Optical Transport Systems/Networks and Control by Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS)

Susumu Kinoshita* and Richard Rabbat**

*Fujitsu Laboratories, Ltd. ** Fujitsu Laboratories of America, Inc.
Email: s.kinoshita@jp.fujitsu.com richard.rabbat@us.fujitsu.com

September 28, 2005

1 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

I. Optical Transport Systems/Networks

Outline
1. Introduction 2. Basics of Optical Fiber Communication
Basic system configuration and key elements Optical fiber Semiconductor Lasers / Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs), and Photodiodes

3. WDM Transmission Technologies

Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier and Distributed Raman Amplifier WDM technologies

4. Photonic Network Technologies

Optical add / drop multiplexing and optical cross connect Regional / Metro networks Passive optical networks LAN / Enterprise networks 40Gb/s transmission All-optical re-generator, etc.
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694

History in Communication Increasing in Bit rate Distance Product

1018

WDM
1015

BL [ ( bit/s ) - km ]

1012

Optical amplifiers Lightwave Microwave Coaxial cables Telephone Telegraph

109

106

103 1

1850

1900

Year

1950

2000

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Ultra-broad Bandwidth of Optical Fiber Transmission

1kHz 1MHz 1GHz 1THz 1PHz 1EHz

Frequency
Radio (FM) TV(BS)

Applied band
Radio (AM) TV (VHF) TV (UHF)
Loss of optical fiber

Optical fiber transmission

120 MHz
ch.1 ch.4 ch.12

20 THz
...

NHK
4

NTV

TV-Tokyo
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1300

1500 wavelength (nm)

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695

Optical Fiber Communication Trends

10T 1T 100G 10G 1G 100M 10M TRANSMISSION CAPACITY (bits/sec) Part 3: Photonic Network Part 2: WDM 2.4G~16 Part 1: TDM (SDH/SONET) 1.6G 810M 400M 100M 1980
I

10G~ >100 10G~32 40G

10G 2.4G

6M
I

32M

1975

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005 (Year)

TELEPHONE, N-ISDN

HIGH SPEED INTERNET INTRODUCTION ON OPTICAL ACCESS

TDM; Time Division Multiplexing, WDM; Wavelength Division Multiplexing SDH; Synchronous Digital Hierarchy, SONET; Synchronous Optical Network
5 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

Introduction
Telecommunication: sending signals and messages over long distances Optical Communication: beginning from, signal fire in ancient days, flag signaling, series of lenses, and optical fiber
Information (Voice) Converter (Voice to Electric Signal) [Microphone] Transmitter (Converter, Electric to Optical) [LEDs, Laser Diodes] Optical fiber Information (Voice) Converter (Electric Signal to Voice) [Speaker] Receiver (Converter, Optical to Electrical) [ Photodiodes]

Features: (1) Long-distance, (2) Large Capacity (Bandwidth)

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Transmitter
Transmitter uses Laser / LED as signal source
Optical fiber transmission widnow is in infra-red region - Longer wavelength (1500nm) than visible lights one (500-700nm) - You cannot see the light used in fiber optic transmission The transmitter wavelength must be very tightly tuned for Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
Backplane signals High speed Electrical driver Parallel To Serial Direct Modulation

LASER or LED

LASER (Continuous wave)

External Modulation Modulator

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Receiver
Receiver use a photodiode to convert photons back to electrons
PIN photodiodes - Simplest and fastest Avalanche photodiodes - High sensitivity (Signal is multiplied by avalanche breakdown)
Optical signal Electrical signal Electrical Amplifier Data Recovery Clock Recovery ( 3R function)
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Photodiode

Serial To Parallel

697

Signal Formats
Need to carry binary 1s and 0s Non-Return to Zero (NRZ)
A 1 is light for complete bit period A 0 is no light for complete bit period More tolerant to dispersion
1 1 0 1 0

Return to Zero (RZ)

A 1 is light for half a bit period (in duty ratio) A 0 is no light for complete bit period Less tolerant to dispersion
1 1 0 1 0

Others
CS-RZ ASK, FSK, PSK, DPSK, RZ-DPSK
9 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

The 3 Rs
Repeaters are defined as type 1R, 2R, or 3R 1R, Re-amplify 2R, Re-amplify and Re-shape 3R, Re-amplify, Re-shape, and Re-time
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
Original Signal Attenuated, noisy signal 1R, Amplification 2R, Best guess pulse reshaping 3R, Retiming to get back original pulse edges (very close)
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Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) and Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)

TDM
Time slots are synchronized in the system Drop; electrically

..
Time Add; electrically

WDM
Wavelength

Signal of one channel

4 3 2 1
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Time
September 28, 2005

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)

- Standardized TDM System

125s STM-1 Frame Format (Synchronous Transfer Module Level One)

Time

1 1 Section Overhead (SOH) AU PTR

9 261 columns

270

9 rows

STS-1 Synchronous Payload Payload Envelope (SPE)

Section Overhead (SOH)

9 Rows x 270 columns = 2430 bytes/frame 155.52 Mbit/s 125s (=8 kHz)

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699

Synchronous Optical NETwork (SONET)

DS1 DS3
VT1.5

new services, data, video, etc.

STS-1
VT1.5 VT1.5 VT1.5 VT1.5 VT1.5 VT1.5
VT1.5 VT1.5 VT1.5 VT1.5 VT1.5 VT1.5 VT1.5 VT1.5 VT1.5 VT1.5 VT1.5

STS-1

STS-1

OC-3

STS-1

other other other other other other

VT1.5 VT1.5 VT1.5 VT1.5

Standard SONET Rates

equivalent voice calls
OC-1 OC-3 OC-12 51.84 Mb/s 155.52 Mb/s 622.08 Mb/s 672 2,016 8,064 32,256 129,024
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(STM-0) (STM-1) (STM-4) (STM-16) (STM-64)

September 28, 2005

OC-48 2488.32 Mb/s OC-192 9953.28 Mb/s

13

Transmission Media

-10 megabit/sec (Mb/s) 1-10 kilometers

Twisted Pair

Coaxial Cable
-100 megabit/sec 1-10 kilometers

Digital Microwave Radio

-100 megabit/sec 10-100 kilometers

Multimode: -100 megabit/sec Singlemode: 10,000+ megabit/sec 10-100-10,000 kilometers

APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

Fiber Optic Transmission Systems

14

700

Optical Fiber Communication System

Optical fiber Transmitter Receiver

Input
Electric circuit Light source (LD, LED) Detector Electric circuit

Output

Optical fiber
- SiO2 glass - small radius - light weight - low loss - broad bandwidth

Features
- abundant resources - insulation, no electromagnetic
induction

Application
- Trunk line - Submarine transmission - Access NW - LAN

- easy for cabling - long-haul and large capacity transmission

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Long-distance and Capacity (1/4)

