Manushya Sareeram

a\pjy icocw Hcp AXv`pX krjvSn-
Fw.Fw. AIv_
\nv Hm^v {Sqv
manushya sareeram oru adbudha shristi (malayalam) author: m.m. akbar first edition: april 1998 second edition: november 2002 publishers: niche of truth, kalabhavan road, kochi-18. cover page: yoonus.k.k type setting: creative media printing: screen offset, cochin-18
Cu- tem-In-s\m-cp- {kjv-Sm-hp-v Po-h- \-Inhmbp-hpw- shhpw- ku-Icy-sSp-n- `q-an-sb Po-hn-XtbmKyam-n-b ]caIm-cp-Wn-I\m-b {kjv-Sm-hv- \mw- Chn-sS Fs\ Po-hn-Wsapw- Cu- Po-hn-Xn-s-d ]caeywFspw- Zq-Xm- ap-tJ\ {kjvSm-hv- \s ]Tn-n-p.- \psS Po-hn-Xn-s-d IWv- acWtijw- \mw- {kjvSm-hn-sd ap-n- t_m-[n-n-tn-hcpw.- Av- ]p-Wyw- sNbv-Xh\v\bpw- ]m-]w- sNbv-Xh\v- Xn-bpw- {]Xn-êw- In-pw.- AXn\m- {kjv-Sm-hv- Xs-d Zq-Xcn-eq-sS \-In-b \n-tZia\p kcn-v- Po-hn-p-Ibm-Wv- a\p-jy-s-d cm-am-Kw.\p-sS tem-I {kjvSm-hv- \-In-b \n-tZi kw-ln-XbmWv- Jp-B.- ap-lZv- \_n-bn-eq-sS Ah- B ktiwa\p-jy-sn-p-sIm-Sp-p.- CXdn-hcpw- Adn-bm- hcpw- \ap-n-Sbn- Dv.- tem-Isc ap-gp-h- {kjv-Sm-hn-sd ktiadn-bn-- AXdn-hcp-sS _m-[y-Xbm-Wv.- AXn \m-bn- cq-]o-Ir-Xam-b Hcp- {]kv-Ym-\am-Wv- \n-v- Hm-^v- {Sqv.\m-Ym-...- kXy-aX kti {]Nm-cWn-\p- thn-bp hn-\o-Xam-sbm-cp- kw-cw-àm-Wn-Xv.- \o- G-]n- DchmZn-n-s-d \n-hlWn-\p-thn-bp- Ffn-b {iaw.CsXm- c p- {]Xn- ^ em- l am- b {]h- \am- b n- kzo- I cntWta (Bao).-
Rs: 70
UbdIv-S-
XmfpIfn...
1. kzw icocspdnv ]TnpI! 2. Hcp Ipnsd P\\w 3. P\\n\p appw ]npw 4. Htcsbmcp tImin\nv 5. IeI- tIm-iq-m-bv-aI6. AkvYnI icocnsd Xmv 7. t]inI icocnse sXmgnemfnI 8. Pohhmbphnsd ]mXbn 9. cIvXsa ISpImc 10. Zl\n-\p- ]n-n 11. ipoIcWn\p kwhn[m\ 12. kvYnXnkvYncX \ne\nphm 13. Adnhnsd hmXmb\ 14. icocn\Is tI_nfpI 15. _pnbpsS tI{w; \nb{Wnsdbpw 15. [anI amKZi\w 11 15 39 44 54 58 67 74 81 94 104 108 114 131 135 151
Hv
kzw icocspdnv ]TnpI!

"]p Kme shhpw Ggp _m tkmpImhiyamb sImgppw HXn\mbncw s]knepIpnse Im_Wpw cmbncn Ccpqdv XosntmepIfnep t^mkv^dkpw kmam\yw hensbmcp BWnbnse Ccppw Hcp tImgnqSv shbSnm\mhiyamb Npmpw A]w k^dpw saKv\ojyhpsamw icnbmb A\p]mXn Iqnpgm a\pjyicocambn amdn''. lhmUnsd kmam\yw ZoLamb Hcp IhnXbn\nv Xzimkv{XPvR\mb kn.C.Fw. tPmUv DcnXmWnXv. FmWv a\pjyicocsa tNmZyn\v ssPhckX{PvR\v \Im Ignbp kmam\yamb DcamWnXv. Fm Cu Dcw bYmY Dcasv ckX{PvR\pXs \mbn Adnbmw. ImcWw, GXm\pw cmk]ZmYfpsS koWamb kwbpIvXsaXnep]cnbmbn {]]nses Ip]nSn nStmfw AXy[nIw koWhpw AtXmsSmw AXv`pX Ichpamb krjvSnbmWv a\pjys\ hkvXpX Fmhcpw AwKoIcnpXmWv. a\pjyicocspdn ]T\sfmw
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kzw icocspdnv ]TnpI
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C\nbpw Hcp]mSv Imcy icocspdnv a\nemt Xmbn Dv F hkvXpX shfnsSppXmWv Fp XmWv hmkvXhw. kzw icocspdn ]T\n\v a\pjyt\mfwXs ]ghpapsp thWw IcpXm. \mKcnIXIfpsS apfbn Xs a\pjyicocspdn ]T\fpsS {]mKvcq] ImWm Ignbppv. Fns\bpw Ipdnv a\nempIsb a\pjy[njWbpsS kzm`mhnIXbpsS êambncnmw CXv. kzspdn ]T\stmse a\pjyv BXvakwXr ]vXn \Ip asmcp AdnhpansXn\membncnmw BZna a\pjy apX kzicocspdnv Adnbm {iansXv IcpXm \ymbapv. {]KXv`\mb tXmakv sPt^gvk ]dXpt]mse "kzw icocsas\ {]hnppshv a\nempIbmWv a\pjy\v Ghpa[nIw BXvakwXr]vXn \Ip Adnhv' FXtm hmkvXhw. a\pjyicocs Hcp b{ambn ]cnI]npsImv ]T\ n\v hnt[bammdpv. imcocnI {]h\sfmw ùXn I \nbav hnt[bamWv; AtXmsSmwXs Hcp b{ stmse {]h\v AXv DuPs {]tbmP\ sSppIbpw sNpp. Cu AYn a\pjyicocw Hcp b{amsWv thWsan ]dbmw. Fm, djy imkv{X PvR\mb F. jvhmSvkv ]dXpt]mse "AXniIvXhpw kqWhpamb Hcp b{tm \qdncn sas \nebnemWv a\pjy \nansncnpXv ' Fp hkvXpX adcpXv. a\pjyicocspdn hopw hopap ]T\ ImWnpXv jvhmSvknsd "\qdncn' F {]tbmKtm koWamWv icocsa bmYmYyamWv. icocs samambn Hcp b{ambn IcpXmsan AXn\ Is Hmtcm Ahbhsfbpw Hmtcm b{fmbn IcptX nhcpw. At\Iw b{ tNpmb AXnkoWamb Hcp b{amWv a\pjyicocsav ]dbpXmhpw Atm icn. icocb{nse Ahbhb{sfmw ]ckv]cw _\v[ smWv AhbpsS [a \nhlnpXv. AhbhfpsS
Cu ]mckv]cyw AXnkqvahpw AtXmsSmw AXoh ko WhpamWv. a\pjyicocs Hcp b{ambn ]cnI]np pshn AXns\ AXnkoWamb Hcp AXv`pXb{w Fp hntijnnpXmhpw icn. Fm, F{XXs koWamb b{amsWnepw AXns\mpw {]ISnnphm Ignbm H\h[n khnti jXI icocn\ps hkv X pX adcpXv . Poh\pw NnmiIvXnbpw BkzmZ\n\p Ignhpw hnImc{]IS\hp samw Chbn NneXp am{XamWv. AXpsImpXs icoc s Hcp b{ambnmWpXv A_amsW hmZhpw \ne \nppv . ùXnInse \yqtmWnb hnhamWv {]]nse Fns\bpw b{ambnmWp {]hWXv XpSanXv Fpw {]kvXpX hnhw ]g\mbntmbXp t]mse icocs b{ambnmWp coXnbpw A{]kIvXam bngnnpspw hmZnsSpp. a\pjyicocsIpdn ]T\sfmwXs AXnsd {kjvSmhnsd APXsbpdnv \s IqSpX IqSpX sXcysSppIbmWv sNpXv. {]]hpw AXnse {]Xn`m kfpsamw tIhe bmZrivNnIXbpsS krjvSnbmsWv hmZnphcpv. \s-m henb Hcp AkvXnXznsdbpw BkvXnIyw AwKoIcnmXncnpIsb Almcnsd D]w am{XamWohmZw. {]]nse sNdpXpw hepXpamb {]Xn`mksfpdnsmw hkv X p\njv T ambn ]Tnp GsXmcmpw AXn\p ]nnep Hcp Bkq{XIs\ \ntj[n m Ignbn. a\pjyicocstmsebp AXnko Wamb krjvSnIfpsS Imcysaptm Cu Bkq{XIsd ssh`hw \apv IqSpXembn t_m[yamhpIbmWv sNpXv. amXmhnsd K`mibn\Is {`qWnsd Lfm bp hf apX icocnse hyXykvXfmb hyhkvY IfpsS ]mckv]cyw hsc Hmtcm cwKpw ImWm Ignbp AXnkqvahpw hnZKv[hpamb kwhn[m\ {kjvSmhnsd APXbpw A\yq\Xbpw hyIvXampIbmWv sNpXv. AXpsImpXs, kzsbpw Npp]mSpIsfbpw Ipdnv
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]TnpsImv {kjvSmhnsd AkvXnXzspdnv a\nem m\pw Ah\v kzw PohnXs kanphm\pamWv ssZhnI{K\vYnsd A\pimk\. JpB ]dbpXv ImWpI: "P\tf, \nsfbpw \nfpsS apKmanIsfbpw krjvSn \nfpsS \mYs\ \n Bcm[nphn; \n tZmj_m[sb kqnphm thn'. (2:21) "krjvSnImhmb \nsd \mYsd \man hmbnp I. a\pjys\ Ah {`qWn\nv krjvSnncnpp.'' (96:1,2) "Xobmbpw \mamWv \nsf an\npw ]noSv _oP n\npw ]noSv {`qWn\npw ]noSv cq]w \Is Xpw cq]w \IsSmXpamb amwk]nWvUn\npw krjvSnv''. (22:5).
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Hcp Ipnsd P\\w

\mw \spdnsmv Nnnp t\pI. \psS P\\ obXnv ]pamkp apv \sfmw Bcmbncpp? ]nXmhnsd P\t\{nbnse Hcp _oPhpw amXmhnsd P\t\{nbnse Hcp AWvUhpambn, XnIpw A]cnNnXam b cp A[tImifmbncpp \mw. Cu A[tImisf kwtbmPnnpIbpw {]tXyIamb ]cncWn hfn smphcnIbpw sNbvXXn\p ]nn A\v[amb bmZrNvOn IXb; {]XypX, Hcp kqvaPvRm\nbpsS Bkq{XW ssh` hamWv Nnnphv ImWm IgnbpXv. {]Xyp]mZ\ n\mhiyamb Fsp kwhn[m\fmWv PKnbmhv {]IrXnbn HcpnshncnpsXv a\nemp Hcm khiIvXsd ssh`hn\p apn \{ainckvI\mhpw. Xo! CWI CWIfmbp a\pjykrjvSn apX Bcw`npp {]Xyp ]mZ\n\mhiyamb kwhn[m\. {]]nep hkvXpsfmw krjvSnsncnpXv CWIfmbnmsW mWv hnip JpB ]dbpXv.
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Hcp Ipnsd P\\w
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"'Fm hkvXpfn\npw cp CWIsf \mw krjvSnn cnpp. \n BtemNnv a\nemphm thn'' (51:49) ""Fm hkvXpsfbpw CWIfmn krjvSnpIbpw \n v khmcn sNphm\p IepIsfbpw GsSpncn Ibpw sNbvXh''. (43:12) Fm hkvXpsfbpw CWIfmbn krjvSnncnppsh JpB\nI ]cmainsd kXyXv kmyw \npI bmWv AWpùXnInse(Atomic Physics) B[p\nI Kthj Wê sNpXv. ssPhtemInse CWIfpsS kmn [yhpw {]Xyp]mZ\n Ahbv-p ]pw Bpw ]d p sImSptXnmhn[w hyIvXamWv. kkytemIn se CWIsfpdnv IjIv icndnbmhpXmWv. ssew KnI {]Xyp]mZ\w am{Xw \Sp kkyfn Bachpw s]achpw Dmsbn am{Xta êfpmhq FXmWv hkvXpX. ""D]cntemIp\nv Pew hjnnpIbpw AXpaqew hyXykvX Xcnep kkyfnse CWIsf \mw D]mZn npIbpw sNbvXncnpp.'' (JpB 20:53) ""Fm êhKfn\npw Ah\Xn Cucv CWIsf -Dmnbncnpp''. (13:3) PphKfpw \ne\npXv CWIfmbnsbmWv. ""IpImenIfn\npw CWIsf Dmnbncnpp''. (42:11) kkykaqlnepw Ppkaqlnepsamap CWI fpsS \ne\n]v AhbpsS {]Xyp]mZ\sa [aw \nhln phm thn am{XambpXmWv. a\pjy\nepw CWIfpsS \ne\n]nsd kp{][m\amb eyw {]Xyp]mZ\am sWnepw a\pjykaqlnsd \ne\n]pw Ahsd kz`m hk-hntijXIfpw Ahsdbpw AhfpsSbpw am\knImtcmKy hpsamw CWIfpsS ]mckv ] cyhpambn _\v [ smWv InSpXv. {]Xyp]mZ\]camb [atmsSmwXs a\pjys\ khntijkrjvSnbpsS ssewKnIXv am\kn Ihpw kmaqlnIhpamb Htsd am\fpsv kmcw.
a\pjy\v kzw hKn\npXs, kzicocnsd `mKsahap CWIsf krjvSnpXXv Amlphnsd A]mcamb A\p{KlfnsempXsbmWv. ""a\pjytc, \nsf Htc BXvamhn\nv krjvSnpIbpw AXn\npXs AXnsd CWsbbpw krjvSnpIbpw, Ah Chcn\npambn [mcmfw ]pcpjmscbpw kv{XoI sfbpw hym]nnpIbpw sNbvXh\mb \nfpsS cnXmhn s\ \n kqnphn.'' (JpB 4:1) ""Amlp \nv \nfpsS Iqn\npXs CWIsf Dmn.'' (16:72) a\pjyhKnsd \ne\n]n\pthn CWIfmbn Ahsc krjvSn PKnbmhv Cu CWIsf ]ckv]cw BIjnnphm\mhiyamb kwhn[m\fpw {]IrXnbn Xs sNbvXpshnpv. {]mb]qnbmhptXmsS BWpw s]pw s]sv hfcpIbpw Ah ]ckv]cw BIjns Sphm Xhap imcocnI amfpmhpIbpw sNpp. {]mb]qnsbnb ]pcpjsd ssewKnImhbh _oP hpw kv{XobpsS ssewKnImhbh AWvUhpw D]mZnn m\mcw`npp. hrjWfnemWv _otPm]mZ\w \SpXv. AWvt-Um]mZ\w AWvUmibn \Spp. hrjWnse kwhn[m\ {]mb]qnsbptXmsS ]pcpjhrjW _otPm ]mZ\amcw`npp. CXn\pthn a\pjyicocn {kjvSmhv sNbvXpshncnp kwhn[m\ H\h[nbmWv. icmicn \mep skdoao \ofhpw, ctapm skdnao hoXn bpw, ]baWnbpsS BIrXnbpap cp {K\vYnIfmWv hrj W. {]mb]qnsbpXphsc ]pcpjtlmtamWpI \nanpIbmWv AhbpsS [aw. {]mb]qnbmIptXmsS _oP\namWw IqSn hrjW GsSppp. Ch cpw ASw sNbvXncnpXv hrjWknsbv hnfnsSp Hcp XpIknbnemWv. hrjWnse AXnkqvaamb kvs]amtKmWnbsb
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Hcp Ipnsd P\\w
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tImi\ncbn\nmWv ]pcpj_oPapmhpXv. IuamcIm ev Cu tImi hn`Pnm XpSpp. Cu hn`P\w Hcp koWamb {]{InbbmWv. kvs]amtKmWnbm BZyam bn hn`Pnsv ss{]adn kvs]amsskpIsfv hnfn sSp tImifpmhpp. Cu tImi AXnthKw ]qWhfbnsepIbpw Ah Hcp {]tXyI coXnbnep tImihn`P\n\v hnt[bamhpIbpw sNpp. Du\`wKw (meiosis) Fp hnfnsSp Cu tImihn`P\coXn hgnbmWv 46 t{ImatkmapIfp kvs]amtmskv 23 t{ImatkmapI am{Xap tImifmbn amdpXv. \mqtdmfw AdIfmbn hn`Pnsncnp hrjWfnse hfp]ncnp InSp \o \fnIIfn shmWv _otPm]mZ\w \SpXv. _oP\fnII (seminiferous tubules) Fp hnfn sSp Cu \fnIIfpsSsbmw hfhpI Xov Iqnt pshm 800 ASntbmfw \ofw ImWpat{X. Cu \fnI Ifn shv D]mZnnsSp _oP hrjWtmSp sXmpInSp A[nhrjvWnI (epididymis)bn tiJcns SpIbpw AhnsS shv Ah {]mb]qnbmhpIbpw Ne\ti jn BPnpIbpw sNpp. A[nhrjvWnItbmSp _\v[ spInSp \o IpgemWv _oP\mfn (vasdeferens). Cu IpgeneqsSbmWv _oP aq{X\mfn FpXpw AhnsS\np ]pdpt]mhpXpw. ipsadnbsSp {Zh]ZmYn apnnSv CSIemWv _oP bm{X sNpXv . hgphgppw sImgppap shfp Cu ]ZmYnsd knwl`mKhpw hcpXv aq{Xmibn\Snbn kv Y nXn sNp cp ipkn (seminal vesicles) Ifn\nmWv. Hcp {]mhiyw hnkPnp ipn\v aqp apX Ap hsc annen hym]v X w ImWpw. D]mZ\aXv NpcpnbXv cv annen ipsanepw BhiyamWv. hrjW Hcp knbnemWpsXv ]dphtm. icocnsd km[mcW Xm]\netbm hrjWknbn 340 ^md lov NqSv IpdhmWv. Cu Xm]\nebnte ]pcpj
_oPfpsS D]mZ\w \SpIbpq. _otPm]m\n\mh iyamb Cu Xm]\ne amw IqSmsX \ne\npXn\p ImcWw hrjWknbpsS _mly`mKp Fa Npfnhp IfmWv. CXn\Ip _oP[a\n (spermatic artery)bpw Dujva {IaoIcWn ]mfnbmWv . XWpv h[nptm hrjW Dbv, NpcpfpIfmbnnSp Cu cIvXpgensd \ofw Ipdbv-pIbpw AtXmsSmw hrjW kn ktmNnpIbpw sNpp. CXpaqew IqSpX NqSp DZct]inIfpambn knemIphm hrjWv km[npIbpw As\ XWppImev Xm]\ne {IaoIcnp \nm I-gn-b-pIbpw sNpp. NqSv IqSpXemhptm hrjWknbnse NpfnhpI \nhcpIbpw hrjW XmtgmndpIbpw As\ Xm]\ne Ipdbv-phm Ignbp Ibpw sNpp. Fm AYnepw `{Zamb Hcp kvYemWv a\pjykrjvSnmhiyamb _oP kwhn[m\nsncnp sXYw. PKnbmhv ]dbpsX{X icn! "Xobmbpw a\pjys\ Ifnansd kn\npw \mw krjvSnncnpp. ]noSv Hcp _oPambnsmv Ahs\ \mw `{Zamb Hcp kvYm\pshp''. (23:12, 13). Htcsbmcp ]pcpj_oPn\nv ]pcpj Hcp {]mhiyw {khnpXv Ccpqdv tImSntbmfw _oPfmWv. Hcp annen ipn 20 apX 40 tImSn hsc _oPfpmbncnpw. Hcp annendn cp tImSnbn Ipdhpam{XamWv _oPkwJysbn _oPke\w \Sp Ibn. AWvUhpambn kwtbmPnphm Hscm _oPnt\ Ignbq Fncns, FpsImmWv _oPkwJy Ipdp t]mbm ke\w \SmsXv CXphsc a\nemm\m bnn. icocw krjvSnp Ghpw sNdnb tImifmWv ]pcpj_oP. Xe, Igpv, DS, hm Fo `mKfmWv ]pcpj_oPn \pXv. Ghpw {][m\s `mKamb Xe am{XamWv _oP ke\n ]sSppXv. _mn `mKsfmw XnckvIcn
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Hcp Ipnsd P\\w
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sSpp. hm AXns\ Nenm klmbnpp. hmenfn aptmpt]mbmWv _oPw AWvUnsd AcnInsepXv. kv{XoP\t\{nbneqsS hfsc Zqcw NenmWv AXv AWvU nsd kao]sapXv. apntemWv AXnsd Ne\w. {khns ipnse _oPtImSnIfpsS Hcp ]S AWvUn sd Znibntev \opp. AIse InSp AWvUnsd kmn[yw Fs\bmWv _oPadnbpXv? aptmp Nenm X\nv kwtbmPnt AWvUaps t_m[w AXn\v \ InbXmcmWv? imkv{Xn\v CXnsdsbmpw Dcadnbn. hnip JpB Ccw tNm Zy tNmZnpsImv AXn sd DcambnmWv "Am lp'sh ]cnNbsSppXv. ""Atm \n {khnp ipsn \n Nnn p t\mnbnptm? \nfm tWm AXv krjvSnpmp Xv? AX \mamtWm krjv SnImhv''. (56:58,59). "GsXmcp hkvXphn \n mWv Amlp Ahs\ krjvSnXv? Hcp _oPn \nv Ahs\ krjvSnpIbpw ""Ah {khnsSp Fnv Ahs\ (Ahsd ipn\np Hcp Imcyw) hyhkv Y sSpp IWambncpnt? (75:37) Ibpw sNbvXp'' (80: 18, 19). {khnsSp apgph ipn\n, adnv ipneSnbncnp At\Iw tImSn _oPfnsemn\nmWv a\pjy krjvSnsSp sX hkvXpX hyIvXamp Hcp JpB kqIvXw ImWpI. ""Ah {khnsSp ipn\np Hcp IWambncp nt? (75:37)
{khnsSp ipw ]qWambn _oPken\v D]tbmKsSpsSpns hkvXpX aplZv \_nbpw Hcp kw`mjWat[y hyIvXamnbnpv. Atlw ]dXmbn kzlolp apkvenw Dcnp Hcp lZoknsd `mKanXmWv: ""apgph {ZmhIn\npa Hcp Ipv krjvSns SpXv. Amlp Hcp Imcyw krjvSnWsaptinm B pwXs Ahs\ AiIvX\mm\mhpIbn'. (InXm_pn Imlv, _m_p Akvev). AWvUmibnse kwhn[m\ kkyfnepw arKfnepw a\pjycnepsamap kv{Xo hKfnse {]Xyp]mZ\ tImiv s]mXphmbndbp t]cmWv AWvUw (ovum). a\pjyicocnse Ghpw henw IqSnb tImiamWv AWvUw. Hcp Cnsd CcpqdnsemmWv CXnsd henw. tKmfmIrXnbnep CXn\v P\nXIhkvXp sf Dsmp Hcp tI{(\yqnbkv)apvv. _oPke\ n\ptijw {`qWhfbpsS BZyLntemhiyamb `yhkvXpfpw AWvUn kw`cnsnpv. K`mibnsd ASnhiv Ccphifnembn kvYnXn sNp AWvUmibfmWv (ovary) AWvUw D]mZnnp Xv. cv AWvUmibfpv. 3.5 skdoao \ofhpw cp skdoao I\hpw 48 {Kmw Xqhpap CXn\v _Zmw ]cnnsd BIrXnbmWpXv. s]Ipnsd {`qWZibn Xs AWvUmibfn Fgp]Xv ew AWvUfpm bncnpw. Ipv P\nptXmsS Ahbn `qcn`mKhpw \inp Ignncnpw. GItZiw Ccp]Xv ew AWvUtfmSpIqSn bmWv Hcp s]Ipv P\npXv. {]mb]qnsbp tXmsS ]nsbpw Ipsd AWvUtImi \inpIbpw GI tZiw aqp ew tImi am{Xw _mnbmhpIbpw sNpw. s]Ipn\v GItZiw Fp hbmhptm AhfpsS akvXnjvInse ssltmemakn\npw \mUob tlm tam D]mZnnsSpIbpw AXv Xmsgbp ]nyqdn {K\vYnv AWvUmibsf DtPnnphm\p BPvR
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Hcp Ipnsd P\\w
23
\IpIbpw sNpp. DtPnXamhp AWvUmib {][m\s kvss{XWtlmtamWmb Fkv{SP D]mZn nphm XpSpIbpw CXnsd {]h\êambn sas sas Ah Ipamcnbmbn amdpIbpw sNpp. ]nyqdnbpsS DtPIêambn AWvUmibfnse AXnkqvafmb AWvUtImi hnIknv t^mfnn (follicle) Fdnb sSp sNdnb IpanfI t]msebp hkvXphmbnocpp. GItZiw Ccp]Xv t^mfnnfpI hfcm XpSppsh nepw Asp Znhkw Ignbptm Hp am{Xw s]sv hfcpIbpw aphsbmw hf apcSnv \mamhtijamhp Ibpw sNpp. _mnbmb Hcp t^mfnn hf XpScp Ibpw Hcp Lsaptm s]mnnfcpIbpw AXn \nv AWvUw ]pdphcn Ibpw sNpp. CXns\bm Wv AWvtUmkPvP\w (ovulation) Fp ]dbpXv. AWvUmib Fkv{S P D]mZnnm\mcw`n ]pcpj {khnp ipn Hcp pXp hsc K`mibw Ipv Hfnncnppshpw kv{Xo kpjp]v X nbnembncnpw. B Ipn\v hfcm\mhiyamb Hcp Fkv { SP K`mibs ]m{Xw am{XamsWpambncpp 17mw bpw DWpIbpw AXn \qmphsc \ne\nncp hnizm sd henw A]w h[n kw. CXp hyIvXamp lmv tkm pIbpw IqSpX arZphmbn dpsS (1694,]mcokv) Hcp Nn{Xw. ocpIbpw sNpp. K`m ibnsd Dnse ]mfn ""IqSntpmb Hcp _oPn bmb FtUmsa{Snbn \nv Xobmbpw \mw a\pjys\ krjvSnncnpp.'' (76:2) ]pXnb cIv X hmln\nI DSseSppIbpw AXnte p cIv X {]hmlw h[npIbpw sNpp. ]pXnb Nne{K\vYnI Bhn`hnpIbpw Ah hepXmhpIbpw sNp Xnsd êambn FtUmsa{Snbnsd In Hcp
annaodn\nv GItZiw \mep annaodmbn h[npp. Atmtgpw AWvtUmkP\w \Spp. kzbw s]mn AWv U s kzX{amnb t^mfnnfn ]pXnb Nne tImi hfphcnIbpw acpshv (corpusluteum) hnfnsSp Hcp {K\vYnbmbn amdpIbpw sNpp. AXn \nv s{]mPkvtdm (progesterone) Fp hnfnsSp ]pXnsbmcpXcw tlmtam D]mZnnsSpp. CXnsd kzm[o\êambnmWv FtUmsa{Snbnse {K\vYnI hepXmbn hopXv. AtXmsSmwXs FtUmsa{Snbw Hcp Xcw {ZmhIw {khnm\mcw`npp. CsXmwXs _oPkenXamb AWvUs kzoIcnp hm\p K`mibnsd XbmsdSpmWv. aqv BgvNtbmfw ]nyqdn {K\vYnbpw AWvUmibfpw K`mibhpw IqSn Hsmcpanv {`qWs hcthm\pw AXnsd kqW amb kwcWn\pamhiyhpamb Hcp \Spp. Hcp K`s hfm\p XbmsdSpv! Cs\sbmw Hcpnbn v _oPke\w \SmXncnpIbmsWn Cu Hcpsf mw hrYmhnemhnt? Xobmbpw. XfpsS {ia hrYm hnemsWv a\nemb DS acp tlmtamWpIfpsS \namWw \npp. Fkv{SPsdbpw t{]mPkvtdmWn sdbpw Afhv s]sv Xmgpp. CXnsd êambn FtUm sa{Snbnepmb ]pXnb hfsbmw ASpt]mhpIbpw cIvXhmln\nI s]mn cIvX{kmhapmhpIbpw sNpp. CXmWv Bhw. AWvUnsd ]v Hcp Ipn\v Pw \Iphm\mbn AXnsd AbpsS icocn Fsp kwhn[m\fmWv PKnbmhv sNbvXpshncnpXv. Ipnsd krjvSnbn ]pcpj_oP n\v am{XamWv ]spw _oPn ASnbncnp AXn kqva Ipn\v hfcm\mhiyamb ]m{Xw am{XamWv K`mib sapambncpp ]Xns\mw \qmphsc \ne\nncp
24
Hcp Ipnsd P\\w
25
hnizmkw. Fm, hnip JpB BWn\npw s]n \npamWv a\pjykrjvSn \SpsXpw AhcpsS _oP fpsS ke\n\nmWv Ipv ]ndpsXpap hkvXpXIfntev hnc Nqnbnpv. ""tl, a\pjytc, Xobmbpw \nsf \mw Hcp BWn \npw Hcp s]n\npambn krjvSnncnpp.'' (49:13) ""tl, a\pjysc, Xobmbpw \nsf \mw Hcp BWn \npw Hcp s]n\npambn krjvSnncnpp''. (49:13) ""IqSntpmb Hcp _oP n \nv Xobmbpw \mw a\pjys\ krjvSnncnpp.'' (76:2) Hcp blqZsd tNmZyn\v {]hmNI (k) \Inb adp]Sn bn ]pcpj_oPhpw kv{Xo_oP hpw IqSntmWv Ippm hpsX Imcyw hfsc hyIvX ambn {]kvXmhnnpv. blqZ tNmZnp: "tl, apl Zv, FpsImmWv a\pjy ""tl, a\pjytc, Xobmbpw k r j v S n s n c n p X v ? ' \nsf \mw Hcp BWn {]hmNI adp]Sn ]dp: "tl, \npw Hcp s]n\npambn blqZm, (a\pjy) krjvSns krjvSnncnpp.'' (49:13) ncnpXv cn \npw IqSnbmIpp; ]pcpj_oPn\npw kv { Xo_oPn \npw'. (AlvaZv) ssewKnIXbpw {]Xyp]mZ\hpw ]pw_oPhpw AWvUhpw krjvSn PKnbmhv Xs Ah Xn kwtbmPnphm\mhiyamb kwhn[m\fpw sNbvXpshncnpp. {]mb]qnbmb ]pcpj\pw kv{Xobpw ]ckv]cw BIrjvScmIphm thn ]Ss kwhn[m\ fnsemw ]SXpcmsd A\nXcamb Bkq{XWw \apv
ImWm\mhpw. Cs\ BIrjvScmhp kv{Xo]pcpjmv HptNcm\p A\phmZhpw ]SXpcm \Inbncn pp. Cu HptNc hnhmlneqsSbmIWsav am{Xw. hnhmlneqsS ssIhcp kvt\l_\v[hpw ImcpWyhpam Wv IpSpw__\v[nsd `{ZXv ASnd ]WnbpXv. hnhml_\v[hpw AXneqsS ssIhcp kvt\lImcpWyhpsa mw ssZhnIZrjvSmambnmWv ]cnipJpB ]cnN bsSppXv. ""\nv kam[m\]qhw HptNtcXn\mbn \nfn \npXs \nv CWIsf krjvSnpIbpw \nnS bn kvt\lhpw ImcpWyhpw DmpIbpw sNbvXXpw Ahsd ZrjvSmfn s]Xt{X. Xobmbpw AXn Nnnp P\v ZrjvSmfpv.'' (30:21) kv{Xobpw ]pcpj\pw ssewKnI_\v[ntesSpXnsd ssPheyw {]Xyp]mZ\amWv. {khnsSp tImSnW n\v ]pw_oPfnsemp am{XamWv AWv U hpambn kwtbmPnpsXv ]dphtm. _oPw D]mZnnp hm\pw AXp kwcnphm\pw Fsp kwhn[m\fmWv {kjvSmhv \psS icocn sNbvXpshncnpXv! _oPnsd hgnbn hrjWfn D]mZnnsSp ]pw_oP tjva{K\vYnIfnepw t{]mkvtv {K\vYnIfnepw D]mZnn sSp {kmhfpambntpmhp ipw ]pdpt]m IpXv aq{X\mfneqsSbmWv. {]Xyp]mZ\mhbhhpw aq{Xm hbhhpw IqSnbmb ]pcpjenwKnshv iphpw aq{Xhpw Hcnepw- IqSnecpn. CXn\miyamb kwhn[m\ {kjv S mhpXs sNbv X pshncnpp. aq{X\mfs s]mXnpsImv DcW Ie (erectile tissue) sImp \nan s \o cp amwkZf (corpora caversona)fpv. Cu amwkZfpn [mcmfw ]gpXpIfpv. ssewKnIamb DtP\apmhptm Cu ]gpXpIfn [mcmfw cIvXw hv \ndbpIbpw amwkZf hopIbpw sNpp. As\
26
Hcp Ipnsd P\\w
27
bmWv enwKw Dcnp(erection)Xv. DmcWtmSpIqSn aq{X\mfnbn\np IhmS ASbpXn\m iphpw aq{Xhpw Xn IqSnecpn. AhIqSnencppshn AKpWap aq{Xw _oPsf \innpambncpp. ip{kmhn\p apv enwKneqsS {khnsSp mcKpWap {ZmhIamWo kwhn[m\w. aq{X\mfnbn Dmbncnphm\nSbp Amwisf \nhocyamn CXv _oPsf kwcnpp. _oPke\w {khnsSp ipnse _oPsfmw K`mibnte v ]pdsSppshnepw _lp`qcn]hpw AWvUn\Sp spXn\p apv \inpp. amknsemcn, BhN{Insd a[yn Hcp AWvUw AWvUmib n\nv ths]v AWv U hmln\npgentev bm{X Xncnpp. K`mibapJp\npw AWvUhmln\npgense phm _oPn\v Hcp aWnqsdnepw thWw. AWvtUm kP\n\v tijw Ccp]n\mep aWnqdpIpn _oPw AWvUhmln\npgensenbm am{Xta _oPk e\w \Sq. AWvUhmln\npgensep \qdpIWn\v _oPfn eWsam Hp am{XamWv AWvUhpambn kwtbmPn pXv. AWvUhmln\npgensd BZy`mKpshmWv km[mcWbmbn _oPke\w \SpXv. _oPke\w Ign AWvUsbmWv knIvXmWvUw (zygote) Fp ]dbpXv. knIvXmWvUw hfmWv {`qW (embryo)ambnocp Xv. AWvUn\pn ISptXmsS _oPnsd hm thsSpp. _oP{]thiw \SmepS AWvU`nnv Intbdpp. Hne[nIw _oP AWvUn\pntev {]thinmXncnphm\p kwhn[m\amWnXv . As\ kw`hnpXv {`qWnsd \min\v ImcWamImdpv. enwK\nWbw knIvXmWvUw DmIptXmSpIqSns Ipnsd
enwK\nWbw \Spp. a\pjytImin 46 t{Imatkmap IfmWpXv. 23 tPmSnIfmbnmWv Ah kvYnXn sNpXv. CXn Hcp tPmUn enwK\nWbt{ImatkmapIfmWv. X, Y Fo \mafnemWh hyhlcnsSpXv . X kv { Xo t{Imatkmapw Y ]pcpjt{ImatkmapamsWv ]dbmw. ]pcpj tIminse enwK\nWb t{Imatkmw XY Bbncnpw. CXnse {]`mhnbmb Y t{Imatkmw A{]`mhnbmb X t{Ima tkmans\ \njv{Inbamn \npIbpw tImiw ]pcpjkz`mhw {]ISnnpIbpw sNpp. kv{XotIminse enwK\nWb t{Imatkmw tPmUn XX BbXn\m cpw Xpey{]`mhap kv{Xot{ImatkmapIfmbXn\m {]kvXpX tImiw kvss{XW kz`mhw {]ISnnpp. Cs\bp ]pcpjtImi Du\`wKn\v hnt[bambnmWv 23 t{ImatkmapIfp amXrtIminteXn\v t\]IpXn _oPtImifpm hpXv. kv{XotImi Du\`wKn\v hnt[bambn AWvUfpap mhpp. ]pcpjtImiw Du\`wKn\v hnt[bamhptm kzm`mhnIambpw AXnse t{ImatkmapI Cg]ncnbpp. CXnse enwK\nWb t{ImatkmapI Cg ]ncnv Hcp X t{Imatkmapw Hcp Y t{Imatkmapambn amdpIbpw DmIp cp _oPtImifn Hmtcmntepw Chtbmtcmv IpSnbncpsSpIbpw sNpp. Y t{Imatkmw D _oPs Y_oPsapw X t{Imatkmw D _oPs X _oPsapw hnfnmw. kv{XotImin XX t{ImatkmamWv DsX Xn\m Du\`wKn\v hnt[bambpmIp AWvUtImi fnsemw X t{ImatkmapIfmWpmhpI. ]pcpj {khnp _oPfn GItZiw ]IpXnsbw X _oPhpw ]IpXn Y _oPhpambncnpw. CXnsemcp _oPamWtm AWvUhpambn kwtbmPnv knIvXmWvUapmhpXv. X _oPamWv AWvU hpambn kwtbmPnpsXn knIvXmWvUnse enwK\n Wb t{Imatkmw tPmUn XX BbncnpIbpw AXp hfp mhp Ipv s]mbncnpIbpw sNpw. Y _oPamWv kwtbmPnpsXn enwK \nWb t{Imatkmw tPmUn XY
28
Hcp Ipnsd P\\w
29
bmbncnpXn\mXs Ipn BWmbncnpw. GXv _oPam Wv AWvUhpambntcpsX Imcyw XnIpw bmZrivNnIam sWmWv imkv{XaXw. Fm, Cu IqSntc t]mepw P\ntXv BtWm s]tm F ssZhnI \nivNbn\\p krXambnmWv \SpsXXmWv hkvXpX. ""Hcp _oPw {khnsSptm, AXn\nv B, s] Fo cv CWIsf Ah\mWv krjvSnsXpap Imcy '' (53:45, 46). AeJv {`qWw ]XpsXps AWv U hmln\npgeneqsS K`mibs eyamn \om XpSpp. kzbw \ophm\p Ignhnm {`qWs Ipgensd \nccamb ktmNfmWv \onsmpt]mIpXv. AWvtUmk P\w Ignv \memw Znhkw am{Xta {`qWw K`]m{Xnse pIbpq. Cu bm{XnSbn {`qWw tImihn`P\n\v hnt[bamhm XpSpp. Hmtcm ]{v aWnqdnepw hn`P \w Bhnsv K`]m{Xnseptmtgv {`qWw Hcp ]pt]msebp BIrXn {]m]npp. Dps]mbmb Cu ]ns\ Dn\np s]mXnpsImv ]mfotImifpw Hcp hiv Ipsd tImifpsS Hcp Iqmchpw Dn Ipdv {Zmh
AeJv:- 22 ap-X- 25 h-sc- Zn-h-k--fn-se- {`qWn-s- Nn-{X--
IhpamWpmhpI. GXmv Ggmas Znhkw {`qWw K`]m {Xnsd BcnI ]mfnbmb FtUmsa{Snbnsd tImi sf {ZhoIcnv Xpfv Dn ISm\mcw`npw. HXmw ZnhkamIptmtgv {`qWw ]qWambpw FtUmsa{Snbn sd aSbn Nqgvndngnncnpw. {`qWhfbpsS kp{][m\amb Hcp \mgnImWnXv. K`mib`nnsb {`qWw ]nnSnpXn\mWv {]XnjvTm]\w (implantation) Fp ]dbpXv. hnip JpB {`qWs ]cmainphm\p]tbmKnncn pXv AeJv F ]ZamsW- Imcyw {]tXyIw {]kvXmhy amWv. "Fnsenepw HnnSnpItbm ]ntcpItbm sNp hkvXp'shmWv Cu ]Znsd `mjm]camb AYw. {`qWn\v "AeJv' F ]Zw IrXyambn tbmPnpp. K`m ib`nnbn ]nnSnp sImmWtm {`qWw hfcpXv. ]pXnb tImifpw IeIfpsamapmIpXv {]XnjvTm]\ n\p tijamWv. bYmYn {`qWnsd, IpmIphm thnbp hf XpSpXpXs K`mib`nnbn ]nnSnXn\p tijamWv. Cmcyntev {iWnp hbmWv {]hmNI\v BZyambn AhXcnns JpB kqIvXw: ""a\pjys\ Ah {`qW(AeJv)n\np krjvSnncn pp''. (96:27) JpB\n ap ]e kvYefnepw {`qWn\v "AeJv' Fv {]tbmKnnpv. ""]ns Ah Hcp {`qWambn. Fnv Amlp (Ahs\) krjvSnp kwhn[m\np''. (75:38) ""an\npw ]noSv _oPIWn\npw ]ns {`qWn\npw \nsf krjvSnXv Ah\mIpp''. (40:67) aqpXcw CcppI K`mibnsd BcnI BhcWamb FtUmsa{Snb nsd `nnbn AnnSnmWv {`qWw hfcm XpSp sXp ]dphtm. K`kvYiniphns\ kwcnpIbpw
"a\pjys\ Ah {`qW(AeJv ) n \np krjvSnncnpp''. (96:27)
30
Hcp Ipnsd P\\w
31
]cnt]mjnnpIbpw sNpXn\pthn kwhn[m\nsn p AhbhamWv K`mibw (womb). GItZiw Fp skdo ao \ofhpw Bdp skdoao hoXnbpw \mep skdoao L\hpamWv km[mcW AhkvYbn K`]m{Xn\pmhpI. K`n\p apv aq{Xmibn\p ]nn HfnpInSpIbm bncp Cu Ahbhw K`nWnbmhptXmsS kPohambn amdp p. hfsc Ddtdnb Ahbh amb K`]m{Xw {`qWw hfcm XpSptXmsS arZphmbn ocpw. {`qWhf\p kcnv K`]m{Xhpw hfcpw. Fp skdoao hepapm bncp CXv {]khaSpptm tgv apXv skdoaodmbn h[nncnpw. km[mcW Hcp kv ] qWne[nIw sImm K`mibnsd Dhym]vXw Cu kabv Aqdv aSv h[nv Ap entdmfambn ]q-W- h-f--sb-n-b- Ip-v- KDbcpIbpw `mcw Hcp Intem `m-i-b-n{Kman A[nIambnocpI bpw sNpw. Ipnsd Lw Lamb hf\pkrXambn hnIknp Hcp AhbhamWv K`mibsaYw. {`qWnsd `{Zamb hfmhiyamb kwhn[m\ sfmw K`mibn AmlpXs sNbvXpshnpvv. hfsc Inbp aqp t]io]mfnI sImmWv K`]m{Xw \nansncnpXv. Cs\bp K`mib`nn \Ip kwcWw IqSmsX ap cp `nnIfpsS kwcWw IqSn K`kvYiniphn\v e`nppv. Hv,ASnhbdnsd `nn bmWv. AXv Xfn\npw apw {`qWs kwcnpp. cmatXv iniphns\ s]mXnpInSp tImdntbm, Bw\ntbm XpSnb ]mSIfpw AXpsmp mkd bpamWv. Cs\ aqv `nnIpnembn hfcp {`qWn
\v B `nnI \Ip kwc Ww sNdpsXm pa. AXnsd hfmhiyam b kwhn[m\ fpmpXn Cu `nnIv ""\nfpsS amXmfpsS hbdpIfn aqpXcw ]pv. {`qWn CcppIpnembn krjvSnbpsS Hcp sd tZlv sh Ln\p tijw asmcp Lambnsmv fnw XpXv hf \nsf Ah krjvSnpp''. (39:6) sb XSbpw. shfnn\nv {`qWs kwcnpXpw Cu `nnIfpsS [aamsWXn\m Ahbv-v CcppI Fp ]dbpXn Hcp AkmwKXyhpan. aqv CcppIpn shmWv {`qWhf \SpsX hkv X pX hnip JpB hyIvXamppv. ""\nfpsS amXmfpsS hbdpIfn aqpXcw CcppI pnembn krjvSnbpsS Hcp Ln\p tijw asmcp Lambnsmv \nsf Ah krjvSnpp''. (39:6) apZvK {`qWhfbpsS thKX AXnhnkvabmhlamWv. icocnse asmcp Iebpw C{X thKn hfcpn. Hscm tImin\nmWv HXv amkw sImv cmbncw tImSn tImifpmhpXv ; GXm\pw ann{Kman\nv aqp Intem{KmambnocpXv. K`mib`nntbmSv ]nnSnpsImmWv {`qWw hfcm XpSpsXp ]dphtm. BZysamw {`qWnsd hf hfsc kmh[m\nembncnpw. Ccp]n\memw Znhkamhptmtgpw {`qWs Im K`mib`nnbn ]nnSnncnp Hcp AbmsWp tXmpw AtbmSv kZri amb BIrXnbmWtmgpmhpI. (AeJv F ]Zn\v
32
Hcp Ipnsd P\\w
33
\ocsbpw AYap s Imcyw {]tXyIw {]kvXmhyamWv. ]nn Snp \ocbpsS kz `mhn \nmWv AXn\v AeJv F ap-Zv-A-:- 2627 Znhkw {]m-b-ap-f-f- {`qWwt]cv e`nncnpXv). Ccp]ntbgp Znh ""Xobmbpw \mamWv \nsf an kw Ign {`qWs \npw ]noSv _oPn\npw ]noSv Im NhpXpnb {`qWn\npw A\cw cq]w \I sXpw cq]w \IsSmXpamb amwk amwkjvWamsWt ]nWvUn\npw krjvSnXv.'' (22:5) tXmq. AXv {IaclnX amb {]Xefp arZpeamb Hcp amwk]nUvWamWv. Cu {]Xen NhpXpnbXpt]mse tXmnp ]S bmf t]mepapmbncnpw. Cu AhkvYsbpdnv ]cm ainphm JpB D]tbmKnncnpXv apZvK F ]ZamWv. "NhcbvsXv' FmWv "apZvK' F ]Zn\ Yw. 27 Znhkw Ign {`qWs hntijnnphm CXnepw A\ptbmPyamb thsd ]ZsfmpansXmWv hmkvXhw. ""Xobmbpw \mamWv \nsf an\npw ]noSv _oP n\npw ]noSv {`qWn\npw A\cw cq]w \I sXpw cq]w \IsSmXpamb amwk]nWvUn\npw krjvSnXv.'' (22:5) AkvYnIqSnsd cq]oIcWw Av BgvN {]mbambm, Nhcs amwk]nWvUw t]mse tXmnncp {`qWn\nv AkvYnI Dmhm\mcw`npw. Cu kabpXs ssIhncepIfnse AkvYn anbtXmXn {]XysSm XpSpw. ]noSv sassas AkvYnIqSnsd {]mYanI cq]w DSseSppw. Cu AkvYnbn amwkt]inI s]mXnbsSptmgmWv cq]w sXfn a\pjyiniphpmhpXv . {`qWhfbpsS LsfmwXs ssZhnI\nba\pkrXambmWv
\SpsX hkvXpX AXns\ pdnp ]Tnphscmw AwKoI cnpt]mhpw; ISp AlmcnI sfmgnsI. ""Xobmbpw a\pjys\ Ifna nsd kn\nv \mw krjvSn ncnpp. ]noSv Hcp _oPambn smv Ahs\ \mw `{Zamb Hcp kvYm\pshp. ]ns B _oP s \mw Hcp {`qWambn cq]sSp n. A\cw B {`qWs \mw {`qWw- 6-mw- B-gv--bn-:- \-sv- cq-]o-I-c-Ww- Xp-S-n-bn-cnHcp amwk]nWvUambn cq]sSp p-p.n. XpSv \mw B amwk]nWvU s AkvYnIqSambn cq]sSpn. Fnv AkvYnIqSs amwkw sImv s]mXnp. ]noSv asmcp krjvSnbmbn \mw Ahs\ hfnsbSpp. Atm Ghpw \ krjvSnI mhmb Amlp A\p{Kl]qW\mbncnpp.'' (23:1214).
