Compton

, ..:200800118

.

( : .)
(Dated: January 12, 2012)
Compton ,
Klein-Nishina Compton
Compton .
.

I.

,
Maxwell,
,
.

Arthur Compton
1920, , ,

( )
.
,
.
Compton
1 .
,
[1],
:

Esc =


1+

E

,
E
(1 cos)
me c2

(1)

Esc ,
me c2
.


Compton ,
Klein-Nishina [2, 3]:


2
d T h
1
d KN
=
d
d
1 + (1 cos)


2 (1 cos)2
1+
, (2)
(1 + cos2 )(1 + (1 cos))

E
d T h

2
me c
d

Thomson

:

1
d T h
= re2 (1 + cos2 ),
d
2

(3)

re (= 2.8181015 m)
e .

II.
II.1.

MCA

MCA,
NaI
0
137 Cs, ,
t = 300sec.
MCA 137 Cs (662
keV) 137 Ba (32
keV),
2 .

II.2.

Compton

,
662keV,
Al,
Compton ,
Klein-Nishina .
137 Cs.
. A.

elvisbejko@gmail.com
1

eV

keV .

32-662 keV.

2
II.3.

Compton

NaI 30
.
Plexiglass (PMMA) (
1 )
Msc 3 . , Plexiglass
, Mbg . RootTM ,
Mnet = Msc Mbg ,

.
45 , 60 , 75 90 .

.
,

NaI ,
.
, ,
( )
:

= 1 eL ,

(4)

L = 5.0 0.1cm .

III.

R1
III.1.

E
s
c

Na
I

PMT

PC

MCA

1: , .


.

MCA

:

E = 0.8618x 45.56

Compton

(5)

x
MCA.
7-11 (1)
I.
:
e .
(1) E =
662keV .

Esc (keV )

Esc (keV )

( )

( )

0.133

564

45

0.292

479

60

0.500

401

75

0.741

337

90

1.000

288

565 1
475 1
402 1
330 1
282 1

( )

(1 cos)

30

(1) (2)
,
e
.

II.4.

,
2 (0.00230 0.00005keV 1 ),
1/me c2
fit 4 :

me c2

(2)
,

7 511keV (!)

t = 300sec.

exp

= 434 10keV,

(6)

(1)
1/Esc .

511keV , -

3.6

.

20 ,
3.
,

corr
exp

= 495 16keV,

3.2

(7)

1/Esc [ keV 1 ]

me c2

Theoretical Curve
Corrected Experimental Data
Linear Fit

1 .

2.8

2.4

y = 0.00202x + 0.001484

2
3.5

Theoretical Curve
Experimental Data
Linear Fit

1/Esc [ 10

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1cos

2:
I e .
linear fit
,
.

Klein-Nishina

7-11
Compton. P
,
Mnet /t
30 ,
5 ,
6 .

(.

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

3: I
. 2

.

2.5

1.5

0.2

1cos

III.2.

0.1

y = 0.002305x + 0.001431

keV

1.6

..

, e .

(4)).
,

.
.

e
( Plexiglass) .
Gaussian Fit
,
,
e ,
,
counts ,
.
,
, , Gaussian ,
9-11,
1000 7 .
II, 4 ,
.

,
90 .

..

4
: , 30 ,
Plexiglass. .
.

( )

Mnet
t

46 3
31 2
23 1
18 1
19 1

30
45
60
75
90

Mnet
t

57 4
36 3
26 2
20 2
17 1

d KN
d

d incoh
d

1.00 0.10
0.63 0.06
0.45 0.04
0.33 0.04
0.295 0.025

1.00
0.65
0.42
0.31
0.254

.
a

t = 300sec.

Differential Cross Section for Compton Scattering

1.6

Theoretical Curve
Uncorrected Experimental Data
Corrected Experimental Data

1.4

P
45

45
d incoh
1
Mnet
d
45
t
Fe
Fe

P
45 ,
 incoh 45
1
Mnet
d
45
t
d
PMMA
PMMA


(d

.

5, P

1
Here we notice the discrepancy between the
corrected vs the uncorrected data

KN

/d)30

1.2

(8)

0.8

0.6

Mnet
.
t

Differential CrossSection vs Atomic Number

0.4

1.6

0.2
20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

1.5

180

[0]

4:
, 30 .
,
,
.

III.3.
Compton

(dincoh/d)Z / (dincoh/d)PMMA

y = 0.0127x + 0.888
1.4

1.3

1.2

1.1

1
Experimental Data
Curve Fit
0.9

45
- III.2,
P ,
,
Mnet /t ,

.

ef f
ef f
(ZF e = 26, ZBronze = 39.5 ZP M M A = 6.25)

. -

6.25

10

15

20

26

30

35

39.5

5: ( PMMA)
(incoherent) Compton
.
PMMA, Fe
.

5
8 (

fit ).

.
Klein-Nishina


(binding energy).


( ), b (),
KleinNishina, KN () ( ), :

b () = KN ()S(X, Z)

[1] H. D. Young, Modern physics, ( , 1994)

Chap. 40, pp. 11261127, 8th ed.
[2] K. S. Krane, Introductory nuclear physics, (John Wiley &
Sons, 1987) Chap. 7, pp. 198200, 2nd ed.
[3] G. F. Knoll, Radiation detection and measurement, (John
Wiley & Sons, 2010) Chap. 2, pp. 4950, 4th ed.
[4] S. P. Kumar and T. Umesh, Experimental measurement of
effective atomic number of composite materials by a new
method, (2011).
[5] P. Latha, K. Abdullah, Unnikrishnan, M. Varier, and
B. Babu, Coherent and incoherent scattering cross sections using gamma rays, (2011).
[6] Introductory lectures for experimental nuclear physics at
university of athens, .