Optical fiber cable: Attenuation; 0.3dB/km Attenuated by 7% /km Diameter; (Example) 2.5 mm, Weight; 6 kg/km Coaxial cable (RG-19/U): Attenuation; 22.6dB/km
(@100MHz)

Attenuated by 99.5% /km

Diameter; 28.4 mm, Weight; 1,110 kg/km

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Long-distance and Capacity (2/4)

Capacity (Bandwidth): 800nm to 1700nm at attenuation < 3dB/km

3dB/km

Reference: John Gowar, Optical communication systems, 2nd Ed. (Prentice Hall)
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Long-distance and Capacity (3/4)

Capacity (Bandwidth): 800nm to 1700nm at attenuation < 3dB/km
Frequency(Hz):f, Light speed (m/sec) :C0, Wavelength: (m)

f= = 800nm = 1700nm

C0

, (C0= 3.00x108 m/s )

3.00x108 800x10-9 3.00x108 1700x10-9

= 375x1012Hz = 375 THz = 176x1012Hz = 176 THz

Optical Fiber Bandwidth: about 200THz! ( =375 -176THz ) at attenuation < 3dB/km
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Long-distance and Capacity (4/4)

Voice(required bandwidth): 4kHz = 4x103Hz per channel: 200x1012Hz / 4x103(Hz/ch) = 5x1010 channels

TV (required bandwidth) : 6MHz = 6x106Hz per channel: 200x1012Hz / 6x106 (Hz/ch) = 33x106 channels

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Reflection and Total Internal Reflection

(a) ray AA is refracted according to Snells law: n1 sin = n2 sin (b) ray BB is the critical ray: n1 sin C = n2 (C) ray CC is totally reflected at the interface: r = r
Reference: John Gowar, Optical communication systems, 2nd Ed. (Prentice Hall)
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703

Fiber Types Multi-mode fiber (MMF)

A fiber that support multiple lanes of light
- Multiple electromagnetic transmission modes

Each lane is a different speed so that a pulse of light gets distorted sooner than in SMF

Single Mode Fiber (SMF)

One lane of light Minimum distortion

21

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Several Kinds of Optical Fibers

Step-index multi-mode fiber Graded-index multi-mode fiber Single-mode fiber 10m 125m 125m 125m

50m n l n1 n2 r

50m n n0 n2 l a b r

n n1 l n 2 a b r

a b

Reference: John Gowar, Optical communication systems, 2nd Ed. (Prentice Hall)
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704

Fiber Attenuation
Fiber has attenuation
1550 nm window has lowest attenuation

Large spike is due to absorption by water molecules

This has been greatly reduced, allowing almost optimum attenuation
Recently-developed fiber
Reduced
Experimental Rayleigh scattering Infrared absorption

<0.2dB/km

Ultraviolet absorption Waveguide

imperfections

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Dispersion in Optical Fiber

Dispersion is a group-velocity difference with color (wavelength). Input pulse
Optical fiber

Output pulse
Decreased intensity causing the decision error; either 1 or 0

(composed of slightly different colors)

Dispersed in the fiber

Pulse-broadening causing the overlapping with neighboring pulses

GVD (Group Velocity Dispersion) or Dispersion ; ## ps/km/nm

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Newly-Developed Fibers
Single Mode Fiber (SMF) Dispersion-Shifted Fiber (DSF) Non-Zero DSF (NZ-DSF)
Dispersion (ps/km/nm)

D: 17 ps/km/nm D: ~0 ps/km/nm D: ~5 ps/km/nm

SMF NZ-DSF DSF

20 10 0 -10 -20
1200 1300 1400 1500 1600

1700 Wavelength (nm)

Dispersion Compensating Fiber (DCF)

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D: - ## ps/km/nm
September 28, 2005

SMF Fiber Designs

Step Index

Dispersion Shifted

Core and cladding are same material with slightly different index of refraction

Quadruple Clad (reduced slope)

Large-effective-area

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706

Fiber Loss in C, L and S bands

0.30

Loss (dB/km)

0.28 0.26 0.24 0.22 0.20 0.18

1460nm

S-band C-band
1550nm

L-band

1450

1500

1550

1600

Wavelength (nm)
C-band; Conventional wavelength band L-band; Long wavelength band S-band; Short wavelength band
27 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

Light-Source and Photo-Detector

Light-Source
Electrons into material Excited State Electron drops and photon is created from its energy.

Photo-Detector
Electrons out of material Excited State Photon energy pumps electron to excited state.

Energy

Ground State

Ground State

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707

Light Emitting Diode and Photodiodes

Optical semiconductor devices are basically pn junction diode structure. Light emitting diode +
Forward Biased Light Reverse Biased

Photodiode (detector)
+

p n

p i n
Photo-current

Light

Driving current

29

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Double Hetero-structure Semiconductor Lasers

(a)
Electrode Transmitted Light Reflecting Mirror (cleaved plane) Electrode

(c)

Electric-field distribution

p
Light

n
0V (Earth)

(b)
Heterobarrier Energy

Reflecting Mirror (cleaved plane) Injection Electrons

eV

(a) Layer structure , (b) energy band, (c) refractive-index and electric-field Distributions. When a Voltage V approximately equal to the energy gap of the GaAs active layer is applied, electrons and holes are injected into the active layer.

p Ga1-xAlxAs

p GaAs

n Ga1-xAlxAs

Reference: K. Iga and S. Kinoshita, Process technology for semiconductor lasers, (Springer)
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30

708

III-V Compound Semiconductor Materials for Lasers

Reference: K. Iga and S. Kinoshita, Process technology for semiconductor lasers, (Springer)

0.8 m: GaxAl(1-x)As/ GaAs on GaAs substrate 1.55m: GaxIn(1-x)AsyP(1-y) / InP on InP substrate

31

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Fabry-Perot Semiconductor Lasers

1 2 3 4

Refractive Index n

Mirror Output b

q+2 q+1 q q-1 q-2 q-3 Gain

a 2n

Standing Wave L

Laser cavity: Fabry-Perot etalon

Intensity Distribution Of Propagating Mode Horizontal Distribution Mirror 1

Standing waves and spectra in a laser cavity

Active Layer Mirror 2 z
Standing Wave
/2n eq

z=L

Far Field Pattern (FFP)

Near Field Pattern (NFP) Vertical Distribution

Wavefront

Intensity distribution and beam divergence of a semiconductor laser

Reference: K. Iga and S. Kinoshita, Process technology for semiconductor lasers, (Springer)
32 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

709

Modulation Issue in Fabry-Perot Laser

Fabry-Perot laser spectrum
Power (mW) Power (mW)

Wavelength

Single-mode oscillation at DC, or continuous wave(CW) operation (w/o modulation)

Multi-mode operation at direct modulation (ON-OFF keying)

Wavelength

Many modes have possibility to be activated due to periodic characteristic of Fabry-Perot etalon and wide semiconductor gain-bandwidth. Fabry-Perot modes ... gain ... Multi-mode operation causes waveform distortion due to fiber dispersion.