{`qWw- 7-mw- B-gv--bn -: X-e-tbm-n- cq-]oI cWw- Xp- S - n- b ncn pp.-
{`qWw- 8-mw- B-gv--bn-:- ssIIm-ep-I-fn-se- hn-c-ep-I- cq-]oI-c-Ww- Xp-S-n-bn-cn-p-p.-
CcpnI {`qWnsd BZyZibnXs AXv Nnetm cmbn ]ncnv cp tImikaqlfmbn hfcm XpSnsbp hcmw. As\bpmIpXmWv Ccinip. Hcp {`qWw
34
Hcp Ipnsd P\\w
35
]nfv AXn\nv Cc inipfpmbm B inipv cq]kmZriyhpw enwKkmayhpapmhpw. AXn\m Ccw CcIsf kPmXob CcI (mono ovular twins) Fp hnfnp p. kPmXob CcIfpsS cIvXw Htc {Kqmbncnpw. asmcp coXnbnepw CcI Dmhmdpv. km[mcWbmbn cv BhnSbn Hcp AWvUw am{Xta ]qW hf {]m]nmdpq. Fm, A]qhambn cv AWvU ]qW hf {]m]npIbpw Ah Hnv K`mibntev {]thinpIbpw sNmdpv. As\bpmhptm Hmtcm AWvUhpw Hmtcm ]pcpj_oPhpambn kwtbmPnpIbpw cp {`qW DmhpIbpw sNpp. Cs\ P\np Ipp cq]kmZriyaphtcm enwKkmayaphtcm BbncnWsan. Ch Hcp amXmhn\v cp {]khfn P\np Ippsftmsebmbncnpw. Ccw CcIsf hnPmXob CcI (bino ovular twins) Fp ]dbpp. Htc {]khnXs Ggp hsc IpnI P\n A]qh kw`h tcJsSpsnpv. {`qWw cmbn ]nfv cp Iqfmbn hfcm XpSp tm Ahbv-nSbn th{X kvYeansn {`qW Xn HnnSnpXn\v ImcWamIpw. Cs\ Hnt inipsfbmWv kambokv CcI Fv hnfnpXv. DZc Xntem s\pI Xntem XeI Xntem ]rjvS `mKw Xntem HntmWv kbmaokv CcIfpmhpI. Nne kbmbokv CcIsf ikv{X{Inb aqew thsSpm\mhpw.Fm Nnehsb thsSpm Ignbn. ths]SpsSm sX 63 hjtmfw Pohnncp kbmaokv CcIfpmb Xmbn tcJsSpsnpv. K`mibn\Iv \Sp {]h\fpsSsbmw \nbmhn\v kvXpXn! JpB ]dbpXv ImWpI: ""Hmtcm kv{Xobpw K`w [cnpsXsv Amlp Adnbpp. K`mib InhcppXpw h[\hpmpXpw Ah Adnbpp.'' (13:8)
K`mibnse kwhn[m\ KÌmes {]tXyI Bhiy \nhlnm\mbn krjv S nsSp adp]n (placenta) sb Ahbhw Hcp AXv`pXw XsbmWv. {`qWw X\nmhiyamb Hcp Ahbhw krjv S nXmsWt AXnsd {]h\ Im tXmq. X\nmhiyamb `Ww, Pew, HmIvknP XpSnb hsbmw amXmhnsd icocn\nv hensSpp Hcp XnI ]cmZamWv {`qWsap ]dbmw. CXn\v {`qWs klmbnpIbmWv adp]nbpsS tPmen. Ccp]Xv skdoao hymkhpw Hcnp Inbpap hrm IrXnbnep ]c Hcp Aw t]msebmWv ]qWhf sbnb adp]nbpmhpI. K`]m{Xnsd `nntbmSv HnnSnp InSp CXn\nmWv s]mnsmSn
]q-W- h-f--sb-n-b- {`q-Ww- hy-Xy-kv-X- L---fn-
]pdsSpXv. Hcp ]ncnb Ibdpt]msebncnp s]mn smSnbn cp [a\nIfpw Hcp kncbpamWpmhpI. amXr icocn\nv t]mjWhpw HmIvknP\pw t]dnsmv kncbneqsS cIvXw {`qW icocntepw hnkPyhkvXpf Snb cIvXw [a\nIfneqsS {`qWn\np adp]nbnte pw HgpIpp. {`qWnsd DZca[yn Ahkm\np
36
Hcp Ipnsd P\\w
37
s]mnsmSn P\\tijw A\mhiyambXn\m ]dnp t]mhpIbpw AhnsS s]mn AhtijnpIbpw sNpp. amXrcIvXnse Fm hkvXpsfbpw {`qWntev IS m adp]n A\phZnpIbn. {`qWn\mhiyaph am{Xw ISnhnSp Hcp Acnbmbpw adp]n {]hnp pshv kmcw. `WhkvXpsf apgph {`qWnsep hm adp]n A\phZnptm acppIfn anXns\bpw AXv ISnhnSpn. _mIvSocnbIfnepw sshdkpIfnepw `qcn ]sbpw adp]n AIpISm A\phZnpIbn. Fm kn^nenkv _mIvSocnbbpw FbnUvkv sshdkpw adp]n bneqsS ISv {`qWn {]thinpw. AXpsImmWv Cu tcmKfpsS amXmv P\n Ippfnepw tcmKap Xmbn ImWsSpXv. amXricocnse Bdnt_mUnIsf ISpt]mIm adp]n A\phZnpXn\m amXmhnsd tcmK{]Xntcm[ tijn, P\nv GXm\pw amktfmfw Ipnepw \ne\npw. Ipn\p thnsb \nebvv ]Ss adp]nbpsS Bbpv {`qWnsd BbppXsbmWv. AXv ]qWambn {]hnphm XpSpXv {`qWn\v FmgvN {]mbam IptXmsSbmWv. _oPke\w Ignv 265 ZnhkKÌme amWv adp]nbpsS Bbpv. C{Xbpw Imew am{Xta adp]n {`qWs A\pkcWtbmSpIqSn tkhnpIbpq. AXp Ignm Ipv Fsnepw ImcWhim P\nm ssh IpIbmsWn, HmIvknP\pw `yhkvXpfpw ISnhnSm adp]n ssha\kyw ImWnm XpSpw. AXv kzbw Po Wnp XpSpIbpw Ipnsd BtcmKys _m[npIbpw sNpw. {]khw _oPke\w Ignv 265 Znhkw Ignbptm {`qWw ]qWhfsbpIbpw amXmhv Ipns\ {]khnpIbpw sNpp. K`]m{Xt]inIfpsS ktmNw aqeamWv {]khw \SpXv. ]p Nm{amktmfw imambnnSp
K`mibw s]sv ktmNnp XpSphm FmWv ImcW sav hyIvXambn a\nemphm C\nbpw Ignnn. Fkv{SPt]mPkvtdm A\p]mXw h[npXpaqeam sWpw {`qWNe\w sImpmhp DtP\w aqeamsW psamw K`mibt]inIfpsS ktmNnsd ImcWs pdnv Hne[nIw Dulfpv. K`mibt]inIfpsS ktmNw XpSptmgmWv {]khth Z\ A\p`hsSm\mcw`npXv. BZyamZyw ZoLamb CSth fbnAcaWnqdnsemcnam{XamWv ktmNnpXv. {ItaW ktmNssZLyw IqSpIbpw CSthf Ipdphcn Ibpw sNpp. Ipnsd Xetbmfw henn K`mib apJhpw IWvThpw XpdpInpIbmWv Cu ktmNfpsS eyw. Hmtcm ktmNthfbnepw Ipnsd Xe K`mib IWvTIhmSn sNpappXnsd êambn AhnSs t]inIv Abhp kw`hnpIbpw A]m]ambn Xpdp Ibpw sNpp. Cu {]{Inb aWnqdpItfmfw \op\n pp ISnq {]khamsWn 16 apX 18 hsc aWnq \op\npw Ahkm\w K`]m{XIWvThpw apJhpw apgp h\mbn Xpdpw. Cu AhkvYbnsenbm ]ns DZct]inIsf K`nWn t_m[]qhw ktmNnnWw. CXp XpScptm K`mib nse Bw\ntbm kn s]mpIbpw AXnse shw ]pdtsmgpIpIbpw sNpw. CXv {]khs XzcnXs Sppw. ]noSv sas Xe ]pdtphcm XpSpp. ap {]iv\sfmpansn Xe ]pdphcm XpSn GXm\pw \nanjpn Ipv ]qWambn ]pdspp. Ipv ]pdphcptXmsS K`]m{Xnsd ktmNw \nepIbpw AXv ]mXnbmbn NpcppIbpw sNpp. CtXm sS, GItZiw Ccp]Xv an\nn\pn adp]n, Bw\ntbm kn XpSnb kIe XmmenI LS\Ifpw ]pd sSpp. adp]n ASphogptm kzm`mhnIambpm hp 300400 annen cIvX{kmhw sImv amXmhn\v Ipgsam pan. ]t, Cu cIvX{kmhw AanXambn XpScpXv amXmhn
38
sd Poh A]ISnempw. _oPkrjvSn apX {]khw hscbp L F{Xtm fw kqvahpw Bkq{XnXhpambn kwhn[m\nsncnpp shXntev ItmSnpI am{XamWv \mw sNbvXXv. CXnse Hmtcm Lnepw AXn_pnam\mb Hcp kwhn[mbIsd \nbafpw \nb{WfpamWv, A\v[amb bmZrivNnIXbp sS HptNce _pnbphv ImWm IgnbpXv. {]P\ \n\p ]nnep kwhn[m\sfpdnv a\nemph Xobmbpw AXn\p ]nnsemcp ]cmiIvXnbpsS kmn[yw A\p`hndnbpw. Xsdbpw klPohnIfpsSbpw AkvXnXzn \v ImcWmc\mb B iIvXnbpsS apn \{ainckvI\mhpw Xo. JpB ]dbpXv ImWpI: ""K`mibn Xm\ptinp hn[n \nsf cq]sSppXv Ah\t{X. Ah\msX Hcp Bcm[y\pan. Ah {]Xm]nbpw bpIvXnam\pas{X.'' (3:6) ""\ns krjvSnpIbpw, \ns kwhn[m\npIbpw, \ns icnbmb AhkvYbnempIbpw Xm\ptinp coXnbn \ns kwLSnnpIbpw sNbvXh\s{X Ah.'' (82:7, 8) ""\nsp]n? Amlphn\v Hcp Kmwòcyhpw \n {]Xonpnt? \nsf Ah ]e Lfnembn krjvSn ncnpIbmWtm.'' (71:13, 14) ""a\pjysd krjvSn Ifnan\nv Ah Bcw`np. ]ns Ahsd kXnsb \nmcamb Hcp {ZmhInsd kn\nv Ah Dmn. ]ns Ahs\ icnbmb cq]nempIbpw Xsd hIbmbp BXvamhv Ah\n DuXpIbpw sNbvXp.'' (32:79)
aqv
P\\n\p appw ]npw

IcpsImmWv Ipv P\npXv. K`]m{Xnse Ccpdbn\nv tamNnX\mbn, {]Imiam\amb temInte p BKa\w Icp sImmbncnWsamhmw ssZh hn[n. amXmhnsd icochpambn _\v[nnncp s]mn smSn _\v[av XnIpw kzX{\mbn `qanbntep hcp Ipns\ kwcnphm\mhiyamb kwhn[m\fpw {kjvSmhpXs sNbvXp shncnppshXmWv hmkvXhw. amXmhv Ignp `W]ZmYfn Hcwiw s]mn smSnbneqsS e`npsImncp Imew Ignp. C\n kz ambn `Ww tXSnnSnv IgnWw. Fsnepw Blmcw e`nphm thnbp knKv\ BbnmWv Ipp Icbp Xv. Icbptm sXm hcfmXncnphm {kjvSmhpXs Ipnsd icocn Nne kwhn[m\tfsSpnbnp v. Ipn Icbptm IpI ASpXmWv CXnsemcp kwhn[m\w. In s]mSnbp Ip\o CXphgn sXmbn tev Cdphm Ipn\v km[npp. It]mfIfSp tm aqnSpp ]ofpgnbneqsS Ip\o aqn\pn tev AcnndpIbpw sXm hcfmsX kwcnpIbpw sNpp. Icbptm sXm hcfpsapw AXpaqew XpS
40
P\\n\p appw ]npw
41
bmbn Icbm Ignbnspw Adnbmhp {kjvSmhpXs {]kvXpX {]iv\w ]cnlcnm\mhiyamb kwhn[m\ icocn sNbvXpshpIbpw Icbptm ISWsa t_m[w Ipn\v \IpIbpw sNbvXncnppshv kmcw. apem F AXv`pXw {]khnbpSs\bp Ipnsd `Ww apememW tm. tNmcsb ]memn amphm Ignhp {K\vYnbmWv kvX\w. GItZiw ]{v hbmhptXmsS s]IpnbpsS kvX\w hfcm XpSpp. AWvUmib D]mZnnp tlmtamWpIfmWv kvX\hf sb t{]mkmlnnpXv. AXn [mcmfambn sImgpv \nt]ns SpIbpw apepI hnIknpI bpw Ahbv-p Nppap `mKn sd \ndw amdnpSpIbpw sN pw. ]m D]mZnnp ]Xnt\gv bq\npIfmWv Hcp kvX\nepm hpI. Hmtcm bq\nn\pw BbncW n\p apncnIfp Hmtcm apn cnpebpsS BIrXnbmWpmhpI. BhntbmfpI Fp hnfn sSp ChbnemWv ]mepmhp kv-X-\-n-s- tO-ZwXv. KÌmev kv{XobpsS icoc n D]mZnnsSp Fkv{SPsdbpw t{]mPkvtdmWn sdbpw kzm[o\m kvX\ HpIqSn hfcpp. K` nsd Ccp]tgmw BgvNtbmsS ]nypdn {K\vYn D]mZn np t{]meIv n tlmtam BhntbmfpIsf DtPnnm XpSpp. Fm, mkd {khnp tlmtamWpI ]mep]mZ\s XSp\npp. {]kh tmsS mkd ]pdpt]mhpIbpw XZzmc ]mep]mZ\w Bcw`npIbpw sNpp. {]khns Ipv ape Nm
XpSptXmsS apense \mUnI hgn kti akvXnjvInse ssltmXemakn FpIbpw AhnsS \nv D]mZnnsSp tlmtam ]nypdnsb s{]mem Ivn {khnphm t{]cnnpIbpw sNpp. AtXmsS apeI XpSbmbn ]mep]mZnnpp. {]khnXn\ptijw BZys \mep Znhkw Dmhp ]m tImtfmkv{Sw (colostrum) FmWv AdnbsSpXv. CXn sImgpv \t Ipdhpw tcmK{]Xntcm[mhiymYap Bdnt_mUnI IqSpXepambncnpw. kzambn Bdn t_mUnI \nanphm\p Ignhv BPnpIgnnn mXn\m CXv Ipns\ tcmK{]Xntcm[n\v klmbn pp. BtcmKy kwcWn\mhiyamb Fm t]mjIaqey fpw IrXyambn AfpXqn tNpmnbXpt]mse bmWv apemensd LS\. emIvSm_pan, emIvtSmKvtfm_p en XpSnb amwkyfpw APw, sImgpv, PohI, ehW XpSnbhbpw Bhiym\pkrXw apemenepv. Ch hfsc s]sv ZlnpXmbXn\m Zlt\{nb kw_ \v[nbmb tcmKfpmhpIbn. apemen ]pdp\nv tcmKmWp ISphm\p km[yX Xoscbnsv ]dbmw, amXmhnsd icocnse tcmKmWpfmsX. kvt\l{Zhw apebqpXphgn Ipn\v ùXnIamb t]mjW e`nptXmsSmwXs amXmhpw Ippw Xnep kvt\l_\v[w ZrVamhpIbpw sNpp. kucyt_m[w aqNvOnv apebqm hnkXnphcpsmp kaql n amXr]nXr_\v[v aptmSpw tImgnppw Xnep _\v [ nsd hne am{XtabpqshmWv ]T\ ImWnpXv. BtcmKyap icochpw a\pap hyIvXnIfmWv Da kaqln\v cq]w \IpXv. am\knImtcmKyhpw AbpsS kvt\lemf\Ifpw Xnep _\v[w hfsc hepXmWv. am{X
42
P\\n\p appw ]npw
43
hpa, Ipns\ kwcnphm\mbn IcpWmhmcn[nbmb {kjvSmhv \Inb Ahbhamb kvX\ D]tbmKnmXncn pXv kvX\m_pZn\v ImcWamhpIbpw sNpw. amXm Ippv cp hjw XnIpw apesImSptXm sWv A\pimknp hnip JpB amXmhnsdbpw Ipnsdbpw imcocnIhpw am\knIhpamb BtcmKys ]cnKWnppsv kmcw. ""amXm XfpsS km\v ]qWamb cp hjw ape sImSptXmWv. (IpnbpsS) apeIpSn ]qWam Wsaptinpht{X CXv.'' (2:233) icocnse hyhkvYI Ipv P\nptXmsS AXnsd icocnse hyhkvY Isfmw kPohamhpIbmbn. {][m\ambpw HXv hyhkvYI fmWv (systems) a\pjyicocnepXv. AkvYnhyhkvY (skelt on system), t]iohyhkvY (muscular system), \mUohyhkvY (nervous system), Zl\hyhkvY (digestive system), izk\ hyh kvY (respiratory system), Nw{IaWhyhkvY (circulatory system), Ax{kmhhyhkvY (endocrine system), aq{XhyhkvY (urinary system), {]Xyp]mZ\hyhkvY (reproductive system) Fn hbmWh. Chbn anXpw P\\w hsc {]h\clnXambncpp. Fm, P\\tmSpIqSn Chsbmw kPohamIpp. Btcm ]TnnpsImSpnshw Cu hyhkvYI AhbpsS [aw \nhlnm\mcw`npp. Cu hyhkvYIsfmw kzX {amsWnepw AhbpsS [a ]ckv]c]qcIfmWv. _oPnt\m AWvUnt\m Ah Xn IqSntpmb knIvXmWvUnt\m Adnbm _mlytemIs [a \nhlnphm, knIvXmWvUw hn`Pnpmb IeIfn\nv cq]saSp Ahbhv Fs\ km[npp? CsXmw hyhkvYsSpnbXmcmWv? Cu tNmZyv, ap[mcWbn msX Nnnphv e`np Dcw {XnImePvRm\nbpw khiIvX\pambh\mWv a\pjyicocn Cuhn[ hyhkvY
Isfmw kwhn[m\nncnpXv FmWv. Cu hyhkvYIfn sempw Hcp \yq\Xbpw Ism Bpambnns hkv XpX {kjvSmhnsd APX hyIvXampIbmWv sNpXv. kXy\ntj[nItfmSmbn JpB tNmZnpXv ImWpI: ""AX, bmsXmcp hkvXphn\npamsX Ah krjvSn sncnpIbmtWm? AX, Ah XsbmtWm {kjvSm ?'' (52:35) ""\nsf `qanbn\nv krjvSnpmnb k`nepw \n \nfpsS DamcpsS hbdpIfn K`kvY inipfm bncnp k`nepw Ah\mIpp \nsfpdnv Ghpw IqSpX Adnhph.'' (53:32)
Htcsbmcp tImin\nv
45
\mev
Hcp sampkqNnbpsS Xetbmfw hcpsaYw! CXv s]mXp hmb PohtImifpsS Imcyn icnbmsWnepw Fm PohtImifpw C{XkqvaamsWv ]dbpI h. AWvUm ibnepmhp AWvUsf \Kv\t\{Xw sImv IjvSnv ImWphm Ignbpw. Fm PohnIfpsSbpw AWvU GI tImiamWv. Atm ]nIfpsS apbpw AXns]Spw. Ac ASnbne[nIw henap HInbpsS apbmWv Ghpw henb tImisaYw. Ghpw sNdnb tImis {]Xn\n[m \w sNpXv _mIvSocnbIfmWv. Hscm tImiw am{Xap Aao_ apX tImSnWn\v tImifm \nanXamb a\p jy\Sap PpPme hscbphbnsemw Pohsd ASnkvYm\ bq\nv tImiamWv. tImin\Iv...?? FmWv tIminsd LS\? AhbpsS \ne\n]nsd ASnkvYm\samWv? tImin\pnepXns\sbmw s]mXnncnp Hcp tImikvXcamWv Ghpw ]pdsabpXv. CXn\v aqp ]mfnI fpv. amwkynsd cp ]mfnIv \Sphnembn Hcp sImgp p]mfn CXmWv tImikvXcnsd LS\. tImikvXcs tIminsd Imhmcs\p hnfnmw. tImin\I tpw ]pdtpw ISp hkvXpsf ]cntim[nv Bhiysan am{Xw ISnhnSpIbmWv CXnsd [aw. tImin\pn apgph hym]npInSp {ZmhIamWv tImi{Zhyw (cytoplasm). tImi{Zhyn apnnSpIbm sWmWv AXnse ap hkvXpsf Im tXmpI. tImin\Is Hcp {][m\ hkvXphmWv ssatmtIm {Untbm (mitochondrion). HcptImin \qdp apX Bbncw hsc ssatmtIm{UntbmWpIfpmhpw. DuPw D]mZnn pIbmWv CXnsd [aw. `Wn\nv tImifn sep qtmkv Xm{XIfnse DuPw AsUt\mkn ss{St^mkvt^v (F.Sn.]n) Xm{XIfnemn tImin\v D]tbmKnphm X ]mInempXv ssatmtIm{Un
Htcsbmcp tImin\nv
P\nphogp Ipnsd icocn {]h\amcw`np HXp hyhkvYIfpw AtXmS\p_\v[n Ahbhfpsa mw cq]w sImpXv knIvXmWvUsa Hscm tImiw hn`Pn smWv. 0.2 annao- hepap Hcp tKmfamWv knIvXmWv Uw. CXv hn`PnsmWv AXnkoWamb a\pjyicocap mhpXv . BZytImiw hn`Pnsv cmbnocpp. hopw Ah hn`PnsSpp. Cs\ 43 {]mhiyw CcnmWv ]qW a\pjycq]nsepXv. FmWv Hcp tImiw (cell) Fp Nnnnptm? icocn se Ghpw sNdnb bq\nmWv tImiw Fp ]dbmw. CjvSnII fp]tbmKnv sInSfpmpXpt]mse tImifp]tbm KnmWv icocapmnbncnpXv. a\pjyicocw am{Xa, PpfpsSbpw kkyfpsSbpsamw icocw \nansncn pXv tImi sImmWv. (sshdkpI, dnpI XpS nbh CXn]hmZamWv). tImi hfsc sNdpXmWv. ]p apX \qdp hsc ssa t{Im (Hcp ssat{Im=1/1000 annao) BWv km[mcW tImifpsS hepw. ]pew tImi HcpanpIqnbm
46
Htcsbmcp tImin\nv
47
tbmWpIfmWv . \apv {]hrn sNm IgnbpXv t]iotImifpsS ktmNw aqeamWv. t]iotImiv ktmNnphm\p DuPw e`npXv F.Sn.]n.bn\nmWv. Cu F.Sn.]n Xm{XI ssatmtIm{UntbmWnsd krjv S nbmWv . CXpIqSmsX tImin\Ip \Sp cmk{]h\mhiyamb DuPhpw F.Sn.]n.bn\nm sWSppXv. ssatmtIm{UntbmWpIfn \Sp {]h\ hfsc koWamWv. AXnkqvaamb tImin\pnse sNdnb hkvXpfn C{Xb[nIw koWamb cmk{]h \ \SpsXs\sbXv hnkvabmhlamWv. AWvUm IrXnbntem A]w IqSn \o BIrXnbntem ImWsSp ssatmtIm{UntbmWpI \nansncnpXv cp kvXc sImmWv. CXnsd Cc `nnbnse DNaw ]e `mKfnepw DntepXn sNdnb aSpIfpw Npfnhp Ifpw krjvSnv IqSpX {]ht\m]cnXew kPvPampp.
