Chapter-6

ARUNKUMAR G M.Tech
Lecturer in E&CE Department S.T.J.I.T., Ranebennur

FM FORMULAE
1.

Carrier Frequency Frequency Index (~ or mf)

Wc=2nfc

2. Modulating 3. Modulation

~= !J.fl fm P=A2c/2R !J.f= Kr~ !J.f= ~fm Kr =!J.f1 ~ D = !J.fmax fmax 1

4. Power dissipation 5. Frequency 6. Frequency 7. Deviation 8. Highest

deviation sensitivity ratio frequency reached reached

(~)max fc+!J.f = (fi)min fc- !J.f =

9. Lowest frequency

11. Carrier

8wing deviation

2x!J.f !J.f= Carrier 8wing 1 2 !J.f = (fi)max fc BW = 2(!J.f+ fm)or BW = 2!J.f(1+11 ~) 8(t) = Accos(Wct+ ~sinWmt] 8(t) = Acsin(Wct+ ~sinWmt] 8(t) = Accos[2nfct + 2nkcf m(t) dt] 8(t) = Accos(Wct+ 2nkcf m(t) dt] 8(t) = Accos(Wct+ 2nkcm(t)]

12. Frequency

13. Bandwidth

(Carson rule)
14. Message signal

I !l._ UI!I

ARUNKUMAR Ci M.Tech, Lecturer in E&CE Dept. S.T.J.I.T.,Ranebennur.

_____;,;;~~~

____.

PM FORMULAE
LlP = ~Autfm BW

1. Phase

deviation

2. Bandwidth

(Carson rule)
3. Message signal

= 2(Llf + fm) or BW = 2Llf (1 +1/ ~)

S(t) = Accos[Wctt~m(t)] S(t) = Accos[2nfct+ ~m(t)]

ARUNKUMARG

Lecturer in E&CE Dept. S.T.J.I.T.,Ranebennur.

1. The equation Calculate. iii. Modulation

for a FM wave is $(t) = 10 COS[S.7x108t + 5 sin(12x103)t]. i. Carrier frequency index iv. Frequency ii. Modulating deviation frequency

v. Power dissipated

in a 1000 resistor load. '~u-n-e--1-0-,6-M--Ju-l-y--0-9-,S-M-(o-l~d)--Ju-n-e--0-8-,1-0-M-J-u-n-e--0-6-,6-M

sA- :~

SC±) =

\0

Cd[S.~ ~'or J: +

s~

c,~
~~

3 11.\0 )

±]
~

-7 (!) FM

~G)

tul1h ~

5(1;) :

f1c. Cnf [~±

We.

-+~

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We.
t1r

>®
S '':f-~'o
t1r 8

Pac.:::

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~c.:

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P

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...

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~ p~

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-=

s}{

1.qo~\{t1:l

KHl.

I
1mA

~~..m

'()OJL ~

,o~
~'J.'oo

1.

ARUNKUMAR

s. T.J.I. T., Ranebennur.

2. A FM signal has sinusoidal modulation

with fm=15KHz and modulation and deviation

index P=2.

Using carson's rule, find the transmission bandwidth

ratio. Assume ~une-lo,6M!

~f =75 KHz.

~:-

~m=

\5\{t\~,

J3=~,

l\f-::g.S\{\-\~ tt)' =

Bw :: ? ~

\kC\lto!Um ~

*
,3. A sinusoidal modulating

;: S'

voltage of amplitude The frequency

5V and frequency 1 KHz is applied is 40 Hz/V. The

to frequency

modulator.

sensitivity of modulator i. Frequency deviator

carrier frequency is 100KHz. Calculate ii. Modulation index

~une-l0,5MI

Gw.tn: -

Am -=

'5V,

~'O\ -:

.1.K\-\J.,

\l.~': 4c \-\'l/V

~c,::

,oo~\'\~.

~ Fht.cv~

~~

l\~:. ~ f\m :: 4<l ~ 'S ::. ~o H 'i

ii' Madulo:I:l.m ~ /

'~':

~:

&0 ,o00

::

Q.a.

4. A sinusoidal modulating applied to FM generator Determine the

waveform of amplitude

10V and a frequency of 1 KHz is

that has a frequency sensitivity constant of is 40 Hz/V. ii. Modulation index ian-loAM!

i. Frequency deviation and

1I__
a

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4-00

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~ottJ .1. t{H~

5. A carrier wave of 100 MHz is frequency modulated by a 100 KHz sinewave of amplitude 20V, the sensitivity of the modulator is 25 KHz/V. i.Determine the frequency deviation and bandwidth of the modulated signal using Carson's rule. ii. Repeat your calculation for PM wave, assume bp=br june-IO,6M(ITj

Bw :: ~[h~ +

~mJ
~s\(ttl
~~

A" -= Kr. A'Yr\:=

: ~ooKH~

@ ,

BW::
~::

~'rt\

(\+13)
:: -

S()O~HJ \OO\(UJ

Bw:: ~ [SOOK\;t;L + 'M Kttl]

BW::

a)(lOOlHt'l(HS)
\~o

IBW

= I~OIt.~:i1

I Bw ::
~ :: Kf.
:!

