaSvili arqiteqturis doqtori, saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis sruli profesori badri gorgilaZe fizika-maTematikis mecnierebaTa doqtori

arqiteqtura Tavisi arsiT ganekuTvneba adamianis inteleqtualuri moRvaweobis iseT sferos, sadac profesiul codnasTan erTad dominirebs azrovnebis qvecnobieri (niWiT ganpirobebuli) komponenti, amis gamo arqiteqtorTa garkveuli nawili skeptikuradaa ganwyobili xelovnuri inteleqtis matarebel saSualebaTa gamoyenebis mimarT. qvemoT Cven SevecdebiT davasabuToT, rom Tanamedrove kompiuteruli teqnologiebi, ara Tu zRudaven SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis sferos, aramed piriqiT afarToeben mas da ganapirobeben koleqtiuri inteleqtualuri donis mniSvnelovan amaRlebas. Tanamedrove arqiteqturaSi kompiuterul teqnologiaTa danergvasTan erTad gaCnda cnebebi: arqiteqturuli informatika1, maltimediuri proeqtireba
2

da a.S. msgavsad sxva

dargebisa, aqac axali terminebi zustad ver asaxaven im siaxleTa arss, rac ganapirobebs arqiteqtoris gadaiaraRebas da arqiteqturis, rogorc mecnierebis ganviTarebas. aseTi garemoeba ganpirobebulia imiT, rom e.w. sainformacio teqnologiebi (IT) moulodnelad SeiWrnen adamianis inteleqtualuri aqtiurobis yvela sferoSi. sxva dargTagan gansxvavebiT IT ar warmoadgens mizanmimarTuli Ziebis nayofs igi swrafad aRmocenda cifruli xelsawyoTmSeneblobis safuZvelze, amitom misi arsis gacnobiereba CamorCeba misi moxmarebis gafarToebis temps. informaciuli, e.w. e-sazogadoeba qmnis pirobebs, sadac araverbaluri informaciis gacvla iseTive martivi, efeqturi da xelmisawvdomia, rogorc verbaluris. arqiteqturaSi wamyvania Sromis produqtis swored araverbaluri vizualuri mxare, warmoqmnili garemoeba ki qmnis mravali axali mimarTulebis ganviTarebisa da danergvis saSualebas. xsenebuli specifikidan gamomdinare axal teqnologiaTa danergva moicavs ara mxolod sakuTriv arqiteqturul proeqtirebas, aramed zogadad am dargis axleburad marTvas (menejments), mis informaciul uzrunvelyofas da rac mTavaria axali kadrebis momzadebas eleqtronuli ganaTlebis teqnologiur simZlavreTa gamoyenebiT. dRemde adamianis cnobieri azrovneba efuZneboda mxolod enas, amJamindeli naxtomisebri dawinaurebis mainicirebeli faqtori ki isaa, rom adamianma kompiuteris saxiT 167

SeiZina cnobierad aRqmadi informaciis damuSavebis personaluri asistenti, xolo eleqtronuli qselis saxiT maltimediuri komunikaciis Seudarebeli saSualeba (termini maltimedia adre ixmareboda sxvadasxva tipis informaciis fizikur matarebelTa gasaerTianeblad, aq masSi moiazreba verbaluri da araverbaluri informaciis erToblioba). yoveldRiuri, cxovrebiseuli komunikaciis sferoSi araverbaluri komponentis wilis zrda bunebrivad gamoiwvevs adamianis azrovnebis modificirebas, es sakiTxi axlo momavalSi mizanmimarTuli kvlevis sagani gaxdeba. arqiteqturis specifikidan gamomdinare mis amJamindel ganviTarebaze am kuTxiT dakvirveba gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa, amasTan igi isedac aqtualuria, rameTu mxolod msgavsi analizis safuZvelze SeiZleba gamomuSavdes adeqvaturi programuli produqtebi da marTvis principebi. cneba arqiteqturuli informatika moicavs iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa: Cveulebrivi naxazebis Canacvleba eleqtronuli 2D da 3D kompiuteruli modelebiT; sruliad axali tipis, e.w. arqiteqturul simboloTa biblioTekebis
3

Seqmna da gamoyeneba; arqiteqturuli proeqtis

Semadgeneli dokumentebis momzadeba sxvadasxva eleqtronul formatSi; Sesabamisi informaciis naturalisturi vizualizacia; proeqtis marTva da eqspertiza misi ganviTarebis sxvadasxva stadiaze da a.S. cifruli teqnologiisa da Tanamedrove informaciuli sistemebis gamoyenebis efeqti arqiteqturaSi magaliTs. landSaftur arqiteqturaSi proeqtis warmatebulad Camoyalibebis umniSvnelovanesi winapirobaa arqiteqturuli obieqtis momavali ganTavsebis fizikuri garemos zusti asaxva. adre es samuSao mniSvnelovan resursebs moiTxovda da umravles SemTxvavaSi srulyofilad mainc ver xorcieldeboda. amjerad arsebobs iseTi mZlavri saSualebebi, rogoricaa GPS4 (Global Positioning System - pozicionirebis globaluri sistema), kartografiul, seismur da geodeziur monacemTa bazebi, ufro metic internetSi ufasodaa xelmisawvdomi dedamiwis TiTqmis nebismieri ubnis Tanamgzavruli fotoebi . uSualod adgilobrivi azomvebisaTvis gamoiyeneba maRali sizustis cifruli lazeruli xelsawyoebi da rac mTavaria yovelive es Tavidanve Tavsebadia proeqtirebis im axal virtualur saxelosnosTan (kompiuterTan), romelSic yalibdeba arqiteqturuli Semoqmedebis saboloo produqti. sakuTriv kompiuteruli proeqtireba avtomatizebulia mravali TvalsazrisiT da xorcieldeba TiTqmis absoluturi sizustiT da saerTaSoriso standartebis dacviT, amasTan nebismier stadiaze SesaZlebelia specialuri vizualizacia da, an sxva saxis eqspertuli Semowmeba.
5

imdenad grandiozulia, rom misi

srulyofili verbaluri

analizi

TiTqmis

SeuZlebalia. ganzogadoebuli arsebiTi Sefasebis warmosaCenad moviyvanT ramdenime

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lokaluri da saerTaSoriso eleqtronuli qselebis gamoyeneba iZleva arqiteqturul proeqtebze jgufurqseluri muSaobis axal SesaZleblobas, anu iqmneba saerTaSoriso proeqtebSi monawileobis unikaluri pirobebi. globaluri sakomunikacio da informaciuli qselebis danergvas mohyva axali dargebis ganviTareba, maT Soris iseTebis, romlebic saWiroeben arqiteqturul ganaTlebas. amJamad erT-erT yvelaze ufro moTxovnad specialobad iqca veb dizaini. saboloo jamSi arqiteqturuli informatikis danergva niSnavs am dargis ayvanas ganviTarebis Tvisobrivad axal safexurze, rac cxadia ver ganxorcieldeba saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi adeqvatur cvlilebaTa ganxorcielebis gareSe. sabednierod IT-s farTod danergvam ukve warmoSva swavlebis uaRresad efeqturi axali teqnologiebi, romlebic cnobilia ganzogadoebuli saxelwodebiT e_Learning eleqtronuli swavla (swavleba). saqarTvelos saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi mimdinare reformebi da sxvadasxva RonisZiebebi xels uwyoben swavlebis axali teqnologiebis danergvas, Tumca mimdinare stadiaze ganxorcielebuli qmedebebi araa sakmarisi. gansakuTrebiT deficituria mowinave qveynebSi ukve aprobirebuli: LMS (swavlis marTvis sistemebi), ADL efeqturad gavrcelebadi swavlis da a.S., teqnologiaTa gamoyeneba. e_Learning-is Semadgenel meTodTagan arqiteqturuli ganaTlebis sferosaTvis gansakuTrebiT mimzidvelia e.w. Blended Learning - swavlebis Sereuli forma, romelic gulisxmobs momxmareblis mier garkveuli masalis damoukideblad aTvisebas kompiuterTan interaqtiuri muSaobis Sedegad (ara aqvs mniSvneloba iRebs studenti masalas distanciurad, Tu imyofeba saklaso oTaxSi) da garkveul etapebze, an saWiroebisamebr pedagogsa da moswavleebs Soris pirdapiri (cocxali) saklaso urTierTobis organizebas. nebismier SemTxvevaSi umTavres amocanas warmoadgens eleqtronuli saswavlo kontentis Camoyalibeba. misi saSualebiT uproblemod SeiZleba asinqronuli an sinqronuli distanciuri swavlebis organizebac. ganaTleba moralureTikuri aRzrdis garda moicavs codnisa da unar-Cvevebis SeZenas, anu garkveuli informaciis dafiqsirebas mexsierebaSi. tradiciuli swavlebis xarisxi ori faqtoriT ganisazRvreboda, pedagogis kompetenciiT da saxelmZRvaneloTa doniT. am procesSi kompiuteris CarTvis sikeTe SesaZloa daiyos sam kategoriad: informaciis miwodebis intensificireba; informaciis aRqmadobis gazrda; materialuri danaxarjebis Semcireba da socialuri aspeqtebi. informaciis miRebis moxerxebuloba, drois ekonomia da pirvel kategoriaSi Semavali sxva sakiTxebi damokidebulia globaluri da lokaluri qselebis, eleqtronuli biblioTekebis, monacemTa bazebis, sxvadasxva saxis 169 eleqtronuli publikaciebis ganviTarebaze.

informaciul teqnologiaTa amgvari upiratesobani kargadaa cnobili da maT aq aRar CavuRrmavdebiT. zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, rom arqiteqturaSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs xilvad informacias. asaTvisebel masalaSi misi wvlilis gazrda niSnavs informaciis aRqmadobis xarisxobriv gaumjobesebas. pedagogi, romelic zrunavs daxvewos Tavisi gakveTilebi, cdilobs maqsimalurad gamoiyenos TvalsaCinoebis saSualebani, naxazebi, suraTebi, modelebi da a.S. analogiurad iqmneba xarisxiani saxelmZRvaneloebic. kompiuteris gamoyeneba am TvalsazrisiT Seudareblad meti potencialiTa da xelmisawvdomobiT gamoirCeva. SemTxveviTi araa, rom kompiuteris marTvis saSualebebs Soris upiratesoba e. w. grafikulma interfeisma moipova (Interface - kompiuteruli programis marTvis xilul saSualebaTa erToblioba). Camoyalibda tradiciul grafikul simboloTa (Icon) klasi, romelmac praqtikulad ieroglifuri damwerlobis msgavsi funqcia SeiZina. Tavis droze anbanuri damwerloba ufro efeqturi aRmoCnda vidre piqtogramuli, Tumca, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom informacia grafikis garda ferTa palitris gamoyenebiTac SeiZleba daiSifros, mosalodnelia am ukanasknelis aRorZinebac. sxvadasxva disciplinebisaTvis ukve arsebobs specialuri maltimedia saswavlo kursebi. logikuria, rom pirvel rigSi am teqnologias kompiuteruli programebis swavlebisaTvis iyeneben, rameTu programistebi am profilTan ufro axlos arian. specialuri eleqtronuli interaqtiuli saxelmZRvaneloebi mTlianad iyeneben maltimedia resursebs, maT SeuZliaT Caanacvlon swavlebis klasikuri sqemebi. ufro metic vizualizaciis TvalsazrisiT maTi SesaZleblobebi TiTqmis SeuzRudavia. Cven ar vapirebT maltimedia eleqtronuli resursebis gamoyenebis farTo speqtris detalur ganxilvas, gvinda mxolod imis xazgasma, rom Cveulebrivi, ZiriTadad zepiri gakveTilebis Canacvleba aseTi saSualebebiT praqtikulad niSnavs aprobirebuli maRalxarisxiani leqciebis tiraJirebas. maTi gamoyenebis teqnologia SeiZleba gansxvavdebodes da daixvewos, arc sakuTriv swavlebis marTvis organizebis mxriv arsebobs teqnologiur siaxleTa deficiti. amJamad saerTaSoriso da nacionalur doneze problematuria mxolod am procesebis standartizaciisa da sertificirebis sakiTxebi da is konservatiuli winaaRmdegoba, romelsac arc Tu iSviaTad iCenen saswavlo dawesebulebaTa administracia da is pedagogebi, romlebic grZnoben sakuTar arakonkurentunarianobas aseT teqnologiaTa danergvis SemTxvevaSi. e-sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis mocemul etapze saswavlo programuli produqciis ZiriTad mwarmoeblebad jerjerobiT isev eleqtronuli teqnikisa da programuli uzrunvelyofis komerciulad dainteresebuli msxvili mwarmoeblebi rCebian. gamonakliss mxolod ramdenime sfero warmoadgens (mowinave sabunebismetyvelo samecniero institutebi,

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samxedroebi da a.S.). akademiuri institutebisa da programistebis TanamSromlobis saukeTeso magaliTia CambridgeSoft Corporation6. madlierebis grZnobiT unda aRiniSnos is iniciativebi, romelsac iCenen sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebi saqarTveloSi ganaTlebis uaxlesi teqnologiebis danergvisaTvis. 20052007 wlebSi evrokomisiis iniciativiT ganxorcielda proeqti Development of eSocieties in South Caucasus7 (biujeti 3 milioni evro), proeqtSi monawileobda germanuli kompania Lecturnity. mwarmoebeli imc9 (Advanced Learning Solutions), romelmac samxreT kavkasiel momxmarebels ufasod miawoda eleqtronuli kontentis sawarmoo programuli paketi proeqti gulisxmobda vorkSopebisa da specialuri treningebis Catarebas da fabrikebis dafuZnebas, rac saqarTveloSi praqtikulad bolomde ar specialuri aparaturiT aRWurvili, adgilobrivi kadrebiT dakompleqtebuli eleqtronuli kontentis ganxorcielebula, vinaidan saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaTa adgilobrivma
8

xelmZRvanelobam ar gamoiCina saTanado interesi (proeqtis dasrulebidan erTi wlis Tavze naCuqari aparatura daluquli iyo ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi proeqtis xarjebiT mowyobil da saukeTesod aRWurvil ofisSi). 2008 wlis dekemberSi saerTaSoriso organizaciam Invent10 wamoiwyo axali iniciativa Institution Building and Human Resoirce Development for E-Learning in the South Caucasus11. TbilisSi Catarebul vorkSopebsa da treningebze warmodgenili iyo saswavlo procesebis marTvis uaxlesi, ukve daxvewili da aprobirebuli teqnologiebi. samwuxarod proeqtis monawileebs Soris isev naklebad iyvnen warmodgenili akademiuri dawesebulebebis marTvis organoebis oficialuri pirebi. aseT viTarebaSi seriozuli winsvla nakleb mosalodnelia, Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom calkeul SemTxvevebSi, ZiriTadad kerZo iniciativebis xarjze, saqarTveloSi mainc iqmneba originaluri eleqtronuli saswavlo masala, romelic xelmisawvdomia dainteresebul momxmarebelTaTvis. erTerTi aseTi magaliTia saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis arqiteqturis, urbanistikis da dizainis fakultetis multimediuri proeqtirebis laboratoria , mis lokalur qselSi gaerTianebul kompiuterebze ganTavsebulia sxvadasxva saxis eleqtronuli saswavlo masala, romelic gamoiyeneba Sereuli tipis eleqtronuli swavlebisaTvis. garda amisa laboratoria akademiur personalsa da sxva dainteresebul pirebs sTavazobs sxvadasxva saxis, maT Soris eleqtronuli interaqtiuri maltimedia saxelmZRvaneloebis erToblivi warmoebis sakuTar originalur meTodikas. codnis SeZenis intensificireba, romelic Tanamedrove sazogadoebis erT-erT mTavar maxasiaTebels warmoadgens, SesaZloa ganxorcieldes mxolod specifikuri maltimediuri saSualebebis gamoyenebiT. aucilebelia, rom studentma Tavidanve gamoimuSaos 171
12

maltimediuri

komunikaciis specialisti,

Cvevebi, romelic

mxolod SeZlebs

am

gziT

SeiZleba miiRos

Camoyalibdes saerTaSoriso

konkurentunariani

monawileoba

proeqtebSi. dRevandel realobaSi marto niWi da Tundac enebis codna aRaraa sakmarisi maRalteqnologiuri inteleqtualuri SromisaTvis, xolo axali donis misaRwevad swavlis axali teqnologiebia asaTvisebeli. samecniero-saganmanaTleblo sferoSi kvlevisa da swavlebis ultraTanamedrove teqnologiebis ganviTarebas aqvs mniSvnelovani socialurpolitikuri datvirTva. amJamindel garTulebul viTarebaSi saqarTvelos avtoritetisa da inteleqtualuri potencialis SenarCuneba mxolod e-sazogadoebis drouli CamoyalibebiTaa SesaZlebeli.

literatura Literature

1. Architectural informatics, J. M. Kamara, The Journal of Information Technology in Construction. (ITcon). Vol. 11, (2006), 309-310, http://www.itcon.org/2006/22 2. Networked multimedia systems: concepts, architecture and design, Raghavan, Lavoisier librairie, http://www.lavoisier.fr/notice/gb156144.html 3. Architect Symbols Library, http://www.cadtoolsonline.com 4. http://www.gps.gov 5. http://maps.google.com 6. http://www.cambridgesoft.com 7. http://www.esocieties.info 8. http://www.welcomeurope.com/default.asp?id=1200&idfunding=639 9. http://www.im-c.de 10. http://www.invent.org 11. http://globalcampus.de 12. http://www.multimedia.gtu.ge

reziume arqiteqturuli informatika da eleqtronuli swavleba goCa miqiaSvili, badri gorgilaZe

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naSromSi ganxilulia Tanamedrove sainformacio teqnologiaTa da saerTaSoriso qseluri resursebis arqiteqturaSi gamoyenebis zogierTi sakiTxi. gaanalizebulia eleqtronuli swavlebis meTodebi da maTi efeqturoba saerTaSoriso donis konkurentunariani specialistebis momzadebisaTvis.