33

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Single-Mode Lasers under Direct Modulation

Wavelength

Power (mW)

Reflection

Wavelength

If we have mirrors having sharp wavelength dependence,

single-mode operation under high-speed (>Gb/s) modulation is feasible.

Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR) Lasers Distributed FeedBack (DFB) Lasers

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710

DBR Lasers / DFB Lasers

Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR) lasers

Distributed Feedback (DFB) lasers

Reference: John Gowar, Optical communication systems, 2nd Ed. (Prentice Hall)
35 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

Modulator Integrated (MI) DFB Laser

Electro-absorption (EA) modulator is monolithically integrated with DFB laser. Device structure Extinction curve

36

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711

Design of high-speed APD

Conventional InP-APD for 10 Gbit/s
Optical signal

Next-generation InP-APD for 40 Gbit/s

Optical signal

T. Mikawa et. al., OFC91,ThO2

Bandwidth:7 GHz Limited by

Carrier transit time RC time Avalanche build up time

Required bandwidth: 20 GHz Improvement methods Thin absorption layer Small junction area Thin multiplication layer Waveguide structure
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Quantum efficiency: 75 %
37

Capacity Increase Using WDM

Time-division multiplexng (TDM) t
Speed limit in electric circuit (20 Gb/s - 40 Gb/s)

(arbitrary)
Wavelength-division multiplexng (WDM) 1 2

Optical fiber
Capacity increase by increasing channel numbers

10 Gb/s for each wave

Optical fiber n t
38

Multiplexer

Demultiplexer

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Optical Power Levels An optical power budget is maintained throughout the network

Transmitter Power (dB)

Receiver Fiber power limit

(Noise accumulation along the fiber)

OSNR limit Transmission Distance

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Regenerators To free from amplifiers noise accumulation, regeneration is required. Regenerators can clean up noise.
Optical Amplifiers; Re-amplify (1R function)

Electric processing Receiver Transmitter

Regenerators; Re-amplify, Re-shape, and Re-time (3R function)

Regeneration
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713

Multiplexing
Repeater

We want to transport bits cost effectively.

Transmitter

Receiver

Why? Multiplexing saves costs.

Mux

Repeater

Repeater Dmux

41

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WDM
Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
Multiplexing by using different wavelength/frequency of light for each signal
Each color of light carries a different signal. Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) uses different time slots for multiplexing.

Variations
Dense WDM (DWDM) typically 100GHz or 50GHz WDM systems Coarse WDM (CWDM) typically greater than 400GHz WDM systems Tx (1) Tx (2) Tx (k) Rx (1) Dmux . Repeater (Amplifier)
APNOMS 2005

Mux

Rx (2) Rx (k) Rx (n)

September 28, 2005

..
Tx (n)
42

..

714

Multiplexing and Demultiplexing Techniques

Optical Multiplexing is done by filters
A physical device combines each wavelength with the others Many technologies exist for this
Thin film filters Fiber Bragg gratings Arrayed Waveguide Gratings (AWG)

WDM Filter

43

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ITU-T Grid
The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) defined a grid of wavelengths
ITU-T G.692 Based on absolute reference of 193.10THz/1552.52nm In steps of 50GHz/0.41nm from this reference All terrestrial WDM systems follow this standard
The industry has followed this standard which makes components cheaper for everyone 50GHz Frequency 193.10THz (1552.52nm)
44 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

715

Principle of Optical Amplification

Relaxation

Relaxation

Energy

Energy

Pump (Current injection) LED

Spontaneous emission

Pump Signal

Stimulated emission

LASER, Optical amplifier

LASER; Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

45 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers

Signal flow

Erbium-doped fiber (EDF)

Ps,i Input port

Signal/pump combiner

Optical isolator

Ps,o

Pp: Pump Power Pump LD

Output port Ps,i: Signal input power Ps,o: Signal output power Gain (G) : Ps,o/ Ps,i

46

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716

Optical Fiber Amplifier

Er-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA)
Optical fiber Optical fiber

Input

Pump LD Pump LD 1.48m 1.48m

Output

Signal format independent, bit rate free Simultaneous amplification of WDM signal
47 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

Configuration of C&L Split-Band Amplifier

C-band amplifier module AGC 1.55/1.58 WDM VAT DC AGC 1.55/1.58 WDM

C-band

L- band amplifier module AGC VAT DC AGC

L- band WDM coupler

: optical connector WDM coupler

In-service band-upgradability in WDM transmission system

Y. Sugaya et al., Electron. Lett., vol. 35, No. 16, pp. 1361-1362, Aug. 1999.

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717

Received optical spectrum (176-channels)

Optical power (5 dB/div)

C-band 88 ch. 34.7 nm (4.40 THz)

L-band 88 ch. 36.6 nm(4.40 THz)

Res. 0.1 nm

1525

1545

1565
Wavelength (nm)

1585

1605

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Feature of EDFAs Simple High gain: 20-30dB (100 to 1,000 times of input power) Wide bandwidth: Conventional EDFA has about 35nm (4 THz) gain-bandwidth. Bit-rate independent Modulation format independent Low noise

50

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718

New Technique of AGC Control in EDFAs - Introduction -

40 working 39ch

1 Fiber cut

1ch

AGC control is needed to keep the gain of a channel constant (ideally) no matter what is going on on the other channels (adding, dropping, power variations etc.)
51 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

Fast Response Optical Amplifiers

Gain Medium Input filter

Optical networks to respond to failures without impairing unaffected wavelengths

Input monitor

Pump Laser

Output monitor

Feedback control of Optical Amplifier transients

AGC Feedback Loop

0.16 0.14 0.12 relative power (r.u.)