\(\'\'3.1

'9 ~
~~::

--tho!:
K~f\n ~m
50000

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~M ~
~)t

~SKHa. ~

\ooK HJ.

Il:lt- ::

K\-fl

6. A single tone FMsignal is given by: S(t) = 10 sin[161tXl06t+ 20sin21tx103)t]. Calculate. i. Modulation index iii. Frequency deviation v. Power of the FMsignal. ii. Modulation Frequency iv. Carrier frequency jan-09,sM!

[lL_3__

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.......

Sal! ~~

Set) ::

'0 ~
~(j)

[\(,IT

x,o'± + ~ Sl'Y'\ alfX ,o'3±] ---+ G)

Q_'\jutdion ~~ FM

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an

7. An angle modulated signal is defined b" S(t) = 10isin[21tx106t+ 0.2 sin(20001t)t]

volts. Find the following: i. Power in the modulated signal

iii. Phase deviation

ii. Frequency deviation iv. Approximate transmission bandwidth.

I Jan-08,10MI

~:~~

S(i) ~ \0 Cd [a:TIx ,o'.±

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+ 0·3,. S1:n (~OOlT:i;)J

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f\:-=\o'J,
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Arunkumar G M.Tecb, Lecturer in E&CE Dept. S.T.J.J.T,Ranebennur.

ii)
",,\,

.6~::
~~
~W

J3~"n\ = o·a_ ox. \000

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::

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<f19 -= ~ -= ~

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- 3.ootll

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= ~(~~

B 'N:: Mf.. (, +

+ ~~):;

~(~o + IOO~

~ott~

iJ

= ~ x ~o

(,

+ tt)

~~\+Oo\\.l

8. A given angle modulated signal is S(t) given by the equation: S(t) = 12cos (12x108t + 200 cos2x103t). Find its bandwidth.

I ,une-07,sM!

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:-

S(i):: \~Cag

('~1T log ± + ~o
~~

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= ~ ~m

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~(11~+~'m)= ~(~O\{i\l.+j_~"!):=

'+o~1(Hl.

9. A modulated signal 5 cos 2x 15x103t,angle modulates a carrier A cos wet. Find the modulation index and the bandwidth for the FMsystem. Determine the change in the bandwidth and modulation index if fm is reduced to 5 KHz. What is the conclusion of the two results? Assume lip = II, = 15KHz/Volt. ~'-

Arunkumar G M.Tech, Lecturer in E&CE ~

S. T.J.I.T, Ranebennur.

J>
~

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:::::

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::

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ss \l\-\l

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+ Sl(»~

':

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10.Find the carrier and modulating frequencies along with modulation index and maximum deviation of the FM wave represented by deviation of the FM wave represented by the voltage equation: V = 12sin (6x108t + 5 sin 125ot). What power will the FM wave dissipated in a 100 resistor?

'---~u-IY---0-5,-5M1-

~:~ S(±) =

S(±)::: 'l ~ C~"'10t±-+S Sin '\'So±) ~ CD

tn.Jffi LuUh 'il:ll:rukM. ~ ~

f\c ~

ft'\

(\.Ue± + 13 St'nWom±) ~®

~ tc::

~F'
Arunkumar G
M.Tech,

Lecturer in E&CE Dept. S.T.J.LT,Ranebennur.

ip
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11. An angle modulated

signal is described by S(t)::; 10 COS[21t(106)t + 0.1 sin (103)t.

Find the message signal met). i. Considering Set) is PM with bp=10. ii. Considering Set) is FM with bf=5. ~an-05,5M1

~ !-

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' 1> 'Y'nC±1 ::; mt±J =

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to

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ty Ifu_
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'=

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"fnt~:=

o.r..}utrlbm ~ tJtt_ hwt_

~m(.tJ

0., ~(h)~)lf±
0·1 ~K~

Si'Y\

(103)1f±

Arunkumar G M.Tech, Lecturer in E&CE Dept. S.T.J.I.T,Ranebennur.

fin

=r ~
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- '0

Arunkumar G M.Tech, Lecturer in E&CE Dept. S.T.J.LT,Ranebennur.