SUMMARY ARCHITECTURAL INFORMATICS AND E-LEARNING GOCHA MIKIASHVILI, BADRI GORGILADZE Some aspects of information technologies and International network resources application for architecture are considered. Different methods of E-Learning and their efficiency for preparation of the competitive qualified experts at the international level are analyzed.

, . , .

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geometriuli gardaqmnebis gamoyeneba CAD sistemebSi realizebulDgaremos zemoqmedebis amsaxvel algoriTmebSi

levan beriZe arqiteqturis doqtori, saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteis arqitequris, urbenistikisa da dizainis falultetis sruli profesori zurab kiknaZe arqiteqturis doqtori, saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteis arqitequris, urbenistikisa da dizainis falultetis asocirebuli profesori mzia dinuaSvili saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteis arqitequris, urbenistikisa da dizainis falultetis doqtoranti

ganviTarebuli sazogadoeba Tavis aqtualur sawarmoo, saproeqto, SemoqmedebiT, Tu sxva saxis problemebis gadasaWrelad, metnaklebad iyenebs winmswrebi tempebiT ganviTarebuli sabunebismetyvelo fundamenturi dargebis miRwevebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom sxavadasxva pragmatuli amocanis amoxsnas identuri, meTodologiuri (mecnieruli) safuZveli aqvs. magaliTi, romelic Seexeba maqsvelis Teoriis gamoyenebas eleqtromagnitur gamosxivebis ganawilebis, Tboteqnikis amocanebisa da vizualizaciis (renderis) sakiTxebSi, sakmaodaa cnobili da sinaTlis velis fotometriuli Teoriis debulebebTan dakavSirebiT Cvens interesebis sferoSic Sedis. statiis ganxilvis sagani sakmaod farToa SesaZlebeli gamoyenebis sferosTan mimarTebaSi, magram cxadad SemoisazRvreba sagnebis mxolod optikuri suraTis (xatis) ganzogadoebuli interpretaciis formalizmiT. obieqtis gamosaxulebis gamosxivebasTan dakavSireba bunebrivi, intuiciuri (TavisTavad ki fizikurad koreqtuli) asociaciaa, xolo proeqciuli (gardasaxvebis) instrumentariis gamoyenebis qmediToba am sferoSi eWvs ar unda iwvevdes. qalaqgegmarebis Tanamedrove etapze erT-erT urTules problemas warmoadgens axali mSenebloba Camoyalibebul mWidro ganaSenianebis pirobebSi. arsebuli normebidan gamomdinare erT-erT wamyvan mareglamentirebel faqtorad miCneulia insolaciis (mzis zemoqmedeba) da bunebrivi ganaTebulobis sakmarisi donis SenarCuneba adamianis mudmivsamyof adgilebSi. amdenad aqtualuria normatiuli pirobebis uzrunvelsayofad insolaciisa da ganaTebulobis gaangariSebis gamoyenebiTi paketis Seqmna avtomatizirebuli proeqtirebisa da informaciis damuSavebis Tanamedrove teqnologiis 174

safuZvelze. statiis avtorebis (stu-s TanamSromlebi: l. beriZe, z. kiknaZe) mier koncefciis doneze deklarirebul debulebas Senoba-nagebobebisa da teritoriis insolaciis da bunebrivi ganaTebulobis gansazRvrisaTvis CAD meTodebis gamoyenebis mizanSewonilobaze (samecniero-teqnikuri konferencia "gamoyenebiTi programuli teqnologiebi" SofTEC/99 premirebuli stendi da moxseneba) Semdgomi seriozuli ganviTareba ar mohyolia. winadadeba iTvaliswinebda insolaciisa da bunebrivi ganaTebulobis moTxovnilebidan gamomdinare ganaSenianebis optimaluri parametrebis dadgenis meTodikis SemuSavebas (Senobebs Soris minimaluri manZilebi, optimaluri orientaciis SerCeva, dasaSvebi sarTulianoba, Senobebis konfiguracia da a.S.) am miznebis misaRwevad SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnas stu-s arqiteqturis fakultetis, arqiteqturuli fizikis laboratoriaSi l. beriZis xelmZRvanelobiT damuSavebuli insolaciisa da bunebrivi ganaTebulobis gaangariSebis vizualur-sivrciTi meTodi, romelic SeZleba safuZvelad daedos Sesabamisi kompiuteruli programis Sedgenas. aRniSnuli meTodi iZleva saSualebas sakontrolo sasinaTlo Riobis mimarT, garemomcveli ganaSenianebiT ganpirobebuli, daCrdilvis konturis agebisa da qveynis sxvadasxva teritoriaze, weliwadisa da dRis nebismieri droisTvis mzis xiluli traeqtoriebisa da bunebrivi ganaTebulobis donis dadgenis. SemoTavazebuli meTodi modelirebis gziT ganixilavs mzis traeqtoriebs cis pirobiT gumbaTze, rac nebismieri ganaSenianebis, an Senobis rTuli konfiguraciis SemTxvevaSi aseve cis gumbaTze daCrdilvis konturis agebis gziT, iZleva insolaciisa da bunebrivi ganaTebulobis TvalsaCino vizualur-sivrciT suraTs da normatiuli parametrebis dadgenis saSualebas. sakiTxis gansakuTrebiT mniSvneloba mWidro ganpirobebulia e.i. mSeneblobis mzardi masStabebiT, xasiaTis ganaSenianebis ganaSenianebis eqstensiuri

intensiuriT Canacvlebis pirobebSi, rac wina planze ayenebs ekologiurad janmrTeli garemos da ekonomiurad rentabeluri pirobebis Seqmnis aucileblobas. msoflio gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom qalaqgegmarebiTi da moculobiTi dagegmarebis erT-erTi prioritetuli mimarTulebaa arqiteqturuli ekologia, romlis mniSvnelovan aspeqts warmoadgens insolacia (mzis sxivebis gamajansaRebeli zemoqmedeba adamianze, teritoriaze da Senobebis saTavsebze) da bunebrivi ganaTebuloba (saTavsebis funqcionaluri daniSnulebis mixedviT bunebrivi ganaTebulobis normirebuli donis gansazRvra). am sferoSi arsebuli angariSebis meTodebSi ZiriTadad gamoyenebulia grafikebi, romlebic warmoadgenen cis gumbaTze pirobiTi mzis traeqtoriebis gegmils horizontalur zedapirze, an mzis sxivis Crdilis kvals (mzis saaTis gnomoni-is principi). am tipis grafikuli meTodebi iZlevian damakmayofilebel Sedegs ganaSenianebis martiv pirobebSi, xolo mWidro ganaSenianebis da Senobebis rTuli konfiguraciis SemTxvevaSi angariSis sizuste mkveTrad iklebs, an saerTod SeuZlebeli xdeba. amis garda ar aris gamoyenebuli angariSis 175

da proeqtirebis Tanamedrove teqnologiebi da kompiuteruli teqnika, maSin rodesac, aRniSnuli sakiTxebi warmoadgens mwvave teqnikur, ekonomikur da socialur-samarTlebriv problemas. miwaTmflobelobisa da mSeneblobis axal sabazo safuZvelze gadasvlisas sacxovrisis insolacia gvevlineba, rogorc Semakavebeli faqtori investorebisa da miwis mesakuTreTa maRali Semosavlebisken swrafvisa sacxovrebeli pirobebis gauaresebis xarjze. dRevandlamde es sfero meTodologiuri da teqnologiuri uzrunvelyofis naklebobas ganicdis. aRsaniSnavia, rom astronomiuli da saangariSo insoliaciis cvalebadoba, agreTve daCrdilvis konturis mravalnairoba ganpirobebulia sxvadasxva tipis gardaqmnebiT, kerZod gegmiluri, perspeqtiul-afinuri, homologiuri (kolinearuli gardaqmnis kerZo saxe) da sxv. sainteresoa geometriuli gardaqmnebis gamoyeneba sxvadasxva obieqtebis, zonebisa da konturebis gansasazRvravad sakvlevi scenis (vizalizaciis sferoSi miRebuli terminologiiT) farglebSi. ufro mniSvnelovania gardaqmna wirebis im midamoSi, sadac icvleba sasazRvro pirobebi (gansakuTrebuli wirebi), aq gamoikvleva energiis zemoqmedebis koncentracia. bolo dros gamoCnda programuli produqtebi romlebSiac es idea metnaklebad realizebulia. mag; paketi -2,0, romelic gamoiyeneba sasmarTlo eqpertizis laboratoriebSi, iTvaliswinebs ganaSenianebisa da arqiteqturuli formebis niuansebs; iyenebs sayrdeni gegmis obieqtebis eqstruzias da 3D modelirebaSi akontrolebs saangariSo situacias. programa SITIS:Solaris gaTvaliswinebulia bunebrivi ganaTebulobis koeficientisa da insoliaciis xangrZlivobis angariSisTvis sacxovrebeli saxlebisa da teritoriebisTvis. am sakiTxisadmi interesis gaRviveba CAD sistemebis Semdgomi SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebisa da daxvewiTaa ganpirobebuli. kerZod Seiderebis axali versiebiTa da proeqtirebaSi CAD sistemebis aucilebeli danergvis tendenciebiT.. simptomatiuria CAD-is problemebis gansaxilvel forumebze (internetSi) damwyebi CAD-programebis momxmareblebis SekiTxvebi: ramdenad SesaZlebelia sinaTlesTan dakavSirebuli teqnikuri sakiTxebis gadaWra romelime CAD programuli paketis meSveobiT. gasagebia maTi imedgacrueba uaryofiTi pasuxis miRebisas, rodesac rig programul paketebSi CarTuli vizualizaciis algoriTmebi warmatebiT gamosaxaven adgilisa da ganaTebulobis miznebisaTvis. renderis yvela modeli warmoadgens qvemoTmoyvanili gantolebis miaxloebiT amoxsnas gadatanis da sxva efeqtebs mxolod drois gaTvaliswinebiT anu prezentaciis daSorebul sinaTlis wyaros, mzis, dRis sinaTlis, cis gumbaTis sinaTlis, globaluri ganaTebis, renderis

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araformaluri ganmarteba aseTia: sinaTlis gamosxivebis raodenoba (Lo), gamomavali garkveuli wertilidan garkveuli mimarTulebiT aris sakuTari gamosxiveba da arekvlili gamosxiveba. arekvlili gamosxiveba aris jami yvela mimarTulebidan mosuli gamosxivebisa (Li) gamravlebuli mocemuli kuTxidan arekvlis koeficientze. aerTianebs ra mosul da gamaval sinsTles erT wertilSi es gantoleba warmoadgens aRebul sistemaSi sinaTlis mTeli nakadis aRweras. renderebis programuli paketebidan yvelaze popularulia: RenderMan, 3Delight, AIR, RenderDotC. ART, AQSIS, Pixie, Angel, mental ray, V-Ray, finalRender, Brazil R/ S, BusyRay, Turtle, Holomatix Renditio, Maxwell Render, Fryrender, Indigo Renderer, LuxRender, YafRay, POV-Ray, Sunflow, Kerkythea, Meridian. 3D programuli paketebidan, romlebsac aqvT sakuTari renderi (Seireri) aRsaniSnavia: 3ds Max (Scanline), Maya (Software Hardware, Vector), Blender, LightWave, SkethUp aRsaniSnavia, rom sinaTlis velis fotometriuli Teoria erTiania ganaTebis yvelanairi, bunebrivi Tu xelovnuri sistemisTvis; is aris sinTezi geometriuli optikis, proeqciuli geometriis, sinaTlis gadatanis maTematikuri aparatis (diferencialur-integraluri aRricxva, veqtoruli velebi da statistikuri analizi). optiko-geometriuli midgoma CvenTvis saintereso movlenis asaxvaSi mowinave, Tanamedrove paradigmaa da Cven vTvliT, rom mis gamoyenebas Cvens mier ganxilul sferoSi alternativa ara aqvs. aseTi midgomis principuli ganzogadeba (gonierebis sazRvrebSi) SeiZleba gavrceldes eleqtromagnituri da ara marto am tipis gamosxivebis, aramed hidrodinamikuri, aerodinamikuri, akustikuri, atmosferuli movlenebis Seswavlis kvlevisa da marTvis amocanebSic, sadac obieqtis optikuri saxe ("naturaluri" an rodorc wesi modificirebuli) an masTan asocirebuli analogiuri, sagnobriv-agregatuli, simboluri, cifruli modelirebis Sedegi (indikacia, exoskopia, rendgeni da a.S) sabolood SemecnebiTi TvalsazrisiT mainc "gamosxiveba-proeqtirebis" ganixilebodes. ganxilulia geometriuli gardaqmnebis gamoyenebis konceptualuri da praqtikuli aspeqtebi CAD sistemebSi realizebulD algoriTmebSi, romelTa adaptacia SesaZlebelia garemos energetikuli zemoqmedebis sferoSi arsebuli problemebis kvlevisa da pragmatuli amocanebis gadasawyvetad (insolaciis, ganaTebulobis, siTburi gamosxivebis efeqtis gamokvleva, daCrdilvis konturis gansazRvra da sxv). naSromis meTodologiur nawils Seadgens geometriuli gardaqmnebis maTematikuri aparati da CAD sistemebSi gamoyenebuli modelirebisa da vizualizaciis xerxebis, kerZod Seiderebis anu renderis meTodebis formalizmi . am ori ZiriTadi meTodologiur-teqnologiuri midgomis sinTezi xasiaTdeba Sinagani, erTi SexedviT araTvalsaCino, erTianobiT, ramdenadac sagnis 177 cnebebis, kategoriebis da terminebis konteqstsi unda

optikuri gamosaxulebis ganzogadebuli gageba da

mnaTobi (an ganaTebuli) obieqtis

"gamosxivebiTi aqtiuroba" geometriulad (zogadad maTematikurad, formalurad) msgavsi (Tu identuri ara) gamosaxulebebiT SeiZleba aRiweros. mag. eleqtromagnituri gamosxivebis (siTbo, sinaTle da sxv.) ganawileba sivrceSi, realisturi gamosaxulebis generaciis amocanebi (renderi), rogorc cnobilia m. maqsvelis maTematikur interpretacias iyenebs. sainteresoa agreTe dasmuli problemis (pedagogiuri) aspeqti. rameTu fizikuri (zogadad - informaciuli jaWvis) procesis polusebze mdgomi obieqtebis erTian meTodologiur plaTformaze ganxilva mZlavri SemecnebiTi stimulia.

literatura Literature
1. .. . .: . 1988.

