-2004

.

11371

.
2004

.



.


.

http:// www.emro.who.int/ceha

ii



:
:

) /
(

) (

) (

) (
) (
) (

) / -
(
) - (
) - (
) (

iii

iv

:
1-1
2-1
3-1

3
3
3

:
1-2
2-2

9
15

:
1-3
2-3
3-3 )(
4-3
5-3
6-3
7-3
8-3
9-3

19
19
21
27
29
38
41
55
57

:
1-4
2-4
3-4
4-4
5-4
6-4
7-4
8-4
9-4
10-4
11-4

61
61
62
62
63
63
63
64
64
64
66

 12-4
13-4
14-4

15-4
16-4
17-4 8

66
66
66
69
69
70

:
1-5
2-5
3-5
4-5

71
72
74
74

105

:
:1
:2
:3
:4

108
108
109
109

110

111

vi

.


.


.

.

:1-1
) (.

.
% 80 . % 99
.% 1

.
:2-1

:
:
. .
:
.


.
:
.
.
:3-1 : 1-1

.Total Solids-TS
105
.mg/l

 :1-1

* :
* :
*

/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/ ) (
1000 /
/
/
/
[

] 100

) (

kg/m3
% volume
% mass
ml/l
g/l
mg/l
g/m3
ppm
mol/kg
mol/l
Equiv/1
m equiv / 1
MPN/100ml

:
-
-

Total Suspended Solids-TSS

.
.
Total Filtrable Solids-TFS
) ( Colloidal .Dissolved
Organic
600-550
Volatile Solids VS
Inorganic or Mineral
.Nonvolatile or Fixed Solids NVS
)(
.

2-1 )( .

1 4

 :2-1

120 mg/l

160 mg/l

40 mg/l

220 mg/l
45 mg/l

60 mg/l
15 mg/l
720 mg/l

40 mg/l

50 mg/l
10 mg/l

500 mg/l
160 mg/l

450 mg/l
290 mg/l

:1-3-1
Biochemical Oxygen Demand BOD5
)(
20
Aerobic Microorganisms . 0.66
BOD
. )
( ) N2 CO2(
.
mg/l
) (gram/capita .g/c
Chemical Oxygen Demand COD
) (
. BOD
)( )
5

 (
.
:2-3-1 : :
:pH )(
-
) (pH < 7 ) (pH > 7 ).(pH = 7
pH .
- :
.mg/l
- :
mg/l .CaCO3
- :
.mg/l
- :
mg/l .g/l
:3-3-1 : ppm .mg/l
H2S NH3 CH4
CH3SH, CH3 (CH2)SH mg/l ppm
.

:4-3-1 : )(
Total Coliforms TC
Fecal Coliforms FC " 100
"Most Probable Number Per 100 ml MPN/100 ml :
100
) / (

= MPN/100ml

)(1-1

2-1
3-1 .
:2-1

* (Bacteria) :
E. Coli
Salmonella Typhi
Shigella
Vibrio Cholera
* )(Viruses
Hypatitis A
Norwalk Agent
*
)(Protozoa
Entamoeba Histolytica
* )(Helminths
Ascaris
Enterobius Vericularis
Taenia Saginata
1

 :3-1

* )(TS
)(TDS )(Fixed
)(Volatile
)(TSS )(Fixed
)(Volatile
* )(Settling
* )(BOD5
* )(TOC
* )(COD
* )(T-N
)(Org-N
)(NH3 -N
)(NO2
)(NO3
* ) _ p(

* ) (CL
* ) (SO4
* )(CaCo3
* )(O&G
* )(VOC
* )(TC

mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
Ug/l
MPN/100ml

350
250
145
105
100
20
80
5
110
80
250
20
8
12
0
0
4
1
3
30
20
50
50
<100
106 -107

750
500
300
200
220
55
165
10
220
160
500
40
15
25
0
0
8
3
5
50
30
100
100
100-400
107 -108

1200
850
525
325
350
75
275
20
400
290
1000
85
35
50
0
0
15
5
10
100
50
200
150
>400
108 -109

:1-2
.
1-2 )( .
20

15

]Head - [m

10

40

30

20
]Flow - [l/s

10

0
0

:1-2 ) (

Q )( H:
)(1-2

P=QH / .1000
:
: P .(kW)
: )(.(N/m3)
: Q )( .(m3/s)
: H .(m)
: )( ) (.

