1

Midterm

1.1

Chapter 1

1. ( p q) (r (s t))
(a) 24
(b) 26
(c) 28
(d) 30
2.
(a) [(a b) ( c b)] (c a)
(b) (b a) [(c d) a]
(c) ( a b) [( a b) c]
(d) [((a b) c) ((a c) (b c))]
3. (p q) r
(a) ( p q) r ( q p)
(b) (q p) r (p q)
(c) ( p q) r ( p q)
(d) (p q) [(r p) (q r)]
4.
(a) [p (q p)] p
(b) (x y) [(z w) w]
(c) p [p (p q)]
(d) [(x y) z] [x (y z)]
5.
(a)




(b) x R+ x3 x y R y 2 = y




(c) x (x)(x) = (x2 ) x N (2x > 1) (x2 > x)
(d)
(e) P (x) x Q(x) 3 | x
i. x N [P (x) Q(x)]
ii. x R [Q(x) P (x)]


(f) x Z [(x > 0) (x < 0)] x (x2 3x 4 = 0) (x < 0)




(g) x R+ x2 = x x N x x



(h) x (x = 1 x = 1) (x2 = 1)
"
#
0


(i) a
= 0 x N x2 + 2x + 2 = 0
a


(j) x R (x2 > 0)] (x = 0)






(k) (x R [2 x = 1]) y N y 2 = 0
z N z 2 + 1 > 2


(l) x R (3 < x < 3) (0 < x2 < 9)


(m) x R+ x3 x2 > 0
(n) (x R [1 x = 3]) (y N [|y + 1| < 2])






(o) x x2 + 2 0 z R x2 + x 3 < x 2
#!
"
1
(p) x Z+ x < 0
x [x x]
x
6.
(a) (p q) (( p r) q)
(b) (p q) ( p q)
(c) [{( r q) (r q)} q] q
(d) (q r) [{ (p r) q} {(p q) (q r)}]
(e) [(p q) r] [p (q r)]
(f) [(p q) r] (r s) [ s (p q)]
(g) (a b) [c (a b)]
(h) [ (r q) p (p q)] (p q)
(i) [r (p q)] (p q r)
(j) p [(p q) ( q p)]
(k) [ ( p q) q p] [(r t) t r]
(l) [(p q) r] [(r p) (r q)]
(m) p (p q)
7.
(a) 3
(b) 1 3

1.2

Chapter 2

1. q t, p (r s) p (q t) r s
2. ( t s) q (s r) (r p) (p s) r q
3. [ b a] [a s] , p b r (x q) r p
4. (p q) r, r t, r s (p q) (s r) t t

5. q s, s r, (p t) r, (r q) w w p r (p q)
6. ( p q) ( s t) p (q t) (q t) s
7. (p t) q, (q r) s t p ( r p) (t s)
8. p q, p r, s (q r), (s p) t (t s) r r
9. q, (p q) r s (p r) s
10. t (s t) (p q) (p q) s
11. s (p r) t [q ( s t) [ p (t s)] q
12. (t p) [ ( q s) (r t)] (s t) ( q r) p
13. q (s t), (r p) (q s) (p u) r s t
14. s, q (p t), (r s) t, p r q s [r (t s)] [p q]
15. (p s) (q r) [(s t) r] p (s t) (p q)
16. [ b a] [a s], p b r (s q) r p
17. s t s [ p ( t q)] p q
18. [( p q) (r s)] [ s {(r p) (r q)}]
19. [(p q) (r t)] [{(p r) ( p t)} {(q r) (t q)}]
20. [(p q) (s q)] [(p s) q]
21. [( p (q s)) p] [( q p) (s p)]
22. [(q t) [( s r) (t (p q))]] [ q (r s)]
23. x 2 (x + 1)(x + 2)
24. x Z x2 + x + 2
25. x Z x 12 | (3x2 )
26. x, y Z x2 + 1 6 | y 4 | (6x2 6y)
27. x, y Z 6 | (x + 4) 10 | (y 2) xy
28. x y 2 | (x 1) 6 | (y 3) xy
29. x x4 x2 4
30. x y x y
x y

1.3

Chapter 3

1.