40ch

1ch

Gain Medium Input

0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02

Conventional AGC technology

New technology

Input monitor

Pump Laser

Output monitor

0 -2 0 2 4 time(ms) 6 8

AGC Feedforward

Feed-forward control of Optical Amplifier transients Feed-

C. Tian and S. Kinoshita, IEEE J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 21, no. 8, pp. 1728-1734, Aug. 2003.
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Revival of Raman amplification

1973 : Raman gain in fiber measured by Stolen and Ippen 1985 : Soliton propagation demonstrated by Mollenauer using Raman amplifier Practical EDFA has established WDM Reign - 1480 nm pump lasers get matured - WDM soars up to reach the limits of lumped amplifier systems Raman revisits now with - High-power highly-reliable pumping laser diodes
53 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

Fiber Raman Amplifier

Transmission fiber itself is the gain medium. Input port
Signal/pump combiner

Output port

Backward pumping 1450nm pump LDs Pump power ( mW ) Raman gain (dB ) WDM bandwidth

Pump

Raman gain

100 nm
54 APNOMS 2005

Wavelength (nm)

September 28, 2005

720

Characteristic of Raman amplification gain

Pump Signals ~100 nm

<

s
Fiber

Approx.

p
55

Raman gain profile of silica

Ref: R. H. Stolen, Proc. IEEE, 68, 1232 (1980)

APNOMS 2005

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Distributed Raman Amplification (DRA)

OS OS OS OS
pump LDs (1.43 - 1.50 um) pump LDs (1.43 - 1.50 um) pump LDs (1.43 - 1.50 um)

OR OR OR OR

Merits 1. All optical transparent to modulation & signal formats 2. Simultaneous amplification of dual-band signals 3. Component availability 4. Tilt compensation capability New Issues 1. Operation depends on - fiber type, additional loss and signal allocation 2. Supervising boundary 3. Safety for high-power pump
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721

OSNR improvement employing DRA

Pump LDs (1.43 - 1.50 um)

Distributed amplification in transmission fibers

10 5 Power (dBm) 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 0

ch.1 ch. 32 Pump linear loss

Reduced effective span loss

Simulation

OSNR improvement customers fiber data is required to assure the performance (Otherwise, best effort)
September 28, 2005

20

40 60 Distance (km)

80

100

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Optical Fiber Amplifier Types

EDFA TDFA EDTFA FRA GS-TDFA GSGS-EDFA GS-

S+band 1420 1480

S band

C band

L band 1620

1530 1560 1575 Wavelength (nm)

EDFA : Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier (1530 - 1565 nm) GS-EDFA : Gain-Shifted EDFA (1570 -1610 nm) EDTFA : Telluride-Based EDFA (1530 - 1610 nm) TDFA : Thulium-Doped Fluoride-Based Fiber Amplifier (1450 - 1490 nm) FRA : Fiber Raman Amplifier (1420 - 1620 nm or more)
58 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

722

Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers (SOA)

Signal flow Semiconductor: In Ps,i Optical
(GaxIn(1-x)AsyP(1-y) / InP on InP substrate)

Out Ps,o

isolator

Anti-reflection coating Advantages; - Small size, - Functional (Wavelength conversion) Issues; - Noise Figure, - Waveform distortion (improving)
59 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

Pulse Broadening due to Chromatic Dispersion (GVD)

Optical spectrum Wavelength Transmitter out Spectrum Broadening Difference in group velocity Pulse broadening (Waveform distortion) Optical fiber Received pulse

Group velocity

Time Electric signal

Time Demodulated electric signal

1
Time

Wavelength

1
Time

60

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Dispersion Compensation
Transmission fiber

Positive dispersion (Negative dispersion)

Longer wavelength Shorter wavelength Slow (Fast) Fast (Slow)

Dispersion compensating fiber (DCF) Negative dispersion (Positive dispersion)

Longer wavelength Shorter wavelength Fast (Slow) Slow (Fast)

Demonstration for 40 Gb/s signal

25 ps

Transmitter out
61

After fiber transmission

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After dispersion comp.

September 28, 2005

Automatic Dispersion Compensation System

Provisioning & Tracking VDC DC DC i Dispersion Dispersion Monitor Monitor DC > 0

1 Tx #1 2 Tx #2 40 Tx #40

Provisioning VDC

Rx #1 Rx #2 Rx #40

Dispersion compensator (fixed or variable)

VIPA variable dispersion compensator

Optical circulator Line-focusing lens Variable x-axis DC < 0

Collimating lens

Glass plate

Focusing lens 3-Dimensional Mirror

VIPA : Virtually Imaged Phased Array

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724

Polarization-mode-dispersion (PMD)
1st-order PMD
simple estimation Differential group delay (DGD) between fast & slow propagation in fiber e.g. for 40 Gb/s transmission < 50 km Fiber PMD = 0.5 ps/ km

Higher-order PMD

more complicated in real fiber cable

- Wavelength dependence of optical waveform degradation due to random mode-coupling - Fluctuation in time due to temperature and stress change

63

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Fujitsu FLASHWAVE 7700

Capacity; 1.76Tb/s (Largest capacity in the world) 10Gb/s x 176ch (C-band 88ch.) (L-band 88ch.)

(at Supercomm2003, Atlanta, Ga., June, 2003)

64

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725

Photonic Networking Triangle

Networking
Optical Routing OXC Dynamic OADM Fixed OADM TERM, ILA,

Current status
1.76T 3.5T 600 km 1500 km 3000 km 6000 km

10T 20T

Capacity-Distance product

Capacity

Target > 10-20 Pb/s km ? - 20T x 500 -1000km - 10T x 1000 -2000km - 3.5 T x 3000-6000 km
APNOMS 2005

Distance

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September 28, 2005

Photonic Networks

3

Photonic Network Operation System (GMPLS)

OXC

Submarine Term.

International/ Submarine Nwk

OXC

OXC

OXC

OADM WDM Term.

OADM

Long-Haul Terrestrial LongBackbone Nwk

OADM OADM

Regional/Metro Nwk

1 SDH/SONET PON 100B-T 100B 2

Metro/Access Nwk Photonic LAN/ Enterprise Nwk

Gb/10Gb Ether

Residential Nwk

GMPLS; Generalized Multi Protocol Label Switching OADM; Optical Add/Drop Multiplexing, OXC; Optical Cross-connect Cross66 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

726

Configuration & Issues of Current Network

Now; Mainly for Web Services and Telephone Future; All-time, Bi-directional, High Quality communication Current Network
WDM p-to-p Transmission E-Router (by Electronic node)

Core Nwk

Deploying ultra-high capacity photonic network using WDM

To Core Nwk OEO- sw

MetroCore Nwk Metro-Access Nwk

Shortage in metro nwk capacity and in switching throughput is becoming a bottleneck Rapid deployment of FTTH is anticipated

E-Aggregation

SOHO
67

IDC

SOHO: Small Office Home Office IDC: Internet Data Center

APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

Next Generation Photonic Networks

Deploying photonic technologies in entire network, especially in nodes, is required.
OXC

By deploying photonic nodes,

Core Nwk Opt. Hub

- Realtime, bi-directional, high definition image comm. service is feasible by eliminating bandwidth bottleneck. - Generation of new, flexible, multi-functional,WDM based service - Cost reduction by optical cut-through (eliminating O/E conv. and excessive aggregation)
OXC: Optical Cross-connect OADM: Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer

To Core Nwk
Metro-Core Nwk

Opt.ADM
FTTH

Metro-Access Nwk

SOHO
68

SOHO: Small Office Home Office IDC: Internet Data Center

APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

IDC

727

Main Elements in Photonic Layer

1 2

1 2 n Wavelength MUX/DEMUX

WDM Terminal

Wideband Optical Amplifier

i j

Simultaneous amplification of WDM signal Signal Add/Drop Transmission capacity control Network restoration Network Management All optical regeneration Wavelength Conversion
September 28, 2005

Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer (OADM)

Optical Cross-Connect (OXC) Optical Processing

69

i i i
APNOMS 2005

i j

Basic Network Configurations

(Two-Fiber) Ring Network (Full) Mesh Network

Star Network

Tree Network

70

APNOMS 2005

September 28, 2005

728

Evolution of Photonic Networks

1 st Generation 2 nd Generation 3 rd Generation 4 th Generation
Point - to - point WDM transmission Add - Drop function with Ring configuration Optical cross connect function with Mesh configuration Optical packet/processing capability with wavelength conversion

TRM

WDM ILA REG

OADM OADM OADM REG ILA

OXC

OXC OXC

Optical Router Optical processing 1995 2000 YEAR

71 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

2005

2010

Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer (OADM) Node Configuration

Fixed
DEMUX

Reconfigurable
2x2 SW: Through or Add/Drop

Dynamic
Cross-connect switch fabric MUX

MUX

DEMUX

1 2

MUX DEMUX

R T

T R

n-1 n

n-1 n

R T
72

T R

T R
APNOMS 2005

R T

T R
September 28, 2005

R T

729

Candidates of Optical Switch

[2D-PLC switch] PLC waveguide Crosspoint [2D-MEMS switch] Up-down mirror Output fibers Input fibers Movable Mirror Output fibers Input fibers [3D-MEMS switch]

Input fiber
73

Output fibers
APNOMS 2005

PLC: Planar Lightwave Circuit MEMS: Micro-Electro Mechanical System

September 28, 2005

Next Generation Metro-access Network with Photonic Gateways

IDC
Metro core HUB

xDSL / FTTH

Metro access
Enterprise network
IDC
LAN

IDC

Photonic gateway node

Connection between IDCs (Internet Data Centers) Content delivery networks Enterprise networks Leasedwavelength service, -LAN/WAN and -VPN
74 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

730

On-demand Wavelength-path Connection using Photonic Gateway

i
#4

#3

Wavelength Control Technology

Photonic Gateway #5
WDM signal 1, 2 n

Photonic Gateway #1

#2

Tunable Filter

AOTF

Remotely controlled wavelength path connections

Conventional system needs manual card replacement on site

#4

i
#3

Select any wavelength

O/E

E/O

#5 #1
Optical broadcast / multicast
No latency at intermediate node (optical drop/continue)

#2

Rapid re-configuration of photonic network Leased wavelength service (changing by hour/day ) Broadband contents delivery networks using optical broadcast and multicast
APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

75

Acousto-Optic Tunable Filter (AOTF)

1, 2, 3, 4, 5 In PBS
SA W

PBS 3 LiNbO3 Drop

Control RF signal (165-185MHz)

f3

SAW : Surface Acoustic Wave PBS: Polarization Beam Splitter

1620 Wavelength (nm) 1600 1580 1560 1540 1520 165 170 175 180 Control RF signal (MHz)
September 28, 2005

Advantages
Fast switching speed Wide tuning range (100 nm) Compact-size by integrated waveguide

100 nm

185

76

APNOMS 2005

731

Configuration of Prototype System and Specification

Photonic Gateway (1+1 Network Protection)
A B Connection requirement

Transponder (4 port) Network Management System (Path management, NE/system alarm management, etc)
Maintenance

Status notification of resources

SNMP
Alarm notification

19 inch shelf 3U Height (132mm)

item Specification 40 2.5 Gbps (Prototype) 100 km 4 / node 0.8 nm (100 GHz) SNMP 1+1 O-UPSR

path terminal Demand

Max No. of Interface

Client NE (Router, etc.)

Photonic Gateway

Max ring length Add drop WDM ch Spacing Network management Network Protection

Network configuration
G. Nakagawa et al., OECC2005, 5B2-4
This work was partly supported by the NICT (National Institute of Information and Communications Technology) of Japan.
77 APNOMS 2005

September 28, 2005

Hub Node Configuration with Selective Regeneration

Wavelength Blocker
Coupler Coupler

.
Coupler Coupler

1xn Splitter 1xn Splitter

1xn Combiner 1xn Combiner

Tunable filter (Ex. AOTF) Rx Tx

Selective Regeneration
ECOC 2004, We4.P.148

AOTF: Acousto-Optic Tunable Filter

78 APNOMS 2005

September 28, 2005

732

2 Domain Flexible WDM Ring Network

80km (16dB)
In
Rx Tx

- Work and protection path -

(WB 2)

Hub1

(WB 5)

Domain 2 C
(WB 3)
Rx

Domain 1 Hub2
In In

Work
Tx

Protection

90km (20dB)
ECOC 2004, We4.P.148
Rx Tx

79

APNOMS 2005

September 28, 2005

BER Characteristics of 10Gb/s Transmission

Hub1

Node A

Hub2

Node B

ECOC 2004, We4.P.148

80 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

733

Rx

(WB 4)

Rx

Tx Rx Tx Tx

In

Fast Protection with Shared Regeneration

ECOC 2004, We4.P.148

AOTF: Acousto-Optic Tunable Filter

AOTF Output
Idling Tuning

Fiber-cut

Traffic

Recovery Time: 45ms

81

APNOMS 2005

September 28, 2005

Passive Optical Network (PON) System

PON: Passive Optical Network > High Speed, Low cost access
Fiber To The Home (1.3 m 155 Mb/s Burst)
ONU

Internet

Tel. Office Optical fiber OLT Core

Computer Center Video Library CATV

Fiber To The Building (1.55 m 155 / 622 Mb/s Continuous ) Cost effective FTTH / Cab / C / B Key Tech. Burst Mode Fiber To The Cabinet/Curb
82 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

734

Dynamic Bandwidth Assignment

Fairness and Efficiency in Bandwidth (BW) Dynamic BW assignment on demand in addition to pre-assigned (fixed) BW SLA based QoS assurance Min. BW, Max. BW , Assured BW, Best-effort BW etc.
(1)Request queuing information by OLT (2)Report queuing information to OLT (3)Assignment of BW available to each ONU

ONU#1

OLT PON-IF

ONU#2 Upstream band

Other band (OAM etc.) Shared band between multiple ONUs Pre-assigned band
September 28, 2005

ONU#n
83

APNOMS 2005

Array Tunable Laser

Configuration
- DFB laser array integration - Each chip covers 4 wavelengths (100 GHz separation) - Temperature control w/o mode jump

Waveguide
Low loss coupler

DFB Laser
Precise wavelength control Narrow chip spacing 32ch tuning spectrum
20 0 -20 -40 -60 1530 1540 1550 1560

SOA
High gain

1 ~ 4. .