2. 1986 Rendering equation (Kajiya, J.T. (1986). The rendering equation. Computer Graphics (Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 1986) 20 (4), 143150.) 3. 1987 Reyes algorithm (Cook, R.L. Carpenter, L. Catmull, E. (1987). The reyes image rendering architecture. Computer Graphics (Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 1987) 21 (4), 95 102.) 4. 1993 Subsurface scattering (Hanrahan, P. Krueger, W. (1993). Reflection from layered surfaces due to subsurface scattering. Computer Graphics (Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 1993) 27 (), 165174.) 5. 1995 Photon mapping (Jensen, H.J. Christensen, N.J. (1995). Photon maps in bidirectional monte carlo ray tracing of complex objects. Computers & Graphics 19 (2), 215224.) 6. .. // . 1996. 7. . 28 - 32. 7. .. . . , .: , 1958, c. 224-367. 8. .. , .: , 2004, . 672 9. , .. // . 1993. 2. . 14. 10. .. . -. : . 1969. .2. . 49 - 54. reziume geometriuli gardaqmnebis gamoyeneba CAD sistemebSi realizebulDgaremos zemoqmedebis amsaxvel algoriTmebSi levan beriZe, zurab kiknaZe, mzia dinuaSvili 178

statiaSi ganxilulia geometriuli gardaqmnebis gamoyenebis konceptualuri da praqtikuli aspeqtebi CAD sistemebSi realizebulD algoriTmebSi, romelTa adaptacia SesaZlebelia garemos energetikuli zemoqmedebis sferoSi arsebuli problemebis kvlevisa da pragmatuli amocanebis gadasawyvetad (insolaciis, ganaTebulobis, siTburi gamosxivebis efeqtis gamokvleva, daCrdilvis konturis gansazRvra da sxv). naSromis meTodologiur nawils Seadgens geometriuli gardaqmnebis maTematikuri aparati da CAD sistemaSi gamoyenebuli modelirebisa da vizualizaciis xerxebis, kerZod Seiderebis anu renderis meTodebis formalizmi.

SUMMARY APPLICATION OF GEOMETRICAL TRANSFORMATIONS IN CAD ALGORITHMS, DISPLAYING INFLUENCE OF AN ENVIRONMENT LEVAN BERIDZE, ZURAB KIKNADZE, MZIA DINUASHVILI In article conceptual practical aspects of application geometrical transformation in algorithms in CAD system which adaptation is possible for researches and the decision of practical tasks in sphere of power influence of an environment (Insolatoin, light exposure, effect of thermal radiation, definition a contour of shadow, etc.) are considered. Methodological basis of work is mathematical the device geometrical transformation and a formalism systems of means of modelling and visualization applied in a CAD (shaders - methods of rendering).

CAD , , , , (, , , .). 179

 ( .. ).

180

hidroturbinis abraziuli cveTis intensivobis Sefaseba

grigol xeliZe teqnikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis sruli profesori lena SatakiSvili teqnikur mecnierebaTa kandidati, saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis asocirebuli profesori

saqarTvelos energosistemis hesebis umravlesoba sam aTeul welze metia eqspluataciaSia, bevr maTganze arsebuli energetikuli mowyobiloba-danadgarebis maxasiaTeblebi aRar Seesabameba maT Tavdapirvel mniSvnelobebs. hidroturbinebis muSa Tvlebis an mimmarTveli aparatis niCbebis cveTis gamo mcirdeba misi m.q.k, rasac simZlavrisa da Sesabamisad gamomuSavebis kleba mohyveba, romlis kompensirebasac wylis xarjis momatebiT axorcieleben. hidroblokebis energetikuli maxasiaTeblebis da wylis xarjis ukontrolobas mivyavarT hidroresursebis uxarisxo moxmarebamde, rac iwvevs Sromisa da kapitaldabandebebis danakargebsSesabamisadOizrdeba eleqtroenergiis TviTRirebuleba. hidroagregatis SerCevisas, rogorc wesi, iTvaliswineben stacionalur maxasiaTeblebs da mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba hesis eqspluataciis periodSi hidroagregatis m.q.k.-ze turbinis cveTis gavlena. hidroturbinebis abraziuli cveTis Seswavlis mniSvnelobas kidev ufro aZlierebs is garemoeba, rom abraziuli cveTis procesi (natanis nawilakebis siTxis nakadis moZraoba da maTi zemoqmedeba gamdinare nawilis zedapirze) SeiZleba gaxdes kavitaciuri movlenebis ganviTarebis maprovocirebeli faqtori, rac Tavis mxriv ufro intensiurs gaxdis detalebis cveTas da SeiZleba maTi masalis rRvevac gamoiwvios. amitom, hidroturbinis gamdinare nawilis abraziuli cveTis intensivobis damaxasiaTebeli raodenobrivi iseTi kriteriumebis SemuSaveba iqneba aucilebeli da aqtualuri, romelic gaiTvaliswinebs cveTis intensivobis damokidebulebas Tu hidroturbinis m.q.k-s cvlilebasTan da gamomdinare aqedan, absoluturi SesaZlebels gaxdis hidroagregatis remontTSorisi optimaluri vadis dadgenas. gaviTvaliswinebT, rom saqarTvelos hidroeleqtrosadgurebis umravlesoba ganlagebulia mdinareebis samTo da mTiswina ubnebze da imasac, rom mdinareebi am ubnebze wyaldidobis periodebSi nakadis maRali simRvriviT (mdinaris wyalSi natanis maRali SemcvelobiT) xasiaTdeba, maSin cxadia, hidroturbinebis gamdinare nawilis detalebis abraziuli cveTis sakiTxis Seswavla pirdapir kavSirSia saqarTvelos energosistemis hesebis efeqtur funqcionirebasTan. 181

im SemTxvevaSi Tu raime mizeziT ver ganxorcielda hidroagregatis m.q.k.-s klebis procesze sistematiuri perioduli dakvirvebebi, saWiro xdeba hidroturbinis gamdinare nawilebis detalebis abraziuli cveTis intensivobis maxasiaTeblis miaxloebiTi gansazRvra. hidroagregatis remontisa da cveTisadmi miZRvnili literaturis analizma gviCvena, rom im mravali faqtoridan, romlebic zemoqmedebas axdens hidroturbinis abraziul cveTaze, drois mocemuli monakveTisaTvis ZiriTadad unda CaiTvalos: 1) turbinaSi gamavali wylis myari Camonadenis maxasiaTebeli; 2) danadgaris moqmedi dawneva; 3) wylis moZraobis siCqare hidroturbinis gamdinare traqtSi; 4) turbinis gamdinare nawilis masalis meqanikuri maxasiaTeblebi; 5) turbinis tipi. wylis nakadis hidrologiuri maxasiaTeblidan hidroturbinebis cveTa ganpirobebulia, rogorc siTxis moculobis erTeulSi natanis procentuli SemcvelobiT, aseve misi granulometriuli da mineralogiuri SemadgenlobiT. hesebis eqspluataciis gamocdileba adasturebs im faqts, rom hidroturbinaSi abraziuli cveTis procesi ufro intensiurad mimdinareobs moqmedi dawnevis maRali mniSvnelobis dros. igive SeiZleba iTqvas turbinis gamdinare traqtSi ganviTarebuli siCqaris Sesaxebac. rac Seexeba masalebis meqanikur maxasiaTeblebs, cxadia, rom rac ufro meti simagre gaaCnia turbinis detalebs, miT ufro naklebia maTi abraziuli cveTa. gamdinare nawilis detalebis cveTa damokidebulia agreTve turbinebis tipsa da konstruqciaze, Tu turbinebi erTi tipisaa, maSin muSa Tvlis zomebze, magram mainc SedarebiT naklebad, vidre zemoT CamoTvlil faqtorebze. dakvirvebebi gviCvenebs, rom msgavsi turbinebis SemTxvevaSi cveTis procesi mcire turbinebisaTvis ufro intensiuria, vidre didi turbinebisaTvis. zemoT Tqmuli saSualebas gvaZlevs abraziuli cveTis Sedegad warmovadginoT N 0 is T0 N hidroturbinis simZlavris kleba drois ganmavlobaSi mravalganzomilebiani sivrculi droiTi funqciis saxiT N = F ( v 0 , s 0 , d 0 , R S , R M , H 0 , T0 ) , (1)

sadac, v0 _ hidroturbinis muSa Tvlis areSi nakadis Sesvlis siCqare; s0 _ siTxis

3 moculobis erTeulSi natanis woniTi Semadgenloba, n/m ; d 0 _ natanis saSualo simsxo,

gansazRvruli calkeuli fraqciebis procentebis mixedviT; m; Rs _ natanis saSualo Sewonili simagre, d i diametris fraqciaSi mineralebis procentuli Semadgenlobis mixedviT; RM _ hidroturbinis gamdinare nawilis liTonis simagre; H0 _ hiroturbinis dawneva, m; CavTvaloT ZiriTad damokidebul sidideebad v0,s0,d0, maSin funqcia (1) Tanaxmad, SeiZleba Caiweros uganzomilebo saxiT: 182

_Teoremis

3 N = v 0 s 0 d 0 ( Eu , Ca, Re, St ) ,

(2)

sadac, Eu,Ca,Re,St Sesabamisad eileris, koSis, reinoldsisa da struxalis ricxvia. zemoTmoyvanili SeniSvnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, gamosaxulebis (2) gardaqmniT miviRebT damokidebulebas: v2s d H T N = 0 0 0 0 0 RM D1 , RS d 0
D1 - turbinis muSa Tvlis diametri, m.

(3)

rogorc naturuli dakvirvebebis Sedegebi aCvenebs [1], hidroturbinis m.q.k drois mixedviT wrfivad icvleba:
2 = 1 T0 ,

(4)

sadac 1 _ axali (an axalgaremontebuli) hidroturbinis m.q.k.

2 _ hidroturbinis m.q.k. eqspluataciis T0 drois Semdeg;

_ m.q.k.-s klebis siCqare, sT
-1 .

vinaidan, stabiluri eqspluataciis xangrZliv periodSi H 0 praqtikulad ar gansxvavdeba saangariSo dawnevisagan, amitom SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom H 0 H saan, Tu amave periodisaTvis CavTvliT, rom hidroturbinis wylis xarji Q0=Qs a a n g maSin, hidroturbinis simZlavris kleba misi eqspluataciis periodis bolos ganisazRvreba damokidebulebiT: N 0T0 N = T (5) 1 0 , 2 gamosaxulebebis (3) da (5) gatolebiT -saTvis miviRebT: A1 = AT0 (6) + NT0 , 2

2 v 0 s 0 d 0 H 0T0 A= RM D1 sadac, RS d 0

magaliTisaTvis Sevafasod abraziuli cveTis zemoqmedebiT gamowveuli rionhesis hidroturbinis m.q.k.-s kleba. sawyisi monacemebis saxiT gamoviyenoT literaturaSi [2]
3 1 moyvanili parametrebi: N 0 =9520 kvt: =0,93; s 0 =7,8 n/m ; d 0 = 0,0162 m. v 0 =5,86 m/

wm; T0 =8760 sT; D 1 =1,75 m;

Rs o -s gansazRvrisTvis cxrilSi 1 moyvanilia [2]-Si mocemuli natanis nawilakebisa da

mineralebis granulometriuli da simagris maxasiaTeblebi rionhesis turbinaSi gamavali wylis nakadisaTvis. cxrili 1 183

minerali

R s moosis
mixedviT

d i natanis fraqciebi, mm
0,01-0,05 0,03 18,7 31,0 15,7 34,6 100 0,05-0,1 0,075 22,1 35,4 18,8 23,7 100 0,1-0,25 0,175 27,5 29,9 13,3 29,3 100 0,25-0,5 0,375 25,5 14,7 29,7 30,1 100

kvarci mindvris Spati sxva danarCeni sul %

7 6 5,5 3

Rs =

R
i =1

siio

d i0
, (7)

di
i =1

sadac Rsi = 0,01 Pi Ri ,

i =1 m

(8)

Pji i uri

fraqciis Sesabamisi, Ri _simagris mqone natanis masalis procentuli Tanaxmad natanis nawilakebis simagris saSualo Sewonili

Semcveloba. (8)-e formulis

mniSvnelobebi d i =0.03, 0.07, 0,175, 0,375 mm fraqciebisaTvis Sesabamisad iqneba Rsi

2 =5,07; 5,42; 5,33; 5,2, saidanac (7)-is mixedviT Rs =5,25 (brinelis SkaliT 80,0 n/mm . rac

Seexeba hidroturbinis gamdinare nawilis liTonis simagres RM igi SeiZleba miviRoT 140,0 n/mm -is toli [3].
2

Tu (6)-e formulaSi CavsvavT Sesabamis sidideebs rionhesisaTvis, miviRebT = -1 T 0,13 10-6 sT , anu 0 = 0,13 10-6 8760=0,0012. e.i am pirobebis mixedviT rionhesis hidroturbinis m.q.k yovelwliurad daiklebs 0,12 %- iT. amrigad, hidroturbinaSi gamavali nakadis cnobili hidrologiuri maxasiaTeblebiT da hidroagregatis saproeqto-saeqspluatacio monacemebis safuZvelze, SesaZlebelia hidroturbinis m.q.k.-s klebis siCqaris gansazRvra da Sesabamisad m.q.k-s Semcirebis dadgena turbinis gamdinare nawilis abraziuli cveTis gaTvaliswinebiT drois konkretul T0 intervalisaTvis.

literatura Literature 184

1. . , .13(47), 1961 ., .246-251. 2. ... . , 9,1962 . .38-40. 3. ... . ., ., 1967 . .38.

reziume hidroturbinis abraziuli cveTis intensivobis Sefaseba grigol xeliZe, lena SatakiSvili hidroturbinis gamdinare nawilis ZiriTad parametrebad drois mocemuli

monakveTisaTvis unda CaiTvalos: natanisa da liTonis zedapirebis granulmetruli, mineralogiuri da meqanikuri maxasiaTeblebi, danadgaris moqmedi dawneva, wylis moZraobis siCqare hidroturbinis gamdinare traqtSi da wyalSi natanis koncentracia. am faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT miRebulia hidroturbinis m.q.k. klebis siCqaris gamosaxuleba. rionhesis monacemebis mixedviT Catarebulia misi hidroturbinis m.q.k. klebis gaangariSeba erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi.

185

SUMMARY EVALUATION OF INTENSITY OF HIDROTURBINE ABRASITIVE WEAR OUT GRIGOL KHELIDZE, LENA SHATAKISHVILI Hidroturbine fundamental parameters must be considered: accretion and metal surface of granulmetrica, mineralogical and mechanical character, squash of engine, motion of water speed in hidroturbine and concentration of natan in the water. To foresee these factors, we received representation of speed diminish of hidroturbine. According to Rionhes data, is conducted the calculation of hidroturbines decreasing during one year.

, : , , , . ... . ... .