-----

In the block diagram shown in Fig. find out the carrier frequency, frequency deviation and modulation index at the points A and B. Assume that at the output of the mixer, the additive frequency component is being selected.
°

FM . input fc

_.

Multiplier
x3

Mixer 10MHz Oscillator

= 10MH z
mf=5

6.1= 10k Hz

Fig•

.Soln. :
(i) At point (A) : The carrier f
c

3 x 10 MHz = 30 MHz.

The frequency deviation 8 = 3 x 10kHz = 30 kHz and modulation index mf The minimum frequency fmm . . The maximum frequency fmax (ii) At lloint(B) :
c

3x5

15.

= = = = =

030 MHz- 30 kHz 30 MHz+ 30 kHz

= =

29.970 MUz 30.030 MHz.

Carrier frequency f

30 MHz + 10 MHz 30.03 + 10

40 MHz.

Maximum frequency f max . Minimum frequency f mm .

° •

40.03 MHz 39.970 MHz.

29.970 + 10

°Inr

As there is no change in deviation due to mixing, the modulation index will remain same i.e. = 15.

ARUNKUMAR Ci

in E&CE Dept. S. T.J.I. T., Ranebennur.

~~
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4
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~~~

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~~

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13-::1):

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* Kr -= r:,.
\ill
=.

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'RO\l."~.

': ~-tl+ SJ \$ \.{\t 1.

* ~::M~ +~,."
= ~(~St.{\-lJ_) + ~,5'\("~ Br ~ ttOt("l.

ARUNKUMAR Ci

in E&CE Dept S.T.J.I.T.,Ranebennur.

f\ Cil~
CL~

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t l06MH1_

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~~~

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10
ARUNKUMARG

s,.:: &[ l\"-+h.tl ~

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~[SOO"'1\$_-t 100'~t11J

Lecturer in E&CE Dept. S.T.J.L T., Ranebennur.

~:...

~:

~c

:\OOM\-\3.,

~Y\'1=IOO"'H~, .f\l"n!:iov~

Kr= 9S''''l1aJv

BT;:

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\cH\-

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:= ..S()(\~

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\0

100K\t'~

-=

I~

ARUNKUMARG

Lecturer in E&CE Dept. S.T.J.I.T.,Ranebennur.

A~

,~
tm.wL ~

~u.L~

looMHa

~~~

y ~~
if'
Y

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ARUNKUMAR Ci

I B = 8Mil:!. 1
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~:

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f\'nl:~\J

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\Nl

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Af. ~4-'

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13

ARUNKUMAR Ci

Lecturer in E&CE

s. T.J.L T., Ranebennur.

-\hL

t·~ .~~~ 1bu

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~. PM ~-Ml GJ a.
.l.I ~
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We.!:

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~(±)= ReGlS[

+ ml<~i±m(±). d!:

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A

= AcC& [tn1-<. + ~~ s:t JL::l: __ Gi:] 0"1:

=
J CoS

[mx \(}S'.t + (nr~ :t)'~){~

a1fJI'(I~± + ~1T;lo3 ( ~

T}]

±"J..

I"
~ ~

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~

1
vnbt.

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~..t

E~@ 4

--th.t_ ~

~ -;ru_ ~
~

= ~c + ~ rn (±)
( ~

,,100)(10<5-1- ~Io3

±)
S. T.J.L T., Ranebennur.

ARUNKUMAR Ci

Lecturer in E&CE

': lOST iX,03 X

~..L!!

2_ ±
'X103

It"

'oS +~~'03

(5000±)

10'"+ 10Xlo'±

~.t': 'oS + l()~'~ (

'''''03)

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±-ll'\ ~

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,

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10:: 1 'YY'!tL
f\ :: SV

Input signal

, ,---,
-,---I

Min. frequency

. Max. to Min. frequency

\5"

ARUNKUMAR Ci

S. T.J.L T., Ranebennur.

W,a -IhL pM WM9L

_iJ

r~
-t e-arr (

st:i1 : Ac Ccl [6 (±-)]

st~ :: (\c_ ~ [~e± + '1mt±)]

~ti:)= S' ~

[m

xto'3:i:

t :i)]
1)(.'6

I
~

S(1) ';)(-;1:)

==

s Cat [in- X \OS± + (\.3.Tf

'3' .~ ±]

= I; c.t[l1fXlh

+ 1f(IXI03):I:]

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*.~ ~

JJ -lhL ~

~~
W.l~ = A e(-i1 d:l:
. J._

~uo-lioo

PM Wo.A9L.

1-thL
-7

~~~'~ll~hy

~ ®,

6 = [a1TXIQS'± +If(t~103)±J

tt~l..(;!;) :: ~

[ux~ ± + 1f(' ~t(3) ±]

~..i.(t3-::: ~

,.... r I:lfX'6~ + L

~J
Soo

Input signal

Min. frequency

MaX. to Min .. frequency

16

ARUNKUMAR Q

M.Tech,

Lecturer in E&CE

s.T.J.l. T.,Ranebennur.

