Eukaryotic cell structure

The Cell factory

 Organelles
 Highly specialized structures within the cell  Little organs

 2 major divisions of the eukaryotic cell

 Nucleus
 The brain  DNA

 Cytoplasm
 Portion outside the nucleus but inside the cell membrane

2 types of Eukaryotic cells

 Plant cells  Animal cells  What are the differences? (write them down!!!)

Nucleus
 Brain of the cell  Office of the factory  Contains nearly all the cells DNA and with it the coded instructions for making PROTEINS and other important molecules

Nuclear envelope
 Surrounds nucleus  Made of 2 membranes  Dotted with thousands of nuclear pores
 How do we get messages, instructions and blueprints out of the office?  Allow material to move in and out of nucleus by using little runners such as proteins, RNA and other molecules

Inside the nucleus we see

 Contain a granular material called  CHROMATIN
 Chromatin= DNA + protein  Usually spread out in nucleus  During cell division, chromatin clumps together or condenseswe call this.  CHROMOSOMES

Chromosomes
 Threadlike structures that contain genetic information that is passed on from one generation to the next

Nucleolus
 Small dense region inside the nucleus  Function: assembly of ribosomes begin

Ribosomes
 Most important function of cell is
 Making proteins  Proteins regulate a zillion different things  Like

 Proteins are assembled ON Ribosomes  Ribosomes are small particles of protein & RNA (whats RNA?)  They follow instructions from the nucleus to make proteinsfollow the orders from the head haunchos in the main office  Scattered throughout the cell  They are like little factories  If a cells main function is making proteins, how many ribosomes are you going to have?

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

 Internal membrane system  The site where the lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled, along with proteins and other materials exported from the cell  2 types
 Smooth ER  Rough ER

Rough ER
 Involved in protein making (synthesis)  So what are we going to see on it?
 ribosomes

 Once a protein is made, it leaves the ribosome and goes into the Rough ER  The rough ER then modifies the protein  All proteins that are exported by the cell are made on the RER  Membrane proteins are made on the RER too

Smooth ER
 NO ribosomes on it  Looks smooth  Contains collections of ENZYMES that have specialized tasks
 What do enzymes do?

 Tasks include:
 Synthesis of membrane lipids  Detoxification of drugs  Liver cells
 Big in detox therefore.what do u think liver cells have a lot of?

Golgi Apparatus
 Discovered by Italian scientist Camillo Golgi  Once proteins are done being modified in the RER, they move onto the Golgi apparatus  Looks like a stack of pancakes  Function: modify, sort, and package proteins modify, sort, and other materials from the ER for STORAGE or SECRETION outside the cell
 Proteins are shipped to final destination

 They are the CUSTOMIZATION SHOP

 Finishing touches on proteins before they leave factory

Lysosomes
 (Lie-so-soh-mz) (Lie-so-soh The factorys clean-up crew clean Its an Organelle filled with enzymes  Function: Digestion (break down) of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into smaller molecules that can be used by the cell  Also digest organelles that have outlived their usefulness

What do you think happens if lysosomes malfunction?

 A bunch of junk build up in the cell  Is this good?  Many human diseases result from malfunction of lysosome
 Tay-Sachs disease Tay-

Vacuoles
The factorys storage place Only in certain cells SacSac-like organelles Function: stores material such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates  Plant cells have a single, large central vacuole    
 Pressure of central vacuole allows plants to support heavy structures

SingleSingle-celled organisms and some animals also have vacuoles

 Paramecium
 Contractile vacuole  Contracts rhythmically to pump excess water outthis maintains what?
 homeostasis

What is the one thing all living things need to eat, breath, reproduce, move and much more?

ENERGY!!!!

Two ways cells get energy

 From food molecules  From the sun

Mithochondria
 Convert chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convienent for the cell to use  Has 2 membranes
 Inner membrane  Outer membrane

 Nearly all come from the ovum

 You get your mitochondria from your mom!

Chloroplasts
 Capture energy from the sunlight and convert it into chemical energywhat is this process called?
 PHOTOSYNTHESIS

 Like solar power for plants  2 membranes  Inside: large stacks of other membranes that contain chlorphyll

Organelle DNA
 Chloroplasts and mitochondria contain their own genetic info
 In form of small DNA molecules

Lynn Margulis
 American biologist  Chloroplasts and mitochondria are descendents of prokaryotes

She said
 Ancient Prokaryotes from wayyyyy back in the day had a symbiotic relationship with the ancient eukaryotes
 What is symbiotic? (review ecology!!!)

 The prokaryotes lived inside the eukaryotes  There were prokaryotes that used oxygen to make energy (ATP)
 Mitochondria

 There were prokaryotes that used photosynthesis to get energy

 Chloroplasts

Endosymbiotic Theory
 Idea that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from prokaryotes

Cytoskeleton
 Supporting structure and transportation system  Network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain its shape and to help the cell move  2 main type of filaments
 Microtubules  Microfilaments

Microfilaments
      Threadlike structures Made of protein called ACTIN Extensive networks Tough, flexible framework Help cells move Assembly and disassembly helps cells move (like amoebas)

Microtubules
    Hollow structures Made of proteins called TUBULINS Maintain cells shape Important in cell division
 Make mitotic spindle (separates chromosomes)

 Help build projections from cell surface

Cilia and Flagella

 Plural: cilium and flagellum  Enable cells to swim rapidly through liquid  Like oars of a boat

Centrioles
 Only animal cells  Made of protein TUBULIN
 What else is made of tubulin?

 Near nucleus  Help organize cell division

                   

Antwon van Leeuwenhook Robert Hook Cell Theory Electron microscope Prokaryote Eukaryote Organelles Cytoplasm Nuclear envelope Chromatin Nucleus Ribosome Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum Course adjustment knob Fine adjustment knob Proteins DNA Contractile vacuole Central Vacuole

                 

Golgi apparatus Lysosome Vacuole Mitochondrian Chloroplast Cytoskeleton Centriole Mictrotubule Microfilament Theodor Schwann Matthias Schleiden Rudolph Virchow Lynn Margulis Endosymbiotic Theory Cilia Flagella Photosynthesis TayTay-Sachs disease