 ) (impeller
) .(NPSH NPSHa NPSHr
) (2-2

1 .
Net Positive Suction Head NPSHa
:
' + 2/2g+ hf + h

(z +

o/

= NPSHa

)(2-2

NPSHa
p
o/
z
p
/

:
:
:
:

2/2g
hf
h

:
:
:

.(m)
) ( 10.33 .
.(m)
(m) ) 4 ( 3
.
.(m)
) ( .(m)
) .(m) (

:1-1-2

.
- :Water Pumps Kinetic Pumps:
- 1-
- 2-
- 3-
- 4-
- 5-
- 6-
- 7-

) (
:Radial Flow Centrifugal Pump 30
Submersible Centrifugal Pump .2-2
:Mixed Flow Centrifugal Pump 20
.3-2
) (
:Axial Flow Centrifugal Pump
.4-2
:Pneumatic Ejector
.5-2
:Air Lift Pump
.6-2
:Screw Lift Pump
10 .7-2
:Grinder Pump
.8-2

10

 :2-2 ) (

:3-2 ) (

:4-2 ) (

11

 :5-2

:6-2

12

:7-2

:8-2

13

 - :Sludge Pumps
Positive Displacement Pumps:
- 1- :Piston Pump .
- 2- :Plunger Pump
.
- 3- :Diaphragm Pump
.
- 4- :Rotary Pump 15
150 / .Progressive Cavity Pump
:2-1-2

Wet Well .Bar Screens
.9-2


Pump Cycle Time - tc
. Qo = 2Qi Qo Qi
. :
)(3-2

V = Qi tc / 2 = Qo tc / 4

15-6 tc 10
4.

:9-2

14

 :2-2
:
.Air Blowers .Surface Aerators :1-2-2

1) ( . 10-2 .
) (

.

:10-2

:
)Pb = ART [ (p2/p1)0.283 1 ] / (29.7 ne

)(4-2

:
: Pb .(kW )
: A .(kg/s)
: R .8.314 kJ/k mol oK
o
: T (K) ) (273 + t C.
: t )(.
: n .0.283
: e )( 0.7 .0.9
:p2 (bar)
) (
.
: p1 (bar) 1.

15

 :
O2
)OTE (0.21) (86400

= Wa

)(5-2

:
Wa
O2
OTE

:
:
:

.(kg/s)
.(kg/d)
(%) :
OTE = STE Cs Bp C' f (1.02) t-20
9.17

)(6-2

:
: STE (%) % 7
% 12 .
: Cs (mg/l) 25
.8.2 mg/l
: B )( .0.9
: P 1 .
' : C )( 2mg/l
.
: f )( .0.9
: t ) (.

:2-2-2
)(
.11-2
6-2 ) (:
N = No Cs C' f (1.02)t-20
9.17

)(7-2

:
: N .(kgO2 / hp.hr)
: No 20
.1.25kgO2/hp.hr

:11-2

16

 Brush Aerators 12-2

.

:12-2

17

18

:1-3
:
) ( .
) ( N2 CO2
/ / .
/
.
.
:2-3 :
.
:1-3
-2-3 - )( :Preliminary Treatment

.
.
:
.
-2-3 - :Primary Treatment
BOD )(.
: )( .

19

10

11

 

12

13
14

15
16

-
.1
.2
.3
4

-
.5

.6 )(

-
.7
.8

)( )(

-
.9
.10
-
.11
.12
.13 )(
.14
.15
.16

:1-3 ) (

-2-3 - :Biological or Secondary Treatment

)(
)( . :
)( .
-2-3 - :Tertiary Treatment


. :
20


) (.
-2-3 - :Sludge Treatment
)(
) ( )( .Landfills
:


.


.
) (

.
Odor Control


.
.
:
:Land Treatment


.

.
:
.
:3-3 )(
.
-3-3 - Screens
- I :
.
) 10 5( 2-3 ) 5 1(
3-3 Rakes
. ) (Rotating screens
.