. 29 ~ 32

Power (dBm)

0.5 mm (W) x 1.8 mm (L)

84 APNOMS 2005

Wavelength (nm)
September 28, 2005

735

40 Gb/s NRZ LiNbO3 Modulator

Bandwidth Operating Wavelength V(1) Extinction Ratio 1 Insertion Loss Impedance
( *1: Low frequency driving)

Typ. 30 GHz 1530~1610 nm < 3.5 V = > = 20 dB < 10 dB = Typ. 50

Optical Response(dB)

3 0 -3 -6 -9 -12 0 10 20 30 Frequency(GH) 40 50

10.0 ps/div.
85 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

Optical 3R Regenerator
Principle
Reshaping Optical gate Clock recovery

Input signal

Optical Amp. Reamplification

3R-regenerated signal

Recovered Retiming clock pulses

Optical 3R-regeneration (Reamplification, Reshaping and Retiming) is a key function containing most of the essential optical switching functionalities. Once an optical 3R-regenerator is realized, it can be applied to any kind of optical switching.

86

APNOMS 2005

September 28, 2005

736

Photonic Technology Roadmap

2002 - 2005 Transmission Capacity
/Fiber Rate/ch. Band CPU/Storage Node/Server 2 Tb/s 200 10G/2.5G... 10G Ether 100 nm 1 Gb/s (Elec. connect.) OADM/OXC (1 - 5 Tb/s) DWDM Adaptive compensation Tunable-LD VCSEL Tunable filter MEMS

2005 - 2010
5 Tb/s 500 40G/10G... (40G Ether?) 200 nm
(Elec./Opt. connect.)

2010 - 2020
10 Tb/s 1000 160G/40G/10.. 400 nm 100Gb/s (Opt. connect.) All-opt. router ( 40Tb/s) OTDM Q-PSK Opt. IC Cryptography Opt. nano-device Opt. Memory Lower loss fiber

2020 40 Tb/s 1000 (?) > 1T (?) 1000 nm Noiseless amp.

10Gb/s

Opt. routing (10Tb/s)

Opt. packet Opt. signal process. Opt. 3R -conversion

Ubiquitous router
Quantum computer Quantum optical communication

Technologies

Devices

Short pulse LD Photonic crystal Holey fiber Quantum dots

Photon Qubit Electron Qubit

87

APNOMS 2005

September 28, 2005

II. Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS)

IP Control Architecture for Data and Transport Networks

Richard Rabbat

Outline
Introduction MPLS and RSVP GMPLS architecture and components Link Management: LMP Signaling: RSVP-TE Routing: OSPF-TE Conclusion Upcoming topics
88 APNOMS 2005

Source: Wikipedia. GNU Free Documentation License 1.2

September 28, 2005

737

Introduction and Background: MPLS

Around 1996, two competing proposals were developed to allow switching of IP packets: Tag switching and IP Switching: less processing, faster speed Idea was merged into Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) and standardized at the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
The main objective at IETF is to standardize all work that deals with the IP protocol

MPLS adds a shim header (a few more bytes) to allow fast switching based on a (local) label MPLS makes use of a signaling protocol: Resource Reservation Protocol or RSVP One of the side effects of MPLS was the ability to pin the route, so routing changes wouldnt affect the Label Switched Paths Idea evolved to Traffic Engineering (TE) that permits more control over the data traffic
89 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

MPLS Example

IP header IP packet MPLS shim header

Label swapping operation

90

APNOMS 2005

September 28, 2005

738

RSVP Example

Path (2)

Resv (1)

Path (1) Resv (2)

91

APNOMS 2005

September 28, 2005

RSVP Example
Originally developed for individual flow reservations Uses a handshake mechanism to distribute flow information and reserve resources including QoS (Quality of Service)
Path (2) Resv (1)

Path (1) Resv (2)

92

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739

MPLS-TE: Multi-Protocol Label Switching-Traffic Engineering

Uses RSVP and MPLS in combination to pin the LSP (Label Switched Path) route
A change in the routing table does not affect the route of the LSP This emulates a Virtual Circuit In addition, it keeps the network healthy: no fluttering
OSPF (routing) may indicate intermittently that S-B-C-D is shorter than S-E-D and vice versa

B
Without MPLS-TE, the LSP route will start flapping between the two

LSP C D E

93

APNOMS 2005

September 28, 2005

GMPLS
In 1999/2000, with the explosive growth in transport networks, organizations decided to generalize the concept of MPLS to extend beyond data networks to address legacy transport networks (SONET/SDH), Ethernet and WDM Without a control plane, the combination of EMS (Element Management System) and NMS (Network Management System) is responsible for path setup/teardown, link management and resource accounting EMS/NMS is tied to a specific vendor and can rarely manage other vendor equipment Carriers are eager to have the capability to setup paths across different vendor domains to be able to provide new services GMPLS was designed to allow control of transport networks including link management, OAM (Operations, Administration and Maintenance), signaling and routing using IP as transport protocol Work on GMPLS is done at the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in the Common Control And Measurement Plane (CCAMP) working group

94

APNOMS 2005

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740

GMPLS-Enabled Node

Network Management System

IP Network IP Network

GMPLS control plane Element Management System Data plane

95

APNOMS 2005

September 28, 2005

GMPLS Network Architecture

Out-of-band IP network connects GMPLS instances

IP Network IP Network
GMPLS control plane GMPLS control plane

Data plane

GMPLS control plane

Data plane

Fiber ring connects different crossconnects

This 1:1 correspondence is not necessary but instead used for illustrative purposes
96

Data plane

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741

GMPLS Control Plane Components

LINK MANAGEMENT: Link Management Protocol (LMP)
-Neighbor discovery -Maintain control channel connectivity -Verify data link connectivity -Correlate link property information -Suppress downstream alarms -Localize link failures -Distribute TE link information -Advertise nodes in the network and create topology -Calculate constrained shorted path (CSPF) -Routing information for control and data plane -Signals setup/teardown/refresh of paths with QoS requirements (e.g., circuit size) -Uses control channel to setup an optical LSP -Supports refresh reduction -Supports Explicit Route Object (ERO) and Record Route Object (RRO)
APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

ROUTING: Open Shortest Path First-Traffic Engineering (OSPFTE) SIGNALING: Resource ReserVation Protocol-Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE)