.r-----,
Modulating

[ol~t)
.t J--~

<,

dt .
EM_Wave

waveltl(t)

Integrator

Phase -modulator

Generation of FM from phase modulator

Modu!ating :...___.., Differentiator wave'W\(t)

Frequency modulator

r----+ P.M.Wave

Ac cos (21tfct
Carrier oscillator

~.~cration

of P.M. wave using frequency modulator

Ifu_

PM

'Slq'Nli
~

U:L'Il k_

t~
~i.b~. n
()J -ih_

~ ,Sic
:r}p
m

4. ~'n
~.

--thL ~

ja o,

OJ

Shnum.ln

:.

$(1:): fie CoS [:m~.±+

ARUNKUMAR Ci

trr~t-1

~ctwv~ -

mr,tl

(;J:) •

Lecturer in E&CE

s. T.J.L T., Ranebennur.

d-1f'{~:: \<p

S(±)=f\~Co$[~~±

+ ~1f~mC±JJ

f s~ '" f\cC<ll[~± + Kp 'lYt(~

B.ouili F~
x ([3)

I
J13 JI4 JI5 J1,_

To.lk.:-

Bessel functions ___, Jo J1 J2 J3 J4 Js J,

n or Order

;.~

J,

Ja - J,

-~~.
1-

J11

J12

0.00 t.OO 0.250.98 0.5 1.0 1.5 0.94 0.77 0.51 0.12 0.24 0.44 0.56 0.58 0.03 0.11 0.23 0.35 0.02 0.06 0.01
_c-

2~0 0.22 2.5 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0

j

0.13- 0.03 0.22 0:31 0.43 0.36 0.07 0.13 0.28 0.39 0.36 0.02 0.04 ,0.13 0.26 0.36 0.35 0.Q1 0.05 0.13 0.02 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.06 0.12 0.20 0.30 0.03 0.01

-{l.05 0.50" 0.45 -{l.26 0.34 0.49

-{l.40 -{l.07 0.36 -{l.18 -{l.33 0.05 0.15

-0.28 -{l.24 0.11 O.Ol> 0.23

0.25" 0.13- 0.06 0.34 0.34 0.23 0.32 0.33

7.(f 0.30 8.0'0,17 9.0

J

-:0.30 -0.17 0.16

0.1~,- 0.06 0.22 0.30 0.31 0.13 0.21 0.29 0.23

-0.11 -:-0.29 -0.10 0.19 0.14 0.25

-{l.090.24

-0.18 -0.27 -0.06 0.20 0.06

"0.06 O.OJ 0.12 0.27 0.06 0.20 0.24 0.03 0.01 0.12 0.07 0.03

,
0.01 0.12 0.28 0.25' 0.18

10.0 ..:.0.25 0.04 12.00.05

-0.22 -0.23 -0.01 0.22 0.18

-0.22 -0.08 0.20 0.04

-0.07 -0.24 -0.17 0.05 0.21 0.03

15.0 -(l.01 0.21

-0.19 -0.12 0.13

-0.17 ..,Q.22-0.09 0.10'

Figure Bessel functions

0.10"~ 0.8

,_.... Jo<l3)

_.

\
-

0.6
~OA ...,
-~
(I)

~.

~' 0.2

~ ~ ~ oc io1 /- 1/ [....!! i" ~ 1S. Ix M I~'7 / ~ ::l I' ~ ,;' ~ ~ . _\ 1/\ / ~, ~ 0 r\. II. ~ V r'\- ~ \ II r\. K 1\ -0.2 i"'l ~ ~ ~ r-. ~

II

: J1(13) ~ ~ J2(13) J3(13) _ . \ p( ..... ~J4(13) J5(13) ~ V /1\ '\.. ~ ~ -l"..

IA /

\ / ':""'-

"

"-

-~

.,-

18
--

;-0.40

......
4 5 Values of 13

><

"

"'.

t>
10

.7

~~Q.~~1~
'Sl{ttl,tfu~'YYl

f\ ~

1-

Q~

5\1

t ~.~
-'J

qGMHl~ ~~
SV~t-~~_

1-;ha_ ~

~~

jJ(H~V. ~

--tru_

FM ~.

<sol :-

t:"i. ~:

f\.~ S\J, t.c. = 90 MH 1. ,

t\"m ": S V

J t""'Ol::

'5 \1.. \-\ 1.. 'I!-

1(. ~

1..\<H3l".