21

 :2-3

:3-3
- II

:1-3

1.5 0.5
4 2.5
10 5
45 30
0.6 0.3
15
< 0.04

cm
cm
cm
degrees
m/s
cm
m3/1000 m3

1 )(3

22

1.5 0.5
4 2.5
5 1
30 0
1.2 0.6
15
< 0.2

-3-3 - ) ( Comminutors
- I :

.4-3

:4-3

.

.

- II

:2-3

)(mm

)(rpm

)(mm

)(hp

)(cm

)(kg

)(m3/d

100

56

0.25

62

79

360

175
175
250
375
625
625
900

56
56
45
37
25
25
15

6
6
6
6
9
9
9

0.25
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.5
1.5
2.0

127
127
135
145
170
205
280

204
204
294
498
951
1586
3850

960
1440
4320
9600
24400
24400
96000

-3-3 - Sand and Grit Chambers or Channels

-I

: ) (

.
Horizontal Flow 5-3
Cyclone or Vortex type 6-3
7-3 )(
.

)(3

23

 :5-3

2
1

:6-3

24

 :7-3
- II

:3-3

)(mm
0.10
0.15
0.21
0.30
0.4
0.6
0.8

)(m3/m2/d
808
1128
1600
2268
3204
4580
6400

)(cm/s
0.9
1.3
1.8
2.6
3.7
5.2
7.3

mesh
150
100
65
48
35
20
18

:4-3

25
8 20
2.5 7
25
1 1.5
35
0.19 0.47
0.004 0.2

(min)
(m)
(m)
(m)
: /
: /
)(m3/min/m tank length
)(m3/1000 m3 sewage

:5-3

1.5
4
0.015

(s)
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m)
(%)
)0.3 mm (50 mesh
)0.24 mm (70 mesh
)0.15 mm (100 mesh

30

1.25 7.5
12
2.75 5
-

)(3

25

95 +
85 +
65 +

-3-3 Equalization Tanks

- I : /
.

-8-3
Off line
-8-3 .
.

.

/

)(

)(

:8-3 ) (

26

 - II
:6-3

m3
hp/m3
mgO2/l.hr

)(

0.01 0.005
15

:4-3 :
)( .
-4-3 - Flotation Tanks
- I : ) (
. ) (
. 6-3

) ( .9-3

:9-3
1

)(4

27

 - II
:7-3

min
%
l/m2. min
min
ml/mg
)(bar

30 15
120 30
16 4
31
0.06 0.005
63

-4-3 - )(
- I :
. 10-3
.
Primary Sludge
. )
( .
) ( ) (
.


Rotary Drum Rotary
Disks .

:10-3 )(

)(4

28

 - III : 8-3 9-3 .

:8-3 )(

m3/m2.d
+ + + hr
m
) (m
) (%
) (rpm
) (m/min
)(m3/m.d
% BOD5
% SS

48 24
24 14
32 22
48 22
2.5 1.5
3.5 2.5
4.5 3.5
48 12
12 8
0.05 0.02
1.2 0.5
180 120
30 25
60 - 40

) :(9-3

cm
m3/m2 . min
% BOD5
% SS

0.02 0.004
0.04 0.006
25 15
30 15

0.02 0.004
2.5 0.6
25 15
30 15

0.004 0.0004
0.04 0.004
35 25
50 40

:5-3
- .
-5-3 - )(Aeration Tanks Reactors
- I :

)( )(
) ( , N2 , CO2
.

:
:Activated Sludge
- 1-I
Diffused Air Surface Aerators
)( )
( .
.11-3
Plug Flow Step Feed Contact Stabilization
- Complete Mix or High Rate Extended Aeration
. Single Stage Nitrification / Denitrification

)(3

29

- 2-I

)( :Aerated Lagoons 12-3

6 3
)( .
.

:11-3 ) (

30

 :12-3 )(
- 3-I

Biological or Trickling Filters

) 105( 13-3
) ( .

) (
.
) (
.
.Humus Tank
) (
. Low
Rate High Rate Tower Filter
.

:13-3
- 4-I

Rotating Biological Contactors - RBC

14-3 ) ( .

31

:14-3
- 5-I

Stabilization Ponds :Oxidation Ponds

. Aerobic

. Facultative 1.25
2
) (
Anaerobic
.
Anaerobic 5-3
) (
.