12-14.

S

binding energy
e .

S .


Z ef f
.
/
,



.[4, 5].

6
A:
Compton

MCA
peak 662keV
5163 72.
Al L = 1.60 0.05cm,
,
3774 61.
t = 300sec (counts per second)
I0 = 17.21 0.24c/s I = 12.5 0.2c/s
. ,

L

I = I0 eL .

(A1)

I , I0 L
, ,
= 0.195 0.014cm1 ,
L.9
, %Al = 2.699g/cm3 ,

total
%


= 0.072 0.005
exp

cm2
g

(A4), (ZAl = 13, AAl = 27

NA = 6.022 1023 ) :

KN
cm2
= 0.0742
,
%
g

(A5)

0.4 (A2).

B: Plexiglass

ef f
, ZP M M A = 6.25
Compton
(< 40)
0.110M eV .
6.

(A2)

, , , ,

Compton. Compton
Klein-Nishina. (2)
:

KN

r2
= e

(
1

2( + 1)
2

)
1
4
1
ln(2 + 1) + +
, (A3)
2 2(2 + 1)2

, , e [2].
e
Compton
(A3)

Compton ,

KN
Z
= NAvogadro ( ) KN .
%
A

(A4)

(A3) re , KN = 25.60 1030 m2

,
0.2cm1 (!), 0.4 .

6:
,
, Compton [6].

signal
spectrum

MCA readout
Entries

Mean
RMS

1200

2 / ndf
Prob

1000

1024
309.1

Mean

315.6

RMS

Constant

212

374.1 / 45

1.912e-053
216.5

1.367e+004 8.267e+002
708.4 1.4

Mean

42.8 1.7

Sigma

800

Entries

Line Offset

69.23 14.30

Line Slope

-0.1072 0.0221

600
400
200
0
0

200

400

600

800

1000

7: Plexiglass 30 .
. ( )
Mnet = Msc Mbg . .

signal
spectrum

MCA readout

Entries
0
Entries 261.4
1024
Mean
RMS
182.1
Mean
268.8
2 / ndf
167.3 / 45
Prob
RMS5.752e-016
186.6
Constant
9255 437.8
Mean
604.3 1.2
Sigma
38.85 1.48
Line Offset
36.88 7.43
Line Slope -0.05821 0.01218

600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0

200

400

600

800

1000

8: Plexiglass 45 .

signal
spectrum

MCA readout

Entries
0
Entries 244.8
1024
Mean
RMS
167.2
Mean
248.1
2 / ndf
262.7 / 44
Prob
RMS6.396e-033
167.8
Constant
7658 409.1
Mean
508.6 1.3
Sigma
36.04 1.54
Line Offset
70.03 6.61
Line Slope -0.1337 0.0134

600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0

200

400

600

800

1000

9: Plexiglass 60 .

signal
spectrum

MCA readout

Entries
0
Entries 235.1
1024
Mean
RMS
162.8
Mean
236.4
2 / ndf
209.1 / 45
Prob
RMS5.465e-023
161.3
Constant
6139 409.6
Mean
425.8 1.2
Sigma
30.01 1.47
Line Offset
40.19 11.42
Line Slope -0.07723 0.02144

600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0

200

400

600

800

1000

10: Plexiglass 75 .

signal
spectrum

MCA readout

Entries
0
Entries 224.2
1024
Mean
RMS
157.3
Mean
226.4
2
/ ndf
452.5 / 43
Prob
RMS1.013e-069
154.8
Constant
5979 187.8
Mean
360.6 0.7
Sigma
23.07 0.62
Line Offset
32.24 3.23
Line Slope -0.06946 0.00795

600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0

200

400

600

800

1000

11: Plexiglass 90 .

signal
spectrum

MCA readout
Entries

700

Mean
RMS
2 / ndf

600

Prob

400

1024
266.5

Mean

277.9

RMS

Constant

500

Entries

183.5

185.4 / 45

5.855e-019
188.6

1.053e+004 7.009e+002

Mean

602.3 1.6

Sigma

41.93 1.99

Line Offset

91 12.0

Line Slope

-0.1438 0.0181

300
200
100
0
0

200

400

600

800

12: 45 .

1000

10

signal
spectrum

MCA readout

Entries
0
Entries 261.4
1024
Mean
RMS
182.1
Mean
268.8
2
/ ndf
167.3 / 45
Prob
RMS5.752e-016
186.6
Constant
9255 437.8
Mean
604.3 1.2
Sigma
38.85 1.48
Line Offset
36.88 7.43
Line Slope -0.05821 0.01218

600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0

200

400

600

800

1000

13: PMMA 45 .

signal
spectrum

MCA readout
Entries

700

Mean
RMS
2 / ndf

600

Prob

1024
268.7

Mean

282.1

RMS

Constant

500

Entries

1.083e-015
192.2

1.329e+004 1.572e+003
620 2.3

Mean

46.51 3.00

Sigma

400

185.7

165.6 / 45

Line Offset

130.6 22.5

Line Slope

-0.2136 0.0459

300
200
100
0
0

200

400

600

800

14: 45 .

1000