~-

-thL -\-o.h.k.

Rokn1. ~
~ ~
0·1(;

J? = ().'333

P
~

\M- ~"mOh..

:ro)

J. ~ J,_.

F~
t~ ~

~
~~:

~ :fo:

:fa:

o.\g

Hy fd Si.dL ~~:
~ ~ SLru.. ~~

J~:o.o a,
dho_~

~)3~~.
:

l~

~~ t

-tru._ ~

flc~(~)::

S'I

'1-.

O·"lb:: \\:~\J

~~
uY ~

~
~~

1-&._
--1hL

~~
,St'ildt_

~('_::<loM"l

t-'\ill\.J~!
:

flc.:J;(II) ~S'1.()'\RM·ql/l
<\aMti3.+ 'S\!"l::qo,~~,

S;.M_~~

~c+~'n1::

r-

f'd- .~

~
:

: A~'"JatJ)::S'~()'(!)3\1 ~

0.'"

Std._ ~~

t.+~l-m" 'loMIIH

&C!5~V~ " QO.o3oMlU

19

ARUNKUMARG

S.T.J.L T., Ranebennur.

0.,,, ~,
-f-

~f\

0·'"

"

~,.qqO
Mtl3

f6~.~~

"""3..

qOM\t-l

qo.o,,"
Mlt:t

qo.o~
Mt\~

>~

~c. -

~l'1)

:;

qOM\-\~ - 'S\l.H3-:
<101'1\\1- ~(\5 IOt~

,q·qSS

M"l

tc-a.~'m

:=

= ~q·~'loM\tl.

NOTE :-

'9 ~
~ ,S:b

~~
p<ilit4 ~

-)
~~

AcJ:(~) Cc\;l1f.c_± ~ ~ Ac::r.C~)~m(~c_t~'m)±

f\c.:r3.(~)Co\a1f(~t:± ~)±

~ ~ ~ 1- <itd.L ~~

.
~

-n) n4h

~~4 ~

.. ~
• •

~~--7

f\~"JT\(~)~m(~±-n~'M)±

JI_~_O__

AR_U_N_KU_M_A_R_a....;.;M~["lTec~h,L_ec_tu_re_r_in_E_&_CE_·D......:..ep_tS._.T._.J._.L_.T._.,R_a_ne_b_en_n_ur._.

J>

~~
~

A~
~mtl)Q_

1r ~~
G_ ~

Wt\J\U-

_jJ

o, ~

~m ~ ~

Am' ~ ~~ ~

-\h.L ~

Cornp~

t -\hi-

~ ~~
FM ~.;.s

~-ihL
:in ~. .1_Kttl o.rui

i~ In

~ "m ~ ~~ i
WM\.:
_jJ

~mLm
7Ao,

~
_rt. ~ ~

':t

~M ~

.JJ ~:ln

---tM.t ~ ~ ~ ~ -lhL ,S!: 3i~

\uhcn t"m~~·o\J. F~~-~~

,0/
Sol:-

~,titu-~·

-thL ~.~

·Am ~ ~ ~

-\hL ~

Ctrmp~

6M

~
~.

.~

~ ---,u,._ ~

1
~\J ,

IJ<l.T\-~oG,
R~

I
r

: ~m~ _1.K til, i1'YY\ ~

~?

Pha-rn B.auU ~uru.:lmn TabLL ~ p.Yc !\4-m-,--t-hL ~ ~.~~~~

113" :l..4<l8, ...

t~ ~
o:nd_

1-~.1~

'S,-, t.t"

II·~

So

6"()

.J

J()(~)::o t_. e_. ~t_t::it.iril~

0.<

1j

0 (t}:_

J3 = ~.4-0S

Kf-

':%

~-m

::

Am

@.f\W'i)X ,,,,,l5
l.": ' ~
\(f.

iiy

NOUJ '""So(~)=o Le_· ~

-1l

0 01:

~= S"S~

,f\101:t?

J3 :.
o

. ~m

6t-

!:

tm

Am

"-m =:: 13 ~m Kf.

S·S~" \)(.te3 ,. ~~S 'j.. ,,3

= 4-.Qv

&1

ARUNKUMAR Ci

A~

~
_;, ~

~~
.:in ~.