186

gvirabebis mSeneblobis teqnologiebis klasifikacia

irakli gujabiZe teqnikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis sruli profesori revaz mJavanaZe teqnikur mecnierebaTa kandidati, saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis asocirebuli profesori zurab lebaniZe teqnikur mecnierebaTa kandidati, saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis asocirebuli profesori

gvirabebis

mSeneblobis

xerxebis

da

mSeneblobis

procesSi

gamoyenebuli

saSualebebis sistematizacia damokidebulia mraval faqtorze da gansazRvravs teqnologiuri procesis calkeuli elements. amitom, interes moklebuli ar iqneba iseTi saerTo niSanTvisebebis Camoyalibeba, romelic mogvcemda saSualebas erTianad dagvexasiaTebina gvirabebis mSeneblobis teqnologia da safuZvlad gamogveyenebina am teqnologebis klasifikaciisaTvis. mSeneblobis teqnologiis klasifikacia saSualebas iZleva ara marto gamoixatos gvirabebis mSeneblobis xerxebis da saSualebebis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba da misi ganviTarebis tendenciebi Tanmxvedri problemebis kvlevisas gamoyenebuli erTiani termonologiiT, amasTanave man unda gansazRvros samecnieroteqnikuri progresis saerTo mimarTuleba uaxloes perspeqtivaSi. ramdenadac mSeneblobis teqnologias gansazRvravs samuSaoTa warmoebis xerxebi da gamoyenebuli saSualebebi, mis klasifikacias gamoyenebul terminologiasTan erTad safuZvlad udevs warmoebuli teqnologiuri operaciebis raodenoba da masTan urTierTkavSiri drosa da sivrceSi. tipiuri teqnologiuri sqema burRva-afeTqebiTi samuSaoebis gamoyenebiT aerTianebs mimdevrobiT Casatarebel teqnologiuri operaciebs: Spurebis burRvas, damuxtvas, mongreuli samTo masis awmendas, gvirabis gamagrebas. vagonetebiT zidvisas am operaciebs emateba vagonetebis manevrirebis operacia (samTo masis gamozidva). amgvarad, aseTi sqema aerTianebs oTx-xuT teqnologiur operacias, sadac TiToeulis Sesasruleblad gamoiyeneba meqanizaciis sxvadasxva saSualeba, romelTac emsaxureba Sesabamisi kvalifikaciis gamyvanebi, an erTi da igive personali, oRond drois sxvadasxva periodSi. 187

gvirabgamyvani kombainebis gamoyenebis teqnologiur sqemebSi sruldeba Semdegi operaciebi: sangrevis damuSaveba da mongreuli masis datvirTva, mongreuli masis gamozidva, gvirabis gamagreba. gadamtvirTvelis da konveieris blokirebis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebeli xdeba ori operaciis gaerTianeba erT teqnologiur operaciaSi _ `sangrevis damuSaveba, mongreuli masis datvirTva da gamozidva~. am operaciebze dakavebulia meqanizmebis erTi sistema (kombaini _ gadamtvirTveli _ konveieri), romelsac emsaxureba operatorebi (kombainis memanqane da misi TanaSemwe). amgvarad, teqnikuri sistema kombainis gamoyenebiT aerTianebs or-sam teqnologiur operacias. principSi, SesaZlebelia iseTi teqnologiuri sqemis danergva, romelSic yvela ZiriTadi operaciebi _ sangrevis damuSaveba, mongreuli masis gamozidva da gvirabebis gamagreba _ gaerTiandes erT teqnologiur operaciaSi, romelsac moemsaxureba erTi an ramdenime operatori rogorc uSualod sangrevis siaxloves ise mis daSorebiT. ase magaliTad, warmatebiT mimdinareobs samuSaoebi `Txunela~-s tipis agregatebze, romlebic garkveul samTo-geologiur pirobebSi sangrevSi gadaadgilebis paralelurad moaxdenen gverdiTi qanebis dawnevas masivSi, rac gamoiwvevs maT gamtkicebas. am SemTxvevaSi yvela ZiriTadi sagamyvano operaciebi SeiZleba gaerTiandes erT operaciad _ `agregatis gadaadgileba~. 1 cxrilSi mocemulia gvirabebis mSeneblobis teqnologiebis saerTo klasifikacia, romlSic yvela teqnologiuri sqemebi dayofilia xuT klasad. TiToeuli klasis niSan-Tvisebas ganapirobebs warmoebuli sawarmoo procesis xerxi. TiToeuli klasi, dawyebuli qveda safexuridan zeviT, warmodgenilia SedarebiT maRali teqnikuri doniT. pirveli qveda sami klasi xasiaTdeba samuSaoTa cikluri warmoebiT, xolo ori zeda klasi _ nakaduri mimdinareobiT. cxrilSi horizontalurad naCvenebia gamosayeneblad SesaZlebeli manqanaTa sistemebi, romlebic gansazRvraven sawarmoo operaciebis meqanizaciis dones. maTi ganviTareba mimdinareobs TiToeuli operaciis Sesasruleblad gamoyenebuli individualuri manqanebidan maT kompleqsur sistemamde da Semdeg avtomatur agregatamde. TiToeul klasSi Semavali teqnologiebis meqanizaciis saSualebebis ganviTareba SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas, rogorc teqnologiuri sqemis modernizacia. teqnologiis TiToeul dones (klass) gaaCnia modernizaciis gansazRvruli magaliTad, nawilobriv samoperaciul SeiZleba ciklur zRvari. teqnologiaSi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes kompleqsuri iqnas burRva-afeTqebiTi sagamyvano kombainis

meqanizacia manqanebis aranakleb ori qvesistemis gamoyenebiT. aseTi teqnologia realizebuli gamoyenebiT.

188

oroperaciul ciklur teqnologiaSi SesaZlebelia kompleqsuri meqanizacia movaxdinoT manqanebis erTiani sistemis SeqmniT, sadac gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba gvirabgamyvani kombaini, masze damontaJebuli samagris damyenebeli meqanizmi, gadamtvirTveli da masTan blokirebuli konveieri. sangrevis damuSaveba da mongreuli masis gamozidvis paralelurad xdeba kombainis periodulad gaCereba da samagris damyenebeli meqanizmis saSualebiT swarmoebs gvirabis gamagreba. amis gamo mocemul sqemaSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom gamoyenebulia erTiani agregati, mainc gamoiyofa ori samrewvelo operacia _ `mongreva-gamozidva~ da `gvirabis mdgradobis uzrunvelyofa~. igive operaciebi gamoiyofa gamagrebis operaciis paralelurad warmoebisas, radgan TviTeuls sWirdeba Tavisi operatori. saukeTeso teqnologiur sqemad CaiTvleba erToperaciuli nakaduri teqnologia, romelic mTlianad avtomatizirebulia. termini `mTlianad avtomatizirebuli~ gamoricxavs sangrevTan muSebis yofnas sawarmoo procesis mimdinareobis dros.

cxrili 1. gvirabebis mSeneblobis teqnologiebis saerTo klasifikacia

189

Txunelas tipis agregati gvirabgasayvani kombaini burRvadamtvirTi manqana damtvirTavi manqana teqnologiebi
- saburRi

burRva-afeTqebiTi sagamyvano kombaini meqanikuri dammuxtavi konveieri kompleqsur_ agregatuli (kompleqsi manqanebis ori samagrdamyenebeli (mimdevrobiTi dayeneba)

agregati)naxevrad agregatuli (sangrevidan ga

meqanizirebuli droebiTi samagri danadgari masivis gasamkvriveblad sangrevis

manqanebis sistemebi
agregatuli (kompleqsi manqanebis erTiani sistemiT)

damuSaveba mongreuli madnis gamozidva

kompleqsuri (kompleqsi sami an meti manqanebiT)

qvesisitemiT)

samagrdamyenebeli (paraleluri dayeneba)

gaSiSvlebuli sivrcis mdgradobis uzrunvelyofa

danadgari

erToperaciuli nakaduri oroperaciuli nakaduri oroperaciuli cikluri samoperaciuli cikluri mravaloperaciuli cikluri

-------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------

-------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------

klasifikaciis cxrilis saSualebas iZleva ganisazRvros samecniero-teqnikuri progresis mimarTulebis perspeqtiva. gvirabis mSeneblobis mravaloperaciuli cikluri teqnologiidan (individualuri meqanizmebis gamoyenebiT) mcireoperaciul nakadur teqnologiamde manqanebis avtomaturi sistemis gamoyenebiT. klasifikaciis cxrilSi naCvenebi teqnologiebis donis modernizaciis xarisxis sazRvrebi metnaklebad pirobiTia. magaliTad, burRva-afeTebiTi mravaloperaciuli teqnologiebisaTvis daproeqtebulia xerxiT da gvirabebis Seqmnilia gayvanis meqanizaciis

saSualebebis konstruqciebi, romlebic axlosaa manqanebis agregatul sistemebTan. miuxedavad amisa, Catarebulma gamokvlevebma gviCvena, rom maTi gamoyeneba

190

avtomaturi (sangrevi garedan marTvadi agregatiT)

individualuri meqanizacia

teqnologiis indeqsi

mravaloperaciul sistemaSi araefeqturia, ris gamoc maTi seriuli warmoeba dRevandel etapze SeCerebulia. teqnologiebis klasifikaciisaTvis warmodgenili sqema SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas teqnologiuri gadawyvetis calkeuli jgufebisaTvis. kombainuri xerxiT gvirabebis mSeneblobisas sruldeba ori ZiriTadi operacia: sangrevis damuSaveba da samagris amoyvana. es ukanaskneli operacia garkveul samTo-geologiur pirobebSi naklebad meqanizirebulia sxva operaciebTan SedarebiT da misi meqanizaciis done ganapirobebs teqnologiis nakadurobis xarisxs. amitom am etapze igi warmoadgens mTavar rezervs gvirabebis mSeneblobis warmodgenili teqnikur-ekonomikuri asaxavs gvirabebis sadac maCveneblebis mSeneblobis upirvelesad asamaRleblad. amgvarad, teqnologiebis klasifikaciis srulyofis cxrili umTavres damaxasiaTebel etapebs,

gaTvaliswinebulia gamoyenebuli meqanizaciis saSualebebis srulyofa da TandaTanobiT gadasvla ufro maRal doneze maTi sruli modernizaciis rezervebis gamoyenebiT. cxrilis TiToeuli klasi gansazRvravs teqnologias mTlianad, xolo maTSi gamoyenebuli meqanizaciis saSualebebis gaTvaliswinebiT ganisazRvreba konkretuli teqnologiuri sqemebi. ama Tu im teqnologiuri gadawyvetilebis Sefaseba xdeba imis mixedviT, Tu klasifikaciis romel dones miekuTvneba igi. konkretuli sqemis teqnologiuri done miT ufro maRalia, rac ufro maRal klass miekuTvneba igi klasifikaciaSi, xolo klasis farglebSi teqnologiis done ganisazRvreba meqanizaciis saSualebebis modernizaciis xarisxiT gamoyenebul meqanizmebTan SedarebiT.

literatura Literature

1. ., . . ``- ``.

. , 1981 . 276 c.
2. `` -

`` / . .. / - . 1991 . 310 c.
3. e. ciskariSvili, `miwisqveSa nagebobaTa mSeneblobis teqnologia~. Tbilisi,

ganaTleba~ 1974 w. 496 gv. reziume gvirabebis mSeneblobis teqnologiebis klasifikacia 191

irakli gujabiZe, revaz mJavanaZe, zurab lebaniZe

gvirabebis mSeneblobis tipiuri teqnologiuri sqemebis analizis safuZvelze gakeTda klasifikaciis cxrili, sadac arsebuli teqnologiuri sqemebi teqnikuri donis mixedviT dayofilia xuT klasad. TviTeuli klasi, dawyebuli qveda safexuridan zeviT, warmodgenilia SedarebiT maRali teqnikuri doniT. pirveli qveda sami klasi xasiaTdeba samuSaoTa cikluri warmoebiT, xolo ori zeda klasi samuSaoTa nakaduri TanmimdevrobiT. klasifikaciis cxrili saSualebas iZleva ganisazRvros samecniero-teqnikuri progresis mimarTulebis perspeqtiva. kerZod, mravaloperaciuli cikluri teqnologiidan nakadur teqnologiamde manqanebis avtomaturi sistemis gamoyenebiT.

SUMMARY CLASSIFICATION OF TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF MINING TUNNELS IRAKLI GUJABIDZE, REVAZ MZHAVANADZE, ZURAB LEBANIDZE Having analyzed typical technological schemes of tunnel construction the author classified them. According to their technical level the schemes have been divided into 5 groups. Each group, starting from the lower step and going up represents higher technical level. The first three groups are characterized by cyclic execution of the works, while the upper two groups are distinguished by consecutive work flow. The classification table enables us to determine the perspectives of scientific-technical progress, specifically the transfer from multi-operational cyclic technologies to the work flow technologies, using automatic machine systems. , , , . , , . , . .

192

wrfiv diferencialur gantolebasa da normaluri saxis diferencialur gantolebaTa sistemis Sesabamisoba

amiran buqsianiZe teqnikis mecnierebaTa doqtori, saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis asocirebuli profesori

teqnologiuri

mowyobilobis,

samSeneblo

konstruqciebis

da

sxva

dargebSi,

daproeqtebis sainJinro praqtikaSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli sistemebi; isini Seicaven cvladparametrian brunviT garsebs, firfitebs da Reroebs, romlebic arseboben rogorc damoukideblad, aseve nebismieri formiT arian SeerTebulni. eqspluataciis procesSi maTze moqmedebs, rogorc meqanikuri datvirTva, ise temperaturuli veli. amitom samSeneblo meqanikis amocanebTan erTad ganvixilavT Tbogamtarobis amocanasac, romelic tradiciulad ganixileba rogorc Termodrekadobis amocanis nawili [1, 2, 3]. zemoT aRniSnuli sistemebis Tavisebureba isaa, rom maTi elementebi SeiZleba aRvweroT wrfivi cvladkoeficientebiani, rodesac sistema diferencialuri gantolebebis sistemiT. im SemTxvevaSi, organzomilebiania, gantolebebi SeiZleba

erTganzomilebian gantolebebze daviyvanoT. aseTi gantolebebi aRweren wrfiv sistemebs, im dros, rodesac praqtikaSi SeiZleba Segvxvdes geometriulad da fizikurad arawrfivi sistemebi. imisaTvis, rom davadginoT Sesabamisoba wrfiv diferencialur gantolebebsa da normaluri saxis sistemas Soris, warmovadginoT igi Semdegi saxiT
y ( n ) + a n 1 y ( n 1) + a n 2 y ( n 2 ) + + a1 y + a 0 y = f ( x)

(1)

SemoviRoTYaRniSvna:
y i = y ( i 1) ; i =1,2, , n .

(2)

ukanasknelis gawarmoebiT miviRebT:

y i = y (i ) = y i +1 .

(3)

(3) toloba SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc normaluri saxis sistemis pirveli n 1 gantoleba
(i =1,2, , n 1) . ukanaskneli ki SeiZleba miviRoT sawyisi (1) gantolebidan, Tu yvela
(n) wevrs, garda y -isa, gadavitanT marjvena nawilSi da CavwerT Sebrunebuli saxiT,

warmoebulebs (2)-is saSualebiT gamovsaxavT y i -iT:

y ( n ) = a 0 y a1 y a n 2 y ( n 2 ) a n 1 y ( n 1) + f ( x ) ;

193

y = a 0 y1 a1 y 2 a n 2 y n 1 a n y n + f ( x ) . n

maSin (3)-s da am ukanaskneli gantolebas normaluri saxiT gamoviyenebT sistemaSi, romelic (1)-is eqvivalenturia:
y = Ay + F .

sistemis A matricas da F veqtors aqvT Semdegi saxe:

0 0 0 A = . . 0 a 0 1 0 0 . . 0 a1 0 1 0 . . 0 a2 0 0 1 . . 0 a3 . . 0 0 0 . . 0 a n 2 0 . ; . 1 a n 1 0 0

(4)

aRvniSnoT, rom (3)-is ZaliT veqtorSi yoveli momdevno elementi misi winas warmoebulia. amitom zogadi amoxsnac iqneba imave Tvisebis. Sesabamisad, -s yoveli momdevno striqoni, meoridan dawyebuli, warmoadgens warmoebuls mis win mdebare elementidan da matricis elementebs aqvT Tviseba:
ij = i1, j .

(5)

Tu aRvniSnavT, rom 1 j = j , maSin matrica SeiZleba warmovadginoT Semdegi saxiT:

1, 1 =W = . . 1( n 1)

2 , , n 2 , n . . . . . . . ( ( 2n 1) , nn 1)

(6)

amgvarad, matrica normaluri saxis sistemisTvis, romelic miRebulia (1)-dan (3)-is meSveobiT, warmoadgens vronskis matricas gadawyvetis fundamenturi sistemisTvis, amasTanave igi normirebulia nulSi. matricis agebis algoriTmis gamoyenebisas (1) gantolebis zogadi amoxsnis misaRebad SesaZlebelia amoxsnis mniSvnelovnad gamartiveba, radganac (4) matricas aqvs sakmaod martivi struqtura. Tu matricaa warmovadgenT (6)-is saxiT, miviRebT S matricis gamoTvlis ufro martiv algoriTms.

194

radgan A matricis yvela striqoni, garda ukanasknelisa, Seicavs nuls i +1 normis ujredSi, amitom
Sk 1

matricaSi

yoveli

striqoni

Sedgeba

momdevno

striqonis

elementebisgan. sxvagvarad, am matricis striqonebi, dawyebuli meoridan da damTavrebuli bolo striqonamde, aiweva erTi striqoniT zemoT da matricaSi daiWers adgils pirvelidan bolo
S k striqonamde. amitom gaintegralebis Semdeg miiReba:

S kij = S k 1,i , j ; i =1,2, , n 1; j =1,2, , n .