tIm-i-kv-X-cwssd-t_m-tkm-ap-I\yq-n-b-kvt{Im-a-tkm-ap-I\yq-ntb-m-e-kvtIm-im--c-]-S-ew ssa-tm- tIm-{Sn-btKm-Kn h-kv-Xpsk--{Sn-tbm-fp-I-
tIm-i-n-s- L-S-\-
Cu DNansd aSpIfnembn \nch[n FsskapIfp mbncnpw. \mw Ignp `W]ZmYfnse APw (starch) Zl\hyhkvYbneqsS ISpt]mhptm hntjnsv qtmkmbn amdpIbpw AXv cIvXneqsS Fm icoc`mK fnepsapIbpw sNpp. tImifnsep qtmkv Im_ UtbmIvsskUpw FsskapIfpambn tNv \nch[n koWamb cmkamfneqsS "ss]dpthm'bno cpp. Hcp qtmkv Xm{Xbn\nv cv ss]dpthv Xm{X bpmhp cmk{]h\amWv sstmenknkv (glycolysis) FdnbsSpXv. tImi{Zhyn shmWnXv \SpXv. Cs\bpmhp ss]dpthpIsf ssatmtIm{Un tbmWpI kzoIcnpp. AhnsSshv CXv ]Sn]Snbmbn HmIvkoIcWn\p hnt[bamhpIbpw F.Sn.]n DmhpIbpw sNpp. Cu koW cmk{]{InbI hgnbmbn ]pdsSp Im_UtbmIvsskUv \nizmkhmbphneqsS ]pdsSp Ibpw ssl{UP, izk\neqsS tImifnsenb HmIv knP\pambn kwtbmPnv PeapmhpIbpw sNpp. Hcp qtmkv Xm{X HmIvkoIcnsv Pehpw Im_Utbm IvsskUpambnocptmtgv 38 F.Sn.]n Xm{XIfpmhp p. Hcp F.Sn.]n Xm{X \Ip DuPw Bbncw Itemdnbm Wv. qtmkn\nv F.Sn.]n.bpmIphm\mhiyamb ko W {]h\ apgph \SpXv Hcp an\nn\pnemsW tmpI. AXpw AXnkqvaamb Hcp temIn\pn ssatmtIm{UntbmWpIfn shv! tIm-i{Zhy-n- tIm-ikv-Xcn-s-d AtX LS\tbm-SpIq-Sn-b kvXc]Se- Nn-n-n-Xdn-bpw- IIqSn-bpw- In-Sp-XpIm-Wmw.- CXn-s\ tIm-im-c kv-Xc]Sew- (endo plasmic reticulum) Fp- hn-fn-p-p.- Cu- kv-Xc]Setm-Sv- ]n-t-p-sImp- sNdp-IWn-IIfm-Wv- ssdt_m-tkm-ap-I- (ribosomes).CXn- - {][m- \ am- b pw- B.- F .F Xm- { XIfm- W p- Xv . Aant\m- A- Hp-tN-v- t{]m-o- Dm-hp-Xv- ssdt_m-
48
Htcsbmcp tImin\nv
49
tkm-ap-Ifn- shm-Wv.- AXn-\m- Chsb t{]m-o- F-Pn-\pI- Fp- hn-fnp-p.Ch Iq-Sm-sX,- F-sskap-I- tiJcn-p-shp- tKm-Pnt_m-Un-I- (golgibodies),- ko-W cm-khkv-Xp-sf hn-LSnn-v- eLp-hkv-Xp-fm-bn- am-m-\m-hiy-am-b F-sskap-IfSnbn-cn-p- ssetkm-tkm-ap-I- (lysosomes),- tIm-ihn-k-Py-tiJcn-sSp- hm-tIz-m-fp-I- (vacuoles) Xp-Sn-bhbpw- tImi{Zhy-n-ep-v.- Chsbmw- Ahbp-sS [-aw- \n-hln-p-Xvko-Wam-b hy-hkvYI- ]m-en-p-sIm-m-Wv.- {]kvXp-X hyh kv-Y Cpw- \s AXv`p-XsSp-p-Ibpw- AXn-\p- ]n-n-ep- iIvXn--v km-jSmw-Kw- \an-p-Xn-tev- \bn-p-Ibpw- sNpp.-v tIm-itI{wtIm-in-se Ghpw- {][m-\s `m-Kam-Wv- AXn-se \yqnbkv- (nucleus).- CXn-s\ tIm-i{Zhy-n-\n-v- th-Xn-cn-p-\np-Xv- \yq-n-bkv-Xcam-Wv.- CXn-Ip- hkv-Xp-hm-Wv\yqn-tbm-m-ksadn-bsSmp-Xv.- \yq-n-bkn-se Ghpw{][m-\s LSIam-Wv- ]m-ccy-hm-ln-Ifm-b t{Im-atkm-ap-I(chromosomes).- t{Im-atkm-ap-Isf Iq-Sm-sX tKm-fm-Ir-Xn-bnep- Htm- ctm- \yq-n-tbm-ep-I- \yq-n-bkn-ep-m-hpw. -ssd t_mtkmw- \n-am-Wam-Wv- CXn-s-d [-aw.\yq-n-bkn-se Ghpw- {][m-\s LSIam-Wv- t{Im-atkmap-I- Fp- ]dp-htm.- bYm-Yn,- Hm-tcm- Po-hnsbbpwB Po-hn-bm-p-Xv- t{Im-atkm-ap-Ifm-Wv.- Po-htIm-ifn-semwXs t{Im-atkm-ap-I- tPm-Un-Ifmbn-m-Wv- \n-e\n-p-Xv; {]Xyp-]m-Z\ tIm-ifn-sem-gn-v.- a\p-jy-tIm-in- Ccp]n-aq-v- tPm-Un- t{Imatkm-ap-Ifm-Wp-Xv.- AYhm- \m]m-sdw.- t{Im-atkm-ap-Ifn- Un.-F.-F.- (de oxy ribo nucleic acid-D.N.A),- B.-F.-F (ribo nucleic acid-R.N.A),- ln-kv tm,- t{]m-o- Xp-Sn-bhbm-Wp-Xv.CXn- a\p-jy-t-dXSap- ssPhtIm-ifnan-Xns-dbpw- ]m-ccy-kz-`m-hs hln-pXv-v Un.-F.-F Xm {XIfm-Wv.- sSm-_m-m,- sam-skv,- sshdkv- Xp-Sn-b Nn-e eLp-
Po-hn-Ifn- am-{Xam-Wv- B.-F.-F ]m-ccy-s hln-p-Xm bn- Isn-bn-cn-p-Xv.- Fs\bm-Wv- Cu- \yq-n-bn-IvA- ]m-ccy-s hln-p-sXXv- - hfsctbsd hn-kv abm-hlam-b Im-cy-am-Wv.- AXn-kq-v-aam-b Hcp- kv-Yev- AXnko--Wam-b ]m-ccy- {]tXyIXI- tcJsSp-p-hmth kw-hn-[m-\- sNbv-X {kjv-Sm-hn-s-d ssh`hn-\papn- AXp- ]Tn-p-h- \{ain-ckv-Icm-hm-Xn-cn-n-.- Xo.\yq-n-bn-Iv- Aw- (necleic acid) ASn-kv-Ym-\]cam-bn- \n-ansn-cn-p-Xv- \yq-n-tbm-ssSUp-I- (necleotides) sIm-m Wv.- Hcp- \yq-n-bn-Iv- A Xm-{Xbn- \m-ep-Xcw- \yq-n-tbmssSUp-Ifm-Wp-m-hp-I.- Hm-tcm- \yq-n-tbm-ssU\n-s\bpw- cm-knIam-bn- aq-p- `m-Kfm-bn- th-sSp-m-hp-Xm-Wv.- Ahbn-sem v- Hcp- ]km-c Xm-{Xbm-Wv.- km-[m-cW ]km-c Xm {Xbn- Bdp- Im-_- Bfm-Wp-Xv.- Fm,- \yq-ntbm- s sSUn- s e ]km- c Xm- { Xbn- Ap- Im- _ Btfbpq.- AXn-\m- CXn-s\ s]t-dm-kv- ]km-c AYhm- ssdt_m-kv- ]km-c Fp- hn-fn-p-p.ssdt_m-kv- ]km-c D-sm-p-- \yq-n-bn-Iv- Aam-WvB.-F.-F.- ssdt_m-kv- ]km-c Xm-{Xv- {]tXy-Iam-b Hcp- sslt{Um-Iv-kn- (OH) {Kq-p-v.- CXnse Hm-Iv-kn-P- t]m bm- {]kv-Xp-X ]km-c Xm-{Xv- Un- Hm-Iv-kn-ssdt_m-kv]kmcsbp ]dbpw. CXn ssdt_mkv ]kmcbnte Xnt\m Hcp HmIvknP Ipdhmbncnpw. Un HmIvkn ssdt_mkv ]km-cbp-sm-p \yq-n-bn-Iv- Aam-WvUn.F.-F.]km-cm- Xm-{X Iq-Sm-sX t^m-kv-t^pw- t_kp-Ifpw-IqSn\yq-n-bn-Iv- An-ep-v.- \yq-n-bn-Iv- An-\v- Akz-`m-hw\-Ip-Xv- t^m-kvt^v- (AYhm- t^m-kvt^m-dn-Iv- Aw-)- BWv.ss\{SP- Ie- bu-Kn-Ifm-Wv- t_kp-I.- t_kp-I- cvhn-`m-Kap-v.- GIheb LS\bp-hsb ]yq-cn-\p-I- FpwZzn-he LS\bp-hsb ]n-can-Uo-\p-I- Fpw- ]dbp-p.- \yqnbkn- Ap-Xcn-ep- t_kp-Ifm-Wp-Xv.- Chsb \yqntbm- t_kp-I- Fp- ]dbp-p.- AUn-\n- (A),- Kzm-\n- (G),-
50
Htcsbmcp tImin\nv
51
ssXao- (T),- ssktm-kn-- (C),- bp-dm-kn- (U) Fn-hbm-Wh.CXn- BZy-s csw- ]yq-cn- hn-`m-Kn-epw- Ahkm\ s aq-sw- ]n-c-an-Uo- hn-`m-Kn-ep-am-Wp-sm-p-Xv.Hcp- \yq-nbn-Iv- An- ]yq-cn-\p-Ifp-sSbpw- ]n-can-Uo-\p-IfpsS bpw- Fw- Xp-ey-am-bn-cn-pw.- cp- ]n-can-Uo-\p-Ifpw- cp- ]yqcn\p-Ifpw- BsI \m-ev-am-{Xta Hcp- \yq-n-bn-Iv- An-ep-mhq.B-.-F.-F.-bn- ssXao- Hgn-p- ap-\m-ep- \yq-o-b t_kpIfpw- (A.G.C.U),- Un.-F.-F.-bn- bp-dm-kn- Hgn-sIbp- \mept_kp-Ifpw- (A.G.C.T) BWp-m-hp-I.- t^m-kvt^v]kmcmirwJev- \Sp-hn- ]m--iz-n-tev- Xn-\n-p- t_kp I- CXm-Wv- \yq-n-bn-Iv- Afp-sS s]m-Xp-hm-b LS\.a\p-jy-\Sap- _lp-`q-cn-]w- Po-hPm-efp-sSbpw- ]m ccy-hm-lI- Un.-F.-F.-bm-sWv- ]dp-htm.-AtmCXn- s - d LS\sbp- d n- dn- b p- Xn- e q- s S Fs\bm- W v ssPh{]Xn-`m-kfp-m-hp-sXv- a\n-em-m- Ign-bWw.\yq-n-bn-Iv- Asfp-dn-v- a\n-em-n-b DS-Xs AhbpsS LS\sbp-dn-v- a\n-em-m-\pw- im-kv-{XPv-R- {ian-n-cpp.- Un.-F.-F.-bp-sS FIv-kv-td ]SsaSp- Cw-o-jv- im-kv-{XPvR- tam-dn-kv- hn-n-kpw- Un.-F.-F LS\sb GItZiambnhn-iZo-Icn- en-\kv- t]mfnpw- tdm-_-v- tIm-dn-bpw- Cu- cw Ktv- shfn-w- ho-in-b ]ecn- Nn-ecm-Wv.- tIw-{_n-Uv-Pv- bq\n-thgv-kn-n-bn-se Fv.-F^v.-kn- {In-pw,- sP.-Un-bp.- hm-vk Wpw- tN- m- W v - 1953- Un.- F .- F .- b p- s S ]q- W am- b LS\sbp-dn- Hcp- Nn-{XahXcn-n-Xv.- Cm-cyn-\v- t\m_km-\w- t\Sn-b Chcp-sS am-Xr-I CXp-hscbp- \n-coW sfbpw- A\p-`hsfbp-samw- icn-shp-Xn-\m- CvUn.-F.-F.-bp-sS hm-v-k-{In-v- am-Xr-I ]q-Wam-bn-s im-kv{Xtem-Iw- Aw-Ko-Icn-n-cnp-p.Hcp- Np-p-tIm-Wn-sbtm-sebm-Wv- CXn-se Un.-F.-F.-bp-sS LS\.- Ffp-n- hfbp- Im-ep-Ifp- Hcp- tIm-Wn- \n-epdn-v- \n-n- ap-Ifn- ]n-Sn-p-]n-cn-m-- Fs\bm-tWmAs\bp- Hcp- tIm- W n.- Hcp- ]ncn- b p- s S \o- f w- 30 0 - A BsWpw- Hcp-]n-cn-bn- ]p- \yq-n-tbm-ssSUp-Ifm-Wp-m-
hp-Isbpw- IWm-n-bn-p-v.- Hcp- Un.-F.-F Xm-{Xbnkm-[m-cW KXn-bn- ]Xn-\m-bn-cw- \yq-n-tbm-ssSUp-Ifm-Wp-mhp-I.- t^m-kv-t^pw- ]km-cbpw- tN-m-Wv- tIm-Wn-bp-sS cp- his Im-ep-Ifp-m-n-bn-cn-p-Xv.- ss\{SP- t_kpIfm-Wv- ]Sn-I.- cp- t_kp-Ifm-Wv- Hcp- ]Sn-bn-ep-m-hp-I.Cu- t_kp-I- Xn- ssl{UP- _\v-[\w- aq-ew- _\v-[nsn-cn-p-p.- t_kp-I- tPm-Sn- tN-n-m-Wv- tIm-Wn-SnIfp-m-bn-p-sX-Yw.- ssXao- AU\n-t\m-Spw- Kzm-\n-ssktm-kn-t\m-Spw- am-{Xta tPm-Sn- tNcp-Ibp-q.- Hcp- ]yq-cn-\pwHcp- ]n-can-ssU\pw- Xn-te tPm-Sn- tNcp-Ibp-q-sh-Yw.Fm- A-Yn-epw- \n-Po-hsav- hn-tijn-n-m-hp- Un.F.-F Xm-{XIfn-\n-m-Wv- Po-hs\ {]Xn-`m-kw- kr-jvSnsn-cn-p-Xv-.- Un.-F.-F hn-`Pn-p-Xp- aq-eam-Wv- tImiwhn-`Pn-sSp-Xv.- ssPhhkv-Xp-hn-s-d Ghpw- {][m-\s {]tXy-IXIfn-sem-m-bn- hn-tijn-n-sSp- {]Xyp-]m-Z\wt]m-epw -\Sp-Xv- \n-Po-h hkv-Xp-shv- hn-tinjn-n-m-hp Un.-F.-F.-bp-sS hy-hkvYm-]n-Xam-b hn-`P\w- hgn-bm-sWv- \ap dn- b mw.- Un.- F .- F .- b n- ASn- b n- c n- p- aq- e IGsXm-am-sWpw- \ap-dn-bmw.- Fn-pw- \n-Po-h hkvXp-fm b ss\{SP\pw- t^m-kvt-^pw- ]km-cbpw- apw- Iq-n-t-v\ap-sm-cp- Po-htIm-iw- t]m-epw- \n-an-p-hm- CXp-hsc Ignn-n-.- Po-h- AXp-sm-p- hkv-Xp-hn-s-d ù-Xn ILS\Xo-Xam-b Ftm- BsWm-Wtm- CXn-\n-va\n-em-tXv.hfsc kcfam-b bu-Kn-Ifn-\n-v- ko-Wam-b Po-htIhe bm-Zr-NvOn-IXbp-sS êam-bn- Dm-hp-Ibn-sv- tImi sbpw- AXns-d [-asfbpw- LS\sbbpw- Ip-dn-v- ]Tnph-v- kp-Xcmw- t_m-[y-sSpw.- Po-h\n-m- hkv-Xp-fn\n-v- Po-hs\ ]p-dp-sIm-p-hcp-h\m-bn-m-Wv- hn-ip- Jp- B- Am-lp-hn-s\ ]cn-NbsSp-p-Xv.""Po-h\n-m-Xn-\n-v- \o- Po-h\p-Xn-s\ ]p-dp-sIm-phcp-p.- Po-h\p-Xn-\n-v- \o- Po-h\n-m-Xn-s\bpw- ]p-dpsIm-p-hcp-p''.- (3:27)-
52
Htcsbmcp tImin\nv
53
kz-`m-h \n-WbwAao-_ ap-X- a\p-jy- hscbp- Po-hn-Ifp-sS kz-`m-h khntijXI- \n-Wbn-p-Xv- tIm-in-\Is Un.-F.-F Xm-{XIfm-sWp- ]dp-htm?- Fs\bm-Wn-Xp- km-[np-Xv?- Fm- ssPhtIm-ifn-sebpw- Un.-F.-F.-bp-sS LS\ Hp-Xsbm-Wv.- Fm-n-ep-apXv- Un-tbm-Iv-kn-ssdt_m-kv]km-cbpw- t^m-kv-t^pw- \m-ep- ss\{SP- t_kp-IfpwXs! Fn-p-sas\bm-Wv- Po-hn-I- Xn- C{Xb[n-Iwsshhn-[y-- \n-e\n-p-Xv?Un.-F.-F.-bn-se \m-ep-Xcw- \yq-n-tbm-ssSUp-I- hy-Xy-kvX A\p- ] m- X n- e pw- co- X n- b n- e pw- AWn- \ n- c p- s Im- m- W v ssPhtem-Is sshhn-[y-sfmw- kr-jvSn-p-Xv.- Hcp- `mj bn-se Xp-Oam-b Ac- sIm-v- At\Im-bn-cw- ]Z]Sbv-sSp-Xp-t]m-se hy-Xy-kv-X \yq-n-tbm-ssSUp-Ifp]tbm-Kn-v- Pp-tem-In-se sshhn-[y-sfsb-mw- ]SbvmUn.-F.-F.-v- km-[n-p-p.- a\p-jys-d AWv-UtIm-ifnse t{Im-atkm-ap-Ifn- am-{Xam-bn- GItZiw- Aq-dp-tIm-Sn\yq-n-tbm-ssSUv- tPm-Sn-Ifp-v.- ChsIm-v- tcJsSp-snp- hn-hc- \n-ch[n-bm-Wv.- Fssktm-]o-Un-b {_n-mWn-bp-sS Ccp-]n-\m-ep- hm-ey-fn-epw- Iq-Sn- tcJsSp-nbn-cn-p- hn-hc- Un.-F.-F.-bp-sS `m-jbn- tcJsSpp-Ibm-sWn- GItZiw- ]p-ew- \yq-n-tbm-ssSUv- tPmUn-I- aXn-bm-hpw.- Fssktm-]o-Un-bbn- tcJsSp sXn-epw- AXv- Ccn- hn-hc- Hcp- tIm-in- tcJsSpsn-psv- km-cw.ssPhkz-`m-hsfmw- ASn-kv-Ym-\]cam-bn- \n-Wbn-pXv- t{Im-atkm-ap-Ifm-Wv.- ssPhkz-`mh- cp- Xcam-WpXv.- Hv,- LS\m-]cw.-- cv,- {]h-\]cw.- Hcp- Po-hn-bp-sS Hm-tcm- {]tXy-I kz-`m-hsbpw- \n-b{n-p- t{Im-atkm-apI-p-n-se LSIfm-Wv- Po-\p-I.- Hcp- Po- Hcp- ssPhkz `m-hs \n-b{n-pp.- ssPhico-cn-s-d LS\m-]cam-b khn-tijXIsfsbmw- \n-b{n-p-Xv- {]tXy-Iw- {]tXy-Iwt{]m-o-\p-Ifm-Wv.- Ahbn-se {]h-\sf \n-b{n-p-Xv-
Fsskap-Ifp-am-Wv.- Cu- Fsskap-Ifpw- bYm-Yn- t{]m o- Xsbm-Wv.- Atm- {]h-\]ctam- LS\m-]ctamBb Hcp- t{]m-o-s\ \n-b{n-p- Hcp- Un.-F.-F LSIamWv{]kv-Xp-X kz`m-hs \n-b{n-p-sXv- a\n-em-m-w.Cs\bp- Un.- F .- F .- b n- s e {]h- \]cam- b HcpLSIsbm-Wv- Po- Fp- ]dbp-Xv.Hcp- Po-\n- Bbn-ctm-fw- tPm-Un- \yq-n-tbm-ssSUp-Ifpm-hp-w.- Cu- \yq-n-tbm-ssSUp-I- hyXykv-X cq-]fn- {IaoIcn-sm-Wv- P\n-XItIm-Up-I- (genetic codes) Dm-hpXv.- Cu- tIm-Up-Ifn-em-Wv- {]kv-Xp-X Po-\n-s-d kz`m-h khntijXI- tcJsSp-n-bn-cn-p-Xv.Po-hs-d Ghpw- sNdn-b bq-\n-m-b tIm-in-s-d LS\ sbp-dn-p- a\n-em-p-tm- {]kv-Xp-X tIm-iw- \n-an-pI bpw- hy-hkv-YsSp-p-Ibpw- sNbv-X AP\m-b {kjv-Sm-hn-s\ \ap-v- Adn-bm- Ign-bp-p.- C{X ka-Yhpw- hy-hkv-Ym-]n-Xhpam-bn- ssPhtIm-iw- \n-an-h- Xo-bm-bpw- k-hiIv-XXsbm-bn-cn-p-sa \n-Ka\n-em-Wv- Nn-n-p-h- Fntcp-Xv.- ssPhhkv-Xp-hn-s-d kr-jv-Sn-v- C{Xp- ka-Yambn- \n-hln- {kjvSm-hn-t\m-Sv- BZchp- tXm-p-Ibpw- AXv- Bcm[\bm-bn- am-dp-Ibpw- sNp-p.- Bscn-epw- Bcm-[\ A-lnp-p-shn- AXv- ssPhtIm-isf ]Sp-Ibpw- Ahbn\n-v- Po-hPm-esf ap-gp-h- kr-jv-Sn-p-Ibpw- sNbv-Xham{Xam-sWv- Ahsbp-dn-v- ]Tn- Bcpw- ]dp-t]m-hpw.""Xo-bm-bpw- Am-lp-hn-\p- ]p-dsa \n-- hn-fn-p- {]mYn-p-h- Hcp- Cu-sbtm-epw- kr-jv-Sn-p-Ibn-.- AXn-\mbn- Ahscm-hcpw- Hp-tN-m- t]m-epw''.- (22:73)""Fm- Po-hn-Isfbpw- Am-lp- Pen-\n-v- kr-jv-Sn-n-cnp-p''.- (24:45)-
IeI- tIm-iq-m-bv-aI-
55
Av
IeI- tIm-iq-m-bv-aIHscm- kn-Iv-Xm-Wv-Uw- {Ia`w-Kn-\v- (mitosis) hn-t[bam-bnm-Wv- ico-cn-se tIm-isfm-ap-m-hp-Xv.- Hcp- tIm-iw{Ia`w- K n- \ v - hn- t [bam- h p- t m- am- X r- t Im- i n- s e t{Imatkmw- kw-Jy-v- Xp-ey-am-b Fw- t{Im-atkm-ap-I Xsbm-Wv- ]p-Xr-tIm-ifnep-ap-m-hp-I.- ]n-ssbs\bm Wv- hy-Xy-kv-X [-afp- tIm-ifp-m-hp-Xv?Hcp- Po-htIm-i-n-se Fm-Xcw- Po-\p-Ifpw- Fm-bv-t]m-gpw{]h-\\n-c-Xam-hp-n-.- {][m-\am-bpw- Po-\p-I- cp- Xcam Wp-Xv.- LS\m-]chpw- \n-b{W]chpw.- CXn- BZy-hn-`mKamWv- t{]m-o- \n-an-p-Xv.- cm-as hn-`m-Kn-s-d tPm-enBZy-hn-`m-Ks \n-b{n-p-Ibm-Wv.- t{]m-o- \n-am-Xm-fmb Po-\p-I- Ftm-sgmw- {]h-\\n-cXam-hWsapw- Ftmsg mw- \n-jv-{In-bam-hWsapw- Xo-cp-am-\n-p-Xv- \n-b{I Po\pIfm-Wv.- \n-b{IPo-\p-I- cp- Xcap-v.- {]h-Icpw- (operators) im-kIcpw- (regulators). LS\m-]cPo-\p-Ifp-sS {]h\ sf t\cn-v- \n-b{n-p-Xv- {]h-IPo-\p-Ifm-Wv.- Chsb Hm-]tdm-Wp-I- Fp-]dbp-p.- Hcp- Hm-]tdm- Htsd LS\m]cPo-\p-Isf \n-b{n-p-p.- Cu- Hm-]tdm-Wp-Isf \n-b{np Po-\p-Ifm-Wv- im-kIPo-\p-I.- Chbp-sS kXtm-Sp-
IqSn- am-{Xta Hm]tdm-Wp-I-v- LS\m-]cPo-\p-Isf {]hn n-p-hm-\pw- \n-jv-{In-bam-p-hm-\pw- Ign-bq.im-kIPo-\p-Ifp-sS {]h-\w- tlm-tam-Wp-I- Xp-Snb _m-ly-hkv-Xp-fp-sS km-n-[y-s B{ibn-m-Wn-cn-p-Xv.Fm- tIm-ifn-epw- Htc Fw- t{Im-atkm-ap-Ifpw- AhbnHtcXcw- Po-\p-Ifp-am-Wp-sXn-epw- Hm-tcm- tIm-ihpw- AXp\n-e\n-p- Ahbhn-s-d [an\\pkcnv {]hn pp. ImcWw, Ahbn {]kvXpX {]h\mhiy amb Po\pI am{XamWv {]h\\ncXambncnpXv. Hmtcm {]tXyI hn`mKw tImifnepw {]hnpXv hyXykvX Xcw Po\pIfmsWv kmcw. HtcXcw Po\pI {]h\\nc Xambncnp, Htc [aapsmp GImXvaIamb tImi fpsS kaqlsbmWv Ie (tissue) Fp ]dbpXv. hnhn[Xcw IeI a\pjyicocn hyXykvX Xcw IeIfpv. [ansd ASnkvYm\n IeIsf hyXykvX hn`mKfmbn Xncnncn pp. icocs BhcWw sNp IebmWv BhcWIe. icoc s ]pdp\nv BhcWw sNp sXmenbpw Dn \nv BhcWw sNp tjvakvXchpw Cu Ie sImmWv \nan sncnpXv. ktmNnpIsb [aw \nhlnp IebmWv t]ioI e. Ip NnpXv apX HmSpXphscbp imcocnI Ne\ sfmw \SpXv t]ioktmNw aqeamWv. Adpqdn ]cw t]inIfmWv a\pjyicocnepXv. icocnsd \m]Xv iXam\tmfw t]ioIebmWpXv. ap IeIsf ]ckv]cw tbmPnnpIbpw Xmp\Ip Ibpw tISphm \mpIbpamWv kwtbmPIIebpsS [a. CXv ]e hn[nepapv. XcpWmkvYn, kv\mbp, IWvUc, kvXc\mcpI XpSnbhsbmw kwtbmPII ebmWv. IpS, Bamibw, Ic, lrZbw, izmktImi, akv X njv I w Fnhsbsbms s]mXnbp kv X cfpw
56
IeI- tIm-iq-m-bv-aI-
57
amwkt]inIsf ]ckv]cw HnnSnmsX t\mp an\p kap kvXcfpw kwtbmPIIebmWv. {khnpIbmWv {khWIebpsS [aw. cp Xcw {khW IeIfmWpXv. Xsd {khW{Zhyw ]pdtv HgpnhnSp IeIsf _ln{kmh{K\vYnIsfv ]dbpp. Dan\o, Bamibckw, ]nw, ]m, Io, hnbv XpSnbh {khnp {K\vYnI CXnepsSpp. tImin\nv t\cnv cIvXntev {khnp IeIfmWv Ax{kmh{K \vYnI FdnbsSpXv. Ccw {khW{ZhysfbmWv tlmtamWpI Fp ]dbpXv. hwiw \ne\np IebmWv {]Xyp]mZ\Ie. AWvUm ibhpw hrjWhpamWv a\pjyicocnse {]Xyp]mZ\ IeI. av IeIsfsbmw \nb{npIbmWv \mUoIebpsS [aw. kwthZ\hpw {]XnIcWhpamWv \mUoIebpsS ASnkv Ym\[a. CXnsd Hcp `mKamWv \nb{Ww. DtPnX amIphm\pw BthK hlnphm\pap kzm`mhnIamb IgnhpIfpXn\memWv \mUoIev AXnsd [aw \nhln m\mhpXv. \mUoIebpsS ]ctamX kvYm\amWv akvXn jvIw. hnhn[Xcw IeI IqSntcptmgmWv Ahbhfpmhp Xv. Hmtcm Iebpw [aw \nhlnptmgmWv Ahbhn\v samw AXnsd [aw \nhlnphm IgnbpXv. Bhc WIebpw t]ioIebpw \mUoIebpw AkvYnIebpsamw AhbptSXmb [aw \nhlnptmgmWv ssI F Ah bhw Nennphm IgnbpXv. CXpt]mseXsbmWv Fm AhbhfpsSbpw kvYnXn. Hcp {]tXyI [a\nhlWn\p thn hnhn[ Ahbh ktfnpIbpw klIcnpIbpw sNptmgmWv Hcp hyhkvY (system) DmhpXv. samn Hscm [aamWv Hcp hyhkvYv sNphm\pmhpI. Fm AXnse Ahb h hyhkvYbn s]Sm [afpw \nhlnppm
hpw. Npv, \mhv, ]pI, A\mfw, Bamibw, IpS, Ic, BKvt\b{K\vYn, Dan\o{K\vYnI XpSnbh tNmWv Zl\hyhkvYbpmhpXv. `Ww kzoIcnpIbmWv CXn sd [aw. Fm, CXnse ]e Ahbhpw Zl\hyh kvYbn s]Sm Nne [aIqSnbpv. \mhv kwkmcn \pw Ic Poh{][m\amb ]e {]h\pw D]tbmKn sSpptm. Hscm knIvXmWvUn\nv hyXykvX kz`mhtfmSp IqSnb IeIfpw IeIfn\nv Ahbhfpw AhbhfpsS ]mckv]cyn\nv hyhkvYIfpw krjvSnsXv XnIpw bmZrNvOnIambnmsWv Ahsbpdnv ]Tnhscmpw ]dbn. AhbpsS \ne\n]n\v ]nn iIvX\mb Hcp kwhn [mbIs\bmWv Nnnphv ImWm IgnbpXv. Cu kwhn[m\sfpdnv a\nemphv Fs\bmWv {kjvSmhnsd AkvXnXzw \ntj[nphm IgnbpI? ""tl, a\pjym, DZmc\mb \nsd cnXmhnsd Imcyn \ns hnpIfsXmWv? \ns krjvSnpIbpw, \ns kwhn[m\npIbpw, \ns icnbmb AhkvYbnemp Ibpw Xm\ptin cq]n \ns kwLSnnpIbpw sNbvXh\s{X Ah.'' (82:68)
AkvYnI icocnsd Xmv
59
Bdv
AkvYnI icocnsd Xmv

a\pjyicocnse ASnkvYm\ hyhkvYbmWv AkvYn hyhkv Y (skeleton system). icocn\mhiyamb Xmv \IpIbpw cq]nsd ASnkvYm\ambn hnpIbpw sNp hyhkvYbmWnXv. t]inI anXpw Ddnsn cnpXv FntemWv. icocnse ap IeItfm {]h\\ncXamb IeIfmWv AkvYnIfnepXv. ChbmWv Ghpw ImTn\ytadnb IeIsfp ]dbmw. ]pI am{XamWv ImTn\ynsd Imcyn AkvYntbmsSmsapXv. Hcp Ipv P\npXv icocn apqnAXv FpItfmsSbmWv. Fm, {]mb]qnbmhptmtgpw AhbpsS Fw Ccpqn Bdmbnocpw. P\nptm ]eXmbnnSncp ]e AkvYnIfpw ]noSv tbmPnptNcp XpsImmWnXv. Cu tbmPnv Pohimkv{X]camb Nne [a \nhlnpXn\pthn {]tXyIw kwhn[m\n snpXmWv. DZmlcWn\v Xebnse AkvYnbpsS ImcysaSppI. XebpsS ta`mKv Bdv AkvY-nIfmWv P\nptm DmhpI.\mbn Nenp B Bdv AkvYnIfpsS \ne
\n]v amXmhnsd K`]m{X n\nv ]pdpISm AXymhiyamWv. Cu FpI \ncn \on Hv asmn sd taIbdn samw Xebp sS hymkw IpdpsImmWv K`]m{Xn \nv Ipv ]pdphcpXv. Cu AkvYnI K`]m{Xn shpXs tbmPnnsncppshn Ipn\v AXn\nv ]pdp ISm km[npambncpn. P\\w Ign DSs\bpw Cu AkvYnI HnptNcpn. cp aqv hjptijw akvXnjvInsd hf {]-[m-\- A-n-I-:- ap-n- \n-vGXmv ]qnbmbngn mWv Cu Bdv AkvYnIfpw IqSntv Hscm AkvYnbmbn ocpXv. CXv akvXnjvIn\v hnIknphm thnbp {]tXyI kwhn[m\amWv. Xetmdnsd hf ]qnbmhp Xn\papv XesbpI tbmPnncppshn, AXp hnIkn phm CSw e`nmsX, a\pjy a_pnbmbnocp ambncpp. Cs\, hfcptXmSpIqSn Fw Ipdbp FpI \nch [nbpv. P\\kabv Acsnsd Ccphipambpm hp Bdv CSpspI {]mb]qnbmhptm kwtbmPnv csambnocpXpw \sn\Snbn t{imWo`mKp Ap Iticp hfcptXmsS kwtbmPnv Hmbnocp Xpw CXn\p cpZmlcW am{Xw. AkvYnIfpsS DSs s]mXphmbn cmbnncnn cnpp. ssPhnIhpw AssPhnIhpw. Im_, ssl{UP, HmIvknP, ss\{SP XpSnb aqeIfpsS koWamb ssPhXm{XIfmWv ssPhnI (organic) saXpsImv
60
AkvYnI icocnsd Xmv
61
hnhnpXv. shw, hmbp, av, Dv XpSnb AssPh kwbpIvXfmWv AssPhnIw (inorganic). AkvYnbn Fgp]Xp iXam\tmfw AssPhnImwiam WpXv. Imkynsdbpw t^mkvt^nsdbpw ehW fpw PehpamWh. Pew am{Xw Ccp]v iXam\tmfw hcpw. Ddpw Inbpap AkvYnbpsS Im`mKw PeamsWv hnizknm {]bmkamWv. ]t, AXmWv icn. AkvYnItf m A[nIw PemwiaphbmWv icocnse ahbh. cIvXn 90 iXam\ne[nIhpw hrIfn 80 iXam\ ne[nIhpw PeamWpXv. HcmfpsS icocnsd aqn cp `mKhpw PeamWt{X. Pohsd ASnkvYm\LSIamb tImifnse t{]mtmmknsd knwl`mKhpw PewXs. hnip JpB ]dsX{X icn! ""AhXsbmWv Pen\npw a\pjys\ krjvSn Xv''. (25:54) ""Pen\nv Fm ssPhhkvXpsfbpw \mw Dmp Ibpw sNbvXncnpp.'' (21:30). ]eXcw AkvYnI ]e cq]fnep AkvYnIfpv. Ah \nhlnp [an\\pkcnmWv AhbpsS cq]w \nWbnsn cnpXv. ssIImepIfnsetmse Dcpp \oh, XetbmSn setmse ]cpIn Ipdh, aWn_\v[nsebpw ]mZn sebpw t]mse Dcph, hmcnsbpIsftmse \op ]ch. Cs\ H\h[nbmWv FpIfpsS BIrXn. FpIfpsS {]Xew an\pkaphb. Dn\np aqbp appIfpw apcSpIfpw IpgnIfpw Zzmcfpsamw ChbpsS D]cnXenepv. t]inIv apdpsI ]nSnp hm\pw RcpIpw cIvXhmln\nIpw ISpt]mIp hm\pw FpIv ]ckv]cw k\v[nphm\pw thnbp XmWv Ch. Akv Y nbpsS D`mKw anhmdpw s]mbmWv . \o Fnsd a[yn s\Sp\osf t]mIp Hcp I\mepv.
AXn aPvP \ndncnpw. Cu aPvPb\nmWv cIvX tImi DSseSppXv. Ah hfsbngnm cIvXn {]thinpp. Fv Poh\nm ]ZmYamsW Hcp [mcWbpv. AXp icnb. AXv hfcpIbpw hnIknpIpw \inpIbpw ]nfcp Ibpw \hoIcnsSpIbpw tcmKv CcbmhpIbpw sNp ssPhtImifm \nanXamWv . AXpsImpXs AXn\v Poh\pv. HcmfpsS AkvYnIqSnsd `mcw HXp Intem{Kman\p Xmsgbmbncnpw. Fm, AXnsd Ddv Dcpnt\mfw hcpw. tIm{Iont\m \mencn Ddv! aZw Xmphm\p AkvYnbpsS Ignhpw hnkvabmhlamWv. XpSsbn\v Hcp Snsd aZw Xmm\p iIvXnbpv. CXp km[npXv Fnsd {]tXyIamb BcnI LS\ aqeamWv. Imkyn sdbpw apw ehW Hcp {]tXyI coXnbn ]cemIrXn (crystal structure) kzoIcnncnpXmWv Fnsd Ddn\p ImcWw. AkvYnIfpsS [a AkvYnIv Hne[nIw [afpv. icocn\p sam nepw hnhn[ `mKpw Hcp Xmmbn hnpIsb XmWv Hmas [aw. icocs s]mXphmbn XmpXv ImepIfnse FpIfmWv. FpIfn Ddnsn cnp hyXykvX t]inIfpsSbpw Xmmbn hnpXv AkvYnIqSw Xs. AkvYnIfpsS asmcp [aw kwc WamWv . icocnse Ghpw {][m\s Ahbhsf kwcnp \nnbncnpXv AkvYnIfp]tbm KnmWv. akvXnjvIs kwcnp hm\mbp Im]mew (calvarium) Hcp I-m-]m-ew-
62
AkvYnI icocnsd Xmv
63
tImsbtmse hnv icocnse Ghpw {][m\s Ahbhs Impcnpp. \snsd \Sp Xpfns hw Dmnbncnp Hcp SWenemWv kpjpav\m\mUn (spinal cord) InSpXv. AXpw hfsc kpcnXamWv. lrZbw, izmktImiw apXemb Ahbhsf kwcnpXn\p thnbpXmWv s\nIqSv. Akv Y nIfpsS aqmas [aw Ne\mXv a IXbmWv . icocnsd Ne\v ImcWw t]ioktmNfmsW nepw {]kvXpX Ne\p thZnsbmcppXv AkvYn IfmWv. k\v[nIfnemWv Ne\ \SpXv. ctm AXne [nItam FpI tbmPnp kvYeamWv k\v[n (articulation). FpIsfsbmw tNv AkvYn]RvPcamnop Xv k\v[nIfmWv. icocn Fa k\v[nIfpv. Ahbp sS [aw Ne\s klmbnpIbmWv. cIvXtImifpsS \namWamWv FpIfpsS asmcp [aw. CXv \SpXv aPvPbnemWv. P\nv A[nIw IgnbpXn\p apv \o FpIfnse aPvP {]kvXpX {]h\w \ndpp p. CSpsv, hmcnsbv, Xesbv XpSnb kvYefn am{Xta ]noSv cIvXtImi \nansSpIbpq. AkvYn]RvPcw icocnse AkvYnIfpsS IqsbmWv AkvYn]RvPcw (skeleton) Fp ]dbpXv. AkvYn]RvPcs {][m\ambpw cmbn hn`Pnncnpp. {][m\ AkvYnhyqlhpw klmbI AkvYnhyqlhpw. XetbmSv, \sv, hmcnsbpI XpSn bhbmWv {][m\ AkvYnhyqlneps]SpXv. ChbnmsX Poh km[ya. ssIImepIfpsS Akv Y nbpw apamWv klmbI AkvYnhyqlnepsSpXv. Chbnsnepw Poh \ne\npw. Fm, Ah ]eImcypw klm bIamWv. Hsmmbp 33 FpI Hn\paosX Hmbn ASpn shnmWv \sv \nansncnpXv. Cu Hmtcm FpI sfbpw Iticp (vertebrae) Fp ]dbpp. Iticpn
Sbnep LjWhpw tXam\hpw aZhpw Ipdm thn Hmtcm cp IticpnSbnepw Hm tcm UnkvIv (disc) Dv. \ Cem kvXnIXbp UnkvpI Hcp amXncnsbmsbp aZw D smpIbpw \sns\ Nenn m\pw hfphm\pw km[yam pIbpw sNpp. \sn\I s I\men kpjpav\ `{Zambn shncnpp. apnaqv Iticpsf Ah bpsS kvYm\nsd ASnkvYm \n Ambn Xncnncnpp. Xetbmn kvYm]nsncnp apIfnse Iticp apX Ggp Iti cpfmWv IWvT Iticp (cervical vertebrae). AXn\ptijap ]{v Iticp Dcx Iticp (thoracic vertebrae) FmWv AdnbsSpXv. ChbpambmWv {]-[m-\- A-n-I-:hmcnsbpI k\v[nncnpXv. ]m-iz-n- \n-vhmcnsbpIfpambn k\v[np Xn\pthn Hmtcm Dcx Iticphnsdbpw Ccphifnepw Hm tcm k\v[oapJw ImWmw. hmcnsbpI Hmtcm hipw ]{ sw hoXapv. BsI Ccp]n\mev hmcnsbpI. Chbn apIfnep Ggp tPmSn hmcnsbpIfpsS aptw DcxêI (sternum)hpambn _\v[sncnpp. ]noSp aqp hmcnsbpI Ah-bv-p apIfnepXpambn k\v[nn cnpp. ]Xns\mpw ]Xn\mepw hmcnsbpIfpsS ap`mKw Fpw sXmSmsX InSpXn\m Ahsb s]mspI (floating ribs) Fp ]dbpp. Iticpfn Ghpw henhpw Ddpaph Dcx Iticp
64
AkvYnI icocnsd Xmv
65
ptijw hcp Av IticpfmWv . Chsb DZc Iticp (lumbar vertebrae) Fp hnfnp p. Ahptijap Ap t{imWo Iticp tNv Inbp H sbmbnoncnpp. CXmWv {XnImkvYn (sacr um). {XnImkvYnv Iosg bmWv \mev ]rjvT Iticp (coccyx) kv Y nXn sNpXv. icocw apgph hp]XnpXv {Xn ImkvYnbntembXn\m AXn\v \ henhpw iIv X nbpapv . kv { XoI fn K``mcw CXntem Wv hphogpIsbXn {]-[m-\- A-n-I-:- ]n--n- \n-v\m CXv IqSpX ]c mWpmhpI. apnaqv IticpfpambmWv Hcp Ipv P\npsXnepw {]mb]qnbmhptXmsS Ahbn Nneh IqSntcpIbpw IticpfpsS BsI Fw Ccp]mdv BhpIbpw sNpp. \sn\p apIfnemWv XetbmSv kvYm]nsncnpsX p ]dphtm. Ccp]ncv AkvYnIfmWv Xetbmnbn epXv. XetbmnbpsS ]pdw`mKs akvXnjvIqSv (brain cage) Fp ]c AkvYnI tNmWpmnbncnpXv. Ch hcIfm Xpntsncnpp. \hPmXiniphn Cu hcIp ]Icw t\ hnShpIfmWpmhpI. Chbn s^mdm\ekv F arZphmb `mK ImWmw. AXpsIm mWv iniphnsd XetbmSv hgpXpw temehpambncnp Xv. {]mbamhptXmsS AkvYnI hfv Cu hnShpI
\nIsSpIbpw hc am{Xw _m nbmhpIbpw sNpp. {][m\ Akv Y nhyqltmSp tNp klmbI AkvYn Isf A\p_\v [ I (appendages) FmWp hnfnpXv. \sn\p apIfnembn hnes\ shncnp AkvYnIfmWv tXmfkvYnI (shoulder girdle). CXn `pPmkvYn Ifpw (clavicles) tXmsfpIfpw (scapulas) DsSpp. ChnsSbm Wv Hcp Zc(socket)nset]mse ssIbnse AkvYnI LSnnncn pXv . ssIbnsd FpI AXnsd [aw \nhlnphm ]qWambpw km[np hn[n emWpXv . \sn\p Xmsgbm bmWv ]rjvTmkvYnI (pervic gir- Im-en-se- A-n-I-:- ap--n- \n-pwdles) kvYnXn sNpXv. aqptPm ]m-iz-n- \n-pwSn FpI tNpmnbn cnp CXnemWv Imensd FpI DdnncnpXv. AkvYn hf \nebvpp! P\\n\ptijw Ipnsd icocnse AkvYnI hfpsImncnpsap ]dphtm. {]mb]qnbmhp tXmsS Cu hf \nebvpp. Fm, AkvYnIeIfpsS \mihpw \namWhpw XpSpsImncnpw. {]mb]qnsb pXphsc AkvYn\namWnsd tXmXv AkvYn\mi nsd tXmXnt\m hfsc IqSpXembncnpw. CXn\mbn am{Xap cp Xcw tImifpv. Hv AkvYn\namXmhpw (osteo blast) atXv AkvYn \ioImcn(osteo clast)bpamWv. ]gInb AkvYnIeIsf \innpIbmWv \ioImcnbpsS [aw. A s\bpmhp Hgn kvYev ]pXnb AkvYnIeIfpm pIbmWv \namXmhnsd tPmen.
66
{]mb]qnbmhptXmsS \namWnsdbpw \min sdbpw tXmXv Xpeyamhpw. A tXmSpIqSn AkvYntImi \nccw amdnsmncnpsa nepw AkvYnhf \SpI bn. AkvYnhf XpSncp pshn a\pjy acnp Xphsc \ofpambncpp. sXn t\mfw hepap Hcmsfpdn p Nnnpt\mq. A{Xbpw hepapmbncnpw Adp]Xv hbv {]mbapbmv. CXn mXncnm, {]mb]qnbm hptXmsS AkvYnhf XS bphm\mhiyamb kwhn[m\ ssI--n-bn-se- A-n-:-I-Wv-T-c-Ifpw khiIvX\mb cnXmhv sf-bpw- Im-WmwXs icocn sNbvXpsh ncnppshv ]dbpXmhpw icn! FpIfpsS hfsb kzm[o\npXv Nne tlmtamWpIfmWv. F{X hyhkvYm]nXambnmWv AkvYnhyqlw kwhn[m\n sncnpXv? Cu hyhkvYbv-p ]nn tIhe bmZr NvOnIXbmWpsXv Nnnphsmpw ]dbpI km [ya. K`mibn\Ipshv krjvSnbpsS ]qoIcW amhpnspw AXn\p tijamWv AkvYnIfn Nneh ]qW a\pjy\mhiyamb cq]nep hf {]m]npsXpw \mw a\nemn. {]kvXpX hfbv-p ]nnep AXn_p nbpsS kmn[yw a\nemphm\mWv JpB \tmSv BhiysSpXv. ""\mw DtinpXns\ \nivNnXamb Hcp Ah[n hsc \mw K`mibfn Xmaknnpp. ]noSv \nsf \mw inipfm bn ]pdpsImphcpp. A\cw \n \nfpsS ]qW iIvXn {]m]npXphsc (Ah \nsf hfpp)-.'' (22:5)
Ggv
t]inI icocnse sXmgnemfnI

icocs Hcp hyhkmbimetbmSv D]anpIbmsWn AXnse sXmgnemfnIfmWv t]inI. Fm tPmenIfpw sNp t]inIsfmw Hcp \nanjt\ctv ]WnapSnbm acWambncnpw -êw. _mlyhpw BcnIhpamb kIe imcocnI Ne\fpw \SpXv t]inIfmWv. It]mfbpsS Ne\w apX lrZbkv]\w hsc. icocnemsI 660Hmfw t]inIfmWpXv. icocnsd BsI Xqnsd 42 iXam\hpw t]inIfptSXm Wvkv{XoIfn CXv apmtd hcq. Cu t]inIsfmwIqSnbm Wv t]iohyhkvY (muscular system)v cq]w \IpXv. t]inIfpsS [aw t]inI ASnkvYm\]cambn ktmNw (contraction) F Hscm tPmen am{XamWv sNpXv. \mw \Sp imcocnI Ne\sfmw t]inIfpsS ktmNw aqeap henen (pulling) \npmhpXmWv. icocnse DtmeI kaYambn kwhn[m\nsncnpXn\memWv t]inIfpsS henn H\h[n cq]fnepw `mhfnepap Ne\fmbn
68
69
amdpXv. t]inIv ktmNnphm\p DtP\w e`npXv \mUnIfn\nmWv. t]inI \nansnpXv t]ioXp (muscle fibres) sImmWv. Hmtcm t]ioXp hpw Hcp \mUnbpsS Xppambn knembncnpw.