Y'O(:t1=A-m~mf-"M:b

cy
~

UI;1: -thL ~

1~

I'ndu: ~ ~ Whuh -thL ~

Cnmp~

fM ~

I-n-Q_
NJih

.~ ~ .1_\<lt~ ~ ~ ---tho± ~
ISI:::!lm._

-.11 ~
~ --fu.t_

Comp~t
W~ .4 ~
Jg

Am ~

uu, ~~
~
FM
~.J.g

~,.it
..i» ~

<)"2ducqd..

u,at, An, '" 3..'J. Wh41:

..;j --tfu_

1--tru. ~
~'"'

twv~ ~
<..utu_(h

-Iru_ .~

ft-rn ~

--th.t_

Ce-mp 0"l'\.tY\t

.to ~

~ -tN. ~

.:k~

7
•

Sol :-

Gtwo.:

A'n\:: ~ \J

~m ~ .1K H :l

J3::
lo(P)

:l. 4-4-~

~.-;ru_

,<.it...1imL.

J'o~)4 Q~

2.44

5.52

8.65

11.2

• Plot of]o(P) vis

p.

~ tfu_

Q_~

~;M:t:

'1-

1- -th.t_
we_

~..in

FM
J;,(~)= 0,

WClA.lt_ JJ

AcJ;,()3).--m,

Cro1 ~

-tht.. ~
~ ,~ ~

ru ~~

~ -tht. FM ~'n'l.1fu_
~ ~'4l+, S·St.,

~Ct\_l
elk. Kt.Am
~'m

\.uhith Jo(B)=()

s. 6S" ,".1.
A~
~-m

W.~:r.

~::

... ::

~:

f3~m
Am

~''+tVX .IXlo\5 3..

....

- '.~a.XU)

{5

H3/V

ARUNKUMARG

Lecturer in E&CE Dept. S.T.J.I.T.,Ranebennur.

Al1o, ~= 5.Sa., .~
Ilt.'nlt., .

~.-tru_
•

~:1imt_

J;fJ~) JJ ~ ~),)I. 1l<.IO

a· ~i Xl05
3

f\.... lH"" =
Kt

,,@.

f\

luw!tL

<\

~tJdL

,o\J ~ ~~

\OOMH1...Ja

~~~
~

~.
~a.:n

~1

bq CL Si..~

..lfu_~_
~~~~Hl."lfu_

5\J ~ ~~
JI 3.1<111/'1.

~~
~:-

~'YYl1
~'t'):

dwWion ~
fM~.
F\c::\O\l,

I1hA... ~

twv~

~c.::\OOM,",~,
~Tt\ =. ~ "-~

.~:~'(t'~\J.

~m-= 5",

J..

* ~~

-thL

~i

&u.d -~~, ~ ~

~
J - C.c~Y"d:t

j3= 0.5
(lhl.:

uu. <lpp~~

Jo= o·q\} ,

J," o.~'t I
~~~-\hL

J~ (j.e '"

31
~
4> ~~~
,:q~,+v 01 .

* \KL~,
~ ~
~

Cl~\Jck
~~

-7
-i

f\cJ;,(~) ': \O\JX.·q4'O()MHl

ARUNKUMARG

S. T.J.I. T., Ranebennur.

y ~~~·t\sr~d.tb~-7;
.~ \ ,\.t ~ ~

~c.+~m ~(', ~m -

-; \0\1

\Oo·a~~l,

qq.g
X 0"4-

M\-\l
-::

f\cJ.(lS)

\.\+\J

"~

f-~~

f<l ~
~Sld.tb<U'\A
d..\.W

~
-1
I~

~c_ +~~'Yn

\06.'+t'lil-l_

~{ - \f..m. z CJq. 6 M1-1l.

~udt_~

Ac J~ ~ l13)

\0\1 ~

0.0:3 :: 0.3 ~.

,.tpJ
~'4\I
.II'

~J.~~~t=M~. ()'3'V

()'3v

-~,
-I'

qq.6
Ntt.l

qq.,
Mt-ll

'00

f1tl

\00·3MHl.

IOO.'t
f\1l\'l.

~~

A-n
10(1 Mltl.

\J.:n~

MJ ~
~ ~~

'O'J

~~~~~"1-SI.{WL

f\ ~

\N~'n1

j_1{Hl."

~,-thlI
Ifu_~

~
~m

~-\h.al ~~

-1k ~~~
~~.ll
~'l ~~

~~
~
~

at
-tru_ -

dbm_
~~
C,

± =-0.

W<h&- ---tru_ ~W<l~Yn.

...loL:-

'Je='O\l,

I-c.::\OOMHl_,

() to-m-

1.\(\-\1 -'

A~:g.S KHl·
.ll

W,l(.T -ihL Jlml._- ~

~~

i-

FM ~

St±)::f\.~[ ~h.± + }3Sm~hn±]

*
"'----

f\1\

ct-ruJt ~
S(±):.