- 6-I

:Combined Processes
) Suspended Growth ( Attached Growth
) (.
15-3 :
.Activated Biofilter, ABF .Trickling Filter Solids Contact, TF/SC
.Roughing Filter Activated Sludge, RF/AS
.Biofilter Activated Sludge, BF/AS - .Trickling Filter Activated Sludge TF/AS

- 7-I

:Nutrients Removal
) (
Eutrification
.

32

15 -3 ) (
Dual Systems
Five-zone Process 16-3
)( Anoxic )3
33

( ) 12( )( )
(.
BOD SBOD SP
10 BOD TBOD ) TKN
( 5 .10
Sludge Recycle % 100 - 25 Recirculation
) ( .% 400

0.5 / 5/
.

:16-3 ) (
- II

: 10-3 . 11-3
)( . 12-3
. 13-3 . 14-3
. 15-3 . 16-3
.

34

 :10-3
F/M
kg BOD5/kg
ML VSS/d

)(hr

c
)(day

BOD5r kgO2/kg

0.4-0.2

8-4

15-5

1.1-0.8

0.4-0.2

5-3

15-5

1.0-0.8

0.60-0.20

)(1.5-0.5

Qr/Q

MLSS
)(mg/l

kg/kg
BOD5r

3000-1500

0.80-0.50

95

0.5-0.4

90

15-5

1.1-0.8

-0.25
0.50
-0.25
0.75
1.45-0.5

)(3000-1000

3500-2000
*

0.6-0.4

85

2-0.5

0.5-2

10-5

0.9-0.7

1.0-0.25

10000-4000

0.7-0.5

90

0.15-0.05

36-18

30-20

2.4-1.5

1.5-0.75

6000-3000

0.6-0.4

90

0.15-0.05

36-18

30-20

2.4-1.5

1.5-0.5

6000-3000

0.3-0.15

95

:11-3

10-3
6-2
95-80
+

(d)
(m)
(%) BOD5

:12-3

(m3/m2/d) )(kgBOD5/m3 filtr medium/d (m) -

4-1
0.35 0.07
2.5 2

:13-3

40 8
1 - 0.5
2-1

- (m3/m2/d)

0.16 0.08

0.08 0.03

)(kg sol. BOD5/m2 /d

(kg NH3/m2/d) (hr) BOD5(mg/l)
- (mg/l)

0.012 0.004

0.01 0.003

1.5 0.7
30 - 15

0.0014 0.0007
4 1.5
15 7
>2

)(4
)(2

35

 :14-3

50 20
4 2.5
7.2 6.5
50 6
30
600 250
70 - 50
+

*(days) (m) )(pH ) ( ) ( *(kgBOD5/ha/d) ( %) BOD5

*

30 7
21
8.5 6.5
40 0
20
125 40
80 - 60
+

/
10 - 4
1.25 1
10.5 6.5
30 0
20
150 75
95 - 80
+

:15-3

c,d

MLSS,mg/l

)*(

)**(

2-0.5
5-2

F/M
kgBOD5/kgMLVSS.d
1.2-0.5

4000-1500
3000-1000
3000-1500

5-2

1.2-0.5

4000-1500

8-4

0.5-0.2

4000-1500

)*( 0.7 kgBOD5/d.m3

)**( 1.6 kgBOD5/d.m3

:16-3

F/M/
)(c

kgBOD5/kgMLVSS.d
)(d
)(hr

%
%

VIP

0.2-0.1
40-10

0.2-0.1
10-5

2-1
4-2
12-4
4-2
1-0.5
100-50
400

2-1
2-1
4-2.5
100-50
400-200

-5-3 - )( )(
Secondary (Final) Clarification (Sedimentation) Tanks
- I : ) (
)(
17-3

.
1

)(4

)(6

)(2

36

 Secondary Effluent
.

:17-3 )(

) (
.
) ( .
130 200 / / .
- II

:17-3 ) ( ) (

)(m3/m2/d

50
32 16

)(kg/m2/d

240
140 90

)(hr
3.5

6-3.5

16-8

35

125-25

160

6-3.5

24-16

50

125-75

200

2.5

4.5-3

)(m

Carbon Adsorption

20 40 .
.
.

)(3

37

 :6-3 :
-6-3 - Filtration
- I :
)(
)(
.
. :
:Rapid Sand Filter 18-3 ) ( ) (
)( ) (.