(myosin) XpSnb Xm{XI sImmWv. Atm ASnkvYm
\]cambn t]ioktmNw \SpXv Cu Xm{XIfpsS ktmNêambnmWv. Xm{XmXenep ktmNamWv, ASnkv Y m\]cambn t]ioktmNsaXn\m CXnsd k cmknIw (chemical) BsWp ]dbmw. t]ioXpIv \mUnIfn\np DtP\w e`npIgnm GItZiw 1/100 skdpsImv AXv Hcp henhv ]qnbmpp. ]ns A]t\cw (GItZiw 1/100 skdv Xs) AXp hn{ianpIbpw ]noSv {]h\ n\v kPvPamhpIbpw sNpp. XpSbmbn Hcp `mcw hlnp \nphm Hcp XpIn\mhpIbn. t]inbnse At\Iw XpIfpsS {]h\nsd ]mckv]cyw hgn Cu {]iv\w ]cnlcnsSpp. Ahsbmw Hcpan ktm NnpIbpw hn{ianpIbpw sNpXv. HcpIqw XpI ktmNnptm asmcp Iqw hn{ianpp. BZyhn`mKw Xfcptm at hn`mKw ]WnsbSppp. XpI tPmen amdnamdn GsSppsImv t]inbpsS henhv \ne\npp shv kmcw. cpXcw t]inI t]inI ktmNnpXv ]e cq]fnemWv. `qcn]w t]inIfpw \psS CNvObpsS A[o\XbnemWv. sFNvOnI t]inI (voluntary muscle) Fp hnfnsSp ChbpsS ktmNw aqeamWv t_m[]qhambn Fm Ne\fpw \Sp Xv. Hmhpw Nmhpw ]nSnbpw henbpw hfbepw \nhcepw Ccnepw InSepw Fmw. Ch GsXnepw AkvYnbn \nv- XpSpItbm AkvYnbn Ahkm\npItbm, Akv Ynsb s]mXnbpItbm sNpXmbXn\m Chsb AkvYo bt]in (skeletel muscle) Fp hnfnpp. \psS CNvObpambn bmsXmcp _\v[hpanm t]inIfm Wv Ass\NvOnIt]inI (involuntary muscles) FdnbsSp Xv. ChbpsS Xew hfsc an\pkapXmbXn\m arZphmb t]in (smooth muscles) Fpw Ch hnfnsSppv.
Im-en-se- hn-hn-[- t]-in-I-
RcnqSn hcp DtP\nsd BthKw (impulse) t]inbpsS Fm Xpfnepw {]thinpIbpw t]insbmm sI ktmNnpIbpw sNpw. t]ioXp \nansncn pXv \nch[n sNdnb t]ioXpI (myofibrils) sImm Wv. Ch \nansncnpXv BIvSn (actin), atbmkn
70
71
lrZbnep t]inIfpsS LS\ AkvYobt]inbptSXn \npw arZpe t]inbptSXn\npw hyXykvXamWv. Chsb lrZbt]inI (cardiac muscles) Fp hnfnpp. AkvYobt]inI \mUohyqlhpambn _\v[sncnpp. akvXnjvIamWv t]in NenWtam Fp Xocpam\npXv. AXn D`hnv kpjpav\ hgn \mUnIfneqsS kcnp BthKfmWv Cu t]inIsf NennpXv. kpjpav\tm akvXnjvInt\m h XIcmdpw kw`hnm _\v[s t]inI \nivNeamhpw. CXn\mWv AwKmLmXw (paralysis) Fp ]dbpXv. arZpet]inbpsSbpw lrZbt]inbpsSbpw kvYnXn CXn \nv- XnIpw hyXykvXamWv. Ahbpw akvXnjvIhpw Xnep _\v[w Apt]mbmepw Ah \nivNeamhpIbn. Ah AhbptSXmb kzbw`cW {]Imcw {]hnpsImncnpw. Igpn shv kpjpav\v apdnthpIbmsWn, ssI Ifpw ImepIfpw ap AkvYobt]io \nanXamb Ahbh fpw \nivNeambmepw lrZbhpw izmktImifpw Bami bhpsamw {]hnpsImncnpXv CXpsImmWv. icocnse Ghpw _enjvThpw hoXnbpw hhpw `mchpap Xpamb t]inI \nXw_t]in (gluteal muscles)IfmWv. CXv Ghpw _eap Fmb CSpsntemWv hn\yknsncn pXv. NmSpIbpw HmSpIbpw Hmen \npIbpw Fmw sNptm icocnse _mekv sXmsX t\mpXv Cu t]inIfmWv. IWmensd ]nnep amwkfamb t]inIfmb Kmkv t {SmIv \ oanbkv (gastrocnemius) \Sm\pw HmSm\pw NmSm\psamw \s klmbnpp. a\pjysc CcpImenbm hm klmbnpXpw Cu t]inIXs. \nhp\np HcmfpsS KpcpXzmIjW tI{w hp]XnpXv sRcn bmWnbpsS Amdv skdoao apnemsWXn\m icocw aptmv hogphm\p km[yX IqSpXemWv. As\ hogmsX EPphmbn cp Imenepw \psS icocs \npXv Cu t]inbmWv.
XpSbn aqp Xcw t]inIfpv . ap`mKt]inI, ]n`mKt]inI, D`mKt]inI. ap`mKt]inIfpsS IWvUc (tendon) I Hmbntv appNncbn _\v[nncnpp. CXn\np _enjvTamb kv\mbp (patellar ligament) Nncsbns\ IWmekvYnbpambn _\v[nn pp. CXnsd êambn Chbvv IWmens\ \nhm km[npp. XpSbnse ap`mKt]inI app\nhm klmbnptm ]n`mKt]inI sNpXv appaSp IbmWv. XpSIsf ]ckv ] cw ]nWbv pIbpw Im Iment IbnbncnpIbpw sNm klmbnpXv D`mKt]inI fmWv. AXn\m Chsb I\yImXz t]inI (muscles of virginity) Fp hnfnpp. DZcnsd ap`mKv a[ytcJbpsS Ccphifnepambn apIfn\np Xmsg hsc \opInSp EPpt]inIfp (rectus abdominis)sS [aw DZcn\pnep AhbhfpsS kwcWamWv . hnidnbpsS BIrXnbn ]cv s\p apgph hym]npInSp s\p t]in (pectoralis major)bpsS {][m\s [ahpw kwcWwXs. DZcns\bpw s\n s\bpw thXncnp t]inbmWv Ub{^w (diaphragm). \nhnb IpSbpsS BIrXnbnembp CXnsd ta `mKmWv lrZbhpw izmktImifpw DXv. CXv izmtkm NvOmks klmbnpXn\m izk\t]in Fp hnfn sSpp. Cs\bp H\h[n t]inIfpsS ktmNw aqeam Wv imcocnI Ne\sfmw \SpXv. a[yIWnse cp t]inIfmWv icocnse Ghpw sNdnbt]inI. IWvUcI t]inI Ahkm\npnSp\nv XpSn AXpambn _\v[s AkvYnIfnehkm\np NcSpIfmWv IWvUc I(tendons). ssIn _eambn \nhptm ]pdwssI bn Hmtcm hncensdbpw ISbv tev aWn_\v [ n
72
73
\nv- Hmtcm _eap NcSpI {]XysSpXv {inn nt? ChbmWv ssIbnse IWvUcI. IWvUcI GsXnepw AkvYnbpambn _\v[sncnpw. ktmNnsd -êambn t]inbpsS \ofw Ipdbptm AtXmSp _\v[s IWvUc henbpIbpw A\p_\v[ambp AkvYn t]ioZnibntev NenpIbpw sNpp. Hcp Ib sImv acsmv sInhenpXpt]mse IWvUc AkvYn Isf sInhenpIbmWv sNpXv. CXnsd iIvXn Akmam \yamWv. NXpc{i Cn\v HXv Snsd henhv Xmphm\p iIvXnbpnXn\v. t]inbpsS ktmNêw t]inbn\npw _lpZqcw {]Xy oIcnm IgnbpXv IWvUcbpXn\memWv. \psS hncepI t\mpI. Ahsb aSpIbpw \nhpIbpw sNp t]inI `pPnemWv kvYnXn sNpXv. Ahbn \nv \ofap IWvUcI hncepIfpsS hyXykvX `mKfn _\v[nncnpp. CXpsImv hncepIfpsS Fw ]camh [n Ipdphm Ignncnpp. Fpw sXmenbpw am{XambXn \m hncepIfpsS Ne\mXvaIX Akmam\yamWv. IWvUc Ifnmbncppshn hncepI t]inIfm s]mXnbs tSnhcpambncpp; XSnv A\m hm hncepIfm Ipambncpp. t]io_ew kzw `mcnsd Bbncw Ccn hsc `mcw henp]nSnm \p iIvXn t]inIpv. Fm, C{X _ew {]tbmKn t Bhiyw km[mcW KXnbn DmImdn. A\nhmcy amb Nne k`fn t]inIfpsS ]camh[n aX {]ISam sSpp; hntijnpw AXym]pI t\cnSptm. Ccw k`fn akv X njv I nsd t{]cWbm saUp A{Un\men F tlmtam [mcmfambn D]mZn npp. Xêambn lrZbkv]\nsdbpw izmtkmOm knsdbpw \ncpw cIvXnse ]kmcbpsS Afhpw h[npp. DutPm]mZ\n\mhiyamb ]kmcbpw
HmIvknP\pw btYjvSw e`npXn\m t]inIv Ahbp sS ]camh[n iIvXntbmsS {]hnphm Ignbpp. CXpsImmWv A]IS t\cn ImWptm km[m cW sNm ss[cysSm kmlknI IrXy sNphm IgnbpXv. AkvYnIsf \nan tijw Ahsb t]insImv s]mXn khtemI cnXmhv Xs AkvYn hyhkvYbpsSbpw t]iohyhkvYbpsSbpw {]h\ Xn ]mckv]cyap mnbncnppshp ]dbmw. ""Fnv \mw AkvYnIqSs t]inI sImp s]mXnp. ]noSv asmcp krjvSnbmbn \mahsb hfnsbSpp'' (23:14) FmWv AXypX\mb {kjvSmhv ]cnip JpB\n ]dbpXv. t]iohyqlnse kwhn[m\fpw {]h\ fpw, AXpw ap hyhkvYIfpw Xnep ]mckv]cyhp samwXs {kjv S mhnsd APXbpw A\yq\Xbpw hyIvXamphbmsW Imcyn kwiban.
Pohhmbphnsd ]mXbn
75
Fv
Pohhmbphnsd ]mXbn
Pohicocn DuPw D]mZnnsSpXpw tiJcnsSpXpw cmk{]h\fneqsSbmWv. Cu cmk{]h\v s]mXphmbn ]dbp t]cmWv D]m]Nbw (metabolism). \nch[n Im_ B ASn bnp ssPhkwbpIvXfmWv \mw Ignp `Ww. CXn {][m\ambpw AP(starch)amWv ASnbncnpXv. Zl\hyhkvYbneqsS ISpt]mhptm APw hntjn sv qtmkmbn amdpp. Cu qtmkv Fm tImifp sSbpw tImi{ZhynsentcpIbpw AhnsSshv \nch[n FsskapIfpsS {]h\êambn ss]dpthv F cmkkwbpIvXw DmhpIbpw sNpp. Cu ss]dpthpI sfbmWv ssatmtIm{UntbmWpIfnshv F.Sn.]n. Xm{XIfmbn ampXv. ss]dpthpI ]Sn]Snbmbn HmIvkoIcWw sNpXnsd êambn F.Sn.]n.sbqSmsX ssl{UP\pw Im_U tbmIvsskUpw Dmhpp. ssl{UPs\ kzoIcnv Peam namn tImiv \Iphm HmIvknP Xm{XI BhiyamWv. \mw izknp HmIvknP Cu Bhiyn\p thnbmWv D]tbmKnsSpXv.
D]m]Nb êambpmhp asmcp hmXIamb Im_ UtbmIv s skUv DNv O zmkneqsS ]pdpXpIbpw sNpp. Npcpn, tImifpsS \ne\n]n\mhiyamb ko Wamb D]mNb {]h\fn Ahkm\w am{XamWv "Pohhmbp'hnsd BhiyapSseSppXv. AXnêambp mhp AwKmcmamIs DNvOzmkneqsS ]pdwXsSp Ibpw sNpp. aqv, IWvTw, izmktImi (respiratory system) FnhbmWv izk\hyhkvYbnse {][m\ Ahbh . D]m]NbneqsS D]mZnnsSp Im_ Utbm IvsskUv cIvXneqsS hv akvXnjvInsd ASn`mKp saUpbn Xptm AhnsS\nv s\ns\ hebw sNbvXncnp t]inIfntev BthK (impulses) Ab sSpIbpw sNpp. CXnsd êambn amwkt]inI NpcppIbpw s\n\Snbnse Ub{^w NenpIbpw izmktImiw hnIknpIbpw sNpp. As\bmWv izk\w \SpXv. F{X hyhkvYm]nXambnmWv icocn se hyXykvXamb Ahbh "izk\w' F {]{Inbbn ]sSppXv! Cu hyhkvYm]nXXzn\p ]nn A\v[amb bmZrNvOnIXb Nnnphv ImWm IgnbpXv. \mkmc\v{[MfpsS [aw Aco hmbphn\nmWtm \mw HmIv k nP hensSppXv. Acon s]mSn]Sefpw kqva PohnIfpapmhpatm. Ah ]camh[n icocn\Is mXncnm\mbn Fsp kwhn[m\fmWv \psS \mkm c\v{[fnepXv. aqpIpnse tcmafmWv Hmas Acn. sNdp{]mWnIsfbpw s]mSn]Sesfbpw CXv XSp shpp. \mkmc\v{[ hgn AIpISp hmbp \mkm]YfneqsSbmWtm Dntev {]hlnpXv. \mkm]Y tjvakvXcw (mucus membrane) sImv s]mXnncnpp. tjvakvXcw Ftmgpw tjvaw (mucus)
76
Pohhmbphnsd ]mXbn
77
sImv \\Xmbncnpw. \mkm]Yfnse tcmafn \nv csv AIpISp _mIvSocnbsbtmsebp kqvaPohnI tjvakvXcnsd \\ {]Xen ]nnSnv aptmpt]mIm IgnbmsX \inpp. \mkm]Yw hfsc hfp]ncnXmWv. iwJpt]mse ]ncn aqv FpI ]Yn Dn\nppv. \mkm ]Ynse ap kpcm kwhn[m\sfsbmw adnISsp "amen\y' \mkm]Ynse Cu hf `nnIfn XnSv aptmpt]mhm km[nmsX \inpp. tjvakvXcn\v Hne[nIw [afpv. amen\ysf XSp\npI AXnsemp am{XamWv. hc hmbphns\ CuapXmpIbmWv cmas [aw. \\ tjva kvXcneqsS {]hlnp hmbp CuapXmbnop. hmbphnsd Dujvamhv icocnteXnt\mSv kaampIbmWv asmcp [aw. tjvakvXcnse karamb cIvXhmln\nI fneqsS kZm cIvX{]hmlw \SpXn\m AXneqsS ISp t]mhp NqtSsdbp hmbp XWppIbpw XWp hmbp NqSmhpIbpw sNpp. hmbphnsd ]mX \mkm]Yw t\sc \bnsSpXv sXmbntemWv. sXmbn\nv ]e ZnpIfntepap hgnIfpv . hmbphn\v IWvT(larynx)ntemWp t]mtIXv. A\mf hpw XpSpXv ChnsS\nmWv. AXneqsS t]mhp sh hpw `W ]ZmYfpw IWvTnISmsX t\mpIbm Wv D]Pnlz(epig lottis)bpsS [aw. \mhn\p Iosg kvYnXn sNp CXv XcpWmkvYnsImp Hcp ]c amwkjvW amWv. `Whpw shhpsamw sXmbnseptm IWvTntep IhmSw ASbvpIbpw Ah A\mfn tev t]mbngnm AXp XpdpIbpw sNbvXpsImv Ah IWvT\mfnsemsX t\mpXv Cu D]PnlzbmWv. D]Pnlzsb adnISpsImv `W ]ZmYfpw apw IWv T nsenbm Ahsb ]pdmphm thn
AXniIvXamb Npabpmhpw. hmbphmsX assneqw IWvTn ISpXv izmktImin\v amcIambXn\m AXnmXncnphm\mbn icocnep hyhkv Y Ifnsem mWv NpasbYw. izmktImi IWvTneqsS izmktImifntemWv \mw izknp hmbp {]thinpXv. cp izmktImipw IqSn Hcp Intem{Kmw XqamWpmhpI. kv t ]mpt]msebmWv izmktImisap ]dbmw. Hv Aanbm hmbpshmw ]pdpt]mbn Hcp ssIbn HXpmhp{Xbmbn AXv Npcp pw. hes izmktImiw aqpw CStXv cpw Zffm bn hn`Pnsncnpp. Zf hopw JWvUfmbn hn`Pnsnpv. JWvU ]nsbpw eWn\v Ze Ifmbn hn`Pnsnpv. Cu ZeIfnep apncnp et]msebp hmbp AdIfm izm-kt-Im-i-Wv BhntbmfpI (alveoli). Cu AdIfnemWv IWvT n\np hmbp Ahkm \w FntcpXv. IWvTn\nv izmk\m fn (trachea) FdnbsSp ]p skdoaotdmfw \ofap Hcp IpgXmtgmp t]mIp p. Cu Ipg BZyw cmbpw hopw imtJm]imJIfmbpw hn`Pnsncnpp. CXn iz-k-\-\m-fn-bpw- A-y-iz-kn-\n-I-fpw-
78
Pohhmbphnsd ]mXbn
79
HSphnesGhpw sNdnbimJIsfbmWv Ayizk\nI(terminal bronchoile)I Fp hnfnpXv. Hcp izmktImin F]Xn\mbncne [nIw Ayizk\nI Ifpmbncnpsav IWmnbncnpp. Hmtcm Ayizk\n Ibpw H\h[n B h n t b m f p I v izm-kt-Im-i-w- s\-n-\p-nPw \Inbncpp. HcmfpsS izmktImifn Cs\bp AXv tImSnbn e[nIw hmbp AdIfpmbncnpw. Cu hmbp AdIfmWv icoc nse hmXIhn\nabw \SpXv. icocnse hmXIhn\nabn\p thn km[mcWKXn bn C{Xb[nIw hmbp AdIfpsS Bhiyan. cp tImSntbm fw AdItf ssZ\wZn\ Bhiy \nhlnphm\mhiy apq. _mnbph kpjp]vXnbnemWv. ImbnIm[zm\thf bn kpjp]v X nbnemb BhntbmfpI DWcpIbpw {]h\\ncXamhpIbpw sNpw. Cu hmbp AdIfpsS BsI BcnI hnkvXoWw 600 NXpc{i ASntbmfw hcpw. icotcm] cnXensd Ccp]ne[nIw aSv hcpanXv. izmktImin t]inIfn. Fm t]io\nanXamb Ub{-^ntemWv AXnsd kvYm\w. s\n`nnIfpw izmktImifpw Xnepw sXmpcpnbmWv \npXv. Fm, Ub{-^n\npw s\n `nnIfn\npw izmktImisf thXncnp\np sNdnsbmcnSapv. CXmWv qc Ad (pleural cavity) FdnbsSpXv. CXn\p nse aZw AcoaZtm IpdhmWvEWaZsap ]dbmw. akvXnjvIn\np BthK\pkcnv
s\nse t]inIfpw Ub{^hpw {Iaambn hnIknpIbpw kwtbmPnpIbpw sNptm qc Adbnse EWaZw h[npIbpw AXv izmktImis hnIknnpIbpw sNpw. Atm AXntev Aco hmbp{]hlnpw. izmktIminse hmbp AdIfnep CemkvXnI \mcpIfmWv izmktImisf ktmNnnpIbpw DNvOzmkn\v \nanamhpIbpw sNpXv. izmktImiw hnIknptm henbp Cu \mcpI d_ t]mse Xncnp t]mIptmgmWv izmktImiw ktmNnpXv. izmtkmNvOmkw izmtkmNvOmkw sFNvOnIhpw Ass\NvOnIhpamWv F XmWv kXyw. Ub{-^hpw s\nse t]inIfpw sFNvOnIamb Xn\m \psS CNvO\pkcnv izmtkmNvOmkw thKn epw sasbpamm\mhpw. \apv thWsan izmtkmNvOm kw \nnshm hsc Ignbpw. Fm, CXn\v ]cn[nbp v. km[mcWmv Hcp an\nne[nIw izmtkmNvOmks \nb{np\nm\mhn. A]t\cw izknmXncpm cIvXn Im_U tbmIvsskUnsd Afhv h[npIbpw Xêambn AXv akvXnjvIs DtPnnpIbpw sNpw. saUpbnse izk\tI{w t_m[akvXnjvIne kvYnXn sNpXv. AXv \psS at\m\nb{Ws XnckvIcnv izmtkmNvOm kw kzbw GsSppw. Atm \mw izknm XpSpw. a\x]qhw izmkw\nnshv BXvalXy sNm\mhmXv CXpsImmWv. Hmtcm XhW \mw izknptmgpw GItZiw Ac en hmbp izmktImin {]thinpw. CXn 350 annen am{Xta izmktImiw D]tbmKsSpppq. izmktImi hym]vXnsd 1/18 am{Xw hcp Cu hym]vXs theob hym]vXw (tidal volume) Fp ]dbpp. \psS izmktImin tev \apv {]thinnphm Ignbp hmbphnsd ]camh[n hym]vXs PohZvhym]vXw (vital capacity) Fp
80
]dbpp. CXv \mep endne[nIw hcpw. izmtkmNvOmkw A[nIhpw Ass\NvOnIambmWv \Sp Xv. AXn\p XSw t\cnSptmgmWv AXv t_m[aWvUen tep hcpXv. Ddptm izmtkmNvOmkw ]qWambpw Hcp Ass\NvOnI hrnbmbn amdpp. Ddn tImifn se D]m]Nb\ncv IpdhmbncnpsaXn\m izmtkmNvOm khpw aKXnbnembnocpp. a\pjyPoh \ne\nphm ASnkvYm\]cambn Bhiy ap izmtkmNvOzmkn\pthn IcpWmhmcn[nbmb {kjv Smhv \psS icocn sNbvXpsh kwhn[m\sfpdnm Wv \mw a\nemnbXv. Cu kwhn[m\fpsS hyhkvYbpw ]mckv ] cyhpw CXn\p ]nnep iIv X nbpsS ssh`hw hyIvXampp. ssZhoIamb A\p{Kl A\p`hnph cmWv krjvSnIsfmw. Fm, Ah A\p`hnpsImv A\p {KlZmXmhns\ \ntj[nphm [mjvSyw ImWnpXv a\p jy am{XamWv. ""Amlphnsd A\p{Klw Ah a\nempIbpw Fn v AXns\ \ntj[npIbpamWv sNpXv. Ahcne[nIt]cpw \nsIhcmIpp''. (16:83)
HXv
cIvXsa ISpImc
tImifnshv \Sp D]m]Nbn\v \mw izknp hmbphnse HmIvknP A\nhmcyamsWv \mw a\nemn. izmktImi Fs\bmWv HmIvknP kzoIcnpIbpw Im_UtbmIvsskUv ]pdphnSpIbpw sNpsXv \mw Ip. \mkmc\v{[fneqsS HmIvknPs\ kzoIcnpIbpw tImifn\nsp Im_UtbmIv sskUns\ ]pdpIbpw am{Xta izmktImi sNpp q. D]m]Nbw \Sp tImifn HmIvknP FnpI bpw AhnsS\nv Im_UtbmIvsskUv kzoIcnv izmk tImifnsenpIbpw sNp tPmen \nhlnpXv cIvXamWv. Hcnepw \nivNeamhmsX kZm HgpInsmncnp cIvXnsd [aw ISnsmpt]mhpI (transportation)bm Wv. HmIvknP\pw Im_UtbmIvsskUpw am{Xa, `W ]ZmYfpw tImimhiyamb ap ]ZmYfpsamw Fnp ISpImc cIvXwXs. ISptPmentbmsSmw AXp \nhlnp ap [afp apv. AXn {][m\sXmWv {]Xntcm[w. Npp]mSpIfn
82
cIvXsa ISpImc
83
kpeàmb tcmKmWpsfbpw apw sNdpptXm]nv icoc n\Is Poh{][m\amb `mKfnsenmsX {]Xn tcm[npXv cIvXamWv. HcmfpsS icocnsd Ggp iXam\ne[nIw cIvXamWv. 60 Intem{Kmw Xqap Hcmfn Ap entdmfw* cIvXapm bncnpw. cIvXn F]Xp iXam\hpw shamWv. mkva {ZmhIn s]mnnSp JcIWnII; CXmWv kqvaZin\nbneqsS t\mp cIvXnsd Nn{Xw. 45 iXam\w IWIIfpw 55 iXam\w mkvabpamWv cIvXnep mhpI. Cu iXam\Wn\mWv loatm{Inv (haemato crit) Fp ]dbpXv. cIv-Xn-se tIm-iaq-p-Xcw- tIm-ifm-Wv- cIv-Xn-ep-Xv.- tim-WcIv-Xm-Wp,- tiz-XcIv-Xm-Wp-,- tv-sep-I- Fn-hbm-Wh.cIv-Xn-s-d Ghpw- {][m-\s [-aw-ISv-\n-hlnp-Xv- tim-WcIvXm-Wp-fm-Wv- (red blood cells or erythrocytes).Ggp- ssat{Im-Wn-(1 ssat{Im-= 1/1000 an-n-ao--)-e[n-Iw- hephpw- cp- ssat{Im-tWm-fw- In-bp-ap- Chbp-sS BIr-XnHcp- Un-kv-In-\v- kam-\am-Wv.- Hcp- L\an-o-ao-- cIv-XnAXv- etm-fw- tim-WcIv-Xm-Wp-fp-m-bn-cn-pw.- Hcmfp-sS ico-cn- ]Xn-t\gv- ew- tIm-Sn- (17,-000,-000,-000,-000)- timWcIv-Xm-Wp-fp-m-bn-cn-p-sav- IWm-sn-cn-pp.kw-Jy-sIm-v- ico-cn Ghpw- A[n-Iap- tIm-ifmWh.Akv-Yn-aPv-Pbn-em-Wv- tim-WcIv-Xm-Wp-- Bhn-`hn-pXv.- aPvPvbm- \n-an-sSp- Chsb cIvXn-tev- Hgpnhn-Sp-Ibm-Wv- sNp-Xv.- tim-WcIvXm-Wp-fn- \yq-n-bkv- C.AXn-\m- AXn-\p- hn-`P\tijn-bp-an-.- {]Xyp-]m-Z\aam tim-WcIvXm-Wp-fp-sS ]cam-h[n- Bbp-v- 120 Zn-hkamWv.AtXm-sS Ah \in-p-Ibpw- ]p-Xn-bh P\n-p-Ibpw- sNpp. Cs\ Hm-tcm- sk-Un-epw- \p-sS ico-cn- ap-Xp*kv-{Xo-I-fn- A-]w- Ip-d-hm-bn-cn-pw.- \m-ep- en--tdm-f-ta- h-cq.-
etm-fw- tim-WcIvXm-Wp-- \in-p-Ibpw- ]p-Xn-bh \nan-sSp-Ibpw- sNp-p-v.Hm-Iv-kn-Ps\ hln-p-Xv?tim-WcIvXm-Wp-hn-\p-n-ep- hkvXp-hm-Wv- lo-tam-tm-_n(haemo globin).- Hcp- am-w-ky-hpw- Hcp- h-WIhpw- Iq-Sn-t- lo-tamtm-_n-sd Xm-{Xm-`m-cw- 68000 BWv.- tim-WcIv-XmWp-hn-s-d aq-n-sem-cp- `m-Kw- CXp-aq-eap-Xm-Wv.- CXn-s-d \ndwNp-hm-Wv.- CXm-Wv- tim-WcIv-XtIm-in-\pw- AXp-aq-ew- cIvX n-\pw- Np-hp- \n-dw- \-Ip-Xv.Hm-Iv-kn-P\p-am-bn- tNcm- AXym-kIv-Xn- {]ISn-n-p- hkvXp-hm-Wv- lo-tam-tm-_n.- izm-ktIm-in-shv- lo-tam-tm_n\pw- Hm-Iv-kn-P\pw- Xn- tNcp-p.- iz-m-ktIm-ifn-se hmbp-Adbv-p-n-ep- hm-bp-hn- Im-cy-am-bp-Xv- Hm-Iv-kn-P\mWtm.- AXn-\p- ]p-dsabp- tem-an-Ibn-se cIv-Xn- lotamtm-_n-\p-ap-v.- tem-an-Ipw- hm-bp- Adbv-p-an-Sbn- cpssat{Im- I\n-ep- t\cn-b Hcp- ad am-{Xtabp-q.- hm-bphn- Hm-Iv-kn-Ps-d a-Zw- cIv-Xn-teXn-t\m- Iq-Sp-Xem-Wv.AXn-\m- a-Zhpw- As\Xs.- hm-bp-hn- 100 an-o-ao-- aZap-sn- cIv-Xn- 40 an-o-ao-dn-\p- Xm-sgtb a-Zap-q-.AXn-\m a-Zw- Iq-Sp-Xep- hm-bp-hn-\n-v- Cu- ad ISv- HmIv-kn-P- aZw- Ip-d cIv-Xn-se lo-tam-tm-_n\p-am-bn- IqSn-tcp-p.- Im-_-Utbm-Iv-sskUn-s-d kv-Yn-Xn- adn-m-Wv.cIv-Xn-se a-Zw- 46 an-n-ao-dpw- hm-bp-hn-teXv- 40 an-o-ao-dp-amWv.- AXn-\m- AXv- cIvXn-\nv- hm-bp-hn-tev- ISp-Ibm Wv- sNp-Xv.ico-cn-se hy-Xy-kv-X IeIfn-se tIm-i-cn-In-eq-sS cIv-Xw- Hgp-Ip-tm- Hm-Iv-kn-P\pw- lo-tam-tm-_n-\pw- Xn-ep _\v-[w- ap-dn-bp-Ibpw- Hm-Iv-kn-P- tIm-in-\Itv- kzo-IcnsSp-Ibpw- sNp-p.- tIm-ifn-se Hm-Iv-kn-Ps-d a-Zw- cIvXn-teXn-t\m- Ip-dhm-bXp- sIm-m-Wn-Xv- km-[n-p-Xv.Chn-sSbpw- Im-_-Utbm-Iv-sskUn-s-d KXn- hn-]co-Xam-Wv.Hm-Iv-kn-P\p-am-bn- Iq-Sn-t-m- lo-tam-tm-_n-s-d \n-dw-
84
cIvXsa ISpImc
85
ISpw- Np-hm-bn-o-cpw.- AXp-sIm-m-Wv- [a\n-Ifn-eq-sS HgpIp cIv-Xw- ISpw-Np-hm-bn-cn-p-Xv.- AXn-eq-sS Hgp-Ip-Xv- HmIvkn-P- Iq-Sn-t- cIv-Xam-Wtm.- kn-cIfn-eq-sS Hgp-Ip- cIvXn- Hm-Iv-kn-Ps-d Afhv- Ip-dhm-bXn-\m- AXn-s-d \n-dw- t\cn-b \o-ebm-bn-cn-pw.Hm-Iv-kn-Ps-d Ip-dhvkap-{Z\n-cn-se hm-bp-a-Zw- 760 an-n-ao-dm-Wv.- Cu- a-Zn\vA\p-kr-Xam-b co-Xn-bn-em-Wv- ico-cn-se kw-hn-[m-\- krjvSn-sn-cn-p-Xv.- Aco-n-se Hm-Iv-kn-Ps-d a-ZwIpdm- ico-cn-\v- Bhiy-am-b Hm-Iv-kn-P- e`n-p-Ibn.Db- ]-hX{]tZifn- sNm- Cu- {]iv-\w- \mw- A`nap-Jo-Icn-tn-hcp-p.- Dbcn-tev- t]m-Ip-w-tXm-dpw- a-ZwIp-dp-hcp-p.- DZm-lcWn-\v- kap-{Z\n-cn-\n-v- 5500 aoDbcn- hm-bp-a-Zw- t\-]Ip-Xn-bm-bn- am-dp-p 380 an-n-ao.Db- kv-Yetv- sNp-tm-gp-m-Ip- Hm-Iv-kn-Ps-d Ip-dhn-s\ t\cn-Sm-\p- am-- ico-cw- kzbw- ssIsm-pp.D Hm-Ivkn-P- AXn-thKn- hen-sSp-p-hm- ico-cw- {ianp-p.- izm-kKXn-bpw- lr-Zban-Sn-pw- h-[n-p-p.- Db- {]tZifn-tev- Ibdn-tm-Ip-h-v- izm-kw- ap-p-Xp-t]mse tXm-p-Xv- CXp- sImm-Wv.CtXkabw- ico-cn-\Iv- \Sp- asm-cp- am-w- Iq-Snbpv.- cIv-Xn-se Hm-Iv-kn-P- hm-ln-bm-b lo-tam-tm-_n-s-d D-]m-Z\tm-Xv- h-[n-p-p.- kv-Yn-cam-bn- ]-hXm-tcm-lWw\Sp-hcp-sS cIv-Xn-se lo-tam-tm-_n-s-d Afhv- Iq-Sp Xem-bn-cn-pw; cIv-Xw- Iq-Sp-X- Np-an-cn-pw.Dbcfn-tev- sNpw-tXm-dpw- lr-Zban-Sn-v- h-[n-p-Ibpwiz-m-kKXn- h-[n-p-Ibpw- sNp-sav- ]dp-htm.- kXy-\n tj[n-Ifp-sS lr-Zbs Jp-B- D]an-n-cn-p-Xv- Dbcfntev- Ibdn-tm-Ip-hs-d lr-Zbtm-Sm-Wv.""GsXm-cm-sf Am-lp- ]n-ghn-em-p-hm- DtZin-p-p-thmAhs-d lr-Zbs CSp-n-bXpw sRcp-n-bXp-am-n-opXm-W.v - Ah- BIm-in-eq-sS Ibdn-tm-Ip-Xp-t]m-se''. (6:125)-
{]Xn-tcm-[n-p-hmcIv-Xn-se tizXcIv-XtIm-ifm-Wv- (white blood cells or leucocytes) {]Xn-tcm-[sa [-aw- \n-hln-p-Xv.- tim-WcIvXtIm-ifp-sS Fns-d Bbn-cn-sem-cw-iw- am-{Xta Chbp-m-hq.- tim-WcIv-XtIm-ifn-\n-p- hy-Xy-kv-Xam-bnChbvv- \yq-n-bkp-v.- Fnepw- Chbpw- hn-`P\w- \Sm-dn.tim-WcIv-XtIm-ifp-sS \m-en-cn- hen-ap- Chbv-v- \ndan .- Chbp-sS Bbp-pw- hfsc Ip-dhm-Wv.- cIv-Xn- Ch FpaWn-q-dn- Ip-dhv- kabt Dm-hq.- AXp- Ign-m- cIvXhm-ln-\n-bn-\n-p- ]p-dp-ISp-Ibpw- ap- tIm-i-nSbn-sen- Ahn-sS cp- Zn-hkw- Po-hn- tijw- \m-iaSbpIbpwsNp-p.- \m-iaSbp-Xn-\\p-kcn-v- ]p-Xn-b tiz-XcIv-Xm-Wp fp-m-hp-p. Akv-Yn-aPv-Pbn- shp-Xsbm-Wv- Chbp-sS \n-am-Whpw- \Sp-Xvv.tiz-XcIvXm-Wp-- tim-WcIvXm-Wp-sftm-seXs cIvXn-eq-sS bm-{X sNbvXp-sIm-n-cn-p-p-v.- Fhn-sSsbn-epw_m-Iv-So-cn-bsbbpw- sshdkn-s\bpw- t]m-sebp- h i{Xp-hpap-sn- Ahn-sSsbn-bm- Ch cIv-Xhm-ln-\n-bn-\n-p]p-dp-ISp-p.- Fn-v- i{Xp-hn-s\ hebw- sNbv-Xv- AXn-s\ \in-n-p-p.cIv-Xhm-ln-\n-bn-\n-p- ]p-dp-ISm-ep-S- tiz-XcIv-XmWp-- Aao-_sbtm-se Nen-v- i{Xp-hn-s-d kvYm-\spIbpw- AXn-s\ hebw- sNbv-Xv- `n-p-Ibpw- sNp-p.- ]ncp-]Xv- _m-Iv-So-cn-bIsf \in-n-p-hm-\p- Ign-hpv Hcp- tizXcIvXtIm-in-\v.- Hv- \in-n-m- km-[n-m-{Xbpw- iIvX\m-Wv- i{Xp-shn- tiz-XcIv-Xm-Wp-fp-sS Hcp-Iq-w-Xs i{Xp-hn-\Sp-tv- \o-n- AXn-s\ kw-lcn-p-p.- Ahn-sS \Sp-Xv- Hcp- bp-w-Xsbm-bn-cn-pw.- Cu- bp-nIptdb[n-Iw- tIm-i- \in-pw.- Cs\ Npt]m-b tImi- No-fn-bp-tm-gm-Wv- Ip-cp-hn-\p-nse ]gp-v- (pus) Dmhp-Xv.tiz-XcIv-XtIm-i- Iq-tm-sS \in-p-tm- hfsc
86
cIvXsa ISpImc
87
s]sp-Xs ]p-Xn-bhbp-sS D-]m-Z\hpw- \Spw.- ap-dn-bm cIv-Xhm-ln-\n-bn-\n-v- ]p-dp-ISp-hm-\p- Ign-hvChbv v - am- { Xtabp- q.- Chbp- s S CcI- cIv - X hmln- \ nI Dm-hp-IsbXn-\m-em-Wv- Chv- Cu- Ign-hv- \Isn-cn-p-Xv.tv-sep-Itv-sep-I- (platlets) BWv- cIv-Xn-ep- asm-cp- hkvXp.Hcp- L\an-n-ao-- cIv-Xn- aq-v- etm-fw- tv-sepIfp-m-hpw.- hen-b \yq-n-bkp- saKm-m-cn-tbm-sskv(megakaryo cytes) F ò-atIm-i- s]m-n-sdn-m-Wv- Chbpm-hp-Xv.- cIv-Xw- I]n-Sn-np-Ibm-Wv- Chbp-sS [-asaXn\m- Chsb t{Xmw-t_m-sskp-I- (thrombocytes) Fp- hn-fnp-p.- cIv-Xhm-ln-\n- ap-dn-m- ]p-dtsm-gp-Ip- cIvXn-s-d Hgp-v- XSbp-hm- Xhap- XSbn-Sp-Xv- CutIm-ijv-Wfm-sWp- ]dbmw.- cIv-Xhm-ln-\n- ap-dn-vcIvXw- ]p-dtsm-gp-Ip-hm- Xp-Sn-bm- tv-sep-I- \in v- AXn-\n-v- t{Xm-tm-m-kv-n- F LSIw- ]p-dp-Nm-Spp.- CXv- \n-ch[n- amw-ky-Xm-{XIfpw- aq-eIfp-w- F-sskapIfp-am-bn- {]h-n-v- Hcp-Xcw- \m-cp-Ifp-sS Hcp- kaq-lw-Xs ap-dn-hncq-]saSppp.- ss^{_n- (fibrin) Fp- hn-fn-sSp Cu- \m-cp-I- Xepw- hn-epw- In-Sv- ap-dn-hn-s-d hmbnHcp he kr-jv-Sn-p-p.- cIv-Xn-ep- Jc]Zm-Y- Cuhebn- Ip-cp-p-Ibpw- Ahn-sS In-bm-bn- cIv-X (blood clot) bm-bn- am-dp-Ibpw- sNp-p.- CXv- ap-dn-hm-b ASp-ko- sNpXn-\m-em-Wv- ]n-o-Sp- cIvX{km-hw- \n-ebvp-Xv.- Cu- kwhn[m- \ w- Cm- b n- c p- p- s hn- - sNdn- s bm- c p- ap- d nhv - t]m- e pwXpSbm-b cIv-Xhm-pw- acWn-\pw- Im-cWam-Ip-am-bncp-p.cIvXn-se Jc]Zm-Ysfp-dn-m-Wv- \mw- CXp-hsc {]Xn]m-Zn-Xv.- cIv-Xn- 55 iXam-\hpw- {Zm-hIam-b m-kv-abm-Wv.m-kvabn- 91 iXam-\hpw- Peam-Wp-Xv.- amw-ky-w,- ehW,tlm- t am- W p- I ,- [m- X p- ,- q- t mkv , - bq- d n- b Xp- S nH\h[n- hkv-Xp-fpw- m-kv-abn- ASn-bn-p-v.-
a\p-jy-cIv-Xn-se sNdp-IWn-IIfn- t]m-epw- AXn-kq-vaam-b hy-hkv-YItf-sSp-sn-cn-p-p-sh bm-Ym-Yywkq-v-aPv-Rm-\n-bm-b {kjv-Sm-hn-s-d Akv-Xn-Xzw- \ap-v- a\knem-n-cp-p-v.- cIvXn-se hy-Xy-kX tIm-ifp-sS ]mckvv]cy-hpw- hy-hkv-Ybp-sam-pw-Xs tIhe bm-Zr-Nv-On-IXbp-sS kr-jv-Sn-bm-bn-q-Sm-sbm-Wv- km-am-\y-_p-n- ]dbp-Xv.- cIv Xsp-dn- im-kv-{XimJbn- (haematology) KthjWw\Sp- im-kv-{XPv-R\pw- a\n-em-m- Ign-bp-Xv- koWam-b cIv-XtIm-isfm-pw-Xs kz-ta[bm- Dm-hp-X,Hcp- Bkq-{XWn-s-d ASn-kv-Ym-\n- Xm- sNsXmWv- Fp-Xsbm-Wv.- km-[m-cWm-c\pw- im-kv-{XPv-R\p-wCm-cy-n- {kjv-Sm-hns-d Pv-Rm-\n-\p- ap-n- \{ain-ckvIcm-hp-p.- Ah- ]dp-t]m-hp-p-: ""Fs-d cn-Xm-hn-s-d Pv-Rm-\w- k-hImcy-sfbpw- Dsm-p-hm- am-{Xw- hn-]p-eam-bn-cn-p-p.- \n-sfm-WvBtem-Nn-p-t\m-m-Xv?''- (6:80)lr-Zbw- F AXv-`p-XwcIv-Xw- ]p- sNp-Isb Po-h- {][m-\am-b tPm-en- sNp lr-Zbn-s-d {]h-\sp-dn-p- ]Tn-p-tm- AXn
lr-Z-b-w-:- c-p- Zr-iy--
88
cIvXsa ISpImc
89
\p- ]n-n-se kw-hn-[m-bIs-d Akv-Xn-Xzw- Iq-Sp-X- t_m-[ys Sp-p.- ico-cn-s-d a[y-tcJbn- A-]w- heXv- CSXv- Ncn p-In-Sp- Ahbham-Wv- lr-Zbw.ap-jv-Sn-tbm-fw- hep-hpw,250300 {Kmw- Xq-hpw,- ]qWambpw- t]in- \n-an-Xhpam-b lr-Zbsa ko-W am-b Ahbhw- s]cn-mUn-bw- F Hcp- Ccp-]m-fnkvXcw- sIm-v- s]m-Xn-bs ncn-p-p.- Hcp- ]pw- kw`cWSm-p-aSn-b Ahbh am-b lr-Zbw,- \n-ebv-m-sX {]h-n-p-sIm-ncn-p Hcp- AXv-`p-Xb{am-Wv.{`q-Wn-\v- 22 Zn-hkw- {]mb am-Ip-tm- kv]n-p-hm- lr-Z-b-n-s- tO-ZwXp-Sp- lr-Zbw,- \n-ebvp-Xv- acWtm-sS am{Xam-Wv.Fm,- CXn-\n-v- lr-Zbw- \n-ccw- hn-{iaan-m-sX ]WnsbSp-p-sIm-n-cn-p-Ibm-sWv- hn-Nm-cn-cp-Xv.- lr-Zbt]inIfpw- hn-{ian-p-p-v FXm-Wv- hm-kv-Xhw.- cp- kv-]\ -n-Sbn-em-Wv- lr-Zbn-s-d hn-{iaw.- an-\nn- icm-icn- 72 XhWbm-Wv- lr-Zbw- kv-]n-p-Xv.- 0.-32 sk-Um-Wv- Hcpkv-]\n-s\Sp-p- kabw.- cp- kv-]\- Xn-ep- CSthf 0.-48 sk-dm-Wv.- CXp- \s kw-_\v-[n-n-Stm-fwhfsc Xp-NOam-b kabam-sWn-epw- lr-Zbt]in-I-v- hn{ianvp-hm- Cu- kabw- [m-cm-fw- aXn.- bYm-Yn- Hcm-fp-sS PohnXIm-ew- BsI IWpIq-n-bm- lr-Zbw- hn-{ian- kabambncn-pw- tPm-en-sbSp- kabtm- Iq-Sp-Xsev- Im-WmIgn-bp-w.- Fgp-]Xv- hbm-b Hcm-fp-sS lr-Zbw- BsI 27 h-jwam-{Xta tPm-en- sNbvXn-p-m-hp-Ibp-q.- 43 h-jhpw- hn-{ianpIbm-bn-cn-p-sav- km-cw-!