~mL s~

~~

~ 30001T \rlMt . 1::J

'0 CoS [~,nUO'-l -t

~olT ± + \0 Sln

F1.~ -;ru__ ~J.\m,..,L,;

c9 IfiL
~ tfu_

~
~~

J.l1 -tfu_ ~

~-nol

cplfu_ ~

9 "'"lru_

druto:hnn llf-

<tclm
~&
--kul_-re~

9 ~ ~~~
p=
~
~ := ~

~tukl:lh

Sr·

:QO)~

~R
R::.1..f'::_

~R

s~
"

~oWa:fu 6.\t-l t: J W.t{1.1-: d1{b~=~W

~ ~ = 1w~(:;l;)- Wc.lm.a:t~

wcf~

UV

(i) ~

~uromn,
~aOlf'±

~·rt
+ 10 Si.:n 30cm±

e.tt~ -:: ~lfx'o'± +SStn

ARUNKUMAR Ci

s. T.J.L T., Ranebennur.

w~)
<1w =

We =

au X 10'

I
1"'mtU

I~

+ Sl<.lIlool\'joCol~.o"lf ± + 10 '" '3<Io<flf.

Cos 3••o"lf± - ~'

t1W -=

\OOOO1f -t 30000lr

\,ad) Su:
M- ::

Is Cdel
-

'fNI.X.

a1TA~.'=
/)~::

~,MOlT

~\

~(

4-~

)Jf

D-=--

':

::: \3.33

* I1\
p~~

~m

~wdUm,

~m J4, -ihL ~ ~'Mi

W'n'\ -= 3o(tolr
~~::
~'n\ ::

~~

~~~

..bl--thL ~

t·t, 300011

300()1T

3~

::: lsoo ,ttl.

ARUNKUMAR Ci

Lecturer in E&CE Dept. S. T.J.I.T., Ranebennur.

f1e :;Jmrlo6±
~e :;

+ 5' ~

~oolf±

-+

\0

Sin

3oo61f±. -

~/O'~ Im.a.x

I~s.m ~o61T±" +~ Stn Sooolf± I

'\"rul.:x:.

[~e"'l>~1
9
~"LImo1L.

1J=d-~

~,~

~~

JJ

B,.: d..[D+U ~'rn

IB,-= ~
~ fm~~~mJl~~
S(~:: J:.lM~
\0

= ~[\3.

33+IJ 'Soo

t<Hl

Cd [l1T ~:

X \0' ±

+ (). s:t-n ~()o1f±.] vJU. ~

~"Ml

~ Ifu. ~

~ ---thL ~ dJ.uicdtrm
66

"9

~ut~~

PMk ~
A~

~ 1l1L ~~mOtt.~

bo..~.

ScL:-

<9

P ~t{l,
~

C!o)"
-z

~~
1

So

R~.t. JL

() -::. ~O

~oWal:&.

ARUNKUMARG

S. T.J.I.T.~Ranebennur.

~~ ~

~4
e1..l±) = tw",o6±

--th._ ~

.~Y'4l.14

+ O'~SLTl~oolT±

W1L±) ::
~.(.u
.L

!d!-

el.(~

;q -

-.i_ [~1fK\06±+ o·~SL~~oolf±J

ItIJ.u.~

\)J.tLt) ':

Wx.J + o·~ G:s£~OO1f~'

~Xto'

~.aoo1T

+ 6··h,~ ••1f Cd(~O.1f±)

f1~:::

O.~)(.lo)!(1f '000
~

Ll8,; !l6:

Ie.tt~- 8e I

"f'rulX

I Ulo'± + O.~SJ:n ~O<fff±

I

njt'o'±

lle = f ~SJn~()Oll±'

1M:::o.~ ~'Y\I

ARUNKUMARG

Lecturer in E&CE

s. T.J.I.T., Ranebennur.

<9~~
s,-=: l[ft~~n\J +

~:::~[~o + \000]

0/

1S\{~l..-

4"Nl.l ~ ~~

I\~~

~~~~b..a(l_~~
~~H~) ~ ~
o, ~~

<k~

What JJ --thL ~d.1h

~ If- --\h.L ~
~ <L ~~

1~ ~ ~~ ~
~1

~~--thL.~~'n)?
---It\2_ ~

~"¥\O.l14

~
~.JJ

..ku..~

~ .!.\<H~)

-tN_~

U-:~

~=

.
~m

= &~tI~, 6~==S\(\i.3.
'Z

~::~[l\~+~TtlJ &,-"1,*-(("3.

~[SK\-\~+~KH~J

ARUNKUMARG

S. T.J.I. T.,Ranebennur.

NOUJ Am -iI ~
t3w'Z'1
t

~ o,

~r

~~

~'n1

4~

.:h, 1.k'ttJ"

W ·I<T
~
~ <I.