(a)

(p q) (r s)
( q s) (p r)
[( p s) q]
sr
p (q r)

(b)

xz
p w
zw
y x
y (p x)

(c)

t s
q ( r s)
(q p)
(p r) t

(d)

p (q r)
(r s) p
r (s t)
t

(e)

(r s) (t p)
(p q) t
r (p s)
q

(f)

(g)

(h)

(p q) (r s)
(q s) {[(t w) t] (p r)}
r p
p (q r)
q r
p t
t
( p r) s
s (t q)
t r
p q

(i)

(j)



(k)

(l)

(m) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )

2.
(a) ( ) ( )

......................................
3. -
(a) .152
. 152

.152
(b)

(c)

(d)

(e) TU152
4
TU152 4

 a 4
a TU152
(f)

(g) .152

.152
.152
(h)

(i)

(j)

1.4

Chapter 4

1. n 2
!2
!2
!2
!2
1
1
1
9
1
1
1
1
... 1
=
4
5
6
n+1
(n + 1)2
2. 3 3! + 4 4! + 5 5! + . . . + n n! = (n + 1)! 6 n > 2
3. n 2
1
23
4. n

1
2

+
1
22

1
34

23

1
45

+ ... +

+ ... +

1
2n

1
(n 1)n

=1

n2
2n

1
2n

5. n
(1 3) + (2 4) + (3 5) + . . . + n(n + 1) =

n(n + 1)(2n + 7)

6. n 1
2
2

3
2

4
2

+ ... +

n
2

n2 + n 2
4

1.5

Chapter 5

1. a, b R a > 0 , b > 0 a 6= b

a
b2

b
a2

>

1
a

1
b

2. a, b 1 a > b a2 b + b > ab2 + a

3. a3 + b3 ab(a + b) a, b R b a
4. 2xy 3 + x4 2x3 y + y 4 y < x < 0
5. x, y, z R 1 < y < x z + 2 0
6. x, y R+ x < y

xy
x2

+ 2x + 1

<

z
x2

+ 2xy +

xy
y2

+ 4y + 4

y2

z
4x2

Final

2.1

Chapter 5

1.

(2x2 + 4x + 7)(x 1)
x3 5x2 + x 5

2.

3.

2x
x2

5.

6. x + 4 +

7.

8.

11.

3x
x4

x(x3 + 8)
x
x2

x2 4x + 4

14x 16
x2

4x + 2

2x2 7x + 6
(x2 6x + 9)(2x x2 3)

2x + 1
x2 + 2

3x4 3x3 + 2x2

x3 + x2 + x 1

x3 + x2

12x + 4x x2

x2 1

(3x2 x3 3x + 2)(4 x2 )

<1

2x4 + 2x3 + 3x2 3x + 2

(x2 x + 2)(1 x)

12.

2.2

x4 1

(1 x)(2 x)

9.

10.

(2x2 + x 1)(x 3)

4.

(3x2 x3 3x + 2)(4 x2 )
x(x3 + 8)

Chapter 6

1
1. x, y R |x y|2 + xy < |x|2 + |y|2
2
2. x, y R |y| < 2 1 < x < 2 |x2 2x + 3| < y + 5
3. x y x < y |x y| < 1 x y < |x|2 2xy + |y|2 < |x y|
4. x, y Z |xy 3| > 2 ( xy < 1 xy > 5 )
5. x, y Z 2 x 7 < y

|x 1| + 4
5

<y5

6.

|x 2|
x2

|x + 6|

7. |x2 x 2| < 2x + 2
8.

9.