\m-ev- AdIfm-Wv- lr-Zbn-\p-Xv.- ap-Ifn-se cv- G{Sn-b

(atrium)fp-w- Xm-gs cv- sh-{Sn-n-fp- (ventricle)Ifpw.- Im-
_-Utbm-Iv-sskUv- hln-p-sIm-v- ico-cn-sd \m-\m-`mKp-\n-p-sap- cIv-Xw- cp- alm-kn-cI- (vena cava) hgnhes G{Sn-bn-tev- Hgp-Ip-p.- AXv- \n-dbp-tm-- AXn\n-v- hes sh-{Sn-n-fn-tep- hm-hv- Xp-dp-Ibpwhes sh-{Sn-n- Np-cp-p-Ibpw- sNp-p.- CXn-êambncIv-Xw- ap-gp-h- hes sh-{Sn-n-fn-tev- -Hgp-Ip-Ibpw- AXv\n-dbp-Ibpw- sNp-p.- ]n-o-Sv- sh-{Sn-n- ktmNn-p-IbpwX-êam-bn- izm-ktIm-i[a\n- (pulmonary artery) hgn- cIv-Xwizm-ktIm-ifn-tev- {]hln-p-Ibpw- sNp-p.- Ahn-sSshvIm-_-Utbm-Iv-sskUv- Hgn-hm-p-Ibpw- ]Icw- Hm-Iv-kn-Pkzo-Icn-p-Ibpw- sNp-p.- Hm-Ivkn-P- kar-am-b cIvXw- \mevkn-cI- hgn- CSs G{Sn-bn-hp- \n-dbp-p.- CSs G{Sn-bw- ktmNn-p-tm- G{Sn-bsh-{Sn-p-e- hm-hv- hgnCSs sh-{Sn-n-fn-tev- cIv-Xw- Hgp-Ip-p.- AXp- \n-dpIgn-m--- CSs sh-{Sn-n-- ktm-Nn-p-Ibpw- cIv-Xwapgph- Abm-bn-tev- Hgp-Ip-IpIbpw- sNp-p.- Abm-bn\n-m-Wv- ico-cn-s-d \m-\m-`m-Kfn-ep- tIm-ifncIvXsan-p-Xv.lr-Zbw- ico-cn-s-d `m-Kam-bXn-\m- Xs akvXn-jvIns-d \n-b{Wn-em-Wv.- Fm,- kp-t_m-[a\n-\v- lr-Zb n-sd {]h-\sf ao-`hn-n-p-hm-t\m- Xz-cn-XsSp-phm-t\m- Ign-bn-.cp- Xcw- \m-Un-Ifm-Wv- lr-Zbn-s-d {]h-\sf kz-m-[o-\n-p-Xv.- knw-]Xn-I\m-Un- lr-Zb{]h-\s XzcnXsSp-p-Ibpw- ]m-cm-knw-]Xn-I \m-Un- AXn-s\ aKXn-bnemp-Ibpw- sNp-p.- AXn-\m- knw-]Xn-I\m-Uo- hy-hkv-Ysb DtPn-n-p- {]h-\- (DZm-: im-co-cn-Im[zm-\w)lrZb{]h-\s h-[n-n-p-Ibpw- ]m-cm-knw-]Xn-I \m-Uohy-hkv-Ysb DtPn-n-p- {]h-\- (DZm-: Ddw-)lr-Zb{]h-\s Ip-dbv-pIbpw- sNp-p.-
90
cIvXsa ISpImc
91
lr-Zbn-\p- am-{Xap- kzm-[n-Im-cwico-cn-se av- Ahbh-sm-p-an-m- kzm-[n-Im-cw(autonomy) \-Is Ahbham-Wv- lr-Zbw.- lr-Zbn-tep Fm- \m-Uo-_\v-[fpw- Am-epw- lr-Zbw- kz-bw- {]hnp-sIm-n-cn-p-Xv- Cu- kzm-[n-Im-cw- sIm-m-Wv.- lr-Zbns-d kw-hl\ hy-hkv-Y (conducting system)bm-Wv- Cu- kzm-[n Im-cn-\p- Im-cWw.- lr-Zbt]in-bp-sSXs `m-Kam-bn- AXnkv-Yn-Xn- sNp- kz-bw- {]h-t\m-p-Jam-b \n-b{W hyhkv-Ybm-Wv- kw-hl\hy-hkv-Y.- cp- sNdn-b ap-gIfpw- (nodes) Ip-td \m-cp-Ifpw- tN-Xm-Wv- Cu- hy-hkv-Y.- hes G{Snbns-d `n-n-bn- alm-kn-c Xp-dp-Xn-\Sp-m-Wv- Hcpap-g kv-Yn-Xn- sNp-Xv.- CXn-s\ Fkv.-F.- t\mUv- (sinoatrial node or S.A. node) Fp- hn-fn-p-p.- G{Sn-bns-dbpw- sh{Sn-n-fn-s-dbpw- \Sp-hn-em-bn- ]-sam-Wdn- hm-hn-Sp-vImWsSp- cm-as ap-gbm-Wv- F.-hn.- t\m-Uv- (atrio-ventricular node or A.V. node) Fdn-bsSp-Xv.Fkv.-F.- t\m-Un-\n-v- hfsc t\cn-b \m-cp-I- ]p-dsvkIe t]io-Xp-fp-am-bn- CSIe-v- cv- G{Sn-bsfbpwhebw- sNbv-Xv- F.-hn.- t\mUn- sNv- Iem-in-p-p.- F.-hn.t\m-Un-\n-p- ]p-Xn-b Ip-td \m-cp-I- Hcp-sIm-bn- DSseSpv- cp- im-JIfm-bn- ]n-cn-v- Hmtcm- im-Jbpw- Hm-tcm- sh{Sn-n-fn-tev- t]m-hp-Ibpw- Ahbn-\n-p- sNdn-b \m-cp-Ish-{Sn-n-fp-Ifp-sS t]io-Xp-sf hebw- sNbv-Xv- AhbpsS Hcp- `m-Kam-bn-o-cp-Ibpw- sNp-p.Fkv.-F.- t\m-Un-\n-v- hfsc t\cn-b \m-cp-I- ]p-dsvkIe t]io-Xp-fp-am-bn- CSIe-v- cv- G{Sn-bsfbpwhebw- sNbv-Xv- F.-hn.- t\m-Un- sNv- Iem-in-p-p.- F.-hn.t\m-Un-\n-v- ]p-Xn-b Ip-td \m-cp-I- Hcp- sIm-bn- DSseSpv- cp- im-JIfm-bn- ]n-cn-v- Hm-tcm- im-Jbpw- Hm-tcm- sh{Sn-n-fn-tev- t]m-hp-Ibpw- Ahbn-\n-p- sNdn-b \m-cp-Ish-{Sn-n-fp-Ifp-sS t]io-Xp-sf hebw- sNbv-Xv- AhbpsS Hcp- `m-Kam-bn-o-cp-Ibpw- sNp-p.-
Fkv.-F.- t\m-Un-\v- kz-bw- DtPnXam-Ip-hm-\p- Ign-hp\-Isn-cp-p. lr-Zbn-\v- ]p-dp-\n-v- Hcp- DtP\hpwe`n-n-n-sn-epw- Fkv.-F.- t\mUn- kz-bw- BthK- (impulses) Bhn-`hn-p-p.- Cu- BthK- \m-cp-Ifn-eq-sS hvcv- G{Sn-b t]in-Ifn-epw- hym-]n-v- Ahsb DtPn-n-p-p.CXn-s-d -êam-bn- G{Sn-b- cpw- Htc kabv- ktmNn-p-Ibpw- Ahbn-se cIv-Xw- sh-{Sn-n-fp-Ifn-tev- Hgp-IpIbpw- sNp-p.- sh-{Sn-n-fp-I- \n-dp-sIm-n-cn-p-tmtgpw- BthK- F.-hn.- t\m-Un- Fn-tcp-Ibpw-AXphgn- sh-{Sn-n-fn-se t]io-Xp-sf DtPn-n-p-IbpwsNp-p.- Atm- sh-{Sn-n-fp-I- ktm-Nn-p-Ibpw- AXn\p-n- \n-d cIv-Xw- ]p-dtsm-gp-Ip-Ibpw- sNp-p.]no-Sv- ap-tXp-t]m-seXs Fkv.-F.- t\m-Uv- DtPn-nsSp-Ibpw- Cu- {]h-\ N{Iw- Bh-n-p-sIm-n-cn-pIbpw- sNp-p.- Cu- N{In-\m-Wv- lr-Zv-N{Iw- (cardiac cycle) Fp- ]dbp-Xv.Hcp- lr- Z v - N {In- s - d kabw- km- [ m- c WKXn- b n- 0.- 8 sk-dm-Wv.- Fkv.-F.- t\m-Un-\v- Fsn-epw- XIcm-dp- kw`hnm-epw- lr-Zbw- \n-ebv-p-Isbm-p-an-.- Atm- F.-hn. t\mUn-\n-v- BthK- Dm-hm- Xp-Sp-Ibpw- AX\p-kcn-vA-]w- aKXn-bn- lr-Zbw- {]h-n-p-sIm-n-cn-p-IbpwsNp-p.- C\n- F.-hn.- t\m-Upw- tISp-hsn- \m-cp-IBthK- kr-jv-Sn-m- Xp-Spw.- \m-cp-Ifn-\n-p- BthK- hfsc aKXn-bn-em-bn-cn-p-sanepw- lr-Zbs Xm-m-en-Iam-sbn-epw- \n-ebv-m-sX \n-e\n-m- AhpIgn-bpw.- Fkv.F.- t\m-Un-\v- kw-`hn- tISp-Xo-m-\p- kabwCXn-\p-n- e`n-p-atm.Fkv . F.- t\m- U n- \ n- v - lr- Z bt]in- I - v - \- I p- DtP\w- sshZyp-Xn-bp-sS cq-]n-em-Wv- \-IsSp-Xv.- CusshZyp-Xn-bm-Wv- kw-hl\ ]Yfn-eq-sS lr-Zbt]in-IsfbmsI Xgp-In- AXn-s\ kv-]n-n-p-Xv.- Cu- sshZyp-X {]hm ln-s-d {Km-^v- BWv- C.-kn.-Pn- (electro cardio gram-ECG).Fkv.F.- t\m-Um-Wv- lr-Zbs Nen-n-m-\m-hiy-am-b ssh
92
cIvXsa ISpImc
93
Zyp-Xn- \n-an-p-sXXn-\m- AXn-s\ lr-Zbn-s-d t]kvta- (pacemaker) Fp-hn-fn-p-p.- Cu- kw-hn-[m-\ap-XpsIm-m-Wv- Fm- \m-Uo-_\v-[fpw- Am-epw- lr-Zbw- {]hn-p-sIm-n-cn-p-Xv.- lr-Zbam- ikv-{X{In-b (heart transplantation) km[n-p-Xv- lr-Zbn-s-d Cu- kzm-[n-Im-cw- sImm-sWv- km-cw.lr-Zbhpw- hn-Im-cfpwa\p-jy-ico-cn-se kp-{][m-\am-b Ahbhfn-sem-m-Wvlr-Zbw.- a\p-jy-s-d hn-Nm-cfpw-hn-Im-cfp-am-bn- At`Zy-amb _\v-[ap- Hcp- Ahbhw.- ktm-jhpw- km-]hpw- tIm-]hpwB{Klfp-samw- lr-Zb {]h-\s kzm-[o-\n-p-p-v.Hcm- Ifhp- ]dbp-tm-gp-m-hp- a\x-{]bm-kw- lr-Zbkv]\sbpw- XZzm-cm- im-co-cn-I {]h-\sfbp-samw_m[n-p-sa hkv-Xp-Xbm-Wtm- Ifhv- ]cn-tim-[\m- b{ (lie detector)n-s-d ASn-kv-Ym-\ Xzw.icn-bpw- sXpw- sNp-hm-\p- Xo-cp-am-\ap-mhp-Xv- akvXnjv-In-\n-m-sWn-epw- Ah hy-hNv-tOZn-sSp-XvlrZbhp- a m- b n- _\v - [ sp- s Im- m- s W Hcp- hm- Z ap- v . ]qWam-bn- sXfn-bn-sp- Ign-n-n-sn-epw- Cu- hm-ZnA-]samw- Igp-sp-Xsbm-Wv- \p-sSsbmw- Po-hn Xn-se ssZ\w-Zn-\ hr-n-Ifp-am-bn- _\v-[sp- \Sp- hnIm-c{]IS\- hy-Iv-Xam-p-Xv.GXm-bn-cp-m-epw- a\p-jy-ico-cn-\p-n- Du-Pw- hn-XcWwsNp-hm-\p- kw-hn-[m-\am-b cIv-XNw-{IaWhyq-lhpw- AXns-d \n-b{Ww- hln-p- lr-Zbhpw- AXv-`p-X-Xsbm Wv.- lr-Zbs kz-bw- {]h-n-p- Hcp- ]n-t\m-Sv- D]anm-san-ep-w- AXn-\p- Xp-ey-am-b Hcp- ]p- \n-an-p-I Zp-jvIcam-Wv.- \n-an-sSp- Ir-{Xn-a lr-Zbfpw- Ir-{Xn-a t]kvtadpIfp-samw- Ahbp-tSXm-b ]cn-an-Xn-I-p-n- am-{Xta {]tbm-Kaam-hp-p-q.- lr-Zbn-\p- Xp-ey-tam- AXn-\Sp-p\n-p-tXm- Bb Hcp- D]IcWhpw- \n-an-p-hm- CXphsc a\p-jy-\v- km-[n-n-n-.-
kn-cIfn-eq-sSbpw- [a\n-Ifn-eqsSbp-ap- cIv-Xn-s-d hnXcWhpw- \s AXv-`p-XsSp-p- kw-hn-[m-\am-Wv-.- C{X ko-Wam-b kw-hn-[m-\sfmw-Xs GXm-\pw- t]in-IfpsS ]m-ckv-]cyw- aq-eam-Wv- \n-e\n-p-sX hkv-Xp-Xbpw- AXv`p-Xap-fhm-p-Xp-Xs! lr-Zbsp-dn-v- a\n-em-p-tm- \mw- {kjv-Sm-hn-s-d APXbpw- A{]am-Zn-Xz-hpw- Aw-Ko-Icn-p-t]m-hp-p.- \p-sS Po-h- \n-e\n-p-hm-\m-hiy-am-b lr-Zbkv-]\w- \p-sSsbmpw- \n-b{Wn-\v- hn-t[baspw- {kjv-Sm-hns-d n-]v-Xam b \n-ba-v- A\p-kr-Xam-sWpw- Adn-bp-tm- \mwAhs-d ap-n- hn-\bm-\zn-Xcm-bn- \{ain-ckv-Icm-thXm-Wv.]t,- Cu- kw-hn-[m-\sfmw- G-sSp-n- ssZhnsd hn-[n-hn-ep-I- ]m-en-v- Ahs-d A\p-{Kl-v- \nIm-Wn-p-h- hfsc Xp-Nv-Oatm.- Jp-B- ]dsX{X icn-! ""Ah\m-Wv- \n--v- tI-hn-bpw- Im-gv-Nbpw- lr-ZbfpwDm-n-n-p-h.- Ip-dp- am-{Xta \n-- \n- Im-Wnpp-q.-''-(23:78)""\n--v- Ah- tI-hn-Ifpw- Im-gv-NIfpw lr-Zbfpw\-Ip-Ibpw- sNbv-Xp.- \n-- \n-bp-hcm-bn-cn-m- thn.''(16:78)-
Zl\n-\p- ]n-n
95
]v-
Zl\n-\p- ]n-n
\mw- Ignp- `Wn-se amw-ky-sfbpw- Im-t_msslt{Up-Isfbpw- sIm-gp-p-Isfbpw- hn-m-an-\p-Isfbp-samwtIm-i-v- D]tbm-Kn-m- X ]m-In-ep- efn-X kwbpIv-Xfm-n- am-p-Ibm-Wv- Zl\ hy-hkv-Y (digestive system)-bpsS [-aw-.- hm-b ap-X- Kp-ZZzm-cw- hscbp- \n-ch[n- Ahbh fp-sS BsIp-Ibm-Wv- Zl\hy-hkv-Ysbv- ]dbmw.- Cu Ah bhfn- Nn-eh Zl\{]{In-bbn- am-{Xw- ]sSp-p-tmap- Nn-eh AXm- [-a-Iq-Sn- GsSp-p- \Sph bmWv.hm-bp-sS [-aNp-v,- \m-hv,- ]v- Xp-Sn-bhbm-Wtm- hm-bn-se {][m-\s `m-K.- `Ww- kzo-Icn-p-I,- ]p-dpt]m-hm-sX ASp-]nSnp-I,- Dm-cWs klm-bn-p-I Fn-s\ aq-v- [-afm Wv- Np-v- \n--hln-p-Xv.- ASn-bn-ep- cIv-Xhm-ln-\n-I- \n gen-p- Im-Wm- am-{Xw- Np-n-s-d N-an-\v- In- Ip-dhm-bXn\m-em-Wv- AXv- Np-hn-cn-p-Xv.- Np-n-ep- _ehm-b hIv {Xt]in- (orbicularis oris)bm-Wv- hm-b Iq-n-bSp-hm-\pw- Npw-_n p-hm-\pw- \s klm-bn-p-Xv.-
`Ws Hcp- `m-Kp-\n-v- at `m-Ktv- Dcp-p-I,- Nh p-Ign-v- Xm-sg sXm--bn-tev- Xn-sm-Sp-p-I,- kzmZdnbp -I Xp-Sn-bhbm-Wv- \m-hn-s-d {][m-\s [-a.- CXv- hf sctbsd Ne\m-Xv-aIam-b Hcp- Ahbham-Wv.- \o-p-Ibpw- NpcppIbpw- hfbv-p-Ibpw- Xn-cn-p-Ibpw- sNm-hp- \m-v- \s kw-km-cn-\pw- klm-bn-p-p.\m-hn-t- kvYn-Xn- sNp-,- kz-mZdn-bp-hm-\p- D]IcW fm-Wv- cp-Nn-ap-Ip-f- (taste buds).- _-_n-s-d BIr-Xn-bn-ep Chbv-p-n-em-Wv- kzm-Zdn-bp-hm-\p- \m-Uo-bm-{K- kv-YnXnsNp-Xv.- a[p-cw,- Ibv-]v,- Dp-ckw,- ]p-fn- Fo- \m-ev- ASnkvYm\ kz-m-Zp-Ifpw- Adn-bm-\m-hiy-am-b ap-Ip-f- \m-hn- thsdth sdbp-v.- \mw- Ign-p- `Wn-s-d Xm-{XI- \mhn-ep cp-Nn-ap-Ip-fsf DtPn-n-p-tmgm-Wv- \mw- kzmZdn-bpXv.hm-b Xn-Ipw- hcm-Wn-cn-p-sXn-- Hn-s-dbpw- kzmZ dn-bm- Ign-bn-.- `Ww- Dan-\o-cn- Ip-Xn-m-te kz-m-Zdn-bmIgn-bq.- hm-bn-s-d cp- hifn-em-bn- kv-Yn-Xn- sNp- BdvDan-\o- {K\v-Yn-Ifm-Wv- Dan-\o- D-]m-Zn-n-p-Xv.- Cu- {K\v-YnkZm-kabhpw- Dan-\o- D-]m-Zn-n-p-sIm-n-cn-p-p.- Fm,`Ww- Im-Wp-Itbm- AXn-s-d K\v-[w- A\p-`hn-p-ItbmAtXp-dn-v- Nn-n-p-Itbm- sNbv-Xm- CXn-s-d D-]m-Z\wh-[n-p-p.hm-bp- ]p-dp- kvYn-Xn- sNp- Dan-\o- {K\vYn-Ifn-\nvD-]m-Zn-n-sSp- Dan-\o- sNdp-Ip-gep-I- hgn- hm-bn-tevHgp-In-smn-cn-p-p.- Hcm- Hcp- Zn-hkn- Ac en-- apXHcp- en-- h-sc- Dan-\o- D-]m-Zn-n-p-p-v.- Dan-\o-cn-\v- cv[afm-Wp-Xv.- hm-bsb kPeam-n-shp-Ibm-Wv- Hv.cm-as [-aw- Zl\{]{In-b Bcw-`n-p-Ibm-Wv.- APs AXn-s-d eLp-LSIfm-b ]km-cIfm-n- am-m- Dan-\ocn-\v- Ign-bpw.- AXn-ep- Aan-tekv- (amylase) F F-sskamWv- CXv- sNp-Xv.Z-,- Ac-hp-im-eIico-cn-se Ghpw- Im-Tn-\y-tadn-b `m-Kam-Wv- ]v.- Ip-n-m-
96
Zl\n-\p- ]n-n
97
ev- ap-fbv-p- o-cZ- (milk teeth) Bdmw- hbtmsS sIm-gn-p-t]m-hp-Ibpw- kv-Yn-cZ- ap-fbv-m-\m-cw-`n-pIbpw- sNp-p.]n-\v- cp- `m-Kfm-WpXv.- tam-Wp- ]p-dp- `mK s ZKm-{X (crown)sapw- Dn-ep- `m-Ks Zaq-e (root) sapw- ]dbp-p.- Hpw- cp-w- aq-pw- aq-efp- ]p-Ifpv.Xm-Sn-sbn-ep- Ip-gn-bn- aq-es kn-a-dw- F ]Zm-YwsIm-v- Ddn-n-cn-p-p.- aq-p- ]m-fn-Ifm-bp- ZKm-{Xnsd Ghpw- D]cn-Xen-ep- ]m-fn-bm-Wv- C\m-a- (enamel).- icoc n-se Ghpw ITn-\am-b ]Zm-Yam-Wn-Xv.- tcm-Km-Wp--smpw-Xs t\cn-v- AXn-s\ \in-n-p-hm- Ign-bn-.- Im-kywt^m-kv-t^v- ]cep-I- Hcp- {]tXy-I ]m-tWn- {Iaam-bn- kPv Po-Icn-n-cn-p-Xn-\m-em-Wv- C\m-aen-\v- C{Xbpw- Im-Tn-\y-ap-m bXv.- C\m-aen-s-d t\sc ASn-bn-se ]m-fn-bm-b Zn-\ (dentin) n-\pw- \ Im-Tn-\y-ap-v.- CXn-\p-aSnbn-ep- ]-v- (pulp) F ar-Zp-eIebn-em-Wv- \m-Un-Ifpw- cIv-Xhm-ln-\n-Ifp-sam-ap-Xv.]p-I-v- {][m-\am-bpw- cp- [-afm-Wp-Xv-; ap-dn-pI bpw- Acbv-p-Ibpw-.- ap--hip- ]{v- ]p-I- ap-dn-m \pw- s]m-Sn-m-\p-ap-hbm-Wv.- AXp-sIm-p-Xs Ahbp-sS Aw- Iq-m-Wn-cn-p-Xv.- Acbv-m-\pw- NXbv-m-\pw- thnbp- _m-n- Ccp-]Xv- ]p-Ifp-sS Aw- ]cm-Wn-cn-p-Xv.`W]Zm-Ysf ap-dn-v- s]m-Sn-v- Acv- Zl\n-\v- ]mIamp-Ibm-Wv- s]m-Xp-sh ]dm- ]p-Ifp-sS [-aw.Bam-ibhpw- A\p-_\v-[fpwhm-bn-- shv- Acbvs,- Dan-\o-cn- Ie- `W]ZmY- A\m-fn-eq-sS Bam-ibn-sen-tcp-p.- Zl\ hy-hkv-Ybn-se Ghpw- ho-Xn-tbdn-b `m-Kam-Wv- Bam-ibw.- CXn s-d `n-n-bn- An-m-bn- ImWsSp- {K\v-Yn-Ifm-Wv- Kym kv-{Sn-Iv- {K\vYn-bpw- ss]tem-dn-Iv- {K\v-Yn-bpw.- Kym-kv-{Sn-Iv- {K\v-Ynbn-se ]ssc-tIm-i- sslt{Um-tm-dn-Iv- Bkn-Uv- \n-an p-p.- Bam-in-se Zl\ckn-s-d Hcp- {][m-\s `mK am-Wv- Cu- sslt{Um-tm-dn-Iv- Bkn-Uv.- Zl\ckn- ASn-
B-am-i-bwI-c-
B-Kv-t\-b- {K-n-
sN-dp-Ip-S-
Bam-ibhpw- A\p-_\v-[fpw-
bn-cn-p- asm-cp- hkv-Xp-hm-Wv- s]]v-kn- (pepsin).- CsXm-cpFsskw- BWv.- Bkn-Upw- s]]v-kn-\pw- tN- Zl\ckwF{X ITn-\am-b `Wsbpw- Zln-n-pw.Hcp-Zn-hkw- cp- en-dn-e[n-Iw- Zl\ckw- D-]m-Zn-n-sSpp-v.- CXn-- In-Sv- ar-Zp-hm-bn-o-cm- `W]Zm-Yfn.- ar-Zp-hm-bn-o-- `W]Zm-Y- Bam-ib`n-nbnaq-v- ]m-fn-Ifn-em-bp- iIv-Xn-tbdn-b t]in-Ifp-sS \n-ccamb ktm-N-v- hn-t[bam-hp-Xns-d êam-bn- NXcbpp.- Bam-ib`n-n-bn-ep- ss]temdn-Iv- {K\v-Yn- D-]m-Zn-np Km-kv-{Sn- (gastrin) F tlm-tam- BWv- AXn-\Ip mhp- {khWsf \n-b{n-p-Xv.- Am-\m-fhpw- Bamibhpw- Iq-Sn-tcp- Pw-Kv-j\n- ar-Zp-et]in-bm- \n-an-Xamb kv-^nw-Kv-S- (sphincter) Fp- hn-fn-sSp- Hcp- hfbap-v.Bam-ibn-sen-b `W]Zm-Y- Xn-cn-v- A\m-fntev- t]m-hm-Xn-cn-p-Xv- kv-^nw-Kv-Sdn-s-d hm-hv- sam-\nkw-aq-eam-Wv.- Cu- sam-\n-kn-\v- XIcm-dp- kw-`hn-p-tm-gm-Wv-
98
Zl\n-\p- ]n-n
99
O-Zn-bp-m-hp-Xv.Bam-ibn- shv- Zln-n- s `W]Zm- Y - ]n- o- S v {]thin-p-Xv- Ip-Sen-s-d `m-Kamb Up-thm-Un-\ (duodenum)n-te m-Wv-.- Bam-ibn-\n-v- Up-thmUn-\n-tev- ISp-n-Spw- Hcpkv^nw-KvSdp-ap-v.- kzbw- ASbp-IbpwXp-dp-Ibp-w- sNbv-Xp- sIm-n-cn-pBam-ibw- AXn-eq-sS A-]m-]am-bn- am{X ta `Wn-\v- ISm- Ign-bq.CXv- Up-thm-Un-\n-s-d kw-cWn-\p-thn-bp- Hcp- kw hn-[m-\am-Wv.Bam-ibn-\n-v- hcp- Ackw- Ie- `Ww- A[nIam-bn- Up-thm-Un-\n-sen-bm- AXn-s-d tjvakvXcn - \v- tISp-]p-hm- km-[y-Xbp-v.- CXn-m-Xn-cn-p-hm- kv-^nw-KvSdn-s-d \n-b{Ww- Iq-Sm-sX asm-cp- kw-hn-[m-\w- Iq-Sn-bp-v.Aabam-b `Ww- Up-thm-Un-\Xn-tev- {]thin-p- am {Xbn- BKv-t\b{K\v-Yn-bn- (pancreas)\n-v- m-ckar-amb BKv-t\bckw- D]m-Zn-n-sv- Up-thm-Un-\n-tev- hcnI bpw- AXv- As \n-ho-cy-am-n-sm-v- tjv-akv-Xcs kw-cn-p-Ibpw- sNp-p.Ic-; cm-k\n-am-Wim-e Zl\ hy-hkv-Ybn- Up-thm-Un-\hp-am-bn- _\v-[sSp- cvAhbhfm-Wv- Icfpw- BKv-t\b{K\v-Yn-bpw.- ico-cn-se G hpw- hen-b {K\vYn-bm-b Icfn-s-d `m-cw- sam-w- ico-c`m-cnscp- iXam-\tm-fw- hcpw.- Aq-dn-e[n-Iw- Po-h-{][m-\amb [-a- \n-hln-p- AXn-ko-Wam-b Hcp- AhbhamWvIc.- Bbn-cn-e[n-Iw- F-sskap-I- \n-an-p- AXn-_r lm-b ^m-Iv-Sdn-bm-WXv.- ]n-ck \n-am-Wam-Wv- Icfn-sd {][m-\s Hcp- [-aw.- Hcm-fp-sS ico-cn- Hm-tcm- Zn-hkhpapm-hp- Hcp- en-tdm-fw- hcp- ]n-ckw- \n-an-p-Xv Ic-
tIm-ifm-Wv.- ]n-ckn- 98 iXam-\hpw- Peam-Wv.- ]n ehW- (bile salts),- sIm-fkv-t{Sm- (cholesterol) F sImgpv,- _n-en-dp-_n- (bilirubin) Xp-Sn-bhbm-Wv- ap- hkv-Xp-.Up-thmUn-\n-sep- `Wn-se sIm-gp-n-s\ Zlnnp-Ibpw- Nn-e hn-m-an-\p-Isf (A,D,E, K) Aen-bn-n-v- BKncW n-\v- A\p-tbm-Py-am-p-Ibp-am-Wv- ]n-ckn-s-d {][m-\s [-aw.- Icfn-\n-v- t\cn- ]n-ckw- Up-thm-Un-\n-tev{]thinp-Xv.- Ic- \n-an-p- ]n-ckw- ]n-m-ibnkw-`cn-sSp-p.- `WwUp-thm-Un-\n-sen-bm]n-m-ibw- Np-cp-m- XpSp- I bpw- ]n- ckw- Iptdsbm- b n- HgpIn- s bpIbpw- sNp-p.]n-ckn-ep- _n-endp-_n- bYm-Yn- HcpAgpv- (waste)BWv.- tim-W I-ccIv - X tIm- i - \in- ptm- AXn--\n-v- kz-X{am-Ip- hkv-Xp-hm-WXv.- CXv- mkv-abn- Iev- Icfn-sep-Ibpw- Ahn-sS\n-v- ]n-ckns-d `m-Kam-bn- amdn- Up-thm-Un-\n-sen- Ahkm-\w- aenIe-v- ]pdsSp-Ibpw- sNp-p.Poh {][m\amb ]e [afpw \nhlnpXn Ic fn\v ]psv ]dphtm. cIvXn qtmknsd kvYnXnkvYncX \ne\npXv IcfmWv. `Wn\v tijw cIvXnse qtmknsd Afhv h[nptm A[nIap qtmkv hensSpv sstmP\mn Xn kw`cnpsh pIbpw qtmknsd Afhv Xmgptm kw`cns ss tmPs\ qtmkmn amn cIv X ntev hnpsImSp pIbpw sNbvXpsImmWv Ic Cu kvYnXnkvYncX \ne\n pXv. IpSen\np cIvXnsep Aant\m BknUpIsf
100
Zl\n-\p- ]n-n
101
tImiv D]Imc{]Zamb coXnbnemn ampXn\v UoA ant\j (de amination) \SpXpw Icfn shmWv. Uo Aant\j hgn Dmhp hnjhmXIamb AtamWnbsb cIvXn\nv ]nSnsSpv bqdnbbmn amn hrIv \IpXpw IcXs. A[nIap hnman F, Un, _n12, Ccpv Fo ]ZmYsf kw`cnpshv icocn\v Bhiy aptm hnpsImSppIsb tPmenbpw Ic \nhln pp. `WneqsSbpw apw icocn\Iv {]thinp hnjhkvXpsf \nhocyampXpw IcXsbmWv. Cs\ H\h[n [a \nhlnp Icfnsd ]p\ P\\tijn (regeneration) hnkvabmhlamWv. Icfnsd 80% hsc apdnp Ifmepw GXm\pw amk sImv \jvSs `mKw hopw hfphcpw. icocnse asmchbhn \panm IgnhmWnXv. H\h[n [a \nhlnm\p XpsImmhmw Cu Ignhv \IsncnpXv. BKvt\b{K\vYn BKvt\b{K\vYn(pancreas)sbpdnp {]Xn]mZnphtm. GItZiw Bdv Cv \ofhpw aqnv hoXnbpw \qdp {Kmw Xqhpap Cu Ahbhw Bamibn\v ]nn \sn t\mSp tNmWv kvYnXn sNpXv. BKvt\b cknsd D]mZ\amWv CXnsd {]Ya [aw. Hcp Znhkw Hcp entdmfw Cu ckw D]mZnnsSppv. Bamibn\np hcp Aabamb `Wn\nv UpthmUn\nsd tjvakvXcs cnpI am{Xa, BKvt\bcknsd [aw. hnhn[ `W ]ZmYsf Zlnnm\mhiyamb FsskapIfpw CXn ASnbnpv. amwkys hnLSnnp {Sn]vkn (trypsin), APs Zlnnp Aantekv (amylase), sImgpns\ ]mIw hcpp ent]kv (lipase) XpSnb FsskapI AhbpsS [a \nhlnpp. ChsbqSmsX cp {][m\s tlmtam WpIfpw BKvt\b{K\vYn D]mZnnppv. BKvt\b{K\vYnbn\np BKvt\bckhpw ]nmib
n\np ]nckhpw UpthmUn\ntev {]thinp Xv Htc ZzmcneqsSbmWv. apXp skdoaotdmfw hcp UpthmUn\w sNdpIpSensd Hcp `mKw am{XamWv. cc ao tdmfw hcp sPPp\w (jejunum), aqc aotdmfw hcp Cen bw (ileum) XpSnbhbmWv ap `mK. UpthmUn\samgnp IpS`mK cpw Ne\kzmX {yaphbmWv. DZc`nnbn DdnsXn\m Upthm Un\n\v Ne\kzmX{yw Xoscbn. IpS`nnv \nch[n ]mfnIfpv. Ghpw Dnse ]mfnbmWv tjvakvXcw. aSp aSpIfmbnmWv tjvakvXcw kvYnXn sNpXv. D]cnXe nsd hnkvXoWw h[nnphm thnbmWo kwhn[m \w. aSpIfnmbncppshn shdpw Bdp NXpc{i ASn am{XapmIpambncp tjvakvXcnsd hnkvXoWw sRmdnIfm sXmqtdmfw NXpc{iASnbmbn h[nnm\m bnpv . Cu D]cnXen\nmWv `Wkm[\ cIvXntev BKncWw sNsSpsXXn\m AXnsd hnkvXoWw ]camh[nbpmhpXv A`nImayambXn\memWv Cu kwhn[m\tasSpsncnpXv. tjva kvXcn sd D]cnXen\nv apfps]mn \npXpw hncen sd BIrXnbnepXpamb tImSnWn\v DZvh[ (villi) Dv. cIvXhmln\nIfpw enw^vhmln\nIfpap Chbn eqsSbmWv `Wnsd BKncWw \SpXv. hnkPy ]pdtv Zl\w Hcp AXnn hsc Ign tijw sNdpIpSense p `W ]ZmYfnse AhiyhkvXp BKncWw sNsSpXv sNdpIpSen\nmWv . sNdpIpSeneqsS `Ww t]mhpXv HcpXcw Ipgpcq]nemWv. CXnsd aptmp Ka\s \nb{npXv IpSXsbmWv. IpSensd `nnbnse arZpet]inIfpsS ktmNw hgnbmWv `W ]ZmY aptmp\opXv. hfsc sasbmWo bm{X. AXn\m `Wn\v tjvakvXchpambn \o k w e`npp. Ign `Wnsd {]IrXa\pkcnv aqp
102
Zl\n-\p- ]n-n
103
apX Fp aWnq hsc AXv sNdpIpSen InSpw. Cu kabw sImv AXn\nv kzoIcnm Ignbp ]ZmY sfmw cIvXntepw enw^ntepw t]mbngnncnpw. `W]ZmYsfmw \jvSs {Zhcq]nep ]Zm Yw sNdpIpSen\nv ]ns hIpSentep {]thinpp. Hc aotdmfw \ofw hcp hIpSen shmWv [mXpehWfSnb Pensd BKncWw \SpXv. Pew BKnc Ww sNstijw _mn hcpXmWv aew. hIpSensd ap m `mKw kcnp tmtgpw aew cq]s pIgnncnpw. ]no Sv hIpSensd Ah km\ `mKv AXv hnk P\ kabw ImpInS Z-l-\- hy-h-kv-Ypp. \app Nppap `W]ZmYsf Zlnnv Ahsb \psS icocn\v kzoIcnm ]p coXnbnemnop Xn\pthn {]tXyIw kwhn[m\ns Iptd Ahbh fmWv Zl\ hyhkvYbnepXv. `Ww Ignphm\p B nbpmp kzmZnmhiyamb kwhn[m\ apX {]kvXpX `Ww Zlnnv icocIeIv Bhiyamb coXn bnempXn\p GmSpI hsc Zl\hyhkvYbn sNbvXpsh {kjvSmhnsd kqva PvRm\w A]mcwXs bmWvv. `Wnse Hcp Xm{X t]mepw A\mhiyambn \jvSsSm coXnbn Cu kwhn[m\tasSpnbh khiIvXXssbv {]kvXpX kwhn[m\sfpdnv
]Tnphscmw ]dpt]mhpw. Fm hkvXpfpsSbpw {kjvSmhpw Fm Imcysfpdnpw Adnhph\pamb k hiIv X s\, icocnse GsXmcp hyhkv Y sbpdnp ]Tnptmgpw \apv Adnbm\mhpw. ""Fm hkvXpsfbpw Ah krjvSnXmWv. Ah Fm Imcysnbpw Adnbph\pamWv.'' (6:101)
ipoIcWn\p kwhn[m\
105
]Xns\mv
ipoIcWn\p kwhn[m\
cIvXipoIcWamWv aq{X hyhkvY (urinary system)bpsS [aw. amwkyw IpSen\nv cIvXntev {]thinpXv Aant\m BknUpIfmbnmWv . Aant\m BknUpIsf Fns\nepw D]tbmKnWsan Ahbnse Aant\m {Kqns\ (NH2) \ow sNWw. CXp \owsNpXv Icfn shmsWp ]dphtm. \ow sNs Aant\m {Kqv AtamWnbbmbnocpw. kzm`mhnIambpw cIvXnsep Cu AtamWnb DS \ow sNbvXnnsn akvXnjvIw hnjen]vXambn acWn Ieminpw. Aant\m {Kqv \ow sN (de amination) hgn am{Xsam pa AtamWnb cIvXnsepXv. IpSense _mIvSocn bfpsS {]h\êambpw AtamWnbbpmhppv. cIvXnsentcp Cu AtamWnbsbmw ]nSnsSpv bqdnbbmn ampXv IcfmsWv \mw Iphtm. AtamWn bbpsSb{Xbnsnepw bqdnbbpw hnjw XsbmWv. cIvXn \nv Cu bqdnbsb \ow sNpIbmWv aq{XhyhkvYbpsS [aw.