:18-3 ) (

38

Pressurized Sand Filter 19-3

.

:19-3 ) (
-

Microstrainer 20-3
.

:20-3

39

 )
(
.
II
18-3 . 19-3

:18-3

(m3/m2/hr)
2
(m )
(cm)
) 0.5(

(cm)

)(m3/m2/hr

(min)

15 5
450 50
100 40
50 30
) (30 ) (200

40 - 30
) (% 2.5
10 4

:19-3

)(m - )(m3/m2.min

35-20
6-3

- )(cm

15-7.5

% 75-70
% 70-60
4.8-2.4

)(m )(m/min -

4.5 8
45-34 15
%2 3
%5 1

20

3

34/

-6-3 - Disinfection
- I :
:
-

Cl2 ) NaOCl :(Ca (OCl)2

)
(

) (THM .
Dechlorination .
SO2 H2O2
0.9/ SO2 1 .

:O3
O2

)(4

40

 .O3
.
UV .21-3
1.5 0.75 2 1.5

253.7 .
)(
.

:21-3
- II
-

: :
: 20 40 pH

.
:
.

:7-3

.
-7-3 - Thickening
- I :
. Gravity
Thickening Dissolved Air Flotation Thickening DAF
.22-3
.

.

) (
) (.

)( ) 3 6(



41

 Skimmers .

.
.

:22-3 )(
II : 20-3 . -3
21 .
:20-3

)(kg/m2/d
150 100
50 40
80 30
35 20
85 45

- +

)(%


10 8
5.5 2.5
63
41
3 2.5
1.3 0.5
32
1 0.25
8 - 4.5
4.25 2.25

:21-3

: / (%)
(bar)
)( (min)
)( (min)
)(kg solids/m2/d

)((2-5) g/kg DS
(m3/m2/d)
(%)
)(%) (Solids Capture Recovery

1 )(3

42

41
63
41
20 12
350 120
1000 650
200 15
8-4
90 - 75

-7-3 - Aerobic Digestion

- I :
) ( )(
) ( ) ( .
) (
.
.23-3
) ( .

:23-3
- II

:22-3

)( ) (20(days)


+
(kg VSS/m3/day)
(kgO2/kg VSS/d)
) (m3air/hr/m3 digester

+
) ((hp/m3)
(%)

15 13
18 16
22 - 18
3 1.5
3 1.5
2.3 1.25
43
0.04 0.03
50 40

-7-3 - Anaerobic Digestion

- I :
) (
.

.
24-3 Standard
High Rate )
( .
.

1 )(3

43

 :24-3
- II

:23-3

)( (days)
(kg VSS/m3/d)
(m3/capita)

+
+
(%)
:
)(m3/kg VSS destroyed
(%)

-7-3-
-I

60 30
1.5 0.5

20 10
5 1.5

0.10 0.06
0.15 0.12
0.18 0.12
60
0.65

0.06 0.04
0.12 0.08
0.12 0.08
50
0.53

65

65

) ( Centrifugation
:
.


.25-3

.
.Solid Bowl Centrifuge

1 )(2

44

 :25-3
- II

:
.
% 35 - 10 .
Solids Capture % 90 - 75 .

-7-3 - ) ( Vacuum Filtration

- I :
)( 26-3
.
)(
Cake
.
.

:26-3

45

- II

:24-3

)(%
)(kg DS/m2/hr
35 25
60 20
30 25
40 20
30 20
30 20
25 10
25 20
15 10
17 12

+ + -

-7-3 - Filter Press

- I :
20 10
27-3
.
3 2

.
% 50
.

:27-3
- II

:25-3

+ ) +(

-7-3-
-I

)(%
CaO
FeCl3
10
5
15
5
15
7.5
10
5

)(hr
2
3
2.5
2

)(%
45
45
40
45

Belt Filtration
:

28-3

.
50 1 .

1 )(2

46

:28-3
- II

:26-3

) +(
) +(
) + (

)(%

)*(
)(kgDS/m/hr
600 350
250 100

)(gr/kgDS
51
82

35 25
20 12

93

650 160

82

45 18

63

600 160

82

40 - 20

10 3
31

)(%

)*( 1 .

-7-3 - Drying Beds

- I :

29-3 .30-3

1 )(2

47

 :29-3

75

(0.2-0.3)%

30

1
2

:30-3
20 40 30


.
15 7
.% 50
- II

:
.