(7) matricis

ukanaskneli

striqonis

elementebi

miiReba

matricis
n

ukanaskneli

ukanaskneli striqonis gadamravlebiT matricis Sesabamis svetebze:

S k n, j = ai 1 S k 1,i , j
i =1

(8)

(7) da (8) gamosaxulebebi mniSvnelovnad amartiveben matricis gamoTvlas, rac gamoixateba matricebis operaciebis SemcirebaSi. im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac
ui

koeficientebidan aiReba integralebi, mTlianad amoxsna SeiZleba Caiweros analizuri saxiT. Tu es integralebi ar aiReba, maSin aseTi xerxiT amoxsna SeiZleba gamoisaxos operaciebis garkveuli TanamimdevrobiT a i koeficientebis integrirebaze, e.i. warmodgenilia operatiuli formiT.

literatura Literature

1. .. . : , 1975, 216 . 2. ., . . .: , 1970. 720 . 3. .., .., .. . . .: , 1973. 328 .

wrfiv diferencialur gantolebasa da normaluri saxis diferencialur gantolebaTa sistemis Sesabamisoba amiran buqsianiZe reziume damuSavebulia cvladkoeficientebiani wrfivi diferencialuri gantolebebis sistemebisaTvis matricis agebis ricxviTi algoriTmi da ricxviTi saxiT agebulia zogadi da kerZo amonaxsnebi. 195

SUMMARY CONSISTENCY BETWEEN THE LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION AND SYSTEM DIFFERENTIAL THE EQUATION OF A NORMAL TYPE AMIRAN BUKSIANIDZE The numerical algorithm of construction of a matrix of systems linear differential the equation with variables coeficient is developed and in a numerical kind is given the private and generalized decisions .

196

fenovan sistemebSi samkuTxa sasruli elementis (se) sixistis matricis Sedgena ganivi Zvris gaTvaliswinebiT
gela yifiani teqnikis mecnierebaTa doqtori, saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis sruli profesori daviT yifiani teqnikis mecnierebaTa kandidati lia yifiani saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis informatikisa da marTvis sistemebis fakultetis magistri

Tanamedrove konstruqciebSi farTo gamoyeneba hpova firfitebma da garsiTma elementebma, romlebic xasiaTdebian rTuli formiTa da datvirTvaTa mravalnairobiT, amasTan unda kmayofildebodes simtkicis, sixistisa da saimedobis pirobebi mcire wonis gaTvaliswinebiT. aqedan gamomdinare Zalze gaizarda interesi fenovani sistemebisadmi, romlebic Sedgebian masalebisagan, romlebsac gaaCniaT arsebiTad gansxvavebuli fizikurmeqanikuri Tvisebebi. amasTan, gare fenebi (mzidi) mzaddeba masalebisagan, romlebsac gaaCniaT didi simtkicisa da sixistis maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic gankuTvnilia meqanikuri datvirTvebisaTvis, SemakavSirebeli fena (Semavsebeli) ZiriTadad uzrunvelyofs konstruqciis mTlianobas anu monoliTurobas, aseve uzrunvelyofs gadaanawilos datvirTva zeda da qveda fenebs Soris. SemakavSirebeli fenebi (Semavseblebi) aseve asruleben izoliatoris rols meqanikuri, Tburi da akustikuri energiis gadacemisas. fenaTa aseTi SeTanwyoba uzrunvelyofs konstruqciis maRal simtkices da sixistes mcire wonis pirobebSi da xasiaTdebian aseve maRali disipaciuri maxasiaTeblebiT, gamowveuli calkeuli fenebis reologiuri TvisebebiT. fenovani sistemis yofaqceva garkveulwilad gansxvavdeba erTgvarovani sistemebis yofaqcevisagan, romelic ZiriTadad gamowveulia Zvris deformaciiT. araerTgvarovani deformaciebi sisqis mimarT da fenebs Soris inerciuli efeqti arsebiTad moqmedebs sistemis daZabul-deformirebul mdgomareobaze. zemoTmoyvanili faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT movaxdinoT analizi samkuTxa elementebisaTvis. samkuTxedis SigniT funqciis mniSvneloba SesaZlebelia gamovsaxoT samkuTxedis wveroebis mniSvnelobiT Semdegi saxiT (ix. nax. 1)
F = R1 F1 + R2 F2 + R3 F3 ,

(1)

197

sadac F1 , F2 , F3 warmoadgenen funqciis mniSvneai lobebs wveroebSi. Ri = h , hi warmoadgens sami kuTxedis simaRles, a i warmoadgens manZils im wertilidan nax. 1 amasTan R3 = 1 R1 R2 , maSin F = ( F1 F3 ) R1 + ( F2 F3 ) R2 + F3 , e.i. X = R1 F1 + R2 F2 + R3 F3 = ( X 1 X 3 ) R1 + ( X 2 X 3 ) R2 + X 3 = X ( R1 R ) .
y = R1Y1 + R2Y2 + R3Y3 v = R1V1 + R2V2 + R3V3 .

Sesabamisi

samkuTxedis rogorc

gverdamde, damoukidebeli

sadac mocemulia funqciis mniSvneloba. R1 da R2 SesaZlebelia parametrebi [1]. ganvixiloT,

gadaadgilebisa da koordinatis nazrdi gamovTvaloT Semdegi formuliT: u v u v R R2 R2 R1 x = 1 x y x y ; R1 R2 R2 R1 warmoebulebi miviRebT:

R1

(2)

da

R2

gamovsaxoT kvanZebSi gadaadgilebis mniSvnelobebiT,

u u = v1 v 3 ; = v2 v3 ; R1 R2 x x = x1 x3 ; = x 2 x3 ; R1 R2

yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT miviRebT: u ( y 2 y 3 )u1 + ( y 3 y1 )u 2 + ( y1 y 2 )u 3 x = = x ( y 2 y 3 ) x1 + ( y 3 y1 ) x1 + ( y1 y 2 ) x3 . analogiurad

x =
u ( x 2 x3 )u1 + ( x3 x1 )u 2 + ( x1 x 2 )u 3 = y ( x 2 x3 ) y1 + ( x3 x1 ) y 2 + ( x1 x 2 ) y 3 .

(3)

(4)

SemoviRoT aRniSvnebi [2]

( y 2 y3 ) ; Ax ( y y1 ) Dx 2 = 3 ; Ax ( y y2 ) Dx3 = 1 ; Ax Dx1 =
Ax = ( y 2 y 3 ) x1 + ( y 3 y1 ) x1 + ( y1 y 2 ) x3 ;

Ay = ( x 2 x3 ) y1 + ( x3 x1 ) y 2 + ( x1 x 2 ) y 3 ;

198

( x 2 x3 ) ; Ay ( x x1 ) Dy 2 = 3 ; Ay ( x x2 ) Dy 3 = 1 . Ay Dy1 =

maSin
x =

u = Dx1 u1 + Dx 2 u 2 + Dx3 u 3 ; x v = Dx1 v1 + Dx 2 v 2 + Dx3 v3 ; x

y =

v = Dy1 v1 + Dy 2 v 2 + Dy 3 v3 ; y

(5)

x =

y =

u = Dy1 u1 + Dy 2 u 2 + Dy 3 v3 . y

sasruli elementis qveda sibrtyis kvanZebs mivaniWoT nomrebi 1,2,3 zedas ki Sesabamisad 4,5,6 [3]. Zvris deformacia sisqis mimarT Caiwereba Semdegi saxiT u w u B u H w B + wH xz = + = + ; z x h x 2 v w v B c H wB + w H yxz = + = + . z y h y 2

(6)

radganac elementis SigniT U = R1U 1 + R2U 2 + R3U 3 da gaviTvaliswinebT, deformaciis damokidebulebebs, Sedgeba samkuTxa se-is G matrica, romelic CavweroT blokebis saxiT, miviRebT:

Dx1 0 L11 = 0 Dy1

0 Dy1 Dx1 0

0 Dx 2 0 0 0 0 0 Dy 2

0 Dy 2 Dx 2 0

0 Dx3 0 0 0 0 0 Dx3

0 Dy 3 Dx3 0

0 0 0 ; 0

R1 h L12 = 0
L11 G= 0 L12 0 L11 . L12

0 R1 h

Dx1 h Dy1 2

R2 h 0

0 R2 h

Dx 2 2 Dy 2 2

R3 h 0

0 R3 h

Dx3 2 Dy 3 . 2

G matrica warmoadgens 1018 rigis matricas da radganac sixistis matrica tolia [ K ] = [G ] T [ B ] [ G ]dS , S e.i. sixistis matricis angariSi warmoebs se-s farTze ricxviTi integrirebis gziT.

literatura 199

Literature 1. .. . // . , 3(8), 2002. . 81-87. 2. .., .. // - . . . .-. . , 1989. 38 . 3. yifiani g., Selia v., yifiani d. informatikisa da gamoTvliTi maTematikis meTodebi. `evrika~, Tbilisi, 1992. 195 gv.

reziume fenovan sistemebSi samkuTxa sasruli elementis (se) sixistis matricis Sedgena ganivi Zvris gaTvaliswinebiT gela yifiani, daviT yifiani, lia yifiani

Sedgenilia fenovan sistemebSi samkuTxa sasruli elementebisaTvis sixistis matricebi ganivi Zvris gaTvaliswinebiT.

SUMMARY DRAWING UP OF A MATRIX OF RIGIDITY IN PUFF SYSTEMS LIMITED TRAINGLE ELEMENTS IN VIEW OF LONGITUNDINAL SHIFT GELA KIPIANI, DAVID KIPIANI, LIA KIPIANI It is made, in puff systems, for limited traingle elements in view of longitudinal shift, a matrix of rigidity.

() , ,

200

201

soWis (ABIES) gvaris adaptacia Tbilisis botanikur baRSi

irina grigolia biologiis mecnierebaTa kandidati, soxumis universitetis asocirebuli profesori

gvari soWi fiWvisebrTa ojaxs ekuTvnis da aerTianebs 40-60-mde saxeobas, romelTa umetesoba aziisa da CrdiloeT amerikis wynari okeanis sanapirozea gavrcelebuli. saqarTveloSi bunebrivad kavkasiuri anu nordmanis soWia gavrcelebuli, romelic tyis zeda sazRvars aRwevs (2). wiwvovan mcenareTa introduqcia aRmosavleT saqarTvelos baRebsa da parkebSi me-19 saukunis II naxevarSi daiwyo. Tbilisis botanikur baRSi wiwvovani mcenareebi pirvelad introducirebuli iyvnen XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi. 1879 wels Semotanili iqna maTi udidesi koleqcia, romelTa Soris iyo Abies alba, A. balsamea, A. concolor, A. firma (1). Tbilisis botanikur baRSi sul gamoicada 25 saxeobis da 1 formis mcenare. 1997-2000 wlebSi SemorCenili iyo sxvadasxva xnovanebis 11 saxeobis mcenare: Abis nordmanniana, A.concolor, A. cephalonica, A. pinsapo, A. balsamea, A. numidica, A. cilicica, A. homolepis, A.firma, romelTa Soris dReisaTvis SemorCenil 6 saxeobaze Seswavlili iqna sezonuri ganviTarebis riTmi. kvlevis obieqts warmoadgenda Tbilisis botanikur baRSi mozardi generaciul simwifes miRweuli 6 saxeobis mcenare: Abis nordmanniana (kavkasia), A. concolor (Crd. amerika), A. cephalonica (xmelTaSuazRveTi), A. numidica (alJiri), A. cilicica (xmelTaSuazRveTi), A. pinsapo (samxreTi espaneTi). obieqtebze dakvirveba warmoebda aprobirebuli meTodiT (3). fenologiuri dakvirvebebis maTematikuri damuSaveba moxda specialuri cnobariT (4). mcenaris sezonuri ganviTarebis riTmi mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli introduqciis punqtis klimatur pirobebTan. Tbilisisa da botanikuri baRis klimati zomierad Tbili da kontinenturia, zafxuli _ cxeli da mSrali, zamTari _ nakleb naleqiani, magram zog SemTxvevaSi sakmaod civi. mravalwliani monacemebiT haeris saSualo wliuri temperatura +12,6. yvelaze civi Tvis _ ianvris saSualo temperatura +0,6, absoluturi minimumi -19.0. yvelaze cxeli Tveebis (ivlisi, agvisto) absoluturi maqsimumi +38,5+40. naleqebis saSualo wliuri raodenoba 516 mm, romelTa didi nawili gazafxulze modis, zafxuli gvalviania. haeris saSualo wliuri SefardebiTi tenianoba 64 %-ia. sakvlev periodSi gansakuTrebiT civi iyo 1996 weli, rodesac yinvebma -9,3miaRwia (Tebervali). zafxulis temperaturuli maqsimumi aRiniSna 1996 wlis ivlisSi (+39,5). yvelaze 202

mSrali iyo 1998 weli (naleqebis wliuri jami 379 mm), xolo yvelaze wvimiani 1997 wlis zafxuli (282,7 mm). mxolod ivnisSi 182,6 mm naleqi aRiniSna. haeris fardofiTi tenianoba ivlisisa da agvistos TveebSi saSualod 55-59% aRwevda, xolo 1998 wlis aprilSi 20%-mde daeca. vegetaciis dawyebis vadebi sxvadasxva geografiuli olqidan warmoSobil jgufebs Soris umniSvneloa. sezonuri riTmis SedarebiT dadginda, rom Seswavlili saxeobebi vegetacias iwyeben aprilSi, saSualod +10+15 temperaturaze. dakvirvebis yovel weliwads yvelaze gvian saSualod +15+20temperaturaze vegetacias iwyebs Abis concolor. vegetaciis dawyebis SedarebiT stabiluri reJimi aqvs A. concolor da A. cilicica. vegetaciis SedarebiT adre dawyeba aRiniSna 1998 wels zomier, Tbil da wvimian gazafxulze. kvirtebis gajirjveba grZeldeba 8-10 dRe. kvirtebis gaSlis xangrZlivobaa: cilicica, A. pinsapo (8-10 dRe). wiwvis gamoCena yvelaze adre aRiniSna 1998 wels Abis nordmanniana, A. numidica, A.cephalonica, A. cilicica, A. pinsapo saxeobebze aprilis II dekadaSi.. Abies concolor wiwvs aCens yvelaze bolos maisis I dekadaSi. 1999 wels es faza 5-10 dRis dagvianebiT daiwyo: Abis nordmanniana, A. numidica, A. cephalonica, A. pinsapo saxeobebSi aprilis III dekadaSi. ylortebis zrdis fazis dasawyisad aRiniSneba momenti, rodesac kvirti gajirjvebis Sedegad kargavs Tavis pirvandel formas. ylortebis zrda aRiniSneba kvirtebis gajirjvebidan 10-15 dRis Semdeg, rac ufro dabla mdebareobs Reroze kvirti, miT ufro xanmoklea zrdis periodi da mcirea wliuri namati. Seswavlil mcenareTa gverdiTi totebis xazuri zrda iwyeba saSualod aprilis III dekadaSi (A. pinsapo, A. numidica, A. nordmanniana) an maisis I dekadaSi (A. cephalonica, A. cilicica, A. concolor). maTi zrda vegetaciis dasawyisSi swrafia, magram xanmokle. zrdis dasasruli saSualod 10 ivnisidan 20 ivnisamdea. gverdiTi ylortebis saSualo wliuri Semateba sakvlev periodSi gansxvavebulia. A. cilicica (1,9 sm), A. concolor (3,2 sm), A. pinsapo (4 sm), A. cephalonica (4,9 sm), A. nordmanniana (6,9 sm), A. numidica (7,7 sm). wlebis mixedviT wliuri Semateba gansxvavebulia. 1997 wels yvelaze mcire Semateba aRiniSna A. cilicica (1,8 sm), xolo yvelaze meti A. numidica (12 sm) mcenareebze. 1998 wels minimaluri maCvenebeli gamovlinda A. cilicica (2,7 sm), xolo maqsimaluri A. nordmanniana (5,8 sm), A. numidica (5,8-12 sm) saxeobebze. 1999 wels minimalur Sematebas iZleoda A. concolor (2,1 sm), xolo maqsimalurs A.nordmanniana da A. numidica (6,5 sm) (cxrili 1). Tveebis mixedviT maqsimaluri Semateba aRiniSneba zrdis dawyebidan 20-25 naxevarSi. gverdiTi ylortebis xazuri zrda yvelaze mokle (34 dRe) aqvs Abies concolor da A. cilicica, danarCen saxeobebs 47-dan 53 dRemde. gamokvlevis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom 203 dRis Semdeg. zrdis maqsimaluri nazardi aRiniSneboda maisis II Abis nordmanniana, A. numidica (6-10 dRe), A.concolor (7-12 dRe), A. cephalonica (5-8 dRe), A.