1
|x 1|

|x 2|
x2 |x + 2|
1

|x + 3|

>1

10. |x3 x2 + 3x 3| |x 1|
11. ||x2 + 4x + 3| x| < 3 x > 1
12.

|x + 2|

14.
2
|x 5|

x2 + 1

x3

13. |x + 2| +

15.

|x3 + 3x2 + x + 3|

> x2 + x + 2

|x| |x 1|
x2 + x

2x

|x + 7|

2
|2x + 3|  x 
16.
<

 x + 2
x+2

17.

|x| |x + 2|
x1

|x + 2|



18. |x2 4x + 3| x < 3 x > 1

2.3

Chapter 7

1. f (x) =

x+1

, 1 x < 5

(x 6)2

,x 5

x2 + 2x + 2
2. f (x) =
x + 1

, x < 1
, x 1

g(x) =

x
1 + |x|

g
f

g(x) = |x2 3x + 2|

(a) f 1 (x)
!
f
(b)
(x)
g
3. f g
f (x) =

f
g 1

1
x

g(x) =

!
(x)

|x + 2| + 1 1 x 0

f
g 1

g
f

4. f g
(
f=

(x, y) R R | y =

(f g)(x)
(
5. r =

(x, y) R R | y =

1
4x x2

,xI

4 x ,0 x < 1
g(x) =
x
,x 1

)
1 |x|
x

(a) r
(b) r r (1-1 )
(c) r (r1 )

6. f f (x) =

|x2 1|

,x 0

,x < 0
+1
f
f
(
)
x3 23
7. r = (x, y) R R | y = 2

x + 2x + 4
x2

(a) r
(b) r r
(c) r1 (x)
(
8. f =

(x, y) R R | y =

x2 + 2x + 2

(a) f f
(b) f f
9.
(a) f = {(x, y) R R | |y| x 1 = 0}


(b) g = (x, y) R R | x2 xy 2x + y = 3
10. A = R {1} f = {(x, y) A A | xy y = x + 1}
f ( )


11. A = R {1} r r = (x, y) R A | y 2 + y|x| = |x| + 1 r

x2
, x [0, ), y [0, ) f 1
12. f = (x, y) R R | y =

1+x

10

, x < 2
f 1 (x)
x(x + 2)

|x + 3| , x 2

|x2 + 2x 3| , x < 3

14. f (x) =
g(x) = x 4
x + 5
, x 3
13. f (x) =

(a) f 1
!
f
(b)
(x)
g
(c) (f g)(x)

|x 1| , x 2

1
15. f (x) =
, 2 < x 2 g(x) = x 1

x3

2x2
,x > 2
(a) f 1 (x)
!
f
(b)
(x)
g
(c) f g
16. f : R {1} R f (x) = 1

1
(x + 1)2

(a) f 1-1
(b) f onto

5x , x 0

17. f (x) =

18. f (x) =

, 0 < x 8 g(x) = x3 f g

,x > 8

x + 1

, x 1

,x > 2

3x
2

x 1

, 1 < x 2 f g f g

19. f 1 (x) f 1 f

f (x) =

20. g(x) =

1
1x

|x|

,0 < x 1

x>2

|x| + 2

1<x2

(g g g)(x) (g g g)(x) = g(g(g(x)))

11

21. f g

f (x) = 2x 3

1
,x < 1
g(x) = x3

2 + x ,x 1

(g f )(x) g f
22.

(a) f (x) = 1 |x| g(x) =

(b) f (x) =

|x|

g(x) =

x+1

(x 1)3
23. f (x) =
x

|x + 2| + 1 1 x 0 g 1 f

x2 + 1 f g

,0 < x < 1

g(x) = 2 +

x 3

,1 < x < 4

(a) g
(b) (f g)(x) (g f )(x)
24. 8
x
f (x) x
(a) f (x)
(b) f
2r r2 h r h

25. 20
10000 2 2000 ( 2
2000 ) S(x) x 2
(a) S(x)
(b) 104000
26.
100
(a) x
(b) 1120011
27. 24 6
3 r
h C(r) r
C(r)

12

28. A H1N1 2009

10 15% 10%
120
f (x) () x
(a) f (x)
(b) 20
(c) 4590
29. 20
400 2000 10%
2000 20%
f (x) x
(a) f (x)
(b) 3 700 580 240
(c) 1840
30. 1000 A 150 B 100

f (x) () 50
A x B
(a) f (x)
(b) 6800
A 1 30
31. . .