97

LMP: Link Management Protocol

LMP is a link management protocol that can be used for a variety of equipment including optical crossconnects and photonic switches In new optical equipment with many fibers and ports, each node is connected to many other nodes, so manual neighbor configuration is time-consuming Example: FW 7500 Reconfigurable Optical Add Drop Multiplexer (ROADM) with 40 wavelengths, SONET (OC-3 to OC-192), Gigabit Ethernet, ESCON, FICON (storage)

98

APNOMS 2005

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742

LMP: Advantages of Neighbor Discovery

Automatic inventory of links between nodes
Allows to detect incorrect physical fiber connections

Automatic identification between neighbors

There is a need to accurately identify the neighbors so that this information can be shared with the routing protocol for dissemination in the network This allows the routing protocol to build an accurate network topology Automatic mechanisms decrease the likelihood for operator mistake Proper resource accounting increases the utilization of the network
99 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

LMP: Control Channel Connectivity

We can form an LMP adjacency between neighboring nodes if we can establish a bi-directional control channel between them Control channel connectivity is maintained through LMP Hello messages LMP Hello protocol is a light-weight keep-alive mechanism
Hello messages are transmitted in the control channel

LMP Hello messages can detect control channel failures quickly

This allows the network to remediate to that failure quickly before the routing protocol (OSPF-TE) Hello messages are lost
Otherwise, link-state adjacencies will be removed uselessly

Hello messages use Transmit and Receive sequence numbers to keep track of the sequence # they are sending and the received sequence # they are acknowledging

100

APNOMS 2005

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743

LMP: Data Links

Recall that data-bearing links and control channels are not necessarily the same Out-of-band control channel connectivity does not indicate that databearing link is up Multiple parallel resources (links) in the transport layer may be bundled into a traffic engineering (TE) link for efficient summarization of the resource capacity
This process is done through link property correlation

Three LMP messages are used for correlation

LinkSummary, LinkSummaryAck and LinkSummaryNack

LinkSummary includes the local and remote link ids, a list of all data links that comprise the TE link, and various link properties LinkSummary is sent by a node to its adjacent node One of LinkSummaryAck and LinkSummaryNack is sent as a response by the adjacent node
E.g. LinkSummaryNack is sent if local and remote TE link types are different

101

APNOMS 2005

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LMP: Link Connectivity Verification

1. BeginVerify message

GMPLS control plane

2. BeginVerifyAck message 4. TestStatusSuccess message 5. TestStatusAck message 6. EndVerify message 7. EndVerifyAck message

GMPLS control plane

Data plane

3. Test message

Data plane

This procedure is for a single link For multiple data links, only messages 3, 4 and 5 (Test, TestStatusSuccess and TestStatusAck) are repeated All LMP messages (except Test) are carried over UDP The Test message may or may not be carried over UDP
It is carried over the data-bearing channel and will be limited by the transport protocol limitation if any
102 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

744

LMP: Fault Detection and Localization (1)

Note that fault localization in transparent optical networks cannot be done easily.
Loss of signal is detected at the end nodes. Techniques for measuring the distance to the fiber cut are costly

In SONET transport networks on the other hand, faults can be detected at many nodes and alarms generated and propagated accordingly LMP solves the problem of suppressing alarm propagation and localizing the fault

103

APNOMS 2005

September 28, 2005

LMP: Fault Detection and Localization (2)

Failure detected at node downstream of the flow Node sends ChannelStatus message upstream
Indicates failure information

Upstream node send ChannelStatusAck back Upstream node correlates that failure with any failure detected locally If node localizes fault, upstream node then sends ChannelStatus message to downstream node to indicate if the channel is failed or OK Span or LSP restoration may then be started
104 APNOMS 2005 September 28, 2005

745

OSPF-TE: Introduction
OSPF-TE defines traffic engineering extensions to the OSPF routing protocol OSPF originally developed to distribute link information about data networks OSPF-TE extends OSPF to allow the distribution of link information relating to the control channel as well as the information about the TE links in the transport network Reminder: the topology of the control channel is different from that of the transport network OSPF-TE also sends information about the TE links and their switching capability (in the case of SONET for example)

105

APNOMS 2005

September 28, 2005

OSPF-TE: TE Links
Opaque LSA: type 10

Link local part of the TE link identifier sub-TLV [GMPLS-OSPF] Link remote part of the TE link identifier sub-TLV [GMPLS-OSPF] Technology specific part of the Interface Switching Capability Descriptor sub-TLV [GMPLS-OSPF] Switching Capability field part of the Interface Switching Capability Descriptor sub-TLV [GMPLS-OSPF] TE metric sub-TLV [RFC3630] Administrative Group sub-TLV [RFC3630] Unreserved bandwidth sub-TLV [RFC3630]
Max LSP Bandwidth part of the Interface Switching Capability Descriptor sub-TLV [GMPLS-OSPF]

Link Protection sub-TLV [GMPLS-OSPF] SRLG sub-TLV [GMPLS-OSPF]

106

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746

OSPF-TE: Explicit Route Object

OSPF-TE asks Constrained Shortest Path First (CSPF) for a route based on the following constraints
Minimum LSP Bandwidth Encoding Type Switching Type

Once OSPF-TE receives from CSPF a route, it can indicate to RSVP that information to be used in the signaling message An Explicit Route Object (ERO) can be strict or loose
A strict ERO must be followed by the signaling message A loose ERO is a combination of at least one loose hop and 0 or more strict hops
To reach a next loose hop, a node can request a new CSPF calculation

107

APNOMS 2005

September 28, 2005

OSPF-TE: TE Link example (Ethereal)

Remote Interface IP Address LS Type: Opaque LSA, Area-local scope (10) TLV Type: 4: Remote Interface IP Address LS Age: 3600 seconds TLV Length: 4 Options: 0x2 (E) MPLS/TE Remote Interface Address: 40.4.47.2 (40.4.47.2) Link State ID Opaque Type: Traffic Engineering LSA (1) Traffic Engineering Metric: 1 Link State ID TE-LSA Reserved: 0 TLV Type: 5: Traffic Engineering Metric Link State ID TE-LSA Instance: 4 TLV Length: 4 Advertising Router: 192.168.47.1 (192.168.47.1) Traffic Engineering Metric: 1 LS Sequence Number: 0x800005a9 Maximum Bandwidth: 100000000 LS Checksum: b4ea TLV Type: 6: Maximum Bandwidth Length: 124 TLV Length: 4 MPLS Traffic Engineering LSA Maximum Bandwidth: 100000000 Link Information Maximum Reservable Bandwidth: 100000000 TLV Type: 2 - Link Information TLV Type: 7: Maximum Reservable Bandwidth TLV Length: 100 TLV Length: 4 Link Type: 1 Maximum Reservable Bandwidth: 100000000 TLV Type: 1: Link Type Unreserved Bandwidth TLV Length: 1 TLV Type: 8: Unreserved Bandwidth Link Type: 1 TLV Length: 32 Link ID: 192.168.4.1 (c0a80401) Pri 0: 100000000 bytes/s (800000000 bits/s) TLV Type: 2: Link ID Pri 1: 100000000 bytes/s (800000000 bits/s) TLV Length: 4 MPLS/TE Link ID: 192.168.4.1 (192.168.4.1) Resource Class/Color: 0 Local Interface IP Address TLV Type: 9: Resource Class/Color TLV Type: 3: Local Interface IP Address TLV Length: 4 TLV Length: 4 MPLS/TE Local Interface Address: 40.4.47.1 (40.4.47.1) Resource Class/Color: 0