zogierTi saxeobis wliuri nazardi da zrdis xangrZlivoba korelaciur kavSirSia klimatur faqtorebTan. maRali temperaturis, mcire naleqebis da dabali fardobiTi tenianobis gavleniT zrdis xangrZlivoba Semoklebulia tenismoyvarul da maRali mTis mcenareebSi. soWebis gverdiTi totebis zrda cxrili 1
saSualod dReebSi xangrZlivoba 13

xangrZlivoba dReebSi saxeoba wliuri Semateba sm-Si 1996 1997 1998 1999 saS.

dasawyisi

dasasruli

2m

V%

2m

V%

1 Abies cilicica

2 35 1,2 41 4,8 39 6,5 37 4,5 49 11 48 7,5

3 40 1,8 50 3,5 47 12 36 2,6 60 8,3 60 8,0

4 25 2,7 57 5,2 43 5,8 28 3,7 53 5,8 53 5,8

5 37 2,2 42 2,5 59 6,5 34 2,1 49 6,5 49 6,5

6 34 1,9 47 4 47 7,7 34 3,2 53 6,9 53 6,9

7 6/V 9

9 13 I 11

10 10/V

11 3

12 3

34

11/V I 11/V 3 3 47

A. pinsapo

24/IV

A. numidica

25/IV

47

A. concolor

7.V

10.VI

34

A. cephalonica

22.IV 22/I V

10

14/VI

53

A.nordmanniana

10

14/VI

53

pirobiTi niSnebi:

M saSualo ariTmetikuli 2m saSualo ariTmetikulidan gadaxra orive mimarTulebiT dReebSi V% - variaciis koeficienti

gamovlinda, rom wlebis mixedviT zrdis dasasruli kalendarulad ufro stabiluria (2-9%), vidre dasawyisi (4-13%). zrdis dawyebis faza ufro stabiluri aqvs A. cephalonica (4 %), xolo zrdis dasasruli A.concolor (2 %). zrdis xangrZlivoba ar aRemateba drois Tbil periods, rac saSualebas aZlevs xemcenares zamTars momwifebuli merqniT Sexvdes. zrdis siswrafe 204

damokidebulia saxeobis biologiaze, mcenaris xnovanebaze da niadagobriv-klimatur pirobebze. zrdis optimaluri temperaturaa +25+30, rodesac igi +5+10ecema an matulobs +35+40, maSin zrda nela mimdinareobs an sruliad Cerdeba. am mizeziTaa albaT ganpirobebuli is garemoebac, rom Seswavlili mcenareebi weliwadSi erT Sematebas iZlevian. ylortis gamerqneba mimdinareobs TandaTanobiT da mTavrdeba wlis civi periodis dadgomamde. mega- da mikrosporangiumebis gamoCenidan damtverianebamde periodi 10-11 Tves moicavs. Seswavlil mcenareTa damtverianeba (cxrili 2) iwyeba saSualod aprilis III dekadaSi, maisSi mtvers apnevs Abies concolor. aRsaniSnavia, rom Seswavlil saxeobebs axasiaTebT damtverianebis mtkice reJimi da ar gamodian organuli svenebidan gazafxulamde maRali temperaturis drosac ki. damtverianebis dadgomis fazebi damokidebulia amindze. ase mag., 1998 wels aRiniSna yvelaze adreuli damtverianeba (aprilis Tvis saSualo temperatura +16,1, absoluturi maqsimumi +33,4, minimaluri SefardebiTi tenianoba 20%, naleqebis jami 52 mm). masiuri damtverianeba aRiniSneba mikrostrobilebis gaSlidan 3-5 dRis Semdeg. Seswavlil saxeobebSi damtverianeba saSualod mTavrdeba aprilis bolos (A.nordmanniana, A. numidica, A. cilicica, an maisis dasawyisSi (A.cephalonica, A. pinsapo, A.concolor). damtverianebis xangrZlivoba saSualod 610 dRea da periodis xangrZlivoba mcirdeba an izrdeba haeris temperaturaze da fardobiT tenianobaze damokidebulebiT.

205

soWebis ,,yvaviloba Tbilisis botanikur baRSi

cxrili 2
dReebSi xangrZlivoba

dawyeba saxeoba M n 2m 1 Abies cilicica A. pinsapo A. numidica A. concolor A. cephalonica A.nordmanniana 2 22/IV 26/IV 20/IV 1/V 22/IV 21/IV 3 14/IV 19/IV 16/IV 26/IV 15/IV 12/IV 4 8 6 3 4 7 6 5 15 10 6 7 12 11 6 V%

damTavreba M n 2m V%

7 19/IV 22/IV 20/IV 2/V 28/IV 17/IV

8 10 7 6 6 7 7

9 16 9 10 9 11 13

10 7 8 10 9 11 7

28/IV 3/V 29/IV 9/V 2/V 27/IV

damtverianebis

Semdeg

xdeba

saTesle

qerqlebis

Sekvra.

megastrobilebi

gadaiqcevian axalgazrda girCebad da zomaSi matuloben. girCebis momwifeba aRiniSneba: agvisto-seqtemberSi _ A. cilicica, A.concolor, seqtember-oqtomberSi _ A. pinsapo, A.cephalonica , Abies nordmanniana, A.numidica. Teslcvena grZeldeba 20-30 dRemde. amrigad, Seswavlil soWebSi fenologiuri fazebis sxvadasxva dros mimdinareoba introducentebis axal garemo pirobebSi nawilobrivNadaptaciis xarisxze miuTiTebs

literatura Literature 1. . . - . 206

mcenareTa introduqciisa da mwvane mSeneblobis sakiTxebi, 7(76), 1973, gv. 30-38. 2. . ., . . . ., , 1986, c.54. 3. ( )., 1973, c.42 4. , . . . , ., 1972, c.3-7.

reziume soWis (ABIES) gvaris Aadaptacia Tbilisis botanikur baRSi irina grigolia

Seswavlilia Tbilisis botanikur baRSi mozardi soWis gvaris zrda-ganviTareba. Catarda fenologiuri dakvirveba, romelic damuSavda maTematikuri meTodiT. gansxvavebuli fenofazebi axal garemoSi introducentebis nawilobriv adaptaciaze miuTiTebs.

SUMMARY ON ADAPTATION OF SPRUCE ABIS GENUS IN TBILISI BOTANIC GARDEN IRINA GRIGOLIA Development of Spruce Abis Genus was studied in Tbilisi Botanic Garden. It was made a fenelogical observation. The statistical indices were processed according to Reference book of Main Botanical Gardens of Moscow. Various phenological stages point out partly adaptation of the Alien crops in new environment. (ABIES) (bies) . . . . 207

zogierTi rqosani cxovelis yuris kaudaluri nervis anatomiuri Taviseburebani

nino milaSvili saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sasoflo-sameurneo universitetis asocirebuli profesori vaJa qvaWreliSvili saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sasoflo-sameurneo universitetis asocirebuli profesori

cxvris,

Txis

da

Zroxis

eqvs-eqvsi

leSis

masalaze

v.p.

vorobiovis

makro-

mikropreparirebis cnobili da aprobirebuli meTodiT preparatis rogorc marjvena, ise marcxena mxareze Seswavlilia saxis nervidan yuris kaudaluri nervis gamosvlis done, yuris niJaris, Tavisa da kanis kunTebSi svlis, datotianebis, aRniSnuli nervidan gamomavali totebis urTierTkavSirebi da maTi kavSirebi zurgis tvinidan gamosul nervebTan, kerZod kisris I da II nervTan. msxvili rqosani cxovelis saxis nervi (iseve, rogorc wvril rqosan cxovelSi) anatomo-topografiuli TvalsazrisiT sam nawilad iyofa: 1. saxis nervis pirveladi, anu sawyisi nawili; 2. ybayura jirkvlis nawili. 3. saxis, anu periferiuli nawili ybayura jirkvlis wina kididan nervis saboloo datotianebamde. saxis nervis ybayura jirkvlis nawilidan gamodis yuris SigniTa, ormucela kunTis, yur-quTuTos, loyis ventraluri nervebi da yuris kaudaluri nervi. es ukanaskneli gamodis saxis nervis dorsaluri kedlidan (1, 2). Cliqiani cxovelebidan sxva cxovelebTan SedarebiT naklebad aris Seswavlili periferiuli nervuli sistemis anatomia. cnobilia, rom saReWi kunTebis raodenoba cotaa, magram mZlavradaa ganviTarebuli, gansakuTrebiT balaxismWamel cxovelebSi. avtoris monacemebiT saxis nervi am saxis cxovelebSi mZlavradaa ganviTarebuli, radgan misi ganviTareba Seefardeba kunTebis ganviTarebis xarisxs. saxis nervi tipiuri Sereuli xasiaTis nervia, mamoZravebeli komponentebi nervis SemadgenlobaSi ufro metia, vidre mgrZnobiare. specialur SromebSi mocemulia saintereso masala Cliqiani cxovelebis saxis da Suamdebare nervebis morfologiuri Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb. meSvide wyvili nervi Camoyalibdeba saxis (motoruli) da Suamdebare (mgrZnobiare) boWkoebis SeerTebiT. Suamdebare da saxis nervis nazo-medialuri konebi warmoiqmneba saxis nervisagan, xolo kaudo-lateraluri ki Suamdebare nervisagan(3). naklebad aris cnobebi produqtiuli cxovelebis Tavis proeqciul topografiaze. am sakiTxis Seswavla dRes qirurgebis interes iwvevs. preparireba Cavatare cxvris, Txis da Zroxis eqvs-eqvs Tavze. kvlevis masalad gamoviyene dakluli cxovelebis axali Tavebi. akademikos v.p. vorobiovis mier mowodebuli 208

meTodiT:

,,periferiuli

nervebis

preparireba

wveTovani

wylis

qveS,

sxvadasxva

koncentraciis mJaveebis xsnarebiT da binokularuli lupis gamoyenebiT. nervebis mimarTulebis gasakontroleblad, gamokvleva mimdinareobda obieqtis orive, rogorc marjvena, ise marcxena mxareze nervebis daboloebidan Rerosaken, ufro Rrmad mdebare nervebTan ki sapirispiro mimarTulebiT. zedapirul nervebTan upiratesobas vaniWebdi preparirebas centriskenuli mimarTulebiT (2). rqosani cxovelebis saxis nervi (iseve, rogorc wvril rqosan cxovelebSi) anatomotopografiuli mdebareobidan gamomdinare sam nawilad iyofa: 1. saxis nervis pirveladi, anu sawyisi nawili; 2. ybayura jirkvlis nawili. 3. saxis, anu periferiuli nawili ybayura jirkvlis wina kididan nervis saboloo datotianebamde. damuSavebuli preparatebidan saxis nervis periferiuli nawilidan gamodis yuris kaudaluri, yuris SigniTa, ormucela kunTis, yur-quTuTos da loyis ventraluri nervebi. yuris kaudaluri nervi gamodis saxis nervis ybayura jirkvlis nawilis dorsaluri kedlidan. specialur SromebSi, monografiebSi da fundamentalur saxelmZRvaneloebSi mocemulia, rom yuris kaudaluri nervi gamodis saxis nervis qalas gareTa nawilidan. sadgis-dvriliseburi xvrelidan gamosvlisTanave SemaerTebeli totebiT ukavSirdeba kisris I da II segmenturi nervebis totebs da qmnis yuris ukana wnuls. amasTanave dadgenilia, rom adamianis, produqtiuli, samrewvelo da laboratoriuli cxovelebis saxis nervis qalas gareTa nawilidan SesaZlebelia gamovides erTi, ori an sami yuris kaudaluri nervi. yuris kaudaluri nervi preparatis rogorc markvena, ise marcxena mxareze gamodis saxis nervis ybayura jirkvlis nawilis dorsaluri kedlidan. nervis diametri cxovelebis asakis Sesabamisad Seadgens 0,1-0,4 mm-s. ZiriTadi Rerodan gamosvlis Semdeg miemarTeba kaudo-dorsaluri mimarTulebiT, wveba niJaris fuZis ukana zedapirze da dafarulia kaniT. niJaris mimarTulebiT msvlelobis gzaze iyofa oralur da aboralur totebad. yuris kaudaluri nervis aboraluri totebi Tavis mxriv iZlevian meoreul totebs, romlebic anervireben Tavis irib kaudalur, Tavis ugrZeles, atlantis ugrZeles da salmunis kunTebs. kunTis siRrmesi nervebi mihyveba kuntovan boWkoebs da totebs Soris kavSirebi ar aRiniSneba. nervis saboloo totebi toriandeba kefisa da safeTqlis midamos kanSi. yuris kaudaluri nervis aboraluri totebi ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs da qmnian yuris niJaris kaudalur wnuls. am wnulidan gamosuli nervebi totiandebian yuris niJaris mamoZravebel kunTebSi. cxvris preparatebze ufro xSirad, rogorc marjvniv, ise marcxniv yuris kaudaluri wnulis SeqmnaSi monawileobda zurgis tvinis kisris wnulis yuris totebi (53%). Txis preparatebze (26,6%) SemTxvevaSi yuris kaudaluri wnulis SeqmnaSi, rogorc marjvniv, ise marcxniv yuris kaudalur nervTan ertad monawileobda zurgis tvinis kisris wnulis yuris totebi. 6,7% SemTxvevaSi aseTi kavSirebi armoCenili iyo prepratis mxolod 209

marcxena mxareze. yuris kaudaluri nervis oraluri totebisa da kisris nervebis yuris totebis urTierTkavSirebi aRwerili aqvT winamorbed mkvlevarebs. damuSavebuli preparatebis mixedviT yuris kaudaluri nervebis raodenoba cvalebadobs 1-3 mde. cxvris 6 preparatidan sam preparatze yuris kaudaluri nervi ZiriTadad iyo erTi, or preparatze iyo SeiniSneboda asimetria. preparatis marjvena mxares yuris kaudaluri nervi iyo erti, xolo marcxena mxares ki sami. Txis damuSavebuli preparatebidan TiTqmis eqvsive preparatze yuris kaudaluri nervi ZiriTadad iyo erti da Semdeg iyofoda or totad (80%), SedarebiT iSviaTad (20%) ki sam totad. yuris ukana nervi 2-3 mm-is nervia, romelic mWidrod iSleba sadgis dvrilisebur xvrelTan saxis nervis dorsaluri kididan. yuris nervis gavliT Sedis ybayura sanerwyve jirkvalsa da sauRle-enis kunTebs Soris da am midamoSi gaiyofa or an sam araTanabar totad iyofa, romlebic aseve dayofili dorsalur kideSi yuris didi arteriis totebs mihyveba da yuris ukana kunTebSi Sedis. isini anervireben grZel da saSualo amwev kunTebs, grZel da mokle gamzidvel kunTebs, grZel da mokle momzidvel da kisris kanis kunTebs. damuSavebuli eqvsi preparatidan mxolod orjer Semxvda SemTxveva, romelic aRwerili mimdinareobidan saxesxvaobas iZleoda. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac yuris ukana nervidan gamodioda sami toti, Sua toti yuris niJaris amoburculi zedapiridan miemarTeboda aboralurad mdebare xvrelSi da gadioda yuris niJaris Sida zedapirze. am nervebis danarCeni orive toti zemoTaRniSnul kunTebs emsaxureboda. imis gamo, rom nervi ZroxasTan ar iZleva namdvil kanis totebs da ar ukavSirdeba kisris pirvel yuris did nervs da Sesabamisad ar monawileobs kisris maryuJis SeqmnaSi, rogorc es aRwerilia cxenebSi da xorcismWamel cxovelebSi. Zroxis saxis nervis yba-yura sanerwyve jirkvlis nawilidan saReWi kunTis Sua adgilamde ZiriTadad mTliani nervi rCeba, romelic Tavisi msvlelobis gzaze mxolod ufro wvril gverdiT totebs gamoyofs, inarCunebs oralur mimarTulebas da Semdeg iZleva totebs qveda ybis mimarulebiT. amasTanave unda aRvniSno, rom Zroxis saxis nervi, iseve rogorc sxva Sinauri cxovelebis arsebiTad motoruli boWkoebisagan Sedgeba, mgrZnobiare boWkoebs bevrad ufro mcire raodenobiT Seicavs, radgan mgrZnobiare boWkoebi Sinaur cxovelebSi wvrili nervuli Zafebis saxiT miemarTeba loyis, Tvalbudis qveda da safeTqlis zedapiruli nervebidan.

literatura Literature

210

1. a. zardiaSvili, g. ramiSvili, n. milaSvili kameCis samwvera nervis kanis

datotianebis gavrcelebis zonebi da anatomiuri Taviseburebani. agraruli mecnierebis problemebi, samecniero SromaTa krebuli XXXVII, Tbilisi-2006, gv. 172-175.
2. n. milaSvili, v. qvaWreliSvili cxvris saxis nervis sawyisi nawilis anatomiuri

Tavisebureba. radiologiuri da agroekologiuri gamokvlevebi, tomi III, Tbilisi-2008 gv. 99-103.