hrI; ipoIcWime hrIfnemWv aq{XapmhpXv. ]baWnbpsS BIrXn bp cp hrI DZcnsd ta `mKv \snsd Ccphifn-emWv kvYnXn sNpXvv. ]Xns\mv skdoao \ofhpw Bdp skdoao hoXnbpw \mep skdoao I\hp ap hrbpsS `mcw GItZiw 140 {KmamWv. hnjhkvXpsf aq{XneqsS \ow sNpI bmWv hrbpsS {][m\s [asanepw AXm [a fpw AXv \nhlnppv. timWcIvXtImifpsS D]mZ\s DtPnn, icocn\Is Pensd Afhv \nb{n, Amc Xpe\w \ne\n, cIvXk Zs kzm[o\n, [mXp ehWfpsS {IaoIcWw aq-{X- h-b-h-XpSnb H\h[n [a \nhlnp AhbhfmWv hrI. hrIfnse s\t{^mWp(nephron)IfmWv cIvXipoIcWw \SpXv . Hmtcm hrbnepw ]{v ene[nIw s\t{^mWpIfpv. Insd BIrXnbnep Hcp hmbbpw AXn\nv XqnnSp \ophf Hcp IpgepamWv s\t{^mWnepXv. CXnsd hmbntev Hcp [a\nbneqsS cIvXw HgpInhcpp. AXv \nch[n temanIIfmbn hnLSnp p. temanIIfn IqSn cIvXsamgpIptm tImifpw amwkyfpw HgnsIbp `mKw temanIIfn\np ]pdp ISv In {]thinpp. CXns\ ^nt{Sv {ZmhIw Fp hnfnmw. CXv s\t{^mWnsd IpgepIfnIqSn Xmtgmv HgpIpp. icocn\v BhiyapXpw CmXpamb Htsd hkvXpfSnbXmWv ^nt{Sv {ZmhIw. CXv IpgeneqsS
106
ipoIcWn\p kwhn[m\
107
ISpt]mhptm AXnsd Hpapm `mKhpw icocn tev ]p\cmKocWw sNsSpp. Cu ]p\cmKocWn\p tijw AhtijnpXmWv aq{Xw. Hcm Hcp Znhkn icmicn Hc en aq{Xw D]mZn nppv. cp hrIfnsebpw 25 ew s\t{-^mWpI IqSnbnmWv CXpmpXv. Cu Hc en aq{Xapmhp Xv 170 en ^nt{Sv {ZmhIn\nmWv. AXpmhpXv 1800 en cIvXn\npamWv. Hcp Znhkw 1800 en cIvXw hrIfneqsS ISpt]mhppshmWtm CXn\Yw. HcmfpsS icocn icmicn Ap en cIvXta ImWq. Atm 1800 en cIvXw hrIfneqsS ISpt]mhWsan icocnep cIvXw apgph Ccp]n\mep aWnqdn\p n 350 XhW hrIfneqsS HgpInsmncnWw. C s\ HgpInsmncnpXn\m Ftmgpw cIvXw bqdnbmap IvXambncnpw; ipambncnpw. aq{Xw ]pdtv hrbn \nansSp aq{Xw Hcp IpgeneqsS aq{Xmib nsen AhnsS kw`cnsSpp. Acsn\pnep t]io\nanXamb Hcp knbmWv aq{Xmibw. Ac endmWv AXnsd Dhym]vXw. hrIfn\nv aq{Xw Cnv hoWv \ndbpX\pkcnv AXv hophcpw. \mqdv annendmhp tmtgpw \apv aq{Xi tXmpw. aq{X\mfnsd XpS nep cv kv^nwKvSdpI hgnbmWv aq{Xw \nb{np \npXv. Ah Xpdmte aq{Xw ]pdtsmgpIq. sImp IpnIv aq{X\nb{Wn\p Ignhn. aqp hbmIp tmtgmWv Cu Ignhv e`npXv. aq{Xmibw IgnbpXphsc aq{Xhyqlnsd LS\bn kv-{Xo-I-fn-epw- ]p-cp-j-am-cn-epw Imcyamb hyXymksfmp an. AXn\ptijw hcp aq{X \mfnsd kvYnXn CX. kv{XoIfn Ap skdo aotdmfw \ofw hcp EPphmb Hcp Ipg am{XamWnXv. ]pcpjmcnemIs "S' BIrXnbn Ccp]tXmfw skdoao \ofapnXnv. aq{Xhpw iphpw
Htc IpgeneqsS ]pdp t]mthXpXn\m Ahv ]p coXnbnep Htsd kwhn[m\ ]pcpjaq{X\mfnbnepv. cIvXipoIcWn\v Cu kwhn[m\fpmbncpn sn cIvXn hnjhkvXp ASnpIqSpIbpw AXn êambn cIvXnsd AX AXnthKw Dbv acWn IeminpIbpw sNpambncpp. cIvXsbpw Nw{IaW hyqlsbpw krjvSn {kjvSmhpXs cIvXw ipoIcn phm\mhiyamb kwhn[m\fptasSpnbncnpp. \qdp iXam\w A\yq\amb coXnbn aq{X hyhkvY kwhn[m \n khiIvXsd APX Adnbphm B Hcp hyqlw am{Xw ]cntim[nm aXn. a\pjyPoh \ne\nphm\mh iyamb koWamb kwhn[m\sfpdnv KmVambn ]Tn ptm khiIvXsd AkvXnXzw IqSpX IqSpX hyIvXamhpIbmWv sNpXv. ""Ah XsbmWv PohnnpIbpw acnnpIbpw sNp h.'' (23:80)
kvYnXnkvYncX \ne\nphm
109
]{v
henb hyXnbm\sampw ]mSnmsX \ne\nt \nch [n AhkvYmhntij \psS icocnepv. icotcmjvam hv, cIvXnsd AX, cIvXkZw, qtmknsd Afhv XpSnbh Nne DZmlcW. icocn\Ip Cu AhkvYmhntijsf amanmsX \ne\npXn\mWv "kvYnXnkvYncX' (homeostasis)- Fp ]dbpXv. Cu kvYnXnkv YncXv hyXnbm\apmhptmgmWv oWhpw ap tcmK eWfpw A\p`hsSpXv. Cu kvYnXnkvYncX \ne\n pIbmWv Ax{kmhhyhkvY (endocrine system)bpsS [aw. Ax{kmhhyhkvYbn Ht\Iw {K\vYnIfpv. Chsb Ax{kmh{K\vYnI (endocrine glands)- Fp ]dbpp. icoc nsd hyXykvX `mKfnep Ax{kmh{K\vYnI D]mZnnp cmkhkvXpfbmWv tlmtamWpI (hormones) Fp hnfnpXv. ssltmXemakv, ]nyqdn, ssXtdmbnUv, ]mcmssXtdm bnUv, ssXakv, A{Uo\, BKvt\bw, AWvUmibw, hrj Ww, ]o\nb XpSnbhbmWv a\pjyicocnep Ax {kmh{K\vYnI.
ssltmXemakv ssltmXemaknsd kvYm\w akvXnjvIamWv. CXc Ax{kmh {K\vYnIsf \nb{npIbmWv CXnsd {][m\ s [aw. AtXmsSmw kzw tlmtamWpIv CXv Pw \IpIbpw sNppv. ssltmXemakv ap {K\vYnIv \ntZi \Ip Xpw tlmtamWpI hgnbmWv. HcpZmlcWw: ssXtdmbn Unsd tlmtamWpI cIvXn IpdhmsWn ssltm Xemakv DS AXv Adnbpp. AXv ]nyqdn {K\vYnv ssXtdm bnUns\ DtPnnphm\p BPvR \Ipp. Cu BPvR ]nyqdnbn FpXv Hcp t{]cItlmtam hgnbmWv. Cu t{]cItlmtam ]nyqdnbn Fnb DS AXv Hcp DtPItlmtam ssXtdmbnUntev Abpp. CXv ssXtdmbnUns\ DtPnnpIbpw ssXtdmtlmtam D]mZnnsSpIbpw sNpp. kzm`mhnIambpw AXnsd cIvXnse Afhv h[npp. DS ssltmXemakv t{]cI tlmtamWnsd D]mZ\w ao`hnnpIbpw Xêambn ]nyqdn DtPItlmtam IpdbvpIbpw sNpp. Cu {]h\fpsS êambmWv cIvXnse ssXtdmtlmtam Wnsd Afhv IqSpItbm IpdbpItbm sNmXncnpXv. Cs\sbmWv ssltmXemakv ap Ax{kmh{K\vYn Isfbpw \nb{npXv. ssltmXemakn \nansSp aq{Xhncp tlmtam Wm (anti diuretic hormone)Wv hmtkms{]n (vasopressin). aqt{Xm]mZ\w Xmgvnsmv Pe\jvShpw ehW\jvShpw AanXamImsX t\mpbmWv CXnsd [aw. HmIvkntmkn (oxytosin) F tlmtamWmWv ssltmXemaknsd asmcp D]w. kvX\nse ]mpgepIsf ktmNnnv ]m karambn Ipnsd hmbntesmgpIphm klmbnp Xv Cu tlmtam BWv. Ipv AbpsS kvX\w Nptm apepIfnse \mUobm{K DtPnnsSpIbpw AXv \mUnI hgn ssltmXemakn FpIbpw sNp tmgmWv HmIvkntmkn D]mZnnsSpXv.
110
111
]nyqdn akvXnjvInXs kvYnXn sNp asmcp Ax{kmh {K\vYnbmWv ]nyqdn. ssltmXemakn\v IognemWv CXnsd kvYm\w. Ah Xn ]ckv]cw _\v[sncnpp. ap Ax{kmh {K\vYnI AhbpsS [aw icnp \nh lnpptmsbv {inpIbpw Csn Ahsbsmv ]WnsbSpnpIbpw sNpXv ]nyqdnbmWv. Cu Bhiym Yw D]mZnnsSp tlmtamWpIsfbmWv t{]cItlm tamWpI (tropic hormones) Fp ]dbpXv. ]nyqdn D]mZn np hfmtlmtam (growth hormone) BWv icoc hfsb \nb{npXv. CXnsd Ipdhv Iphpw B[n Iyw òahpw krjvSnpp. D]m]Nbs XzcnXsSppI, HSn FpIsf tbmPnnpI, apdnhpWpI XpSnb [afpw Cu tlmtamWn\pv. K`nWnbpsS icocn apemepmIphm\p kwhn[m\ sNp s{]memIvSn (prolactin) tlmtamWpw ]nyqdn D]mZnnpXmWv. ]o\nb akvXnjvInsd H \Sphn ImWp Ax{kmh {K\vYnbmWv ]o\nb. CXv D]mZnnp saetSmWn (melatonin) F tlmtamWnsd [asamsWv hyIvXam bn ]dbm imkv{XPvRmv Cpw Ignnn. GXm\pw Dul am{XamWv CmcynepXv. ssXtdmbnUv Igpnsd ap`mKv izk\\mfs s]mXnpsImv ImWsSp HmWv ssXtdmbnUv {K\vYn. icocnsd hf bnepw _pnbpsS hnImknepw kzm[o\w sNepp hbmWv ssXtdmtlmtamWpI. KÌmev AbpsS ssXtdmbnUv th{X tlmtam D]mZnnmXncnpXv a_pnbpw hncq]\pamb Ipnsd P\\n\v \nanam Ipw. icocnsd D]m]Nbnsd thKX \nWbnp T3 , T4 Fo cp tlmtamWpIfpw ssXtdmbnUv \nanp pv. ssXtdmbnUv {K\vYnIfpsS {]h\n\v AbUn
(iodine) aqeIw AXymt]nXamWv.
]mcmssXtdmbnUv ssXtdmbnUv {K\vYntbmsSmap ]mcmssXtdmbnUnsd [aw cIvXnse Imkynsd Afhp \nb{npI bmWv. cIvXnse Imkynsd Afhp Ipdbptm ]mcmssXtdmbnUv {K\vYn DtPnXamhpIbpw ]mcmssX tdmbnUv tlmtam D]mZnnsSpIbpw sNpp. AXv FpIfn\nv Imkyw ]nhenv cIvXnse Imky nsd Afhv \ne\npp. ssXakv s\n\ImWv ssXakv {K\vYnbpsS kvYm\w. AXp ]mZnnp ssXtamkn (thymosin) F tlmtam icocnsd tcmK{]Xntcm[tijnsb DtPnnpXmWv. cIvXnse tizXcIvXtImifnse Hcp hn`mKamb enwt^m skpIv kztaXv, A\ytaXv F Xncndnhp \IpXv ssXtamkn\mWv. sFevkv Hm^v emlmkv BKvt\b {K\vYnbnse sFevkv Hm-^v emlmkv (islets of langarhans) Hcp Ax{kmh {K\vYnbmWv. CXmWv Ckp en (insulin), qtKm (glucagon) Fo tlmtamWpI D]mZnnpXv . qtmkns\ tImiItv ISnhnSpIbpw A[nIap qtmkns\ Icfn kqnp shpIbpw sNpXv Ckpen\mWv. cIvXnse ]kmc bpsS Afhp Ipdbv-pIbmWv Ckpensd [asap ]d bmw. CXn\p hn]coXambn qtKm sNpXv cIvXnse ]kmcbpsS Afhv Ipdm AXv h[nnpIbmWv. A{Uo\ hrbvSpv kvYnXn sNp {K\vYnbmWv A{Uo\. A{Uo\ tImsSIvkv (adrenal cortex), A{Uo\ saUp (adrenal medulla) Fo cp {K\vYnIfmWnXnepXv. saUpbn\npmhpXv cp tlmtamWpIfmWv.
112
113
A{Un\men\pw (adrenalin) t\m A{Un\men\pw (nonadre nalin). Hcp A]ISn\p apn sNps]SpIbmsWn iIvXn {]tbmKnpItbm csSpItbm sNm klmbnp Xv Cu tlmtamWpIfmWv. hn]n\p apn sNps]m DS akvXnjvInsd t{]cWbm saUp [mcmfw A{Un\men D]mZnnpIbpw AXv cIvXneqsS icocw apgph hym]npIbpw sNpp. CXnsd kzm[o\êambn lrZbkv]\\ncv h[npIbpw t]inIv [mcmfw cIvXw e`npIbpw sNpp. AtXmsSmwXs cIvXnse ]kmcbpsS Afhv h[npp. izmtkmNvOzmk \ncv IqSpXnsd -êambn icocn\v btYjvSw HmIvknP e`npp. DutPm]mZ\n\p th LSIfmb ] kmcbpw HmIvknP\pw btYjvSw e`npXn\m t]inIv Akmam\y iIvXntbmsS {]hnphm Ignbpp. AXp sImmWv A]ISmhkvYIfn km[mcW sNm ss[cys Sm kmlknI IrXy sNphm IgnbpXv. kvntdmbvUpI A{Uo\ tImsSIvkv Iptdb[nIw tlmtamWpI D ]mZnnppv. Chsb samn kvntdmbvUpI (steroids) Fp ]dbpp. aqmbmWv Chsb hKoIcnncnp Xv. icocnse tkmUnbw, s]mmkyw XpSnb [mXpehW sf \nb{npXmWv Hcp hn`mKw. Chsb an\dtem tIm ntm kvntdmbvUpI (mineralo cortico steroids) Fp ]dbp p. Imt_msslt{UpIsfbpw amwkysfbpw \nb{np cmas hn`mKw tlmtamWpIsf qtm tImntm kvntdmbnUpI (gluco cortico steroids) FmWv hnfnpXv. aqmatXv kv{XobpsSbpw ]pcpjsdbpw ssewKnI tlm tamWpIfmWv (sex hormones). tImsSIvknsd Fm tlm tamWpIfpw D]mZnnsSpXv sImfkv t {Sm F sImgpn \nmWv. AWvUmibw, hrjWw A{Uo\epw AWvUmibhpw hrjWhpamWv enwK tlmtam
WpI D]mZnnpXv. {`qWZibnXs icocn D ]mZnnsSm XpSp tlmtamWpIfmWv B{UP\pI fpw (androgens) Fkv{SP\pIfpw (estragens). {`qWmhkvYbn ssewKnImhbhv cq]w \IpIbmWv CXnsd [aw. akvXnjvIs enwK]cambn NnsSppXpw Cu tlm tamWpIXs. CXn cpXcw tlmtamWpIfpw ]pcpj\n epw kv{Xobnepapv. Fm, ]pcpj\n IqSpX B{UP \pIfpw kv{Xobn IqSpX Fkv{SP\pIfpamWpmhpI. ssewKnIhrnbnepw {]mb]qnsbp AhkvYbnse Ahbh hfbnepw K`[mcWw apX {]khw hscbp hnhn[ Lfnepw hyXykvX [a \nhlnphm\ph bmWv Cu tlmtamWpI. ChbpsS [asf kw_\v[nv \mw apv ]cmainpIgnXmWv. a\pjyiniphn\v Pw \ Ip {]h\nse hyXykvX Lfn Cu tlmtam WpI sNp tkh\ hfsc hnesXmWv. hfsctb sd hyhkvYm]nXambp tlmtam {]h\fmWv ssewKnIhrn apX {]khw hscbp {]h\sf t\sc sNms \Snsmpt]mhpXv. ssltmXemakv apX AWvUmibw hscbp Ax {kmh {K\vYnIfpsS {]h\fnse AXnkoWamb hyhkvYm]nXXzw Chbv-p ]nn AXn_rlmb Hcp _pn {]hnnpspXsbmWv hyIvXampXv. tIhe bmZrNvOnIXbmemWv hyhkvYm]nXamb Cu kwhn [m\sfmapmbsXp ]dm AXp hnizknphm Nnmhnlo\msX IgnbpIbn. {kjvSmhpw \nbmhpam b khiIvXXsbmWv icocn Cu hyhkvYIsfmw ]SpshncnpsXmsX ap hniZoIcWsfmpw Xs \Iphm \psS ssIhiansXmWv hmkvXhw. hnip JpB ]dbpsX{X icn! ""Ah {khnsSp ipn\np Hcp IWambncp nt? ]ns Ah Hcp {`qWambn. Fnv Amlp krjvSn p,- kwhn[m\np.'' (75:37, 38)
Adnhnsd hmXmb\
115
]Xnaqv
m AlasXmWv hmkvXhw. AkvYnI sImp Hcp KplbnemWv Iv kvYnXnsNp Xv. Cu Kplsb Hm_nv (orbit) Fp hnfnpp. Hm_nn sImgppsImp Hcp Ipjy\nemWv t\{XtKmfnsd InSv. t\{Xs hebw sNbvXv Bdp t]inIfpv. ChbmWv t\{Xs NennpXv. Ins\ Imphm Insd ap`mKw XpdmWtm InSpXv. AXpsIm pXs AXn\v A]mb ]phm km[yXItfsdbpv. ]ehn[ kwhn[m\fneqsSbpw t\{XtKmfs A]ISfn \nv cnphm\p hyhkvYI AtXmS\p_\v[npX sbpv. AXnsemmWv It]mfI. apIfnepw Xmsgbpap cp It]mfI t\{XtKmfs IrXy ambn aqSpp. As\ Ah s]mSn]Sefn \npw sNdp{]mWnIfn \npw IpIsf kwcnpp. t]mf bpsS hp tcma s]mSnbpw {]mWn Ifpw apw In s]Sm sX kqnpp. AanXhpw XojvWhpam b {]Imiw In\v lm \nIcambXn\m A I-p-I- : ]-cn-Wm-a-hm-Z-n-\v- hn-i-Zo-I-cn-m-\m-hm- A-p-X- Iym-a-d-Ic-w {]Imiw hcptm s]sv It]mfI ASbpIbpw AXn\nv Ins\ cnpIbpw sNpp. \fdnbmsX \psS It]mfI CSnSv Nnnsm ncnpXpw Ins\ cnphmXs! t\{Xw hcpt]m hmsX B{Zamn shpIbmWv Cu IpNnensd eyw.
Adnhnsd hmXmb\
icocnsd s]mXphmb \nb{WamWv \mUohyhkvY (nervous system)bpsS [aw. CXnsd {]h\sf apgph\p ambn cp XespIv Iosg kw{Klnmw. Hv, hnhc kzoIcnpI. cv, Ahbvv DNnXamb {]XnIcWw \ IpI. hnhc kzoIcnpXv icocn\Ip\ntm ]pdp\ntm BImw. ]pdp\np Adnhp e`npXv ]t{nb hgnbmWv.
Iv
a\nsd ]pdtp hmXnepIfmWv ]t{nb. Ahbn Ghpw {][m\w IpXs. \mw t\SnsbSpp hnPvRm\nsd F]Xp iXam\hpw IpI hgnbmWv ISphcpXv. Iv km[mcWbmbn IymadtbmSv D]ansSmdpv. Iymad bnse Ub{^w, sekv, ^nenw Fnhv kam\ambn IrjvW aWn, sekv, sdn\ XpSnb Ahbh Ineps XmWv Cu XmcXayn\v ImcWw. Fm, Ghpw koW amb CeIvt{SmWnIv Iymad t]mepw koWXbpsSbpw ImcyaXbpsSbpw Imcyn Insd \mebep\n
116
Adnhnsd hmXmb\
I-n-s- t]-inI-Pw-Mv-ss-h-
117
In FmbnSpw Ip\o ]cphm\pw AXv B{Zambn kqnphm\pw CSbv--nSp IpNneneqsS Ignbpp. Ip\o \nanp Ip\o{K\vYn apIfnse It]mf bvnSbnemWv DXv. \nccw Dmnsmncnp Ip \o, t]mfIfpsS Nn hgn InepS\ofw ]cpp. km[mc Wbmbn Hcp Znhks Iocp]mZ\w apm {Kmtamfw hcpw. Ins\ hrnbmbpw B{Zambpw kqnpIbmWv Ip\ocnsd [aw. PohmWpsf \innphm t]m ssetkmtkmw F Fsskw AXnepv. tcmKmWp\n_n Uamb hmbphpambn \nccw kntes]Sppsh nepw km[mcWKXnbn In\v tcmKmWp _m[sbmpanm XncnpXn\p ImcWw Iocnsd kmn[yamWv. t\{Xnsd LS\ shfp {]Xen Idp hambnmWtm Iv \apv {]Xyo`hnpXv. Idp hrambn ImWp `mKamWv tImWnb. AXn\p \Sphn IdpIdp sNdnsbmcp hr apv. AXn\mWv IrjvWaWn (pupil) Fp ]dbpXv. In\p ntev ISp {]Iminsd Afhns\ {IaoIcnp IbmWv IrjvWaWnbpsS [aw. {]Imiw IqSpXep `mK tp t\mptm NpcppIbpw IpdhpbnStv t\mptm hnIknpIbpw sNbvXpsImv In\pn ISp {]Imis \nb{npIbpw As\ kv]jvSamb ImgvN km[nXampIbpw sNpXv IrjvWaWnbmWv. aqp ]mfnI sImmWv t\{XtKmfw \nansncnp Xv. Ghpw ]pdp ]mfnv cp `mKfmWpXv. aph ip tImWnb (cornea)bpw AXnsd ]ntmp XpS bmb sh (sclera)bpw. tImWnb ]cn]qWambpw kpXmcyam Wv. AXn cIvXhmln\nIsfmpan. shbmIs AXmcy hpw cIvXhmln\nIfm karhpamWv. AXv tImWnb Hgnp t\{XtKmfs apgph\mbpw s]mXnncnpp. t\{Xnsd a[ya]mfnbmWv bqhnb (uvea). CXnepw [mcm fw cIvXhmln\nIfpv. ap`mKsptm CXv knenbdn
hn-{Sn-b-kv- lyq-at^m-hn-b-
A-Iz-kv- lyq-atIm-Wn-bIr-jv-W-a-WnsF-dn-kv-
H-]v-n-Iv- \m-UntIm-tdm-bv-Uv- ]m-fnkv-o-tdm-o-b- ]m-fnsd-n-\kn-en-b-d-n- t]-in-I-
I-n-s- L-S-\-
t_mUn (ciliary body), sFdnkv (iris) Fo cv hn`n `mK fmbnocpp. knenbdn t_mUnbn \nch[n {lkzt]in Ifpv. Cu t]ioXp sekpambn kv\mbpfm _\v[nsncnpp. seknsd cq]amhpw {]Imin sd t^mkoIcWhpw \SpXv Cu t]inIfpsS Ne\w aqeamWv. knenbdnt_mUnbpsS aptmp XpSbmWv sFdnkv. CXn\p \Spp ZzmcamWv IrjvWaWn. sFdnkn Iptd RcpIfpw cIvXhmln\nIfpw sNdnb t]inIfpapv. Cu t]inIfpsS {]h\w sImmWv IrjvWaWn hepXm hpIbpw sNdpXmhpIbpw sNpXv. sFdnkn ASnbnp saen\n F hWIamWv Insd \ndw \nWbn pXv. t\{XtKmfnse Bc]mfnbmWv sdn\ (retina). CXn ]phcn tImifmWpXv. Chbn tdmUptImifpw (rod cells) tImtImifp (cone cells)ap hcnbmWv Ghpw {][m\w. Hcp t\{Xn GItZiw ]Xn\meptImSn Cu tImi fpmhpw. {]ImikwthZnbmb Cu tImifpsS [aw {]Imis cmtkmPamn ]cnhnnpIbmWv. {]Imi
118
Adnhnsd hmXmb\
119
nsd Idpw shfppamb ImgvN \IphbmWv tdmUp tImi. _lp`qcn]hpw ChXs. ]Xnaqv tImSnbne [nIw hcpw CXnsd Fw. \nd ImWm\p Ignhv \ Ip tImtImi Hcp tImSnbn Ipdth ImWq. tImWnb, sekv, ChnSbnep ]tbmckw (aqueous humour), seknsdbpw sdn\bpsSbpw CSbvp kv^mSn I{Zhyw (vitreous body) FnhbmWv Inse kpXmcy `mK. ChbneqsSsbmw ISv sdn\bn ]Xnp {]Imin\v A]h\apmhpw. Cu A]h\amWv t^mkoIcWn\v \nanamhpXv. XnIpw kpXmcyamb Hcp De sekmWv InepXv. sFdnknsd sXmp]nnemWv AXnsd kvYm\w. iIvXnbmb CemkvXnIbp Hcp t]mfbm sekv s]mXnbsncn pp. sekn\v Nppap knenbdnt_mUnbnse t]ioXp fpambn AXv kv\mbpfm _\v[nsncnpp. Cu t]inIfpsS ktmNhnImkfmWv ImWp hkvXphnsd Zqcn\\pkrXambn seknsd cq]w ampXv. ImWpsXs\? Hcp hkvXphns\ \mw ImWpsXs\bmWv? B hkvXp hn\np {]ImiIncW tImWnbbneqsS ISv seknsentcpp. CXv \psS sdn\bn t^mko IrXamhWw. hkvXp AIsebmsWn sekn\v Imcyamb ]Wnsbmpan. AXn\np {]Imiw {]bmkw IqSmsX Xs t^mkoIrXambnsmpw. Fm hkvXp ASpm sWn kvYnXn CX. AXn\np {]Imiw sdn\bn t^mkoIcnsSWsan Dntev hfbWw. AhnsS bmWv sekv klmbns\pXv. hkvXp F{X AIse bmtWm, B AIen\\pkcnv sekv tKmfmIrXn {]m]nv AXnsd t^mkv Zqcw (focal length) hyXymksSppXn \mWv kaRvP\w (accommodation) Fp ]dbpXv. kaRvP \w \SWsan knenbdn t]inI ktmNnWw. ImWp hkvXphn\np Zqcn\\pkrXambn t]inI
F{Xtmfw ktmNnWsav akv X njv I n\nv \ntZiw e`npp. Cu \ntZin\v A\pkrXambn knenbdn t]inI ktmNnpIbpw sekn\v Bhiyamb kaRvP\apmhpIbpw sNpp. AtmgmWv hkvXphn\n p {]Imiw sdn\bn ]XnpXv. sdn\bn ]Xnp {]Imiw tdmUptImitfmSv _\v[ s sdmtUm]vkn (rhodopsin) F hWIn ebnp Ibpw AXns\ hnhWamp Hcp cmk{]Xn{]h\w krjvSnsSpIbpw sNpp. Cu amw AtXmSp_\v[s \mUnbn Hcp sNdnb sshZypXnkv]\apmpp. Hcp thmnsd Ziensemcp Awiw am{XamWv Cu sshZyp Xkv]\nsd ]cnamWw. Cu kv]\w Xetmdnsep tmgmWv \mw ImgvN A\p`hnpXv. anb shfnn ImWpXn\p thnbpXmWv tdmUptImi. Ahbn\np \mUokv ] \ akvXnjvInsentcpXv hfsc sasbmWv. AXpsIm mWv anb shfnn Hcp hkvXphns\ Im AsX msWv Xocpam\saSpphm A]w kabsaSppXv. {]Imiw Xo{hambncnptm {]hnpXn\pw hkv Xphns\ kqvaXtbmsS ImWpXn\pw klmbnpXv tImtImifmWv. \oe, ], Nphv XpSnb {]mYanI hWtfmSv {]XnIcWap hWI Cu tImifn epv. hWsf Hbvtm kn{iamtbm Zinphm klmbIamb sshZypXXcwK {]mIminI\mUnbn krjvSnsSpIbpw AXv akvXnjvInseptm \mw "ImgvN' A\p`hnpIbpw sNpp. F{X koWamWv Insd {]h\! AXpsIm mWv F{X ]ptcmKan Iymadbpw Insd \mebep t]mepw \nphm tbmKyXbpXsv ]dbpXv. Iv Hcp AXv`pXw XsbmWv. C{X koWamb Hcp Ah bhw Fs\bmWv ]cnWanpmbsXv ]dbphm Ignbm sX Umhn t]mepw In\p apn tXmpt]mbnpv.
120
Adnhnsd hmXmb\
121
IticpInIfpsS Ins\tmep Hcp _mlymhbhnsd efnXamb ]qhcq]w Fmbncppshv ]dbphmt\m AXnsd ]cnWma{]{Inbbnse hyXykvX Lsf hniZoI cnphmt\m IgnbmsX Umhn {]bmksSppv. Cmcyw Xsd "PohPmXnIfpsS D`hw' F ]pkvXIn At lw XpdpkXnppv. ]cnWmahmZnIv t]mepw XfpsS hniZoIcWnsd hcpXnbn sImphcm Ignbm Iv Xobmbpw {kjvSmhnsd ssh`hs hyIvXamm\pXIp Ahbhw Xs! ImgvN Hcp ssZhm\p{KlwXsbmsWXv km[mcW mc apX t\{X imkv{XPvR hscbph A\p`hndn bp ImcyamWv. hnip JpB ]dbpXp ImWpI: ""As\ Ahs\ \mw tIhnbph\pw ImgvNbph\p amnbncnpp.'' (76:2)}
sd D`mKw Hcp SW Bbn cq]mcsncnpp. Nam hrXamb Cu SWensd `nnbn At\Iw sNdptcma fpv. Hcp Cv \ofap SWent \membnctmfw ko_m{K\vYnIfpv. Ahbnse D]amWv sNhnmbw. tcmaPmehpw sNhnmbhpwIqSn sNhnbn ISpIqSntbm hp s]mSn]Sesfbpw PohnIsfbpw XSp\npp. AXmWv AhbpsS [aw. _mlyIWsbpw a[yIWsbpw thXncnp
am-en-b-kvC-I-kvA-[-hr- I-\m-ep-Ikv-t-n-kvtIm--n-b-
sNhn
\m-Un-
tIphm\pXmWv ImXpI Fv Fmhpadnbmw. Fm, hfsc {][m\s Hcp [aw IqSn ImXpI \nhln ppv. icocnsd _mekv \ne\npIbmWXv. C s\ cp {][m\s [a \nhlnp sNhnsb s]mXp hmbn aqv `mKfmbn Xncnncn pp. _mlyIWw, a[yI Ww, BcIWw FnhbmWh. XebpsS Ccphifnepambn ]pdtv Xn\np `mK amWv IW]pSw. i_vZhoNnIsf XSp\npIbpw Dntev AbpIbpamWv AXnsd [aw. CXv \nhlnphm\mhiy amb coXnbnemWv IW]pSn sd BIrXnbpw kvYm\hpsamw kwhn[m\nsncnpXv. CXn sN-hn
bq-kv-t-jy- I-\mS-n-m-\w_m-ly-I-Ww-
sN-hn-bp-sS- L-S-\-
Snm\sa êIn\v Hcp apdnsd BIrXnbmWpXv. GItZiw Hcp skdoao hymkap CXv ZrVXpsImm Wv \nansncnpXv. CXnsd D`mKw tjvakvXcw sImv BhrXamhpp. CXnt [mcmfw \mUobm{Kfp v. AXn\m CXv hfscb[nIw kwthZ\aamWv. hmbp hnSnptm {]I\w sImpIbmWv CXnsd [aw. hmbp \nd sNdnsbmcp AdbmWv a[yIWw. AXn sNdnb aqv AkvYnIfpv. Chv HmnnfpI (ossicles) Fp ]dbpp. icocnse Ghpw sNdnb AkvYnIfmWnh. Ch aqpw ]ckv]cw _\v[nsncnpp. Ahbnsemv Snm\hpambn _\v[nXamWv. asmv Ahkm\npXv
122
Adnhnsd hmXmb\
123
BcIWntev Xpdp ZzmcnemWv. a[yIWn se cp t]inI icocnse Ghpw sNdnb t]inIfmWv. HmnnfpIsf NennpIbmWv Cu t]inIfpsS [aw. a[y IWn\nv bqkvtjy Ipg (eustachian tube) Fdnb sSp Hcp Ipg sXmbntev Xpdpp. hmbp a[yIW ntev ISpXv Cu Ipg hgnbmWv. InIqSnb Fnsd DnemWv BcIWw kvYnXn sNpXv. CXn hyXykvX [atfmSpIqSnb cv Ahbh fpv. Hnsd ]pdwtXmSpt]mse \mev ]ncnIfp Ah bhamWv tImnb (cochlea). CXn FtUmenw^v (endolymph) Fp t]cmb Hcp {ZmhIapv. AXn apnnSp Ahb hamWv tImnbhbhw (organ of corti). CXn BbncW n\v kqvaamb temanImtImi (hair cells) Dv. Chbp sS Xep temanIIfpsS CfamWv akvXnjvInte p \mUobm{Kfn sshZypXkv]\w krjvSnpXv. tIpsXs\? \mw Fs\bmWv tIpXv? i_vZXcwK _mly IWneqsS ISv Snm\nt ]Xnptm AXv {]I\w sImpp. i_vZnsd iIvXn\pkrXambn {]I\nsd iIvXnbpw hyXymksSpw. Snm\w {]In Xamhptm AXnt\mSv _\v[snp Hmknn A]w Nenpw. Ne\w Hcp Fn\nv atXntev kcnv Ah km\w BcIWntep Zzmcnsentcpp. i_vZw Snm\neqsSbpw HmknnfpIfneqsSbpw ISp t]mhptm AXnsd iIvXn Ccp]ncp aSmbn h[n pp. Zp_e i_vZsf hepXmpIbpw iIvXnsSpp Ibpw sNbvXpsImv tIpamdmm\p Hcp kwhn[m\am WnXv. i_vZw AXnITn\amhpIbmsWn AXns\ absSp phm\p Ignhpw HmknnfpIpv. Xmm Ignbm i_v Z apmhptm Ahbpambn _\v [ s t]inI NpcppIbpw HmknnfpI Snm\n\npw BcIW `nnbn \npw AIpamdpIbpw XZv-êambn i_vZImTn
\yw 30 apX 40 hsc sUkns_ IpdbpIbpw sNpp. BcIWnsd Zzmcn hv aqmas Hmknn apptm tImnbpnep {ZmhIw Nenpp. {ZmhI nse Ne\XcwKw tImnbhbhnep temanImtImi sf Do]nnpp. Cu Do]\w sshZypXkv]\w krjvSn pp. CXv {ihW\mUnbneqsS kcnv akvXnjvInse ptmgmWv \mw "tIhn' A\p`hnpXv. ImXnsd asmcp [aw sNhnbpsS cmas [aspdnv {]Xn]mZnphtm. BcIWn tImnbSpmbp aqv A[hrm Imc I\mepI (semi circular canals) BWv Cu [aw _me knwKv\nhlnpXv. ]ckv]cw ew_ambn kvYnXn sNp Cu I\mepIfn FtUmenw^v F {ZmhIw \ndncn pp. I\men\Spmbn kmIyq (saccule) Fpw bq{Snn (utricle) Fpw t]cmb cp sNdnb sNpIfpv. Cu sNpI pn temanIm tImifpv. ChbpsS temanIIfpsS apIfnembn ImWsSp sNdnb Ijv W fmWv HmtmenpI (otoliths) FdnbsSpXv. ChsbmwIqSn shkv n_pem kwhn[m\w (vestibular apparatus) Fp hnfnpp. Cu kwhn[m\amWv icocnsd _mekns\pdn hnhc akvXnjvIn\v \IpXv. XebpsS Ne\n \\pkrXambn I\men\pnse FtUmenw^nepw Ne\fp mhpp. Cu Ne\\pkrXambn temanII DtPn XamhpIbpw sshZypX kv]\fpmhpIbpw sNpp. Cu kv]\ XetmdnseptmgmWv XebpsS Ne\sf pdn Adnhv e`npIbpw AXn\\pkcnv icocw _mekv sNsSpIbpw sNpXv. temanIIv apIfnep Hmtmen pIfmWv `qKpcpXzhpambn _\v[sv icocw GXp Znibnem sWv Adnbphm klmbnpXv. tIpIbpw _mekv \SpIbpw sNm\mbn krjvSn sncnp sNhnIfpsS LS\bpw koWXbpsamw
124
Adnhnsd hmXmb\
125
{kjvSmhnsd NmXpcyw hyIvXamm\pXIpXmWv. tIhn pthn ]Sbvsncnp Cu Ahbh kwhn[m\fpsS hnebdnbWsan AXn\v GXns\nepw h XIcmdpw kw`hnWw. "tIhn' F A\p`hamWv kwkmcn\v cq]w \Ip Xv.- (_[ncm aqImcmbn amdpXv CXpsImmWv. \ncc ]cnioe\w sImv _[ncmcpsS aqIX amnsbSpm\mhpw). kwkmcamWtm `mjbv-v cq]w \IpXv. Cs\ a\pjy s\ _pnPohnbpw \mKcnI\pampXn A\]amb ]p hln cv AhbhfmWv Ipw ImXpw. AhbpsS kwhn [m\n\p ]nn AP\mb Hcp {kjvSmhnsd IchncpXp IfmWv Nnnphv ImWm IgnbpXv. Ins\bpw ImXns\bpw Ipdnv ]Tnph {kjvSmhnsd ssh`hn\v apn \{ainckvIcmhpIbpw Ah \Inbh\v \n {]ISnn pIbpw sNpp. ""Ah\mWv \nv tIhnbpw ImgvNIfpw lrZbfpw Dmnnph. Ipdp am{Xta \n \n ImWnp pq.'' (23:78)
\fpmpp. Cu kv]\ \mUnbneqsS akvXnjvI nse {LmWkwthZkvYm\sptmgmWv \mw "aWw' A\p`hnpXv. Hmtcm hkvXphnsdbpw aWw {]tXyIambn Xncndnbm hp cq]n Fp amfmWv \mknImtImifn \SpsXv a\nemm Ignnn. Xm{XIfpsS BIrXnpw BImcn\pa\pkcnv Hcp sshZypX {]XnIc WapmIppshpw AXnsd Xo{hXm hyXymknsd ASnkvYm\n hyXykvX hmk\I Xncndnbppshpw A\pam\nsSpp. aW A\p`hnpXn\pw AXneqsS hkvXpsf XncndnbpXn\pap kwhn[m\ a\pjyicocn GsSpsXn\p ]nnepw iIvX\mb Hcp kwhn[mb Isd Bkq{XWssh`hamWv _pnbphv ImWm IgnbpXv.