108

APNOMS 2005

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747

OSPF-TE: Router Status Example

ID
15.0.1.11 15.0.1.61 15.0.1.81 15.0.1.91 15.0.1.101 15.0.1.141 15.0.1.151

Priority
200 1 1 1 1 1 0

State
FULL/DR_OTHER 2WAY/DR_OTHER 2WAY/DR_OTHER 2WAY/DR_OTHER 2WAY/DR_OTHER FULL/DR_OTHER 2WAY/DR_OTHER

Dead time
30 32 37 30 32 40 35

Address
15.0.1.11 15.0.1.61 15.0.1.81 15.0.1.91 15.0.1.101 15.0.1.141 15.0.1.151

109

APNOMS 2005

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RSVP-TE
Signaling protocol extended from RSVP Messages are sent over control channel to set up LSP (Label Switched Paths) in the transport/data layer Paths are set up for a long period of time Refresh is used to keep the circuit state information synchronized and updated between nodes Transport requirements
Paths have to survive control channel failure RSVP messages are not traveling in the same plane

110

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748

RSVP-TE Example

4. Resv GMPLS control plane 1. Path

3. Resv GMPLS control plane 2. Path

Data plane

GMPLS control plane

Data plane

Data plane

LSP setup
September 28, 2005

111

APNOMS 2005

Reliability: GMPLS-Based Recovery

Working path 1 setup Working path 2 setup

Recovery path is set up to protect against failures of working path and can be shared between working paths to increase network efficiency
112 APNOMS 2005

Recovery path is setup

September 28, 2005

749

Scalability: LSP Hierarchy

LSP setup at different layers to carry upper layer traffic

113

APNOMS 2005

September 28, 2005

Upcoming Topics: Advances in Transport Technologies

SONET/SDH legacy technology is improving and adopting data-friendly features Three technologies are central to Next-Generation SONET
Virtual Concatenation: VCAT Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme: LCAS Generic Framing Procedure: GFP

Work at CCAMP to extend GMPLS to support nextgeneration SONET

114

APNOMS 2005

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750

Virtual Concatenation: VCAT (1)

Ethernet Traffic

SONET without VCAT payload mapping STS-3c: 155 Mbps Efficiency: 64% STS-48: 2.5 Gbps Efficiency: 40%

SONET with VCAT payload mapping STS-1-2v: 103.5 Mbps Efficiency: 96% STS-1-21v or STS-3-7v Efficiency: 92%

Fast Ethernet (100 Mbps)

Gigabit Ethernet (1 Gbps)

115

APNOMS 2005

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Virtual Concatenation: VCAT (2)

Fast Ethernet (100 Mbps)

SONET cloud NE
STS-1-2v routed over SONET

NE

Fast Ethernet (100 Mbps)

Unmapped from STS-1-2v

Mapped to STS-1-2v

Another advantage of VCAT is the ability to do diverse routing and make better use of network resources

116

APNOMS 2005

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751

Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme: LCAS (1)

Two options to add capacity with the increasing need for bandwidth
Set up a new circuit with the extra bandwidth
The customer has to deploy equipment to appropriately distribute traffic among different leased circuits.

Tear down the currently leased circuit then set up a new one with the appropriate bandwidth
This creates a downtime that may breach Service Level Agreement (SLA)

LCAS is a procedure developed to allow hitless adding/removing members to/from the VCG (Virtual Concatenation Group: group of circuits that are concatenated) LCAS provides bandwidth-on-demand capability at the transport layer

117

APNOMS 2005

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Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme: LCAS (2)

LCAS monitors VCG member status LCAS can also provide a mechanism to map around VCG member failures by allowing them to be temporarily removed from a VCG without user intervention LCAS uses the H4 byte in the path overheard for the high-over mappings (HO-VCAT) such as STS circuits It works by establishing a protocol between the source and sink nodes to exchange information Intermediate nodes do not need to be aware of VCAT or LCAS or change their behavior LCAS is unidirectional so it can monitor traffic at the sink, and in the case of failure, send a message to the source to remove the failing member

118

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752

Generic Framing Procedure (1)

Legacy SONET/SDH carries Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) traffic to mostly support voice With the explosive growth of data traffic (mainly IP), it was expected to be replaced with data transport such as metro Ethernet and IP over WDM Next-generation SONET has allowed SONET to become data-friendly and exist in the core network as the unifying transport technology In order to allow SONET to carry data, a new framing mechanism called GFP was devised RPR stands for Resilient Packet Ring: a data networking architecture for the metropolitan network

IP RPR SONET

IP Ethernet SONET

Fiber or WDM layer

119

APNOMS 2005

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Generic Framing Procedure (2)

GFP is an adaptation method to carry different kinds of traffic such as RPR, ESCON, FICON, ATM and Ethernet over SONET GFP allows the adaptation of traffic, in this case packet-oriented data streams that assume a connectionless MAC (Media Access Control) layer to a byte-synchronous system such as SONET/SDH GFP consists of two layers
One that encompasses the GFP common aspects (those that are client-independent) the other carries client-specific aspects (the client-dependent ones). Client in this case refers to the layer requesting SONET service and in the previous figure consists of either Ethernet or RPR.

120

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753

Conclusion
GMPLS delivers dynamic control of a range of data and transport networks in a unified model Carriers are starting to embrace this technology because it will be able to increase their revenue and decrease their costs The building blocks of GMPLS (LMP, OSPF-TE and RSVP-TE) work in tandem to deliver control capabilities that cross domains and areas and work across a range of vendors and carriers The GMPLS control plane architecture will deliver capabilities that allow fast and simple connectivity setup and release across the data and transport layers GMPLS is being extended to support new transport architecture such as ASON (developed at ITU) and allow inter-area and inter-AS path setup/teardown Some ongoing work as well on GMPLS control of Ethernet networks as well as support for VCAT/LCAS

121

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754