48

-7-3 - Lime Stabilization

- I :
. pH 12 .
)( ) (

. Ca(OH)2 CaO
.
) (
.
- II

:27-3

4.3
63
1.3
1.5 1
6.5
76
2.7
4.5 1

/Ca(OH)2

240
340 120
600
860 420
380
500 280
400
1020 180

-7-3 - Heat Treatment

- I :
.
260 27 )
( 30
.

.
- II :
.
-7-3 - Composting
- I :

)(
.
Bulking Agents .
Aerated
Static Piles Windrows .31-3
% 50 40
.

49

) (

)(1.21.5m
)(1.22m

)(4.3m

:31-3

50

- II

:28-3

(days) (days) (m) (m) - : /

28 21
40 30
2.5 2
5 3.5

) (% 30

28 20
21
42

) (5



) (% 30

)
( ) (% 50 40
)
( ) (
.
-7-3 - Incineration
:
-I
) % 10 (
Incinerators Multiple Hearth Incinerator
32-3 Fluidized Bed Incinerator .33-3
.

1 )(4

51

:32-3 ) (

52

:33-3 ) (
:
- II
4 % 40 30 60
.
-7-3 - Types and Specifications of Sludge
:29-3



*
*
*

*
* /

*
*
*

*
*
*

* /
*
1

%
5 0.5

2.5 0.3
1.5 0.25
4 0.5

10 2
51

6 1.5
8 1.5
15 2

)(6

53

7 1.5
4 0.5
10 1.5

25 10
40 20

-7-3 -
34-3 30-3

3800 .

) (

:34-3 ) (

54

 :30-3 3800

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

) /(
590
531
236
213
744
490
563
517
517
59
23
32
222
45
73

) / 3(
30
13
47
7
21
10
11
3
3
16
40
11
8
1.2

%
2
4
0.5
3
3.6
5
5
18
18
mg/l 3650
mg/l 570
mg/l 3100
mg/l 5500
-

-7-3 - Pollutants In Wastewater Sludge

:31-3 ) (

30
3.2
920
140
2.3
1.1
0.24
3.9
1.1

%
%
ppm
ppm
%
%
%
%
%
/

10
5
500
1740
850
82
16
890

8-3 Odor Control

-8-3 - Wet Scrubbing
- I :
.H2S
Headworks
Wet Scrubbers 35-3

. ) (
1

)(6

55


.


.

:35-3

- II

:
) ( 60 20.

-8-3 - Activated Carbon

- I :

.36-3


NaOH .KOH

56

:36-3 ) (
- II

:
1 300 .
)( ) (
.Compost

:9-3 :
.
37-3 .

57

-
-

:37-3 ) (

58

-9-3 - Slow Rate Land Treatment

- I :
-
. :
.
.
) 2 1(
.
.
- II : )(
.
Cash Crops
:

)(1-3

LAp = ET + SP PR

:
:LAp .
: ET Evapotranspiration .
: SP .
: PR .

.

-9-3 - Rapid Infiltration

- I :
. Spreading Basins .Sprinklers
% 50 .
- II : 120
.
-9-3 - Overland Flow
- I :
2 % 8 0.6
.

.
.
II
:32-3

)(
: dday
:hr hour
:wk week

cm/d

m3/m.hr

3 0.9
4 1.4
3.3 1.3
6.7 2.8

0.12 0.07
0.12 0.08
0.10 0.03
0.20 0.10

)(6

59

hr/d
12 8
12 8
18 8
12 8

d/wk

75
75
75
75

45 36
36 30
50 40
36 30

60

1

- 1-4



.

)
(
.

.
- 2-4
- :
) (. . )( . . )( . -
) (
) ( .
) (.
- )(
.

) ( .
:
. )( . " " . ) ( .
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1 5 6 7

61

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. . . . - .

62

.
.
.

.

- 5-4

. .
) (. . . . .
.

- 6-4

.
.
. . ) ( .
.
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. . .
.

- 7-4
. . . 90. )( 90 .
. 90. . .