\mhv
Zl\hyqlspdnv {]Xn]mZntm \mhnsd [aspdnv \mw ]cmain pIbpmbn. cpNnbdnbp XpsImmWv \mhns\ ]t{nbfn s]Spn bncnpXv. kwkmcnepw i_vZcq]oIcWnepsamw kzm[o\w sNepp Ahb hamWv \mhv. cpNn apIpf (taste buds) BWv kzmZdnbp \m-hv- hm-bv--I-vhm \s klmbnpXv. \mhn HXn\mbnctm fw cpNnapIpffpv . a[pcw, Ibv ] v , ]pfn, Dv Fnh Adnbm\p hyXykvXamb apIpffpv. Ch ASnkvYm\ cpNnIfpmpp. Cu cpNnIfpsS an{iWw sImmWv \mw
aqv
izk\hyhkvYbn aqn\p kvYm\w \mw a\nem ngnXmWv. hkvXphns\ Xncndnbm ]cym]vXamp Hcp KpWhntijamWv AXnsd aWw. "aWpI'sb aqn sd [aamWv AXns\ ]t{nbfn DsSppXv. Hmtcm \mknIbnepw apI `mKmbn hnp Xhnp \ndnep {]tXyI tImikaqlamWv aWsf ]nSnsSp pXv. Cs\ ]nSnsSpsSp aWw Xetmdnsep tmgmWv \mw hmk\ A\p`hnpXv. \mknIbnse Hmtcm tImikaqlnepw Hcp tImSntbmfw tImifpmbncnpw. Hmtcm tImin\npw Bdp apX Fp hsc eLpXp Xn\npp. ChtbmSv Nne {]tXyI hkvXpfpsS Xm{XI kw ]peptm {LmW\mUnIfn Do]\apmhpp. Cu Do]\w \mUokv]
126
Adnhnsd hmXmb\
127
cpNnsshhn[ya\p`hnpXv. a[pcw lrZyambpw Ibv]v AtcmNIambpw A\p`hsSp sXpsImmWv? AXv {]IrXnbpsS sNdnb Hcp hnIrXnbm sWv ]dsmgnbpIbmWv ]ecpw sNpXv. icocn\v {]h\tijn \IpXn {][m\s ]phlnpXv ]kmcbmWtm. ]kmcbmWv a[pcw DmpXv . icocn\v AXymhiyambXp sImmhmw ]kmcbpsS cpNn lrZyambn A\p `hsSpXv. kkyfnse B tembvUv hn`mKns]Sp hkvXp anXpw hnjfmWv. Ibv]mWv AhbpsS kzmZv. Ibv]nt\mSv shdpp mIphm\p ImcWhpw B tembv U pIfpsS hnjkz`mhamIm samWv imkv{XPvRmcpsS A`n \m-hpw- A-\p-_---fpw{]mbw. Fm, Cu CjvSn\pw A\njvSn\pw \nanamIp cmkkwthZ Fs\bpmIppshv C\nbpw \apv a\nembnn. ]ZmYnsd LS\bpw cpNnbpw Xnep _\v[w Cpw kakybmbn XpScpIbmsWv kmcw. hyXykvX kzmZpI A\p`hnphm\p kwhn[m\ a\pjyicocn GsSpnb khiIvXsd ssh`h amWv \mhnsd krjvSnbnepw Nnnphv ImWm IgnbpX.v ]SXpcm tNmZnpXv ImWpI: ""Ahv \mw cp IpIfpw Hcp \mhpw cp NppIfpw Dmn smSpnnt?'' (90:8, 9)
p \mUobm{KfmWv Cu kwthZ\fdnbnpXv. tIhew kwthZ\fdnbphm\p Hcp Ahbhsampa N aw. HcmfpsS kucysbpw bphXzsbpw tZymXnnpXv NaImnbmWv. i{Xpsf Dn ISm kXnm Hcp tImIqSnbmWXv. Nansd LS\ cp ]mfnIfp Hcp BhcWamWv Naw. A[nNahpw (epidermis), Nahpw (dermis). Ghpw InIpd ]pdw]mfnbm Wv A[nNaw. CXn tImifpsS ]e ]mfnIfpv. A[nN ansd Ghpw ASnbnep Hcp hcn tImi Ftmgpw kPohamWv. Ah hn`PnspsImncnpp. hn`P\ ê ambpmhp ]pXnb tImi D]cnXentev \opp. \optXmsSmw Ah IqSpX ]cXmbnocpIpIbpw sIcmn (keratin) F amwkyw AXn hp \ndbpIbpw sNpp. hfsc _etadnb Hcp ]ZmYamWv sIcmn. ]pXnb tImi D]cnXenseptXmsS Ah apgph \nPohamb sIcmn Bbnocpp. sIcmn tImi ]ckv]cw sXmv kvYnXn sNpXn\m icotcm]cnXew apgph sIcmn ]mbsImv aqSnbncnpXpt]mse tXmp p. icocs kwcnphm thnbp Hcp kwhn[m\ amWnXv.
1 2 3 8 9 10 1. tkz-Z-{K-n- \-fn-I-bp-sS- kp-jn-cw2.- tcm-aw3.- A-[-n-N-aw4.- N-aw5.- ko-_m-{K-n6.- tcm-a-\m-fw7.- A-[-iv-N-aw8.- a-cn-- sI-cm-n- tIm-i-9.- Po-h-\p-- tIm-i-10.-kw-thZ-\m-Un-bp-sS- A-{Kw11.- \m-Un12.- Im-n-e-m-cn13.- e-kn-Im-hm-ln-\n14.- tkz-Z-{K-n15.- sIm-gp-v- tIm-i--
11 4 5 6 7 12 13 14
Naw
kv]i\w F kwthZ\hpambn _\v[sSpnbmWv Naspdnv ]cmainmdpXv. Fm, XWpv, NqSv, thZ\ XpSnb kwthZ\fdnbm\p kwhn[m\fpw Nanepv. icocnsd D]cnXensepw hym]npInS
15
N-a-n-s- L-S-\-
128
Adnhnsd hmXmb\
129
_ehmb sIcmn sImv \nans ]mbsb Xpfp ISphm tcmKmWpp Ignbn. Cu kwcWmhcWw ]gIptm amphm\p kwhn[m\hpw Xzn sNbvXp shnpv. sIcmn icocn\nv \nccw ASpt]mbn smncnppv. AXn\\pkcnv ]pXnbh Dmhpp apv . hn`P\w apX sImgnpt]mhpXphscbp Imemh[n 27 ZnhkamWv. \apsmw amkwtXmdpw ]pXnb BhcWw e`npsImncnppshv kmcw. A[nNansd ASnbnse hcnbn saet\msskv (melanocyte) Fp hnfnsSp Hcp hcn tImifpv. Ch bpsS D]amWv sae\n (melanin). CXmWv sXmenv \ndw sImSppXv. \ot{KmIfpsS sXmenbn sae\nsd Afhv IqSpXembXn\m Ah Idpncphcmbpw shmcsd sXmenbn CXv IpdhmbXn\m shfpshfppancnpp. shbnense A{Smhbev civanIfn\nv icocs cnp IbmWv sae\nsd [aw. sae\n\neqsS A{Smhbev civan Iv hfsc Ipdp am{Xta ISpt]mIm\mhq. `qa[yn kqcycivanIfpsS XojvWX IqSpXembncnpsaXn\m AhnsS XmaknphcpsS sXmenbnse sae\nsd Afhv IqSpXembncnpw. Ah XmcXtay\ Idphcmbncnpw. A[nNansd ASnbnep ]mfnbmWv Naw. AXn\v A[nNatm \mencn Inbpv. Nan [a\nIfpw kncIfpw temanIIfpambn Hcp]mSv cIvXhmln\nIfpv. icoc n asmcnSpw bq\nv kvYev C{Xb[nIw cIvXhmln\n I ImWsSpn. sXmenbpsS am{Xw Bhiyn\v CXn sd sNdnsbmcp Awiw am{Xw aXn. icocnsd ioXoIcW n\pthnbp Hcp kwhn[m\amWnXv. icocXm]w kwcnpXn\v icocn \nccw \SpsImncnp D]m]Nbn sd êambn Xm]w D]mZnnspsImncnpp. CXv A\nb{nXambn h[nm\nSbmhmsX Atm A]m ]ambn ]pdp IfpsImncnWw. D]mZ\kvYm\fn
\nv Xm]w cIvXneqsS icocnsepw hym]npp. Nanse cIvXnse Xm]w h[nptm Nanse cIvXhmln\nI XpdpIbpw AhbneqsS cIvXw HgpIm XpSpIbpw sNpw. Atm Naw NqSmhpIbpw AXneqsS Xm]w Acontev {]kcnpb-pw sNbvXv icotcmjvam hv Ipdbpp. icocnsd ioXoIcWn\pthnbp asmcp kwhn [m\amWv tkzZ{K\vYnI (sweat glands). a\pjyicocn Ccp]Xv ene[nIw tkzZ{K\vYnIfpv. hfp]ncnp InSp Hcp \o IpgemWv tkzZ{K\vYn. Ipgensd A{Kw sXmenbpsS D]cnXentep Xpdpp. ASn`mKw cIvXhm ln\nIfm Npsncnpw. NpSpcIvXw Npnepw {]hlnp tm Pew NqSmbn tkzZ{K\vYnIfneqsS ]pdtsmgpp p. sXmenpdv XpnIfmbn {]XysSp Cu Pes bmWv \mw hnbv Fv hnfnpXv. hnbv _mjv]oIcn sSptm icocw XWppp. kv]iadnbm Nan Ghpa[nIapXv \mUobm{KfmWv. icoc nse Ghpw henb kwthZ\mhbhamWv Naw. kv]iam Wtm Naw Adnbp {][m\s Hcp kwthZ\w. CXn\mbn am{Xw icotcm]cnXenemsI Ap ene[nIw \mUo bm{Kfpv. AhbpsS hn\ymkw FmbnSpw Htct]m seb. \mhnepw hnc XpnepamWv Ghpa[nIw kv]i \mUnIfpXv. ]pdmWv Ghpw Ipdhv. Cu \mUobm{K fpsS kao]shnsSsbnepw arZphmbn Hp kv]inm AhnsS Hcp sshZypX kv]apmhpIbpw AXv kpjpav\m\m Un hgn XetmdnsepIbpw sNptmgmWv \mw B kv] iw AdnbpXv. kv]istmseXs thZ\sbbpw XWpns\bpw NqSn s\bpw aZsbpsamw Adnbmhp \mUnI Xznepv. thZ\bpsS \mUnI icocn\p ]pdp am{Xa, AIp apv. Ch icocnemsI apXpetmfw hcpw. Cpw
130
KthjWw \SpsImncnp Hcp hnjbamWv "thZ\'. FmWv thZ\sbv imkv{Xobambn hniZoIcnphm Cpw \apv Ignnn. Nahpambn _\v[s hniZoIc Wn\v hgm ap cv A\p`hfmWv sNmdnnepw Cnfnbpw. Ch Fs\bpmhppshv GXp km[mcW mc\padnbmw. Fm, FpsImpmhppsh tNmZy n\p apn imkv{XPvRm t]mepw Xe Ip\npIbmWv. thZ\bpw NqSpw XWppsamw AdnbpXn\p Ahbh amWv Xzv. AXpsImpXs Chsbmw bYmcq]n A\p`hnWsan Xzv A\nhmcyamWv. kXy\ntj[nI v \cIn e`nm\ncnp insbpdnv {]Xn]mZnp tm AhcpsS sXmenI \inpt]mbm ]pXnb sXmenI \Insmncnpsav JpB ]dbpXv CXpsImmWv. ""Xobmbpw \psS sXfnhpI \ntj[nhsc \mw \cInenv IcnpXmWv. AhcpsS sXmenI shp t]mhptmsgmw Ahv \mw thsd sXmenI amnsmSp pXmWv. Ah in BkzZnpsImncnphm thn bmWnXv. Xobmbpw Amlp {]Xm]hm\pw bpIvXnam\pam Ipp.'' (JpB 4:56) Nanse hyXykvXfmb hyhkvYIfmWv \mw IXv. F{X kaYambmWv {]kvXpX hyhkvYI kwhn[m\n sncnpXv! Cu hyhkvYIsfpdnv a\nemph scmw ]dpt]mhpp: ""krjvSnpIbpw kwhn[m\npIbpw sNbvX AXypX \mb \nsd cnXmhnsd \mw {]IonpI''. (87:1, 2)
]Xn\mev
icocn\Is tI_nfpI
icocn\v AIp\npw ]pdp\npw e`np hnhc \pkrXambn {]XnIcnpIbmWv tI{\mUohyqlw sNpXv. Cu {]XnIcWfmWv imcocnI {]h\ v \nanamhpXv . Xfnsentcp hnhc \pkcnv {]XnIcnpI am{Xta tI{\mUohyqln\v sNm\mhq. icocnsd hyXykvX `mKfn\nv hnhc tI{ \mUohyqlnsenbm am{Xta {]XnIcWw \Sq. Cu hnhc FnpXv \mUnIfmWv. AtXt]mse tI{ \mUohyqlnsd {]XnIcW AtXmSp _\v[s AhbhfnsenpXpw \mUnI Xs. hmmhn\na bcwKs tI_nfpIfpsS [aamWv a\pjyicocn \mUn I \nhlnpsXv kmcw. cp Xcw \mUnI \mUnI cpXcamWpsXv apIfn ]dXn\nv hyIv X amWtm. tI{ \mUohyqlntev hnhc FnpsImSpphbmWv Hv. Adnhv \Ip {]kvXpX \mUnIsf kwthZI\mUnI (sensory nerves) Fp ]dbpp.
132
icocn\Is tI_nfpI
133
akv X njv I n\np BPv R hyXykv X imcocnI `mKfnsenv Ahsb Nennp NmeI \mUnI (motor nerves) BWv cmas hn`mKw. icocn A[nIhpw an{i\mUnIfmWpXv. kwthZI \mcpIfpw NmeI\mcpIfpaSnb \mUnImWv an{i\mUn Isfp ]dbpXv. \mUnIfpsS LS\ \mUnI sh\mcpIfmbmWv \Kv\t\{X sImp t\mptm ImWpXv. Ah bYmYn H \mUnIf; \mUoXpfpsS Hcp IqamWv. Hcp \mUnbn \nch[n \mcpIfpmhpw. Cu \mcpIfneqsSbmWv BthK (impulses) kcnpXv. \mcpI \mUotIminsd {][m\s `mKamb BIv tkm (axon)BWv. \mUotIminsd t]cmWv \yqtdm (neuron). \yqtdmWnsd \yqnbkv ASp {][m\s `mKp\nv Iptd Xp ]pdsSppv. Ahbn Ghpw hepXmWv BIvtkm. CXp IqSmsX Iptd sNdnb Xp IqSnbpmhpw Hmtcm \yqtdmWnepw. Chsb sUss{UpI (dendrites) Fp ]dbpp. Ch imtJm]imJIfmbn hn`Pnv Hcp acnsd BIrXn ssIsmncnpp. Hcp \yqtdmWnsd BIvtkmWnep Xpfpw ASp \yqtdmWnsd sUss{Unep Xpfpw ASpSpp\n psImmWv \mUnI \nansncnpXv. Cu XpI \npXn\nSbnep hnShmWv kn\m]vkv (synapse). Cu hnShneqsSbmWv Hcp \yqtdmWn\nv ASp \yqtdmWn tev BthK ISpt]mhpXv. \mUnI ]eXcw icocn BsI 43 tPmUn \mUnIfmWpXv. Chbn akv X njv I n\np ]pdsSp 12 tPmUn \mUnIsf Im]me\mUnI (cranial nerves) Fpw kpjvav\bn\np ]pdsSp 32 tPmUn \mUnIsf kpjpav\m\mUnI (spinal nerves) Fpw ]dbpp. ssIImepIfnsebpw s\nIqSn
sebpw DZc`nnbnsebpw ]pdsbpw t]inIsf {]hnn pXqw Nas apgph \mUoIcnpXpw kv]it_m[ apmpXpsamw kpjpav\m\mUnIfmWv. Im]me\mUnIfnsemmatXmb Hm^mIvSdn (olfactory) \mUn K\v[sbpw cmatXmb H]vnIv (optic) \mUn ImgvNsbbpw akvXnjvInsenpp. aqpw \mepw Bdpw \mUnIfmb Hptemtamtm (occulomotor), t{Smnb (trochlear) , A_v U pkkv (abducens) Fnh Insd hyXykvXamb Ne\sfpdn BthKsfnpXn\p thnbpXmWv. Amas \mUnbmb {SnPnan\ (trigeminal) apJnsd hnhn[ `mKfn\np kwthZsf \bnpIbpw XmSnsbns\ NennpIbpw `mKnIambn kzmZnsd kwthZsfbpw \bnpIbpw sNpXmWv. apJ v `mh{]IS\ km[yamhp t]inIsf \nb{nm \pXmWv Ggmas \mUnbmb t^knb (facial). kvmtm AIzmkvnIv (stato acoustic) F Fmas \mUn i_vZs akvXnjvInsenpp. HXmas \mUnbmb tmtm ^mdnP (glosso pharyngeal) kzmZnsd kwthZIamWv . akvXnjvInsd Iogv`mKp\np`hnv Xmtgmndn s\n {]thinp hmKkv (vagus) \mUnsb ]ma lrZbn\pw cIv X [a\nIpw izmktImin\pw Zlt\{nbpw Ax{kmh{K\vYnIpap {]h \t{]cW \Ipp. ]Xns\mmas \mUnbmb G dnbpw (accessory) ]{masXmb ssltmtmkepw (hypoglossal) Igpn\pw \mhnpap t{]cIfmbn hn pp. icocn\Ip, B[p\nI hmmhn\nab coXnIsf tmepw shm ]cym]vXamb, Hcp hmmhn\nab kwhn[m\ amWv \mUnI \nhlnpXv. Ahbh]cnWman\nSbn bZrivNnIambn cq]w {]m]nXmWv Cu koW kwhn[m\ sfmsap ]dbpXv hnhctSmsWmWv kmam\y_pn ]dbpXv. icocnsd Hmtcm `mKhpw AXnkqvaambn kwhn[m\n khiIvXs\ AwKoIcnpXnemWv Hmtcm
134
hyhkv Y sbbpw AXnt\mS\p_\v [ n Ahbhsfbpw Ipdn ]T\w \s sImpsNsnpXv. PK]cn]meI s\pdnv hnip JpB ]d Imcy AwKoIcnp XntemWv Hmtcm ]T\hpw \s \bnpsXp kmcw. ""\ns krjvSnpIbpw \ns kwhn[m\npIbpw \ns icnbmb AhkvYbnempIbpw Xm\ptin cq]n\ns kwLSnnpIbpw sNbvXh\s{X Ah.'' (82:7,8)
]Xn\v
_pnbpsS tI{w; \nb{Wnsdbpw

ssPhtemInse Ghpw koWamb hkvXpthXmsW tNmZyn\v Hscm Dctabpq a\pjyakvXnjvIw. icocnsd kIe `cWkmcYyfpw hlnp AXnko Wamb AhbhamWv akvXnjvIw. tI{\mUohyqln akvXnjvIw IqSmsX kpjpav\bpw DsSpp. akvXnjvIhpw icoc`mKfpw Xn _\v[n np \mUob]mew IqSnbmb kpjpav\v tI{\mUohyq lnse AwKsa \nebvv sNm\mhp {]h\ hfsc efnXamWv. akvXnjvInsd klmbtam I]\tbm CmsX kzXknambn sNm Ignbp efnXamb {]h \ am{Xta kpjpav\v sNm Ignbq. \psS ssI Xo\mfn Xptm \mw AdnbmsX ssI henpXpw apn Nhnnb Im AdnbmsX henpXpsamw kpjvav\bpsS tPmenbmWv. a\v AdnbmsX kpjpav\ sNp Ccw {]h\fmWv dn^vfIvkv {]h\ (reflex actions) Fp ]dbpXv. HcpXcw Nmc\ndhpw GItZiw 1400 {Kmw Xqhpap Ahb
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hamWv akvXnjvIw. AXv sNp AXnkoWfmb {]h \sfmw AXnep \yqtdmWpI sNpXmWv. a\p jyakvXnjvIn F{X \yqtdmWpIfpmbncnpw? hyIvX amb \nKa\nsem Bpw CXphsc Ignnn. 1500 tImSnsbpw 3000 tImSnsbpw 10,000 tImSnsbpsamw hyXykvX IWpIfmWpXv. imcocnIhpw am\knIhpamb {]h\sf \bnpIbpw \nb{npIbpw sNpIbmWv \mUohyhkvYbpsS [aw. aqp {]ImcnemWv Cu \nb{Ww \SpXv. akvXnjvI tImi kzbw sshZypXn D]mZnnv ]ckv]cw _\v[s NnIv cq]w \IpIbmWv Hv. t]inIsf ktmNnn psImv sNp {]h\fmWv cmatXv. {K\vYnI sfsmv hnhn[ cmkhkvXp {khnnpsImv sNp {]h\ aqmatXmWv . icocnse {]h \sf \nb{npXv t]inIfpw {K\vYnIfpap]tbmKnmWv. AXn\m \mUohyhkv Y sbpdn ]T\n Chsb {]tbmIvXm (effecters) FmWp hnfnpXv. aqp XefnembnmWv \mUohyqlnsd {]h\ sfmw \SpXv. kpjpav\m Xew (spinalcord level), At[ma kvXnjvI Xew (lower brain level), Du[zakvXnjvI Xew (upper brain level) FnhbmWh. {]h\fpsS koWXbv pkcnmWv Cu hn`P\w. hfsc efnXamb \mUo {]h\ am{XamWv kpjpav\mXen \SpsXv hyIvXam nbtm. At[makvXnjvIXenemWv At[mt_m[]camb (subconscious) imcocnI {]h\fne[nIhpw \nb{n sSpXv. t_m[]qhamb kIe {]h\fpsSbpw D]n Du[zakvXnjvInemWpmhpXv. akvXnjvIZWvUpw (brain stem) skdns_hpw (cerebellum) tNXmWv At[makvXnjvI Xew. saUp, Xemakv, ssl tmXemakv XpSnb `mKfpw CXnsSpw. At[ma kv X njv I Xense AhbhfpsS {]h\fn anXpw At[mt_m[XenemWv \SpsXp ]dp htm. cIvXkZ \nb{Ww, izmtkmNvOmkw, hnImc
hntm` XpSnbhsbmw Cu XenemWv \SpXv. Du[zakvXnjvI Xense kp{][m\ `mKamb tImsS Ivknsd Xmsgbp Hcp tImikaqlamWv Xemakv (thalamus). NqSv, XWpv, thZ\, kv]iw Fo A\p`qXnIfpw t]in Isf kw_\v[np ap hnhcfpw Du[zakvXnjvInse pwapv ChnsS ktfnpp. Ahsb ]cntim[nv \nb{WtfsSpp Hcp ImhkvYm\aWv Xemakv. AanXamb Xm]ssiXy, thZ\, iIvXamb kv]iw XpS nb Xo{hamb kwthZ ChnsS XSbsSpp. Du[za kvXnjvInsd klmbanmsXXs Chsb t\cnSphm s]sv th {]Xnhn[nI Xemakv kzbw \Smpp. AtXmsSmwXs anXkwthZsf Du[zakvXnjvIn tev hnSpIbpw sNpp. CXpsImv cp safpv. AXnXo{hamb kwthZ Du[zakv X njv I ntev {]thinmepmImhp AanXamb DtP\hpw Nnmpghpw XSbsSpp. ASnbc {iblnp Imcy Du[zakvXnjvInsd ]cymtemN\v hnmepmImhp ImeXmakw HgnhmbnnpIbpw sNpp. ssltmXemakv Xemakn\p Xmsgbmbn ImWsSp akvXnjvI`mKamWv ssltmXemakv (hypothalamus). Hcp DWapncntbmfw hephpw IjvSnv \mep {Kmw `mchpap Cu Ahbhw \nXmPm{KX ]pep Hcp ]mdmhpImc\msWp ]dm AXp sXmhpIbn. icocn \Sp Fm Imcyfpw \nccw ]cntim[npsImncnpIbpw FhnsS sbnepw Fsnepw XIcmdp Im AXv kzbw ]cnlcn pItbm aphscsmv ]cnlcnnpItbm sNpIbpam Wv Cu sNdnb Ahbhnsd [aw. akvXnjvInsd CXc `mKv icocnepmhp {]iv\sfpdnv Adnhp \Insmv ASnbcmhkv YIsf AXnkaYambn t\cnSm\pw ssltmXemakn\v Adn bmw. cIvXnse qtmknsd Afhp Ipdbptm hniv
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A\p`hnnpIbpw icocn\v Pensd Bhiyw t\cnSp tm Zmlw tXmnnpIbpw Dujvamhv IqSptm hnbp mn icocw XWpnpIbpw icocw A[nIw XWpptm hnbp XSpshp sImpw icocn\pn DuPw D]mZnnpsImpw Xm]w \ne\npIbpsamw sNpXv ssltmXemakv BWv. Ddw Dmphm\pw CmsXbmp hm\pap tI{fpw CXnsd hcpXnbnXs. Hcm GsX nepw hnImchntm`n\p hnt[bamhptm AX\pkcnv icocs kPvPamp NpaXebpw Cu Ahbhn\pXs bmWv. A]mb k`fn {]Xntcm[nt\m ]emb\n t\m t]inIsf kPvPampXpw ssltmXemakv Xs. (Ax{kmh {K\vYnIsfpdnv hnhcnnSv Cmcyw hnZi amnbnpv.) Ax{kmh{K\vYnIfn Ghpw {]apJamb ]nyqdnsb t\cnp \nb{npsImv tlmtamWpIfneqsS cIvXnsd cmkL S\bv-v am hcp nsmmWv ssl tmXemakv apIfn ]d Poh{][m\ amb [asfmw \nhlnpXv. skdns_w akvXnjvInsd ]n`mKmbn saUp HmwtKbpsSbpw Du[zakvXnjvIn a-kvXn-jvIw- sdbpw CSbvmbn kvYnXn sNp Hcp `mKamWv skdns_w (cerebellum). amwkt]inIfpsS {]h \s GtIm]nnpIbmWv CXnsd [aw. icocnsd Hmtcm Ne\sbpw CXv \nb{nppv. amwkt]inIfpsS ktmNsfbpw tNjv S IsfbpwIpdnp hnhc ChnsSsbpp. AXp{]Imcw t]inIfpsS Ne\sf
GtIm]nnpIbmWv skdns_w sNpXv. Hcp hkvXpsh FnnSnm Hcm {ianptm skan s_w sNpsXmsWv t\mpI. hkvXphnsd kvYm \w IpsImv AdnbpXn\\pkcnv hkvXphn\p t\sc BZyw ssI \ofpp. ssIbpsS \ow hkvXphn\p t\p Xs BbnsmWsantm. Atmsgmw hkvXphn sd t\ ssI \opsXnAXv ASnSn Xncpn smv hkvXphnsenp hn[n t]inIsf Nennp Xv skdns_amWv. Hcp Iv Nmb Npn\Sptv sImp hcptm Hmtcm \nanjhpw Insd kvYm\sahnsSbmsWv \nWbnv Atm th I]\I sImSpv Nmb Xpfp ntmImsXbpw Iv apJp hnSnmsXbpw {inp Xpw skdns_wXs. \mw \npIbpw \SpIbpw sNptm \psS icocw KpcpXzmIjW _etmSv HcpXcw kpe\w ]pepp v. \nptm Xs icoct]inI IqSpXembn Abp t]mbm \mw hogm XpSpIbpw AtmXs sNhnI skdn{_n\v hnhcw \IpIbpw XZ\pkrXambn skdns_ w \mUnIv \ntZiw \In Ahsb apdpn hogvNbn \nv cnpIbpw sNpp. icocw aptmmbptm hogmXncnphm Hmtcm Imepw amdnamdn Xmpshp sImSpp {]{InbbmWv \Sw. \S n\nSbn Imsem\pw XSm \mw apJwIpn hogm XpSpp. Atm Ip\npw ssI Ipnbpw appIpnbpw hogvNbpsS BLmXw ]camh[n Ipdbv-phm\p \S]SnI skdns_w kzoIcnpp. AXpsImmWv hogm XpSp tm \mw AdnbmsXXs ssII \nepIpntmhp Xpw appIppXpw. skdn{_w akvXnjvInsd Ghpw henb `mKamWv Du[zakvXn jvIw. skdn{_w (cerebrum), tImsSIvkv (cortex), skdn{_m[ tKmf (cerebral hemispheres) Fo t]cpIfn hnfn
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sSpXv Du[zakvXnjvIamWv. \mUohyqlnse tImi fnse aqnsemv kvYnXn sNpXv ChnsSbmWv. t_m[]qh ap Fm {]h\fpsSbpw D]n skdn{_n \nmWv. kwthZt\{nbfneqsS hcp AdnhpIsfmw Ahkm\ambn FntcpXv ChnsSbmWv. _pn, Hma, Nn, t_m[w, Pm{KX apXembhsbmw skdn{_nsd D]amWv. \mUohyqlnsd IncoSamWv skdn{_san AXnt ]Xnnp cXv\amWv skdn{_w (AYhm tIm sSIvkv) Fp ]dbmhpXmWv. cv A[tKmf IqnshpsImmWv skdn{_w krjvSnsncnpXv. CSt A[tKmfw icocnsd hes ]IpXnbpsSbpw het A[tKmfw icocnsd CSt ]IpXnbpsSbpw \nb{WtasSpncnppshv ]dbmw. Fm, cv A[tKmffpw XpeyiIvXnbph sbmpa. s]mXpth CSt A[tKmfw hetXnt\m A]w iIvXn IqSpXepXmWv. CXns\ A[oim[tKmfw (dominant hemisphere) Fp hnfnpp. CXnsd A[oiXzw sImmWv CXn\p Iognep icocnsd heXp`mKn\v iIvXn IqSpXepXv. heXp ssImWtm CSXp ssIbnt\ m iIvXnbpw kzm[o\hpw. CXv CSXv A[tKmfnsd A[oiXzw sImmsWp hmZnmw. ]t, Hcp {]Xnk\v[n bpv. _lp`qcn]w CSXpssIbmcnepw A[oim[tKmfw CStXpXsbmsWmWv ]coW hyIvXamp Xv. Atm ]ns Hcm CSXpssIb\pw asmcm heXp ssIb\pamIm\p ImcWsamWv? Adnbn. CXphscbp akvXnjvI]T\sfmpwXs CSXpw heXpw ssIbmcmhp Xnsd clkyw ]qWambn ad\onbnnsXmWv kXyw. krjvSnsXn Ghpw koWamb hkvXpthXm sW tNmZyn\v kwibteisat\y ]dbmhp Dcw "skdn{_w' FmWv. kXyn, CXnsd [a Fs\ \nhlnsSppshv a\knemm \apv Cthsc Ignnn. GXm\pw Dulfpw k]fpw am{XamWv CtXpdnv \appXv. {]kvXpX k] e`yamb
AdnhpIfpsS ASnkvYm\n ]SppbshbmWv. Ah sXm\pw icnbmhm\pap km[yXI \ntj[nm\mhn sp kmcw. sXmgn hn`P\w skdn{_nsd A[tKmf sXmgnepI `mKnsSp ncnpIbmsWv ]dphtm. _pniIvXnbpsS CcnnSw CSt A[tKmfnemsWmWv IcpXsSpXv. KWnX nep Ignhpw kwkmcnphm\pw `mj a\nemphm\pap Ignhpw CSt A[tKmfnemWpsXv GItZiw sXfnbnspIgnnpv. CSt A[tKmfs BLm Xsfsnepw _m[nm Cu IgnhpI \jvSsSpsa XmWv Cu \nKa\n\m[mcw. kwKoXw, Ie, kmlnXyw XpS nbh hes A[tKmfnsd kw`mh\IfmsWpw IcpXsSpp. Cu cv A[tKmffpw Nnnp coXnXs hyXykv XamWv. CSt A[tKmfnsd NnmcoXn ImcyImcWm [njvTnXhpw A]{KY\mXvaIhpamWv. het A[tKmfam Is sshImcnIhpw D{KY\mXvaIhpambnmWv Nnnp Xv. sXmgn]cambn Cu cv A[tKmf hn`Pnsnp snepw cpt]pw sNm\mhp s]mXpsXmgnepIfp apv. ChnsSbpw hnZymYnI het A[tKmfsbpw A[ym]I CSt A[tKmfsbpamWv D]tbmKnp sX sNdnsbmcp hyXymkw \ne\nppv. BkzmZ\w cv A[tKmffpw sNp ]WnbmWv. Fm km[m cWm kwKoXw BkzZnpXpw AXnse XmftafcmK XncndnbpXpsamw het A[tKmfw sImpw kwKoXhnZKv [ CXp sNpXv CSt A[tKmfw sImpamWv. cp A[tKmf Xn am{Xa, sXmgn hn`P\w \ne\npXv. Hmtcm A[tKmfn\Ipw sXmgnepI hn`Pnsncnpp. A[tKmfnsd Hmtcmtcm sNdnb
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`mK icocnse Hmtcm AhbhfpsS \nb{Ww \nhlnpp. Iv, ImXv, \mhv, aqv, Xzv, ssI, Im XpSn Hmtcm Ahbhfpw t\mn\Sm {]tXyIw `mKXs akv X njv I nepv . Hmtcm Ahbh nepap t]inIfntev akvXnjvInse Cu `mK fn\nv sshZypX kv] \fpsS cq]n Ne\ n\p t{]cW ]pds a-kv-Xn-jv-In-s- A--`m-KwSpp. aWnqdn aqv apX apqdv hsc Intemao thKXbn kcnp Cu BthK \mUnIfneqsS t]inIfnsentcptmgpmhp DtP\w sImmWv t]inI ktmNnpXv. Cu ktmNamWv AhbhNe\n\v ImcWamIpXv. _pniIvXn apX thZ\ hscbp akvXnjvI {]{InbI fn anXpw Zpcqlw XsbmWnpw. akvXnjvI {]h\ sfpdnv Hphfsc knmfpmbnpv . Cpw Dmbnsmncnpp. ]t, a\pjyakvXnjvIspdn ZpcqlXIfpsS Hcp iXam\w t]mepw \ophm {]kvXpX knmmbnn. akvXnjvIw, Hcp AXv`pXb{w Iptdb[nIw Imcy sNp Hcp _rlXvb{ambn \apv akvXnjvIs IWmmhpXmWv. A\sshNn {Xyap H\h[n Imcy sNp Iptd b{fpsS BsIpIbmWv akvXnjvIsav ]dbpXmhpw IqSpX icn. C{Xb[nIw LSI shpsImv {]hnnpw ]nghpIsfmpwXs kw`hnpnsXv AXv`pXsSpp Hcp hkvXpXXsbmWv.
Hcp b{n\v LSIfpsS Fw h[npwtXmdpw AXnsd hnizk\obX (reliability) IpdphcnIbmWv sNp I. GsXnepsamcp LSIn\v ]p tISv b{nsd {]h\sf _m[npw. b{nsd LSIfpsS Fw IqSpwtXmdpw b{amsI tISphcm\p km[yX IqSnhcnI bmWv sNpXv; AYhm, AXnsd hnizk\obX Ipdph cpp. Fm, akvXnjvIsa b{w CXn\npw hyXykvX amWv. Htsd ]WnI sNp Iptd b{fpsS kapb ambnpw AXn\v ]niIpIsfmpw ]pXmbn \mw ImWpn. CXn\p ImcWsasv hyIv X ambn a\nemm Ign nn. \mUoPmefpsS {]h\ hgnbmWv akvXnjvIn sd hnizk\obX h[nncnpsXmWv Hcp hn`mKw imkv{XPvRmcpsS hoWw. akvXnjvI {]h\ \nhlnpXv \nch[n \mUotImi ]ckv]cw het]m se \nnmsWmWv Cu hn`mKw hmZnpXv. Hmtcm \mUo tImihpw Hne[nIw IrXyfn `mK`mpIfmbnsm mWv Cu he \nansSpXv. ]ckv]c_\v[ap At\ Iw hoYnI \ndncnp Hcp \Kcn Nne ]mXIv XSw hmepw KXmKXw \nem coXnbn ap ]mXIfn Hcp ]p\x{IaoIcWw DmhpXpt]mse akvXnjvInse \mUoPmefn Hcp \mUn {]h\clnXambmepw ap \mUnIfneqsS {]h\w XpSpsImncnpsapw CXpsImmWv akvXnjvInsd hnizk\obX C{Xb[nIw IqSnbncnpsXpw A\pam\nsSpp. Hma hfsc koWamb Hcp {]Xn`mkamWv Hma. ]t{nb fneqsS {]thinpsImncnp IWnm hnhc Fs\bmWv akvXnjvIw kqnpshpsXv Cpw \ap dnbn. cp Xcnep HmaIfptm. {lkzImemSnkvYm\ nepXpw ZoLImemSnkvYm\nepXpw. Hcm ]co
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bpsS cPnkv \ HmpXv {lkzImemSnkvYm\nep Hmav HcpZmlcWamWv. Hcm Xsd PohnXnse kp{][m\ kw`h HmpXv ZoLImemSnkvYm\n ep HmabmWv. cv Ab\mUotImi Xnep _\v[w kn\m]v kpI hgnbmWtm. kn\m]vkpIfneqsS kti ssIam dpXv cmknIambnmWv. Cu cmkktifpsS {khWn sd tXmXn hcp amfmWt{X {lkzIme HmabpsS ASnkvYm\w. kn\m]vkpIfn Dmhp ùXnIam ZoLIme HmabpsS ASnkvYm\ambpw hnppshv A\pam\nsSpp. Xmgv Xcw Ppfn \Snb Nne ]coWfmWv Cu \nKa\n\SnkvYm\w. a\pjycpsS HmaiIvXnbpsS ASnkvYm\w CXnt\m F{Xtbm koWamWv. {]cq]sf Xncndnbphm\p a\nsd Ignhv BivNcyP\IamWv. Hcmsfm BcmW sXv Xncndnbphm \apv Hcp skdv t]mepw BtemNn v \ntnhcpn. Fm, CtX IrXyw Hcp Iyq \nhlnWsan an\npItfmfw kabsaSppw. Ddw Ddnsd AhkvYbpw CXpXs. FmWv Ddsav JWvUnXambn ]dbm Cpw \apv Ignbn. akvXnjvI nsd hn{ia kabamWv DdsaXv Hcp ]cn[n hsc icnbm Wv. Fm Ddkabv akvXnjvIw ]qWambn hn{ianp n. Ass\NvOnIamb imcocnI {]{InbIfn ]eXpw Dd nepw \SpsImncnppv. Nnetm sFNvOnIt]in IfpsS Ne\w t]mepw \fdnbmsX Ddn \Spp. akv X njv I w hn{ianpnsnepw a\v GItZiw ]qWambnXs \n{ZmhkvYbn hn{ianemWv. Ddn Fsp ùXnI amMfmWv akvXnjvInepmhpsXv hyIvXambn A]{KYnphm Cpw Ignnn. AtXkabw, Ddn\v \Isncnp {][m\yw hfsc hepXmWv. DdanmsXbmhpXv am\knI {]h\sfbmsI
_m[npw; AXv Ahkm\w at\mtcmKn hsc Fnpw. Cpw imkv{Xn\v ]nSpw Inm Ddsa {]Xn`mkw Xobmbpw Hcp ssZhnIm\p{KlwXs! hnip JpB ]dbpXv ImWpI: ""cm{Xnbpw ]Iepw \n DdpXpw Ahsd A\p{Kl n\nv \n D]Poh\w tXSpXpw Ahsd ZrjvSm fns]Xs{X.'' (30:23) ""\nfpsS Dds \mw hn{iaampIbpw sNbvXncn pp.'' (78:9) kz]v\ Ddn ImWp kz]v\fmWv Zpcqlamb asmcp {]Xn`mkw. FmWv kz]v\sa {]iv\nt\m kz]v\ kab v \Sp ùXnI amsfsmsbmsW tNmZyn t\m hkvXp\njvThpw hyIvXhpamb Dcw \Im Cv \apv Ignbn. Hcp cm{Xnbn GItZiw cp aWnqdpItfmfw \mw kz]v \w IpsImncnppv. ImWp kz]v\fn hfscp dp am{Xta \mw Hmanmdpq. Hmm Ignnspshv kz]v\w Inn Fv AYan. Ddnse Hcp Xamibmbn am{Xw kz]v\s ImWm Ignbn. akvXnjvInsd ISnmWnm ZriyNnIfmWv kz]v\sap ]dbmw. kz]v\w ImWpXpw AmXpamb Ddfpv. cpw BtcmKyn\v AXymt]nXat{X. thZ\ thZ\bpsS Imcyhpw CtXt]mseXs. thZ\ A\p`hnm hcmbn Bcpapmhnsnepw FmWv thZ\sbv hyIvXambn ]dbm Cpw \apv Ignnn. icocnsd hnhn[ `mKfnepmhp hyXykv X ImcWfm \apv thZ\ A\p`hsSpp. ImcWw Fmbncpmepw thZ\b\p`hnpXv akvXnjvInemWv. akvXnjvIansn thZ\bn. Fm CXnt\msfmw
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hnNn{XambncnpXv akvXnjvIn\v thZ\bns hkvXp XbmWv. Xetmdp apdnm \apv bmsXmcp thZ\bpap mhnsp kmcw. HcmfpsS akvXnjvIw asmcmv Iodnapdn mw. apdnsSph\v bmsXmcp thZ\bpapmhn. thZ\ krjvSnp akvXnjvIn\v thZ\bnsXv AXv`pXw Xs! hnImc hnNmc \psS hnImchnNmcfpw Iafpsamw akvXnjvIs ùXnIambn h \nebvpw kzm[o\npptm? Dsp XsbmWv ]T\ ImWnpXv. hnImcfpw Nnmco Xnbpsamw akvXnjvI {]h\sf _m[nppv . hnjmZw, hntbmKZpxJw, ZmXy Ielw, GImX, \nlm bmhkvY, sXmgn sshjay XpSnbh icocnsd tcmK{]Xntcm[iIvXnsb _m[nppshv Inpv. DXvI WvTv ImcWamIp kw`hfpmhptm cIvXnse tlmtamWpIfpsS Afhv hyXymksSpXmbpw a\n emm\mbnpv. CsXmw ImWnpXv hnImcn\pw Nnbv pa\pkrXambn Fsmstbm ùXnIam akv X njv I n\Ip \SppspXsbmWv . Cu am FsmsbmsWv hyIvXambn ]dbm \apv Ignnnsv am{Xw. Dut-Pm]t`mKw akvXnjvIn t]inIfpsS A[zm\an. Fnepw AXn sd DuPmhiyw òaamWv. icoc`mcnsd cp iXam\w am{XamWv akvXnjvInsd `mcw. Fm BsIbp cIvX{]hmlnsd Ccp]Xv iXam\hpw akvXnjvIn IqSnbmWv Nw{IaWw sNsSpXv. HmIvknPsd Ccp] v iXam\hpw D]tbmKnpXv Cu AhbhamWv. C{X Ipd {Zhy`mcn\Iv C{Xb[nIw DuPw hn\ntbmKnp {]{InbI FsmamsWv Adnhmbnn. Nnbvpw Hmabv-pw hnImcpsamw hfsctbsd DuPw sNehgnsSppsmWtm CXn\nv a\n
emIpXv. Atm \mw Nnnptmgpw apw Ftm Nne ùXnI am akvXnjvInepmhppv. ]t, Ahsb msWv Xncndnbphm \apv Ignnn. kwcW kwhn[m\ icocnse Ghpw {][m\s AhbhtaXmsW tNmZyn\v Hscm Dcw am{Xtabpqakv X njv I w. icocnsd CXc `mKv ]mhp Ipgsfmpw km[mcWKXnbn ]m coXnbnemWv Cu Ahbhw kwhn[m\nsncnpXv. _mlyamb BLmXfn\nv akvXnjvIs kwcn pXv XetbmSmWv. GItZiw Hcp skdoao I\nep Hcp tImt]msebmWv XetbmSnsd \n]v. CXpIqSmsX XetbmSn\Iv Na IhNfpapv. AXn\papn HcpXcw {ZmhIn apnnSpIbmWv akv X njv I w. incv XncnpIbpw FhnsSsbnepw appIbpw sNptmgpmhp Cfs ao`hnnpXv Cu {ZmhIamWv. Xetmdntep cIvX{]hmlw ]Xn\p skdne[n Iw \npt]mbm \mw t_m[clnXcmIpp. ]t, s]sv As\ kw`hnmXncnphm\p kwhn[m\hpw ]SXp cm \psS icocn sNbvXpshncnpp. akvXnjvIn tev cIvXsanp \mep [a\nIfpw Xn ]ckv]c _\v[apXn\m csnsd hgn ASm t]mepw ap csw sImv cIvX{]hmlw \ne\npp. icocnsd CXc `mKfnepmhp cIvXaZnsd hyXnbm\ akvXnjvIs _m[nm coXnbn AXn\v X\Xmb Hcp aZ\nb{W coXnbpapv. lm\nIcamb tcmKm Wpsfbpw hnjhkvXpsfbpw apw akvXnjvIntev ISpsNm\\phZnm Hcp cIvXipoIcW {]{Inbbpw incn \Sppv . Cs\sbmw akv X njv I s kwcnphm\mhiyamb IcpXepI icocnX sbpv.