3. g. ramiSvili Zroxis, Roris, nutriis da bocveris zeda ybis nervis morfologia da misi

kavSiri Tavis tvinis sxva nervebTan. agraruli mecnierebis problemebi, sainstitutTaSoriso samecniero SromaTa krebuli, t. 9 Tbilisi 1999, gv. 284-287. 4. .. . . \ -. . 7. 1967, . 252-260.

reziume zogierTi rqosani cxovelis yuris kaudaluri nervis anatomiuri Taviseburebani nino milaSvili, vaJa qvaWreliSvili cxvris, Txis da Zroxis eqvs-eqvsi leSis masalaze v.p. vorobiovis makro-

mikropreparirebis cnobili da aprobirebuli meTodiT preparatis rogorc marjvena, ise marcxena mxareze Seswavlilia saxis nervidan yuris kaudaluri nervis gamosvlis done, yuris niJaris, Tavisa da kanis kunTebSi svlis, datotianebis, aRniSnuli nervidan gamomavali totebis urTierTkavSirebi da maTi kavSirebi zurgis tvinidan gamosul nervebTan, kerZod kisris I da II nervTan. msxvili rqosani cxovelis saxis nervi (iseve, rogorc wvril rqosan cxovelSi) anatomo-topografiuli TvalsazrisiT sam nawilad iyofa: 1. saxis nervis pirveladi, anu sawyisi nawili; 2. ybayura jirkvlis nawili. 3. saxis, anu periferiuli nawili ybayura jirkvlis wina kididan nervis saboloo datotianebamde. saxis nervis ybayura jirkvlis nawilidan gamodis yuris SigniTa, ormucela kunTis, yur-quTuTos, loyis ventraluri nervebi da yuris kaudaluri nervi. es ukanaskneli gamodis saxis nervis dorsaluri kedlidan.

, 211

 , ( 6 ) .. , : , , , , , I II . , - .

SUMMARY ANATOMICAL PECULIARITIES OF THE EAR CAUDALIS NERVE OF SOME CATTLE NINO MILASHVILI, VAJA KVACHRELISHVILI On six corpse of sheep, goat and cow according to V.P. Vorobiovs famous macro-micro preparation and certified method was studied, as one the right side as well on the left side of the preparation, coming level of the ear caudalis nerve from the facial nerve,. anatomical peculiarities of the interconnection of the shell, head and skin muscles movement and ramification, also between branches and badula spilaris, neck I and II nerves. Cattle facial nerve (also small ruminants) according to the anatomical-topographical point is divided into three parts: 1.Cheek nerve primary, i.e. initial part; 2. Part of the glandula parotis: 3. Part of the facial nerve, i.e. peripheral part-from the front part of the glandula parotis to the nerve last ramification. From the facial nerve of the glandula parotis part comes out: n. auricularis internus, n. musculus digastricus, n. auricularis parperbralis, n. auricularis caudalisand cheek ventral nerves. The latter comes out from the dorsal well of the facial nerve.

212

Zroxis loyis dorsaluri nervis anatomiuri Tavisebureba

vaJa qvaWreliSvili saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sasoflo-sameurneo universitetis asocirebuli profesori nino milaSvili saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sasoflo-sameurneo universitetis asocirebuli profesori

Zroxis eqvsi leSis masalaze v.p. vorobiovis makro-mikropreparirebis cnobili meTodiT preparatis rogorc marjvena, ise marcxena mxareze Seswavlilia loyis dorsaluri nervis gamosvlis, Tavisa da kanis kunTebSi svlis, datotianebis da aRniSnuli nervidan gamomaval totebs Soris urTierTkavSirebis anatomiuri Taviseburebani. loyis dorsaluri nervi ekuTvnis saxis nervis erT-erT ZiriTad tots. TviT saxis nervi anatomo-topografiuli mdebareobis mixedviT sam nawilad iyofa: 1. saxis nervis pirveladi, anu sawyisi nawili; 2. ybayura jirkvlis nawili; 3. saxis, anu periferiuli nawili ybayura jirkvlis wina kididan nervis saboloo datotianebamde. saxis nervis ybayura jirkvlis nawilidan gamodis yuris kaudaluri, yuris SigniTa, ormucela kunTis, yur-quTuTos da loyis ventraluri nervebi. aRniSnuli totebis gamoyofis Semdeg saxis nervi grZeldeba oraluri mimarTulebiT, rogorc loyis dorsaluri nervi. igi moicavs im nervul totebs, romlebic vrceldeba oralurad ybayura sanerwyve jirkvlidan cxvir-tuCisa da qvedaybis oralur kidemde. Cliqiani cxovelebidan sxva cxovelebTan SedarebiT naklebad aris Seswavlili periferiuli nervuli sistemis anatomia. aseve naklebad gvxvdeba cnobebi Cliqiani cxovelebis Tavis parasimpatikuri kvanZebis embrionalur ganviTarebazec. saintereso morfologiuri da histologiuri meTodi. rom gamokvlevebia rom Catarebuli Zroxis saxis kvanZi magram nervis da samwvera unipolaruli nervis nervuli naxevarmTvarisebr kvanZze, romlis Sesaswavlad avtorma gamoiyena e.w. movercxlis daadgina, naxevarmTvarisebri raodenoba cotaa, Sedgeba ujredebisagan xolo erTeul SemTxvevebSi ki multipolaruli nervuli ujredebisagan. cnobilia, saReWi kunTebis mZlavradaa ganviTarebuli, gansakuTrebiT balaxismWamel cxovelebSi. avtoris monacemebiT saxis nervi am saxis cxovelebSi mZlavradaa ganviTarebuli, radgan misi ganviTareba Seefardeba kunTebis ganviTarebis xarisxs. saxis nervi tipiuri Sereuli xasiaTis nervia, mamoZravebeli komponentebi nervis SemadgenlobaSi ufro metia, vidre mgrZnobiare (2, 5). specialur SromebSi mocemulia saintereso masala Cliqiani cxovelebis saxis da Suamdebare nervebis morfologiuri Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb. meSvide wyvili nervi Camoyalibdeba saxis 213

(motoruli) da Suamdebare (mgrZnobiare) boWkoebis SeerTebiT. Suamdebare da saxis nervis nazo-medialuri konebi warmoiqmneba saxis nervisagan, xolo kaudo-lateraluri ki Suamdebare nervisagan (1). naklebad aris cnobebi produqtiuli cxovelebis Tavis proeqciul topografiaze. am sakiTxis Seswavla dRes qirurgebis interes iwvevs. cnobilia, rom Zroxis Tavis mfaravi Sreebis da kanqveSa kunTebis inervacia xorcieldeba saxis da samwvera nervebis totebiT. am ori nervis kanis totebi SemaerTebeli totebiT arian dakavSirebuli da sxvadasxva formis da agebulebis wnulebs qmnian. dadgenilia, rom Zroxis saxis nervi iyofa ramdenime totad. safeTqlis midamoSi midis yur-quTuTos nervi, saReW da loyis midamoSi loyis dorsaluri da loyis ventraluri nervebi (3). preparireba Cavatare msxvili rqosani cxovelis eqvs Tavze saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sasoflo-sameurneo universitetis morfologiisa da fiziologiis departamentis anatomiafiziologiis kaTedraze. kvlevis masalad gamoviyene dakluli cxovelebis axali Tavebi. akademikos v.p. vorobiovis mier mowodebuli meTodiT: ,,periferiuli nervebis preparireba wveTovani wylis qveS, sxvadasxva koncentraciis mJaveebis xsnarebiT da binokularuli lupis gamoyenebiT. mcire gamonaklisiT, nervebis mimarTulebasa da ganStoebebSi gadaxrebis gasakontroleblad, gamokvleva mimdinareobda obieqtis orive, rogorc marjvena, ise marcxena mxareze. preparireba zedapirul nervebze xdeboda nervebis daboloebidan Rerosaken, ufro Rrmad mdebare nervebTan ki sapirispiro mimarTulebiT. zedapirul nervebTan upiratesobas vaniWebdi preparirebas centriskenuli mimarTulebiT: 1. radgan es ufro mosaxerxebelia; 2. nervebis calkeuli nawilebi mTlianad pirvandel mdgomareobaSi rCeba da ukeTesad SeiZleba daTvaliereba; 3. advili dasadgenia saxisa da samwvera nervebis makroskipiuli mimarTulebebis gansazRvra; 4. aseve advilad dgindeba calkeuli nervebis kanze gavrcelebis areali (Tumca specialurad kanis nervebze dakvirveba sapirispiro mimarTulebiTac SesaZlebelia (1). cnobilia, rom winamorbedi mkvlevarebi saxis nervs Yyofen: qalas gareTa da qalas SigniTa nawilebad (4). msxvili rqosani cxovelebis saxis nervi (iseve, rogorc wvril rqosan cxovelebSi) anatomo-topografiuli mdebareobidan gamomdinare sam nawilad iyofa: 1. saxis nervis pirveladi, anu sawyisi nawili; 2. ybayura jirkvlis nawili. 3. saxis, anu periferiuli nawili ybayura jirkvlis wina kididan nervis saboloo datotianebamde. igi moicavs im nervul totebs, romlebic vrceldeba oralurad ybayura sanerwyve jirkvlidan cxvir-tuCis sarkemde. damuSavebuli preparatebidan saxis nervis periferiuli nawilidan gamodis yuris kaudaluri, yuris SigniTa, ormucela kunTis, yur-quTuTos da loyis ventraluri nervebi. saxis nervis

214

ybayura jirkvlis nawili aRniSnuli totebis gamoyofis Semdeg grZeldeba oraluri mimarTulebiT, rogorc loyis dorsaluri nervi. loyis dorsaluri nervi 4-8 mm sisqis nervis saxiT gamodis subparotiduli limfuri kvanZis bolodan ybayura sanerwyve jirkvlis qveS da saReW kunTze uerTdeba safeTqlis zedapirul nervs. nervis zoma loyis dorsaluri da safeTqlis zedapiruli nervebis SeerTebis adgilas mozrdil pirutyvSi cxovelis sididis mixedviT 4-7 mm-is farglebSi meryeobda. aRniSnuli nervebis SeerTebis Semdeg loyis dorsaluri nervi miemarTeba oroventralurad qvedaybis areSi da Semdeg suraTs gvaZlevs: 3-7 kanis kunTis nervebi, Sesabamisad kanis nervebi kanis kunTebisaTvis da qvedaybis aris kunTebisaTvis; 2-3 toti yvrimalis kunTisaTvis, romlebic kunTis orive zedapirze gamodis; 2-3 toti, romlebic piris kuTxisa da qvedaybis ventraluri kidis oraluri mesamedisaken miemarTeba da iSleba loyis kunTsa da qveda tuCis damwev kunTSi; Suamdebare totebi, romlebic akavSirebs loyis dorsalur nervs loyis ventralur nervTan. loyis dorsaluri nervis darCenili ZiriTadi Rero, romelic zemoT CamoTvlili ganStoebebis gamo sakmaod susti saxiTaa SemorCenili, gvaZlevs or tots dorsalurs da ventralurs. aRniSnuli totebi zeda tuCisaken miemarTeba, umetes SemTxvevaSi qveda ybis oraluri kidis dorsaluri toti miyveba saxis venas medialuri zedapiriT, xolo ventraluri toti ki dasaxelebuli venis lateraluri mxaris zemoT miemarTeba. saxis venis gareT xdeba loyis dorsaluri nervis totebis blagvidan swor kuTxemde gadajvaredineba. saxis venidan marjvniv orive toti erT Rerod erTiandeba da mTlianad an nawilobriv ifareba yvrimalis kunTiT. aRniSnuli Rero totebs mimarTavs loyisa da yvrimalis kunTebSi, kanis kunTisa da kanisaken. daskvnebi: 1. saxis nervis loyis dorsaluri nervi saReW kunTze uerTdeba safeTqlis zedapirul nervs. 2. nervis zoma loyis dorsaluri da safeTqlis zedapiruli nervebis SeerTebis adgilas mozrdil pirutyvSi cxovelis sididis mixedviT 4-7 mm-is farglebSi meryeobda. 3. loyis dorsalur nervs loyis ventralur nervTan akavSirebs Suamdebare totebi. literatura Literature
1. n.g. milaSvili Txis saxis nervis qalas gareTa nawilis zogierTi anatomiuri

Tavisebureba. agraruli mecnierebis problemebi, samecniero SromaTa krebuli XIV, Tbilisi-2001 w. gv.326-330.

215

2. g.t.

ramiSvili

msxvilfexa

rqosani

pirutyvis

Tvalbudis

nervis

morfologiis

sakiTxisaTvis. mecxoveleobis da beterinariis dargis axalgazrda mecnierTa da specialistTa I respublikuri konferenciis masalebi. Tbilisi-1979 w. gv110-112. 3. g.t. ramiSvili kameCis samwvera nervis anatomiuri Taviseburebani. samecnierosainformacio Jurnali ,,veterinaria, Tbilisi-2000 w. gv.52-54. 4. .. . . \ -. . 7. 1967, . 252-260\\. 5. .. . \\. 2 . . . . . . -. 1982, . 350-351\\.

reziume Zroxis loyis dorsaluri nervis anatomiuri Tavisebureba vaJa qvaWreliSvili, nino milaSvili Zroxis eqvsi leSis masalaze v.p. vorobiovis makro-mikropreparirebis cnobili meTodiT preparatis rogorc marjvena, ise marcxena mxareze Seswavlilia loyis dorsaluri nervis gamosvlis, Tavisa da kanis kunTebSi svlis, datotianebis da aRniSnuli nervidan gamomaval totebs Soris urTierTkavSirebis anatomiuri Taviseburebani. loyis dorsaluri nervi ekuTvnis saxis nervis erT-erT ZiriTad tots. TviT saxis nervi anatomo-topografiuli mdebareobis mixedviT sam nawilad iyofa: 1. saxis nervis pirveladi, anu sawyisi nawili; 2. ybayura jirkvlis nawili; 3. saxis, anu periferiuli nawili ybayura jirkvlis wina kididan nervis saboloo datotianebamde. saxis nervis ybayura jirkvlis nawilidan gamodis yuris kaudaluri, yuris SigniTa, ormucela kunTis, yur-quTuTos da loyis ventraluri nervebi. aRniSnuli totebis gamoyofis Semdeg saxis nervi grZeldeba oraluri mimarTulebiT, rogorc loyis dorsaluri nervi. igi moicavs im nervul totebs, romlebic vrceldeba oralurad ybayura sanerwyve jirkvlidan cxvir-tuCisa da qvedaybis oralur kidemde.