63

 - 8-4
.
) ( .
. ) (.
.
)( . . . . . . ) ( .
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. . . 2.1 . . .
. . . . .
. . . . - 10-4
-

NH3
)(
.
Cl2

- .
ClO2

.
SiR2O

64

.
Fe Cl3

- .
FeSO4, 7H2O
.
HCl

.
H2O2

.
CaO

pH

.
O3

.
KMnO4

.
NaHS

pH .
NaOH

pH .
NaOCl

.
SO2

pH
.
H2SO4
pH .

65

 - 11-4
:1-4

- 12-4
:2-4

A
B
C
D

- 13-4

.
:
-1
:Grab Sample
.
: pH
.
:Composite Sample
-2
) 24 ( . .
.
.
.
: .
) 24
(
.

.
- 14-4

1 )(2

66

 :3-4

)
(

) (


) (

67

BOD
TSS
pH
pH
DO
To
BOD
TSS
pH
DO
FC
Cl2, r
BOD
TSS
pH
TKN
NH3
BOD
TSS
DO
pH
TS
VS
BOD
TS
pH
DO
To
NH3
NO3
BOD
TSS
DO
FC
Cl2,r
pH
NO3
NH3
TS
VS
BOD
TSS
pH
DO
To
TSS
VSS
NO3
TSS
BOD
TSS
DO
FC
Cl2,r
pH

BB
PP
PC
PC
PC
PC
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PC
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PC
PC
PP
PP
PC
PC
PC
PC
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PC
PC
PC
PP
PP
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP

)(b

1/wk
1/wk
D
D
D
D
D
1/wk
1/wk
D
D
D
D
1/wk
1/wk
D
1/wk
1/wk
1/wk
1/wk
DD
D
1/wk
Da
Da
Da
D
D
1/wk
1/wk
Da
Da
Da
D
Da
Da
1/wk
1/wk
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
D
D
Da
Da
1/wk
Da
Da
Da
D
1/wk
D
D

C
C
G
G
G
G
C
C
C
G
G
G
C
C
G
G
G
C
C
G
G
C
C
C
C
G
G
G
G
G
C
C
G
G
G
G
G
G
C
C
C
C
G
G
G
C
C
G
C
C
C
G
G
G
G

TKN
NH3
NO2
NO3
TS
VS
pH

To

pH


TS
VS
TKN
TS
TSS
BOD
CH4 CO2
TS
VS
pH
NO3, NH4

pH
To
DO
NO3, NH4
TS
VS

TS
VS
NO3, NH4
pH
TS
TSS
NO3, NH4
BOD

PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PP
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PP
PP
PC
PP
PC
PC
PC
PP
PP
PC
PP
PC
PC
PC
PC
PP
PP
PP
PC
PC
PP
PP
PP
PC
PP
PP
PP
PC

1/wk
1/wk
1/wk
1/wk
D
D
D
1/wk
D
1/wk
1/wk
D
1/mo
1/wk
D
D
1/wk
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
1/wk
1/wk
D
D
D
1/wk
D
D
1/wk
1/wk
D
D
1/wk
D
D
D
1/wk
D

)(6

: a / .
) D : (b
C
G
PC )(
PP
1/wk
1/mo

68

G
G
G
G
C
C
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
C
C
C
G
C
C
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
C
C
G
G
C
C
G
G
C
C
G
C

- 15-4

:4-4

BOD
COD

)(a
P,G
P, G

)(ml
-

4oC, 0.008 % Na2S2O3
4oC, 0.008 % Na2S2O3

6
6

P,G
P,G
P,G
P,G
P,G
P,G
P,G
P,G
P,G
P
P,G

100
200
400
1000
100
50
500
500
500
300
100

P,G
P, G

25
500

4 oC
4 oC
o
4 C, H2SO4 to pH <2
4 oC
o
4 C, H2SO4 to pH<2
4 oC
4oC, NaOH to pH>12
HNO3 to pH<2
H2SO4 to pH<2
4oC, H2SO4 to pH<2

14
14
28
48
28
28

48
14
28
6

pH

4 oC
500
P,G

4oC, pH=5 to 9
G, TLC

HNO3 to pH<2
P, G

= P: = G = BT = TLC
)(a

- 16-4

28
24
40
6

:5-4

PO4, SS, BOD

)(

PO4, SS, BOD

PO4, SS, BOD

)(

PO4, SS, BOD

SS

H2S, SS, BOD

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PVC
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. .
20 15 pH . 7
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69

PO4

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8
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:
:
NH4-N < 2 mg/l ; TP < 2 mg/l ; NO3-N > 7 mg/l
Recirculation 2/.