3000

()

()

20-50
51-100
101-200
200

70
65
60
50

C(x) x P (x) x
(a) x
(b) x . 200
(c) . 10000 .

13

32.
(a)
(b)

4x3 2x2 2x 4
x4 1
2x3 4x2 + 13x 5
x4 3x3 x + 3
8

(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)

x + 3x5 x4 + 2x3 2x2 + 3x + 2

(x4 1)(x2 1)
4x2 + 8x + 3
(x + 1)(x2 + 3x + 2)
5x4 x3 + 24x2 6x + 24
(x2 + 2)(x3 2x2 + 2x 4)
x5 x2 + 2x + 1
x4 x
3

(g)
(h)

x 2x2 x
x3 x2 + x 1
x4 x3 x 2
(x2 + 2)(x 1)

33. A, B, C, ... A, B, C, ...

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
(k)

2x4 + x3 + 1
x2 (x2 5x + 6)
x2 + 1
2x3 + 4x2 + 3x
x+3
(x2

1)(2x2 + 2x 3)

7x3 12x + 5
(8 x)3 (x2 + 3)
x3
x3 5x2 + x 5
5x4 8
(x + 6)(x2 + 9)(x2 16)
x3 + 3x2 x 1
(x4 16)2
x4 + 3x3 + 2x2 4x + 2
(x 1)2 (x2 + 1)
3 2x2 + 4x3
(x2 x 6)(x2 2)
x3 + 3x2 + x + 1
(x4 1)(2x2 + 2x 4)
x6 + 2x3 + x2 3x + 1
x5 x

14

(l)
(m)
(n)

(o)
(p)
(q)
(r)

2.4

3x2 + x 1
4x5 + 4x3 + x
x2 + 5x + 1
(x 1)(x2 5)(2x 2)
1
[(x2

x + 3)(x2 + 2x 4)]

x2 + 3x
x3 (2x2 + x + 1)2
x+1
(x2 + 2)(x4 4)
x5 + x + 1
(x4 1)(x2 + 1)
x4 x3 + 1
x2 (x 2)2

Chapter 8

1. x2 x xy + y 1 = 0
2. yx2 y 3x2 = 0
3. y 2 + 2xy 6x = 3y 2
4. x2 2xy x + 2y = 6
5. y 2 + 3xy + y + 3x 12 = 0
(a) x ()
(b) y ()
(c)
6. xy 2 + 3xy + 2y = 1
7. y 2 +

64
x2 64

= 0

8. x2 y 2 + y 2 = 9

2.5

Chapter 9

1.
7x 4y + 8x

21

2x + 2x y

5x + 5z 20

15

2.
4x
2x

+2y
+y
3y

z
+2z
3z

2w
+4w
+2w
+6w

=
5
= 2
=
1
=
6

(a) E1 E2 E3 E4
3.
x y + 2z w + 8 = 0
2x 2y + 3z 3w + 20 = 0
x+y+z+2 = 0
x 3y + 2x w + 12 = 0
4.
x + 3y 2z w
2x y + z + w
3x + 2z 2w
4x + 5y 3w

= 3
=
7
=
1
=
2

5.
x1 + 2x2 + x3 + x4
3x1 x3
3x1 + 4x2 + x3
x1 2x2 4x4

=
=
=
=

4
2
0
6

6.
x + 2y

7+z

5x + 3

7y + 4z

2x + 8y + 3z

16