SUMMARY ANATOMICAL PECULIARITIES OF THE COW CHEEK DORSAL NERVE VAJA KVACHRELISHVILI, NINO MILASHVILI On the six cows corpse, as on the right side as well on the left side of the preparation, is studied cheek dorsal nerve coming, its movement in head and skin muscles, ramification and anatomical peculiarities between the branches interconnection of the above mentioned nerve. 216

Cheek dorsal nerve belongs to one of the main facial nerve branch. Facial nerve according to the anatomical-topographical location is divided into three parts: 1. Cheek nerve primary, i.e. initial part; 2. Part of the glandula parotis: 3. Part of the facial nerve, i.e. peripheral part-from the front part of the glandula parotis to the nerve last ramification. From the facial nerve of glandula parotis part comes out: n. auricularis caudalis, n. auricularis internus, n. musculus digastricus, n. auricularis parperbralis and cheek ventral nerves. Facial nerve moves towards the oralis direction, as cheek dorsal nerve. It covers those nerve branches that are spread orally towards the edge of the oralis naso labialis and the lower jaw.

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217


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 , , , , , . . ( ), , , . . , . . , , , . , . . - , , , , , . . . (mikrosporia) , Microsporum: (Microsporum ferrugineum), , Microsporum lanosum, (, ). , ( , .). , , ; . 46 . , , , . , . , . , , 68 . . , , , . 12 , , . 46 , , . , , , . . . , , ( 5 6-8 ) , . , . lanosum, , , . - 219

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, , , . . , , , , , . , ( , . .). . : , , , , , , , , , . - , Candida. , . . Candida , , , . . , , , , . , . 220

 . , , . . , , . , . , (soor), . , . , . , , - . , , . , , . . , . , . , . . ( ) , , . -, . , , . - , . , . , . III IV , , , , , . . . - , , , . , , , . , - . . , , . , , , . -, , , , . . Candida -, . . , , . - , , , , , , , , ., , , , . , .

221

literatura Literature 1. . . , . . , . . .; .... -.:,1986.-256., 2. . . . , , 2001.

reziume sokovani daavadebebi qeTevan burdulaZe

naSromi Seexeba sokovan daavadebebs, maT saxeebs, Ggamovlenis da gavrcelebis formebs. sokovani daavadebebi Zalian gavrcelebulia bunebaSi. igi erTnairad gvxvdeba, rogorc cxovelebSi, aseve adamianebSi. advilad vrceldeba da Zalian Znelad emorCileba mkurnalobas.

, . , , . ; . SUMMARY FUNGOID DISEASES KETEVAN BURDULADZE This article is about fungoid disease and the variety of its conditions. Fungi are the causal agents of different serious diseases. They are parasites on plants, animals as well as for humans. Infections are difficult to treat, several of them may be fatal.

222


.. , .. - .. - .. - , , , . . . , , , . (1) : 0,1-0,2 /, 0,5-2,5 /, 5-6, 6,5-9,0 . () . . 1,6 , 6,5 , 0,5/ 10 (=0,2/, pH=5-6), . , , III . 5% 1%- . . 1.

223

. 1. : I 5% NaOH; II 1% NaOH; III 1% (NH4)4C2O4 60-80% , 0,5% 300 , . (II), (III) (VI) . (II). (II) 1,6 , 6,5 0,5/ , 1 . 2,5/ 200 5%- ( ) 200 0,5%- ( (II). 10 , (II) (2). . 2.
C 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 10 10 N Zn Cu 5% NaOH 5% Na2S2O4

. 2. Zn Cu (II) (/10); N - . (III). (III) : 6,5 , 1,6 , 0,25 1,0 . 224

 0,5 /, 2,5 /. : , (III) 0,2 /, 1 . 10 , (III) (3). . 3.

. 3. Zn Fe (III) (/10); N - . . , , (II), (III) (VI). (VI) . : (VI) 50 . 200 5%- . (II) 200 0,5%- . (II) 150 1%- . 200 0,1%- III. (VII) 50 . . 4.

225

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literatura Literature 1. .., .. . , , . 15, 4, 1989. 2. . . . ,,, 1971. 3. .., .. . 15, 295, 1960. reziume TuTiis ionebis qromatografiuli dacileba klinoptilolitze zogierTi gardamavali liTonebisagan ciala RuduSauri, irina ugrexeliZe, cisana xarbedia, lamara beriSvili

226

dinamikur pirobebSi Seswavlilia TuTiis ionebis eluireba klinoptilolitidan sxvadasxva qimiuri bunebis da koncentraciis eluentebiT: natriumis tute, natriumis Tiosulfati, amoniumis oqsalati da sxv. Seswavlili eluentebis moqmedebis efeqturobis Sedarebam SesaZlebloba mogvca SegvemuSavebina zogierTi gardamavali liTonebisagan klinoptilolitze TuTiis ionebis dacilebis axali qromatografiuli meTodebi da am ionTa narevebis gayofis ramdenime varianti, rac adasturebs klinoptilolitis sorbentad gamoyenebis perspeqtiulobas da SemuSavebuli meTodebis qimiur analizSi gamoyenebis mizanSewonilobas.

SUMMARY CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION ON CLINOPTILOLITE OF MIXTURES CONTAINING ZINK FROM TRANSITION METALS TSIALA GHUDUSHAURI, IRINA UGREKHELIDZE, TSISANA KHARBEDIA, LAMARA BERISHVILI The process of separation of Zink, Copper (II), Iron (III) and Chromium (VI) from Clinoptilolite be elements of different chemical nature and concentration: Sodium base, Sodium Thiosulfate, Complexon III and Ammonium oxalate. The comparison of the efficiency of the action of studied elements permitted to develop new chromatographic methods of Zink separation from the some transition metals on this sorbent and also numerous versions of the separation of mixture of these ions. This investigation approves the perspectives of Clinoptilolite application as a sorbent and the expediency of the use of the worked out methods in the practice of the chemical analysis.

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227

2007 wlis nobelis premia qimiaSi

antonina msxilaZe qimiis menierebaTa kandidati, soxumis universitetis asocirebuli profesori mineda Wanturia qimiis menierebaTa kandidati, soxumis universitetis asocirebuli profesori

2007 wlis nobelis premia qimiis dargSi mieniWa gerhard ertls, berlinis fric haberis institutis maqs plankis sazogadoebis profesors `myari sxeulis zedapirze qimiuri procesebis SeswavlisaTvis. zedapiris qimia ar aris mecnierebis axali dargi. igi warmoadgens mravali bunebrivi da sawarmoo procesis safuZvels. winamdebare Temisadmi interesi gamoikveTa bevr statiasa Tu monografiaSi, periodul gamocemasa Tu saerTaSoriso konferenciebSi. gamyof zedapirze mimdinareobs mTeli rigi fizikur-qimiuri procesebi. maT Soris, heterogenuli katalizi (Tanamedrove qimiuri mrewvelobis safuZveli) zedapirul procesebTan uSualod aris dakavSirebuli, umniSvnelovanesia amiakis sinTezi; momwamlavi CO/NO-s gardaqmna katalizatorebze uvnebel CO2 da N2-ad; mikroeleqtronikaSi ZiriTadi procesi aris zedapirze Txeli naxevargamtaruli fenis Seqmna. koroziisagan dacvis yvela meTodi dakavSirebulia zedapirul procesebTan, aseve zedapiruli reaqciebia yinulovani kristalebze stratosferul RrublebSi antarqtidaze, romlebic ganapirobeben ozonis Sris daSlas da mravali sxva. ukanasknel wlebSi zedapiruli movlenebis qimiis gansakuTrebuli winsvla gamovlinda Tanamedrove mikrosqemebis masobrivi warmoebis teqnologiebis ganviTarebiT. siliciumis firfita Cipi, romelic eleqtrogamomTvleli manqanebis ZiriTadi elementia, sul ufro da ufro miniaturuli xdeba. Cipis zedapiri da ara misi moculoba aris mniSvnelovani logikuri funqciebis Sesrulebisas da sxva elementebTan urTierTqmedebisas. misi zedapiris fardoba moculobasTan swrafad izrdeba. Cipebis zedapiris Sesaqmnelad da Sesaswavlad saWiro gaxda maRali da zemaRali vakuumis teqnikis ganviTareba, kvlevis uaxlesi maRalmgrZnobiare fizikuri meTodebis gamoyeneba - eleqtronuli, infrawiTeli, ultraiisferi, fotoeleqtronuli speqtroskopia da sxva. im periodSi, rodesac ertlma daiwyo Tavisi kvlevebi, es meTodebi cnobili ar iyo. atomebisa da molekulebis fena zedapirze Zalian Txelia, amitom saWiro iyo Zalian mcire raodenobis nivTierebaTa analizi. axali meTodebis gamoyenebam SesaZlebeli gaxada zedapiris qimiis naxtomisebri ganviTareba. 2007 wlis nobelis premiis laureati erT-erTi

228

pirveli iyo vinc gaigo kvlevis axali fizikuri meTodebis potenciuri SesaZleblobebi, srulad daeufla maT, Seqmna da gamoiyena axali meTodologia yoveli calkeuli SemTxvevisaTvis. man Seiswavla wyalbadis mdgomareoba metalis zedapirze problema, romelic didi xania aRelvebda mkvlevarebs, radgan is dakavSirebulia organuli naerTebis katalizur hidrirebasTan da umniSvnelovanes teqnologiur procesTan amiakis sinTezTan. mecnierebi varaudobdnen, rom wyalbadi iseTi metalebis zedapirze, rogoricaa platina da nikeli imyofeba maRalaqtiur atomur mdgomareobaSi, magram mxolod ertlma SeZlo amis damtkiceba. amis Semdeg ertlma moaxdina cnobili katalizuri reaqciis N2 + 3H2 2NH3 meqanizmis problemis garkveva. 1979 wlidan ertli TanamSromlebTan erTad swavlobda realuri katalizatoris zedapirs. man daamtkica, rom metalis zedapirze adsorbirebuli azotis atomebi ierTeben zedapiruli wyalbadis atomebs TanamimdevrobiT erTi meoris miyolebiT da warmoqmnian radikalebs NH-, NH2- da NH3 is molekulebs, romlebic desorbirdeba airad fazaSi. Tanac yvela stadia iwyeba sawyisi nivTierebebis adsorbciiT da mTavrdeba amiakis desorbciiT. amiakis sinTezis malimitirebeli stadia aRmoCnda molekuluri azotis atomebad disociaciis stadia. ra aRmoaCina axali ertlma? misi damsaxurebaa is, rom man faqtiurad `dainaxa yvela stadia da amJamad aRniSnuli meqanizmi savaraudodan gaxda mtkiced dadgenili. axali meTodebiT SesaZlebeli gaxda yoveli axali stadiis energetikuli gansazRvra, rac TiTqmis SeuZlebeli iyo. gamoiyena ra Tavisi meTodologia, ertlma dagrovili gamocdilebiT Seiswavla kidev erTi praqtikulad mniSvnelovani reaqcia CO-s daJangva CO2-mde platinis zedapirze. misma Sromebma sakmaod didi gavlena moaxdina Tanamedrove qimiis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi dargis katalizis Seswavlaze. garda amisa, nobelis komitetis wevrebis azriT, ertlis Sromebma saukeTeso standarti SemoiRo am dargSi kvlevebisaTvis. sawarmoo qimiuri reaqciebis umravlesoba mimdinareobs fazaTa gamyof zedapirze, myari katalizatorebis polimerebis, Tanaobisas, romelTa gareSe SeuZlebelia avtomobilebis sasuqebis, gamonabolqvi wamlebis, gazebis navTob-produqtebis warmoeba,

gasufTaveba, naxevargamtaruli masalebis miReba, koroziis, ozonis Sris daSlis procesebis kvleva. heterogenuli katalizi Tanamedrove qimiuri warmoebis safuZvelia da SemTxvevTi ar aris, rom 2007 wlis nobelis premia mieniWa germanel mecniers, gerhard ertls. nobelis komitetma zedapirul qimiaSi SromebisaTvis araerTi premia gasca. katalizsa da zedapiruli qimiis movlenebis sferoSi SromebisaTvis nobelis premia miiRo: 1909 wels vilhelm ostvaldma `katalizis dargSi misi Sromebis aRiarebisaTvis; 1912 wels pol sebatiem da mis Tanamemamulem viqtor griniarma oficialuri formulirebiT _ `organul naerTTa hidrirebis meTodisaTvis wvrilad daqucmacebuli metalis 229

Tanaobisas, ramac gansazRvra organuli qimiis mniSvnelovani progresi Semdgom wlebSi. wvrilad daqucmacebuli metalebi _ amgvari katalizatorebis gareSe procesis ganxorcieleba SeuZlebeli iqneboda; 1918 wels _ fric haberma `amiakis sinTezisaTvis misi Semadgeneli elementebisagan. es katalizuri procesi dRemde gamoiyeneba warmoebaSi; 1932 wels _ irving lengmiurma `aRmoCenebisa da kvlevebisaTvis zedapiruli movlenebis qimiis dargSi; 2007 wels _ (75 wlis Semdeg) gerhard ertlma zedapiruli qimiis dargis ganviTarebisaTvis. gansakurebiT aRsaniSnavia haberis Sromebi. 1903-1919 wlebSi haberma amiakis sinTezis katalizatoris ZiebaSi gamoikvlia 4000-mde sxvadasxva nivTiereba. es moiTxovda did Zalisxmevas da uprecedento iyo rogorc mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT, aseve praqtikuli Rirebulebis mxriv. am kvlevebma didi gavlena moaxdines msoflios istoriaze. 1914 wlis omis dawyebamde, germania yoveldRiurad awarmoebda 20 tona sinTezur amiaks, rac qveyanas aZlevda wamlebs, sinTezur saRebavebs, sasuqebs, asafeTqebel nivTierebebs (manamde gvarjila SemohqondaT Ciledan). am mecnieruli aRmoCenebis Sedegad germanias mieca SesaZlebloba ewarmoebina xangrZlivi omi, vinaidan 1914 wels britaneTis flotma moaxdina germaniis blokireba da igi ver Semoitanda Ciledan gvarjilas, xolo denTis gareSe germania ver SeZlebda omis gagrZelebas. 1918 wels haber-boSis meTodiT germania awarmoebda 2 mln. tona bmul azots. amerikelma mecnierma irving lengmiurma aRwera zedapiri, romelzec calkeuli atomebi da molekulebi ikaveben gansazRvrul adgilebs Wadrakis dafaze figurebis msgavsad. man daadgina, Tu romeli Zalebi monawileoben adsorbciis prosecebSi da gamoiyvana adsorbciis gantoleba, romelic cnobilia lengmiuris gantolebis saxiT. lengmiuris Semdeg didi xnis ganmavlobaSi zedapiris qimiis SesawavlaSi ar aRiniSneboda gansakuTrebuli progresi. samuSaoebi ZiriTadad empiriuli xasiaTis iyo. zedapiruli movlenebis qimiaSi garRveva moxda bolo aTwleulSi Tanamedrove mikrosqemebis danergviT nanoteqnologiebSi.

literatura Literature 230

1. .., , , 2007 ., 11, .5 2. ., - : , , 2007 ., 11, .19 3. http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/chemistry 4. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2007/info.pdf 5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Ertl

reziume 2007 wlis nobelis premia qimiaSi antonina msxilaZe, mineda Wanturia

statia mimoixilavs 2007 wlis nobelis premiis laureatis gerhard ertlis miRwevebis analizs, rac exeba qimiuri procesebis Seswavlas myar zedapirze. mis mier dadgenil iqna katalizuri reaqciebis: N2+3H22NH3; 2CO+O2=2CO2 meqanizmebi. ganxilulia zedapiris qimia, rogorc mravali bunebrivi da sawarmoo procesis safuZveli, raSic ertlis Sromebma saukeTeso standarti SemoiRo.

SUMMARY NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY IN 2007 ANTONINA MSKHILADZE, MINEDA CHANTURIA The present article discusses the achievements of 2007 Nobel Prize winner in chemistry Gerhard Ertl, who studied Chemical processes in solid surface, ascertained the mechanisms of catalyze reactions N2+3H22NH3; 2CO+O2=2CO2. Surface chemistry, as the basis for many natural and manufacturing processes are also considered, where works of Ertl implemented the best standards.

231

 2007 , 2007 , . . N2+3H22NH3; 2CO+O2=2CO2. , .

232