2/.
:
; NH4-N < 2 mg/l ; TP < 2mg/l ; BOD5 > 30 mg/l
NO3-N < 2mg/l
. .
:
; NO3-N < 5mg/l
NH4-N < 3 mg/l ; TP < 2mg/l ; BOD5 > 25 mg/l
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pH .
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= %10 -= %5

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105

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2-3

3-3

)(

4-3

5-3

6-3

.4

.5

.6 V

.7

.8

.9






.10
-10

106

-10

107

:1

Acetaldehyde
Allyl mercaptan
Ammonia
Amyl mercaptan
Benzyl mercaptan
Butylamine
Chlorine
Cadaverine
Chloropheneol
Dibutylamine
Dimethylamine
Dimethyl sulfide
Diphenyl sulfide
Hydrogen Sulfide
Methylamine
Ozone
Pyridine
Scatole
Sulfur dioxide
Throcresol
Thiophenol
Triethylamine

)(ppm
0.004
0.00005
0.037
0.0003
0.00019
0.01
0.00018
0.016
0.047
0.001
0.000048
0.00047
0.021
0.001
0.0037
0.0012
0.009
0.0001
0.000062
0.08

ppm 2

)(

:2

=
*
*
*
)Mercaptans (Thiols*
=
-

1 5 6

)(6

108

 :3

Cl2

NaOCl
Ca(OCl)2

ClO2

H 2O 2

KMnO4

O3

:4

ClO2


NH3

)**(
1
2
3
4
5
6

5
3
4
1
2
6

)**( 1 6.

)(6

109


Comminutors
Drying Beds
Equalization Tanks
Flotation Tanks
Aerated Lagoons
Spreading Basins
Composting
Infiltration
Wet Scrubbing
Dechlorination
Nutrients removal
Rotary Drum
Rotary Disks
Carbon adsorption
Wet Well
Oxidation Ponds
Stabilization Ponds
Eutrification
Lime Stabilization
Contact Stabilization
Vacuum Filtration
Belt Filtration
Incineration
Disinfection
Step feed
Thickening
Extended Aeration
Plug flow
Overland flow
Horizontal Flow
Cyclone flow
Primary Sludge
Waste Activated Sludge (WAS)
Activated Sludge
Return Activated Sludge (RAS)
Net Positive Suction Head
Humus Tank
Pump Cycle Time
Helminths

110

Mixed Liquor
Colloidal
Odor Control
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5)
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
Total Coliforms (TC)
Sludge Age
Grab Sample
Composite Sample
Grit Chambers
Cell Residence Time
Fecal Coliforms (FC)
Aerobic Microorganisms
Rakes
Activated Carbon
Sprinklers
Tower Filter
Trickling Filters
Bar Screens
Rotating Screens
Water pumps
Submersible Centrifugal Pump
Axial Flow Centrifugal Pump
Mixed Flow Centrifugal Pump
Air Lift Pump
Land Treatment
Primary Treatment
Preliminary Treatment
Tertiary Treatment
Sludge Treatment
Biological Treatment
Filter Press
Aerated Static Piles
Windrows
Rotating Biological Contactors
Anoxic Zone
Dual Systems
Surface Aerators
Brush Aerators
Volatile Solids (VS)
Total Suspended Solids (TSS)

111

Total Filterable Solids (TFS)

Nonvolatile or Fixed Solids
Total Solids (TS)
Bulking Agents
Landfills
Centrifugation
Evapotranspiration
Nitrification
Total Keldjal Nitrogen (TKN)
Denitrification
Suspended Growth
Attached Growth
Air Blowers
Anaerobic Digestion
Aerobic Digestion
Diffused Air

( )

112


-1

1996

-2

.
2000

-3

1997
Metcalf & Eddy
Wastewater Engineering: Treatmant , Disposal , and Reuse
Mc Graw Hill Co., USA, 3rd Edition 1991

4-

Tillman, M.
Wastewater Treatment Troubleshooting and Problem Solving

5-

Operation of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants

Water Pollution Control Federation , USA , 1994

6-

-7 )( .ACE

113