Il!~"
Cl~

K~fl'1'l'\

I·

-ihL

k:IA,

i <1, -IN-

i -lhL ~
~~ ~~~ ~

~YlOl ~ ~

dwlaliim n\ro

~'~--fht_

~CltlAt. ~,

-k"l\hu

,',

~ = &[ M+

~lnJ = ~[IO"'.HjJ(tI~J

[s,. :: :~KHll =

A St~

.~

UroJIu_

m(i.:)

~'rn

Col rom:!: ..lR

l1:n~

~\i'd

c,

ph.ott..~
l!JMt_

~p~

~ ~~
YUt
UUJ.d

(\(p ...1&
~---tru-&~~

htJ.l .~~~~{'

(f\~.~~-thL~

,<\-\hi.~
.~

~~~~,
Uf>~
p~ ~

~::: \(pf\m ~

0·3 ~Q-·h.

Ifu_

diTnL_..~

~
~

-tht.

pM ~

JJ

~(±):~c.~[~lf~c.±· ~m(±)] +

70
~ ~\fo\t.
\1tl-

W~

I{p..iJ ~

~
30

mC±) = A...,cmM-m± .1n to./@,

ARUNKUMARG

S(1) ~ f\~
S(±)=
W·Io<:r

[~~± + 'l f\ln CaS~1ftm±-]

+~

Ac~[wc!

~~Tt\±]
-A-.

!r-Cc«-(-A-+-g)-~-Ccl-A-.-(of-g-_-S1:n-'

-Sm-B-I
~
~~l <bid-

~ (-1:):: Ac
~,

em (tnh.i)1 Gn~pCoc\
o· 3~,
~
(oS

~-m±) - Ac ~(WCI)' 'n1oJ4.'--\hL ~~

(~pc..ss~~~)-+®

~p ~

(o.:n

(~,Ccl ~lTtrn±)~ .1

~(Sp(t:d~)%

}3p<:l1S~m~
.l.'n

* ~'l
W·t{.T

Ult. ~ ~

UV @, ~
•

'rr ~~
NBFM

S(t) ~ fie. em Ctrrf.c±) .. Ac Sl_.n (~{x)

I~

. ~p Cl11~~

A. Cd S =

-[

';It.T\ (A-B) +

t Sro(f\+1{) ]
;

-~(±1= f)(Cd(~{ ±) - [A{~p

. ,,3.

\w( t-c - t-m) ± + f\c~p <itntlf(k-t~m)±

~

J
®

CS(i:)

-=

Ac~(tnfc:t) -

¥-~,m(~t-~m):l

lalU" FT <m

bo1h ~'

S(O : -}- [ G (r.. ~<) o(~ + +f-<)

J-

4 l'\j ®)
~~e
!S(f) I

Wt.

~~c

,~m{~c+~'In)±

~fIc, [

llet-· (~.,.~.,.,))_ '1l (~+ (fc - ~m))]

- 0 (f- + ( f.t. +~4 ]

Cd(~ - (J.c+hn))
Carrier

Carrier

2
Acf3p 4

2
Ac

Tf3p
__

__

US___J_B _--,--___I__LS_B-J,-L_SB
=f«:

L---'-------'_US_B

I.

31

,.

1m -!c

-!c+1m
,,
'

!c- Im!c
:

!c+1m
,
=

';--Br = 2hn-+-<

~B-r

2( ___,.; .1m
I

tKL b1AJCl( ~m F~~, ~

1
-thL 64- {

<U\

~~

f\M
~~
~I-::

~"Tl8~

~.l.rn

~mtL-m

dw.ta:linn ~ ()\~
~K"i,
~to:: 'O.gMH1J

~~~
~~t':

1-th£..
~SH~, il,'=

~~.'oJ4_
11.::

4H.

--u\t. o~ ~ -\t\L ,Si: ~~

~ ~~: '1\,

x ~I

:{

64- '" ~O~l-\l.

(l,4-~ '-SHl
~

=::

\~.8 M\\'3..
\600\-\3

-if

~~-::1')t~b~,

tfu_

()~

Y~3 ::~
,~
~ Ifu_
Q

It-a d·a± f.L~I

-t

1-

-1kt_

~~

f.\J)

=
=

&3· bM~3. ~MWl

~3 :: ~ - f-lO

l~
~

ir --tru__

f'd. ~~~~.,
,

l: l' F.lx\o.l «llp

~e::: "nt.~ 3 ~ •• , 31~t1~

WhL....
Wht:.,.,

~3:: ~3.,6 MH-l.

h.':::(\a~3 "

= q'MMJ.

~3:

~M"3..

'V ~~::

1'\a.~~~::

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