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akvXnjvIhpw Iyqdpw IyqdpIfpsS Bhn`mhw akvXnjvI Xpeyamb Hcp b{ nsd \nanXn km[nptamsb tNmZyw km[mcWmcn Dfhmnbnpv. KWnX{InbIfmWv IyqdpI sNp Imcyamb ]Wn. a\pjysctmse hnZKv [ amb H\h[n tPmenI sNbp IyqdpI hnIknnsnpv . {Kmdv amkvamcpsS sshZKv[ytmsS sNv Ifnp tdmt_mpIfpw Cpv . Fm samw IgnhpIfpsS Imcyn Cu b{sfmw akvXnjvInsd hfsc ]nnemWpXv. HmabpsS Imcyn am{Xap hyXymkwXs hfsc hepXmWv. Hcp BbpjvImen\pn _ney _ney IWn\v _npI (bits) kvacWbn kqnphm akvXnjv In\mhpw. Hc Intem{Kman Ipdhv `mcap hkvXphn emWv Cu kvacWmtiJcWsap \mw a\nemWw. Iyq dpImhs aney IWn\v _npI kvacWbn kqnmt\ Ignbq. CXn\p ]pdsa, sImSp hnhc\pkcnv {]hn m am{Xw Ignbp b{amWv Iyq. akvXnjvIamIs ]pXnb hnhcsf Ism Ignbp Hcp AXv`pXmhbh amWv. "Nn' a\pjyakvXnjvInsd am{Xw D]amWv. AXmWtm IyqdpIsf \nanm a\pjys\ {]m]vX \mpXv . AXv asmcp b{n\pan, Dmm\pw IgnbnsmWv imkv { XPv R mcn _lp`qcn]n sdbpw A`n{]mbw. Iyqdnt\mSv akvXnjvIs Xpe\w sNpXpXs icnbsv hmZnphcmWv imkv{XPvRmcn `qcn]w. Alwt_m[w, [am[a k], a\mn, ktm jw, ZpxJw, kvt\lw, IcpW XpSnb F{Xtbm KpW Hcp b{n\pw D]mZnnm Hcnepw Ignbnsp Ah ]dbpp. BXynIambn Hcp KWnXb{amb Iyqdnsd GXp {]h\n\p ]nnepw Hcp KW\hn[n (AKcnXw)bpv . akv X njv I nsd {]h\sf
KWnX]cambn BhnjvIcnm ]p Hcp AKcnXw Ip ]nSnpI km[yasmWv "akvXnjvI kam\amb b{'sa BibwXs icnbsv hmZnph kaYnpXv. {]kn KWnXimkv{XPvR\mb tdmP s]tdmkn (Roger penrose: The emperor's New Mind) sd A`n{]mbn akvXnjvInsd kpt_m[mhkvY FspXs Iyqdn sd `mjbn \nhNnphm {]bmkamWv. `mh\mkrjvSn pw apw cq]w \Ip akvXnjvI-sa AXv`pX {]Xn`mkw Hcp AKcnXnsemXpm Ignbmhw hnNn{XamsW Xn\m "akvXnjvI kam\amb b{w' Hcp `mh\ am{Xambn Fspw XpScpsapw Atlw kaYnppv. am\knI IgnhpI a\pjysd am\knIamb IgnhpI akvXnjvInsd ùXnILS\bpsS ASnkvYm\n am{Xw hniZoIcnphm km[ya. a\pjytdXnt\m F{Xtbm henb akvXnjvI fp PohnI temInepv . B\bpsS Xetmdv a\pjytdXnt\m \mencn hepXmWv. icocakvXnjvI A\p]mXnsd Imcynepw a\pjy Nne IpcpIfpsS ]nnemWv. Nne IpcpIfpsS icoc`mcnsd Ccp]Xnsem v `mcw AhbpsS akvXnjvIn\pv. AhbpsS icoc akvXnjvI A\p]mXw 20:1 BWv. Fm, a\pjytdXv CXv 50:1 am{XamWv. icocnsd AXnsemv `mcta akvXnjvI n\pq. Fnpw a\pjy ap PohnItfmtfsd am\knI IgnhpI {]ISnnpp. NnmiIvXn a\pjysd am{Xw {]tXyIXbmWv. AXv ssZhnIamb Hcp Zm\sa \nebv-v Ahp e`nncnp {]tXyIXbmWv. Cu {]tXyIXsb ùXnIambn hymJym\nphm\p {ia ]cmPbsSp Xn\p ImcWhpw asm. NnmiIvXnsb ssZhnI Zm\s krjvSn]cambn hn\n tbmKnph Xobmbpw {kjvSmhnsd AkvXnXzw A\p` hndnbpIbpw Ahsd iIvXnpapn \{ainckvIcmhpI bpw sNpw. akvXnjvIspdn ]T\w AXnkoWamb
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"a\pjy\nb{WtI{'nsd kwhn[m\n\p ]nn AP\mb Hcp iIv X nbpsmWv hyIv X ampXv . _pnPohnbmb a\pjy\v t]mepw \nanm km[nm akvXnjvIsa b{w A\v[amb bmZrNvOnIXbpsS krjvSn bmsW hmZw F{Xam{Xw henb hnhctS! NnmiIvXn sb ssZhnI Zm\s D]tbmKnphcmbmWv hnip JpB hnizmknIsf ]cnNbsSppXv. ""\npsImpw InSpsImpw CcppsImpw Amlp sh HmanpIbpw D]cntemIfpsSbpw `qanbpsSbpw krjvSn sbn NnnpsImncnpIbpw sNphcs{X Ah.'' (3:191) Nnnm a\pjysc ImenItfm \nIrjvScmbmWv JpB ]cnNbsSppXv. ""Ahv a\pIfpv. AXp]tbmKnv Ah Imcyw {KlnpIbn. Ahv IpIfpv. AXp]tbmKnv Ah IdnbpIbn. Ahv ImXpIfpv. AXp]tbmKnv Ah tIp a\nempIbn. Ah ImenIsftmsebmIpp. A; AhcmWv IqSpX ]ngh. Ah XsbmWv {ibnmh.'' (7:179)
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[anI amKZi\w
a\pjyicocspdnv ]TnphcpsS khntij {i ]Xntb Nne hkvXpXIfpv. a\pjy\v ap PohnIfn\nv hyXykvXamb bmsXmcp Ahbhhpw \IsnnsXmWv Hmas Imcyw. atsXnepw Pohnbnenm ]pXnsbmcp Ahbhhpw a\pjy icocnen. Fm, ap PohnIfn \nv hyXncnIvXamb H\h[n khntijXI a\pjy\v Dp Xm\pw. AhbhfpsS BsIpIb a\pjys\Yw. cmaXmbn, Fm PohnIfpw Ahbvv \ne\nphm\mh iyamb ss\kKnI IgnhpIfpambmWv P\nphogpXv. Pohn IfpsS Phmk\I \ssbmw AXv`pXsSpph bmWv. \qmpIfpsS ITn\{]bXv\neqsS a\pjy t\Sn sbSp IgnhpIfn ]eXpw PohnIv P\m e`nnps XmWv hkvXpX. Imnse Fn\ob FphnfnsSp _ohdn\v FbI oj sNbvX hoSv \nanm Ignbpw. tX\o \nanp IqSpIfpsS AfhpI PymanXob IWniXtbmSp IqSnbhbpw Hpw sagpIv A[nIsehv hcm coXnbnephbpamWv. Bcaky kap{Zn\SnbneqsS Btcmcpw hgn ImWn m\nmsX BbncWn\v IntemaodpI kcnv
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DnjvS kvYesn {]P\\w \nhlnpp. Bnn \nv Admnntepw Xncnpw tZimc Ka\w \nhln p BnIvtS ]nv hgn ImWnpsXmsW {]iv\w Ctmgpw {]tlfnIbmbns XpScpIbmWv. Nne {]tXyIXcw \rfneqsS XfpsS IqmfnIv ]qfp kvYespdnv hyIvXamb Adnhp \Iph cmWv tX\oI. \mkn, tSm]ntUm XpSnb akyhK icocn\nv Adpqdp hmv hscbp sshZypXn D]mZnnphbmWv . Npp]mSnse Xm]\nebnep hyXnbm\ a\nemphm "C{-^msdUv kzoIcWn'I D]tbmKnphcmWv "t{ImtmentUv, s_bvtUv' Fo IpSpw_fns] ]mpI. Xsd ]nn hcphv hgnImm\mbn s^tdmtamWpI F cmkktiw D]mZn nphcmWv DdppI. acp`qanbn Pohnm\mhiyamb Fm A\pIqe\fpw HIn\pv. anman\ppI, GItImi Pohnbmb t\mIvSneq, Nnebn\w aky Fnh- b v - v icocnse Nne cmk{]h\ hgn {]Imiw {]kcnnphm\p Ignhpv. kqcys\ Bkv]Zam n icnbmb Zni a\nemm km[nphbmWv cmPR pI (king crabs). Fmw ss\kKnIamb IgnhpI. Hmtcm Pohnbpw Ahbvmhiyamb Fmhn[ IgnhpItfmsS bpamWv PohnpXv. _ohdn\v Fn\obdnwtKm tX\ov PymanXntbm Bcakyv kap{ZmcamK hnPvRm\o btam BSnIvtSWn\v BImihgnItfm tSm]ntUm aky n\v hnZypXvhnPvRm\obtam t{ImmUntev ]mn\v Xm] ùXnItam anman\pv {]ImickX{tam cmPRp Iv ZnimhnPvRm\obtam Bcpw ]TnnpsImSpnn. Chsbmw Ahbvv P\m e`np IgnhpI am{Xw! Ccw bmsXmcp Phmk\bpw a\pjy\n. Ahsd ImepIv apbent\msSmw HmSnsbm\p Ignhp t]mepan. Ahsd ssIIv `mcw hlnp Imcyn B\bpsS Xpnsstbm Xptemw iIvXn IpdhmWv. i{Xp fn\np csSm\mhiyamb Basbtmep icocI
hN Ahn. XWp ImemhkvYbn kzicocs kwcnphm {[phcSnbptSXpt]mep tcma Ahv \Isnn. tX\obptSXpt]mep IpItfm hmentdXp t]mep ImXpItfm \mbbptSXp t]mep \mkmc\v{[tfm Ahn. BImineqsS ]dm\mhiy amb NndIpItfm kap{Zn DufnbnSm\pw \onpSnp hm\pw Bhiyamb sNInfItfm NndIpItfm Hpw Ah\v \Isnn. knwlntdXpt]mep amwkt]inItfm ]penbptSXpt]mep \Jtfm Ah\n. _ohdns\tm setbm tX\osbtmsetbm ]mnSapmphm\p Phmk\ a\pjy\n. BSnIvtSWns\tmse hgnIp]nSn phm\p Ignhv P\m Ah\v \Isnn. tSm]ntUm akystmse icocn\nv sshZypXn D]mZnnm \h\v Ignbn. Fn\[nIw, shn hoWm \on c sSm\p Ignhpt]mepw P\m a\pjy\v e`npn. Amlp ]dsX{X icn! ""\nfpsS amXmfpsS DZcfn\nv \nv bmsXm pw AdnpIqSm AhkvYbn Amlp \nsf ]pdp sImphp.'' (hn.Jp. 16:78) ss\kKnIambn Imcyamb imco cnI IgnhpIsfmpw a\pjy\v Amlp \InbnnsYw. ss\kKnIambn Imcyamb imcocnI IgnhpIsfmpan msX P\np a\pjy\v ]t, Cu IgnhpIfnsemw ap arKsf tXm]nm t]m hnZy kmZnm\mhpw. {[phcSnbpsS sXmensb shp tcmapmbfpmp hm\pw apbens\ tXm]np hml\ \nanphm\pw th Adnhv t\SnsbSpm a\pjy\p km[npw. _ohdnt\ m `wKnbmbn ]mnSapmm\pw tX\osbm kpcambn Bibhn\nabw \Sphm\p hnZykmZnm Ahv Ignbpw. ]pensb tXm]np tXmpIfpw IgpIs\ shp hnam\fpw tSm]ntUmtbm iIvXamb sshZyp Xnbpw sSekvtImpw ssat{ImkvtImpw tkmWm{Km^pw UnsIv S dpsamw \nanphm\mhiyamb hnPv R m\w t\Sphm Ah\v Ignbpw.
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imcocnI IgnhpIfn arKtfm ]nmw \np a\pjys\ Xtm F{Xtbm aSv iIvXnbp arKsf tmepw hcpXnbn \nphm Ignbpamdmp iIvXnbmWv _pn. apIfn ]dXpw ]dbmXpamb IgnhpIsfmw t\SnsbSpphm a\pjys\ ]cym]vX\mnbXv Ahsd _pniIvXnbmWv. arKsfmw {]IrXnbpsS `mKw am{XamWv. Fm, a\pjy {]IrXnsb `cnm Ignbph\mWv. CXmWv a\pjy\pw arKfpw Xnep auenIamb Acw. Cu A cw sNdpX; ktNX\fpw AtNX\fpamb hkvXp Xn Fpam{Xw Acaptm AXnt\mf[nIw Acap v a\pjy\pw ap PohnIfpw XnsepXm-Wv hmkvXhw. `qanbn Poh Bhn`hnv eWn\v hj ptijamWv a\pjysd BKa\apmbsXv imkv{XPvR m NqnmWnpp. \apv Nppw ImWp PohnI XnpIbpw IpSnpIbpw hnkPnpIbpw CWtNcpIbpw sNm\mcw`nnv eWn\v hjfmbn. Ahbv smpwXs {]IrXnbpsS kwXpenXmhkvYsb XInSw adnphmt\m Fn\[nIw, AXn A]sanepw amwhcp phmt\m Ignnn. ImcWsamWv? Ah Fpw {]IrXn bpsS `mKw am{Xambncpp. AhbpsS {]h\fpw {]IrXn bpsS `mKwXsbmbncpp. AXpsImpXs Ah Fs\ Pohnmepw AXv {]IrXnhncpamhpIbn. AhbpsS PohnX n\v ISnmWpI Bhiyansv kmcw. Fm a\pjy sd kvYnXntbm? Xm\psmp {]IrXnsbs XIcm dnemm ]cym]vXamb {]hrnI sNm a\pjy\p Ignbpw. \yqnb Bbp[fp]tbmKnv \nanj sImv `qansbs PohclnXamphm Ahv km[npw. PohnIsftmse kzX{amb hnlmcn\v Ahs\ hnm kh{X \mihpw Ipghpambncnpw êw. Ahsd PohnX n\pw {]h\pw Nne NnIfpw hyhkvYIfpamhiy amWv. Ah Fs\ PohnWsaXn\v hyIvXamb amKZ i\w A\nhmcyamsWYw.
[anI \nba a\pjysd \ne\n]n\pXs A\nhm cyamIpp. Cu \nba A\pkcnmXncnpXv \ch Knsd Xs \min\v \nanamhpw. FbnUvkv t]mep ssewKnItcmK Cu hkvXpXbntemWv hncNqp Xv. hnthN\clnXambn ssewKnIhrnIfntesSp arKsmn\pwXs ssewKnItcmKtfm ap ssewKnI {]iv\tfm Dmhpns hkvXpX, Bpcnsd kXnbmbn a\pjys\ ImWphcpsS Ip Xpdnt XmWv. hnipw Zmlhpw ssewKnImkIvXnbpw t]msebp imcocn Imhiy \ndthsSptXmsS Pp kwXr]vXcm hpp. PpklPamb hninsdbpw hnImcnsdbpw ia\w a\pjy\pw BhiyamsWnepw {]kvXpX ia\neqsS am{Xw Ah kwXr]vX\mhpn. imnbpw kzkvYXbpw kam[m\hpw Ah Imwnpp. kvt\ln\pthn Ahsd a\v Zmlnpp. kkz`mhw Ah CjvSs Spp. [manIPohnXw Ahsd PohnXs [\yampp. Cs\ ]e \nebv-pw a\pjy arKfn\nv XnIpw hyXncnIvXamb hyIvXnXzw shp]peph\mWv. Cu hyXncnIvXX a\pjysd GsXnepsamcp Ahbhnsd {]tXyIXb. ùXnIamb AfhptImepIfp]tbmKnv AXv AfpI km[yhpa. [manI \nba a\pjysd \ne\n]n\v A\nhmcyam sWp \mw Ip. ]t, Cu \nba BhnjvIcntXv BcmsW {]iv\w _mn\nppv. a\pjysd \ne \n]nmhiyamb \nba a\pjyXs \nanm Ahbn {]amZfpmhpw. Atm a\pjy\m, a\pjysd kz`mhsfpdnv icndnbmhp Hcp \nbahnZ Kv [ \mbncnWw Ahmhiyamb \nbafmhnjv I cn pXv. Acw \nbamsX kmhImenIXzahImi sSm Ignbn; ChnsSbmWv ssZhnI amKZi\nsd {]kIvXn \apv t_m[yamIpXv. a\pjysc krjvSnv ]cn]menp AmlpXs Ah
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Fs\ PohnWsapw ]Tnnnpv. a\pjy Fs\ a\pjy\mbn PohnWsav a\pjycn\npXs sXcs Spb {]hmNImcneqsS Ah a\pjys\ Adnbnnpv. amemJamcpsS hnImcfnm AhkvYbnte Amlp hnsd {]hmNIm a\pjysc WnXv; {]XypX, a\pjysc Fs\ a\pjycmbn Pohnmsav ]TnnpIbmWv {]hmN Im sNbvXXv. kzw PohnXneqsSbmWh P\sf ssZhnI amK\ntZifntep WnXv. {]hmNImscmpw amemJamcmbncpn. Ah ]bmb a\pjycmbncpp. Ahpw hnipw Zmlhpapmbncpp; Ddhpw hn{iahpamhiyambncpp; ktmjhpw km]hpap mbncpp; `mcyamcpw IpnIfpapmbncpp; a\pjycpsS Fm kz`mhfpw Ahpmbncpp. ]t, hnip tm A\ysd kv A]lcnm Ah kcmbn cpn. ssewKnIZmlw iannm hy`nNmcneh G sn. ktmjn aXnadv Ah IqmSnbn. km]m hkcfn aZynepw abpacppIfnepah A`bw tXSnbn. `mcyampthn A]ct\mSv Ah A\oXn ImWnn. IpnIsf t]mm\mbn A{IaamKfneqsS Ah ]Ww kmZnn. Ah a\pjycmbncpp. ]qWcmb a\pjy! BXvamhnsd {]Imi\-neqsS ]qWX {]m]n a\pjy. Ana{]hmNI\mb aplZv \_ntbmSv ]SXpcm {]Jym]nm I]np hN\w ChnsS {]kIvXamWv. ""]dbpI: Rm \nsftmep Hcp a\pjy am{XamIp p. \nfpsS ssZhw GIssZhamsWv F\nv t_m[\w \IsSpp.'' (hn.Jp.18:20) {]hmNImscmw Fm AY nepw a\pjycmbncpp; P\sf kXyamKntev Wnm\mhiyamb t_m[\w \Isncphcmbncpp Ah Fp am{Xw. \bpw Xnbpw thXncnp AXncp Ip]nSnm ùXnI XXzimkv{X D]tbmKnXv imkv{Xnsd km
tXnI amKsfbmWv. ]t{nbfpsS]cn[npdv Hpansp imTyw ]nSn ùXnIhmZn\p apn ap amKsfmpanmbncppshv ]dbpXmhpw icn. imkv{X nsd ]mX \bpw Xnbpw thXncndnbpXn\v Xosc A]cym]v X amsWv IqSpXsempw NnnmsXXs a\nemm\mhpw. A[zm\np kmZnp [m\yaWnIfpw A\ysd ]mbpcbn\np IsSpp [m\yaWnIfpw Xn ckX{nsdtbm ùXnIimkv{Xnsdtbm Hpw amKfp]tbmKnv hyXymkw Ip]nSnpI km[y a. Fm \nse [manIt_m[w ]dbpXv Hv \bpw atXv XnbpamsWpXsbmWv . `mcym`Xr_\v [ neqsSbpmhp Ippw hy`nNmcneqsSbpmhp Ippw Xn Pohimkv{X kmtXnIXzfp]tbmKnv ]cntim[nm hyXymksampw ImWpIbn. sshhmlnI _\v [ nepw hy`nNmcnepw Htc ssPh\nbafmWv ]mensSpXv . ]t, hnhmlw ]cnipamsWpw hy`nNmcw \nIrjvSamsWpw \nse aqeyt_m[w ]dbpp. \bpw Xnbpw hnthNnpXn\v imkv{Xnsd amK Xosc A]cym]vXamsW hkvXpXbmWnhnsS A\mhrX amhpXv. Amlphnsd t_m[\n\\pkcnmWv {]hmNIm PohnsXv ]dphtm. [asbpw A[asbpw hyIvXamb AXnhcv Xncnv thXncnphm km[nnp GIZi\w Ckvemas{X. {]hmNI A\phZn Imcy sfmw \bpw hntcm[n Imcysfmw XnbpamsWmWv Ckvemw ]TnnpXv. \XnIsf {]hmNIPohnXhpambn _\v[nnm GsXmcp coXnimkv{Xhpw ]cmPbsSpw. tZiobXtm hwiobXtm `mjtm bpIvXntm Hpw Xs kvYmbnbmb \sbpdnv ]dbm\mhn. AXn\p ssZhnIZi\wXs thWw; Amlphnsd t_m[\n\\p kcnv Pohn {]hmNI\nemWv \apv Da amXrI Ism\mhpIsbmWv JpB ]TnnpXv. ""Xobmbpw \nv Amlphnsd ZqX\n
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Daamb amXrIbpv.'' (hn.Jp. 33: 21) B amXrIbmWv \sbbpw Xnsbbpw thXncnpXv. An-a-{]hmNIsd sNbvXnIfpw samgnIfpsamw \apv apn XpdpInSp pv. Hmtcm hnjbfnepap \XnIsfpdn amKZ i\w \apv Ahbn\np e`npw. ssZhnIt_m[\n sd ASnkv Y m\nemsX \XnIsf hnthNnm ]pdsm Znhk Ignbpw tXmdpw \XnIsf amn \nhNntnhcpw. {]hmNIm a\pjycmIm\mWv P\sf D]tZinncp sXv ]dphtm. ChnsS Hcp Imcyw hyIvXamtXp sp tXmpp. amemJamcpsS AhkvYbntev a\pjysc DbpI'bmWv aX sNtsX Hcp [mcW s]mXpthbpv . CXv Ckv e mans\ kw_\v [ nnStmfw icnb. amemJamcpsS hnImcfnm AhkvYbntev a\pjy\v Fntcm Ignbn. As\ Fm Bscn epw {ianppsn, AXv a\pjysd khntijmkvXnXz tmSp sNp A{IaamWv. kzmX{amb AkvXnXztmSp IqSn `qanbnse `mKt[bw \nhlnpIsb DchmZn n\np Hfntmw am{XamWXv . hnImcfpsS \naqe\neqsSbp DZmoIcWw F Bibw Nne jWv U mcpsS Zu_eyw adpshm klmbIamhp sanepw s]mXpsh A{]mtbmKnIhpw AkzoImcyhpamWXv. am\hnIamb AYneqsSbp DZmoIcWw km[yamth Xv kzamb AkvXnXznsd ]qWamb {]Imi\n eqsSbmWv ; AYhm, kqW\mb a\pjy\mIpXn eqsSbmWv ; \sXmw A\p`hnm\pw ZpjnsXmw hPnm\pw k\mb apkvenamIpXneqsSbmWv. ùXnI Zi\fpsS ]nn t]mbhsmw Ahkm\w ZpxJhpw \ncmibpamWv e`nnpXv. `qanbn kzKcmPyw ]Wnbm\mbn Xsfmgpnb hnbp apgph hrYmhnembn tmbtm F \ncmimt_m[w hnhv sImSn]nSn hsc ]etmgpw abpacppIv ASnaIfmn amnbnpv. `qXImespdn ZpxkvacWIfpw `mhnsbpdn `bmSpw
Ahsc thbmSnsmncnpp. Cu `qanbn ZpxJhpw \ncmibpw \msf ]ctemIv imizXamb `bmSpw IjvSmSpamWhv e`npXv. ssZhnI Zi\{]Imcap PohnXamIs, ZpxJfpw ZpcnXfpanmsX aptmpt]mIm a\pjysc {]m]vXcmp p. PohnXn A\p`hntnhcp {]iv\sf [ocambn t\cnSm Ahv Icpp\Ipp. {]bmkfpmhptm anphm AXv a\pjysc t{]cnnpp. acWm\c PohnXspdn {]Xo a\pjysc Fm AYnepw [anIt_m[aphcmn ampp. Cu temIv ZpxJfnm Hcp PohnXhpw ]ctemIv imizXamb kpJhpamWv Ahv e`npXv. Amlp ]dbpp: ""Fnv Fsd ]\np amKZi\w \nv hsptm Fsd B amKZi\w ]n]phcmtcm Ahv `bs tSXn. Ah ZpxJntnhcnIbpan''. (hn. Jp. 2:38) imcocnIamb {]bmktfm ]etmgpw am\knI {]bmkfmWv a\pjyPohnXw ZpcnX]qWampXv . A[manI PohnXnsd kzm`mhnIamb ]cnWXn a\m nppw am\knI hntm`fpambncnpw. khiIv Xs\pdn kvacWbpw Ahsd hn[nhnepI A\pkcnpsImp PohnXhpamWv a\pjy\v a\am[m\w \IpXv. JpB ]dbpp: ""Amlphns\pdn kv a cWsImmWv a\pI imambnocpXv.'' (13:28) _lpssZhhnizmkhpw ssZh\n tj[hpw a\pjya\n lo\Xzhpw Almchpw krjvSnp A]NypXnIfmWv. Ah kzoIcnpXneqsS a\knIamb ]ncnapdphpw AxkwLjhpamWv a\pjycnepmhpI. bYmY ssZhnep hnizmkamIs Ahs\ DIrjv S \pw hn\bm\znX\pampp. As\ a\pjya\ns\ imam pp. A\izc\mIWsa B{Klw a\pjyPohnbpsS am{Xw {]tXyIXbmWv. Bbpns-d- \izcXsbpdnv \mbn
160
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t_m[aphcmsWnepw XfpsS IafpsS ^- e w A\izcamIWsapw aphcpsS a\nsenepw X PohnncnWsapw B{KlnphcmWv a\pjyscmw. acw shp]nSnnp ]mhs Hcp ]Sphr\pw acWibn InSv Xsd t]cn "al' \nanm Hkyv \Ip N{Ihnbpw Cu B{KlamWv {]ISnnpXv ; Xm acnmepw GsXnepsamcYn PohnWsa B{Klw. acWtmSpIqSn a\pjyPohnXw ]qWambns Ahkm\npsav ZrVambn hnizknp ùXnIhmZnI t]mepw X A\ambn \ne\nWsav B{Klnp hcmWv. cIvXkmn ancp apnshv "cIvXkmn acnpn; Ah Fspw Pohnpp'shv {]Jym]n phcpsS lrZbIv Fspw PohnncnW sa B{KlamWpsXv ]dtbXntm. kzw sNbvXnIv XfpsS Bbpn\pdw \op\n p -êfpmIWsav B{KlnphcmWv a\pjysc v ]dphtm. Cu B{Klw am{Xa, Bbpn\pdw \op\np êfpmm t]m Ia sNphm \p Ignhpw a\pjysd am{Xw {]tXyIXbmWv. Xsd PohnXnsd AXncpIIv am{Xw HXpp êfpmp Ia sNmt\ PohnIv Ignbq. a\pjysNbvXnI As\b. AhbpsS ê \Xmbmepw Nobmbmepw Ahsd Bbpn\pd tpIqSn \ofpp. tdUntbm Ip]nSn imkv{XPvRsd IafpsS kZvêhpw BtmanI t_mw_v Ip]nSn imkv { XPv R sd IafpsS Zpjv ^ ehpw AhcpsS Bbpn\ptijw \qmpI Ignmepw P\w A\p`hnp sImncnpp. a\pjycpsS Ia `qanbnepmp ê A\iz camsWn {]kvXpX Iaw sNbvXXn\v Ah\v e`np {]Xn-êhpw A\izcamtIXt? am\hcminmIam\w tZmjw sNmt]m Ia sNbv X h\v Ahsd CltemIPohnXn am{XsamXpp insImv Fp
êw? a\pjykapZmbnsd \pthn PohnXw Dgnpshhv ChnsS\nv e`np {]Xnêw Xosc A]cym]vXat? arKfpsS IafpsS eyw `Whpw ]m\obhpw {]Xyp]mZ\hpw am{XamWv. Ah t\SnsbSpp tXmsS AhbpsS Iansd -êw knnpp. a\pjyI amIs A\amb eyamWpXv ; AXn\m {]kv X pX Iav e`np {]Xnêhpw A\am bncnWw. A\izcXsb ]pIphm\p a\pjya\nsd A`nhm sbbpw XnIfnm temIspdn a\pjymXvamhnsd Bisbbpw a\pjyPohnbpsS {]tbmP\hmZsbpw ka\zbn npIbmWv Ckvemw ]ctemIhnizmkneqsS sNpXv. Cu temIs ss\anjnIamb PohnXn \ sNbvXm acWm\cw kpcamb kzKcmPyw {]Xnêambn e`npw. Xn sNbvXht\m `bm\Iamb \cIPohnXamWv e`npI. Fn\p \ sNWsa a\pjyPohnbpsS tNmZyn\p Dcw ChnsS e`npp. "]ctemIPohnXn kzKw IckvYamphm'. XnIfpw {]bmkfpanm kpc temIsa a\pjymXvamhnsd ASm Bibpw kzK temIsa hnizmkn kmmIrXamhpp. \Ipw XnIpw XXmb {]Xn^-ew e`np thZn hcm\ncnppsh t_m[w a\pjysc sXpIfn\nv AIpp. \ sNm\hv t{]cW \IpXpw {]kvXpX t_m[w Xs. \bpsSbpw XnbpsSbpw XXmb {]Xn-êw \IpXv ]SXpcm\mWv FXn\m Xs AhnsS bmsXmcp A\oXnbpapmhpIbn. ""Atm B Hcp AWphnsd Xqw \ sNbvXncnp pthm Ah\Xv ImWpw. B Hcp AWphnsd Xqw Xn sNbvXncppthm AXpah ImWpw'' (JpB 99:7, 8) acWmc PohnXnse imizX hnPbn\p amKs pdnv P\sf t_m[ysSpphm\mWv {]hmNIm \ntbmKnsXv. a\pjykaqlw FhnsSsbmaptm Ahn tSv apgph {]hmNIm Absnpv. ""Hcp XmoXp
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Imc Ignpt]mIm Hcp kapZmbhpan.'' (JpB 35:24) Cu {]hmNI irwJebnse Ahkm\s InbmWv aplZv \_n (k). hyXykvX ImeLfn a\pjy kaqlntev \ntbmKnXcmb ssZhZqXmscsbmw AwKoIcnpIbpw Ah ]Tnn kcWnsb icnshpIbpamWv aplZv (k) sNbvXXv. Atlw Hcp ]pXnb aXnsd kvYm]I\mbn cpn; {]XypX {]hmNImscmw ]Tnn ssZhnI aXn sd ]qoIcWn\pthn \ntbmKns Ahkm\ s ssZhZqX\mbncpp. aplZv \_n(k)bneqsS AhXcnns Ahkm\s ssZhnI{K\vYamWv JpB. apIgn thZsfsbmw icnshpsImpw Ahbnse ASnkvYm\mibsf IenmsX {]t_m[\w sNbvXpsImpamWv JpB AhXoWambncnpXv. {]hmNImcneqsS AhXcnn s thZ{K\vYsfmpw AhbpsS X\Xv cq]n Cp \ne\npn. {]kvXpX thZ{K\vYfpsS ASnkvYm\ n {]hmNI kJmfmtem tijw h A\pNcmcmtem cNns {K\v Y am{XamWv Cv D]e_v [ ambncn pXv. Fm, JpB\nsd kvYnXn CX. AXv AhXcn ns cq]nXs Cpw \ne\npp. Ahkm\ s thZ{K\vYsa \nebvv Ahkm\ \mfphsc bmsXmcp amncpepIfpw IqSmsX JpB\ns\ \ne\npsaXv ]SXpcmsd hmKvZm\amWv. ""Xobmbpw \mamWv B Dt_m[\w AhXcnnXv; Xobmbpw \mw AXns\ Imp kqnpXpamWv''. (JpB 15:9) Ahkm\s thZ{K\vYamb JpB Ana {]hmNI\v \Is Aam\pjnI ZrjvSmw IqSnbmWv. tamsi {]hmN I\v kambn amdp hSnbpw tbiphn\v acnhsc Pohnnm \p Ignhpw \InbXpt]mse aplZn(k)\v ssZhnIt_m [\w e`nncnppshXn\p ZrjvSmamWv JpB. AXnsd \nXy\qX\XzamWv JpB\nsd Aam\pjnIX {]ISampXv . kmlnXycwKv DpwKXbnembncp Ad_nInSbn AhXcnns JpB Ahsmw
Hcp AXnibambncpp. aplZv \_n(k)bpsS {]hmNIXzw \ntj[nncph t]mepw JpB\nsd hiyamb ssienbp sSbpw A\ymZriamb hniZoIcW coXnbpsSbpw AXpeyX AwKoIcnncphcmbncpp. Ahp apn Hcp kmlnXy hnkvabambncpp JpB. CXp imkv{X bpKamWv. GsXmcp Imcynsdbpw kXyX AwKoIcnsSpXv imkv{Xnsd am\ZWvU shv Afpt\mnb tijamWv. JpB AhXcnnsXv ]Xn\mep \qmpIp apv imkv{Xw Cp ImWp coXnbnep hfbpsS {`qWmhkvYbn t]mepw Fnbnn m kabmWv. temI hnPvRm\obfpsS Imcyn kaImenIcmbncp ap cmPyfnephtcm hfsc ]nnembncpp Ad_nI. {]kvXpX kaqlnse Hcp \ncc\neqsSbmWv temIw JpB {ihnXv. Atln sd cN\bmbncpp JpBs\n AXn H\h[n Aimkv { Xobamb {]kv X mh\I ImWm IgntbXm bncpp. AXv`pXw! JpB\n Aimkv{Xobamb bmsXmcp ]cmaihpan. am{Xhpa, {]IrXn {]Xn`mksfpdnp JpB\nse {]Xn]mZy \qdpiXam\w IrXyamb hkvXpXIfmWv DsmpsXv bmYmYyamWv imkv{X temIs ]pXnb ]pXnb KthjW \Sptm \apv t_m[ysSpXv. a\pjykrjv S nsbpdnpw Ahsd icocnsd khntijXIsfpdnpw JpB \Sp ]cmai fmWv Ign A[ymbfn \mw IXv. Cu ]cma i kqvahpw IrXyhpamsWv a\pjyicocw Xs kmyw \nppsh hkvXpXbmWv Ign ]pdfn eqsS \apv Adnbm km[nXv. JpB \nXy\qX\ambXpt]mse AXv {]Zm\w sNp \nba\ntZifpw khP\o\hpw khImenIhpamWv. JpB\pw \_n(k)bpsS PohnXhpw \sbv hn[n Imcy fnteXnsenepw Fsnepw Xnbpstm Xnsbv hn[n Imcy a\pjy]ptcmKXnv A\pt]Wobam
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bncppshtm ]dbm Bpw IgnbnsXmWv hkvXpX. [am[asfpdnv hyhtOZnv a\nemm B[p\nI a\pjy\p apn \ne\np am\ZWvU JpB\pw \_nNcybpw am{XamWv . Ahbv \pkrXambn PohnXw NnsSppIbmWv ssZhnI amKZi\a\pkcnv Pohnp sImv Cl]chnPbw t\SWsav B{Klnph sNtXv. kmK\njvTv amKZi\w \Im\mIp {K\vYsav kzbw AhImisSp {K\vYamWv JpB. AXnsd {]Jym]\w F{X icn! ""CXmIpp {K\vYw. AXn kwibtabn. kqvaX ]menphv t\hgn ImWnpXt{X AXv.'' (JpB 2:2)
Iq-Sp-X-e-dn-b-m-:U-b-d-Iv-S\n-v- Hm-^v- {Sq-vI-em-`h- tdm-UvsIm-n- 682 018 t^m-:- 0484 2367810,- 2352421 ^-m-Iv-kv-:- 04842380746
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