l57

|CO - O lJku
C|Vu
8.l,l7
O2u1Ak
2009.
uborto |co (rooo l932.} roIosor |o solotl|o oo 8voclllstc c oloo|l. Osl
sto |o sv|ots|l ozootl roooolsoc, ob|ovlo |o zooo|oo u|olo lz ourc|o toorl|o
zoo|ovo, toorl|o lotorrotocl|o, |ocol|ocl|s|o toorl|o, lozo|o |ozl|o, ostotl|o
l ooqlo urcqlo toorl|s|lo ourc|o ocoolstl|lo l urcstvoolo zoooostl. No|o
ou o|lo sc 2WYRUHQRGMHOR (l92.}, 'LDULRPLQLPR (l93.}, .XOWXUDLQIRUPDFLMD
NRPXQLNDFLMD (l98.}, 7UDWWDWRGLVHPLRWLFDJHQHUDOH (l975.}, /HFWRULQIDEXOD
(l979.}, *UDQLFHWXPDHQMD (l990.}, HVWHWQMLSULSRYMHGQLPXPDPD (l99=.},
.DQWHORUQLWRULQFR (l997.}, 3RYLMHVWOMHSRWH (200.} l ,VWRULMDUXQRH (2007.}.
l58
C|Vu
8.l,l7
O2u1Ak
2009.
|CO - O lJku
8 toll|oos|oq rovoo 2ol||o kozlc
6(0,27,.$,1(72
2osto bl so solotl|o troboll bovltl ovl oosto 2oto sto |o |ouoo ou o|ozlolo
robloo (to|oor l slqcroo} |orlstlo ll l |o|o |orlstlo zoo|ovo uo bl so
roIorlroll oo oosto, o o too |o oolsooo ooqo. All oo lsll uo solotl|o
ozo lzb|ocl |ouoo urcql roblo. sto |o ooo| oosto sto oos oovoul uo
rolzvoulo zoo|ovo
8vo|o lozo|o |ozl|o scoovo so oo soo s WHUPLQXVDGTXHP ooqo to|oor l
s WHUPLQXVDTXRNo oro so soo ltotl oo sto so roIorlroo |ouo qovorlo
l s |o|o v|orouosto|ooscc (roblo svo|o|o vrl|ouoo rozotroo|o}, ooqo
to|oor. 8to oo ooqccc|o uo qovorlo.
Jo |o, qlouooo loqooots|l, blo oo|zou roblo |o|l |o ouoroltot zobroolo
orl|o|lo |ozl|o, boro ou |l|cro oouol|o. All o|o qo so ozo lzb|ocl
c loqooots|o| (oovouocl oouostoto| orooolos|lo oolozo}, oo ozo qo so
lqoorlrotl c ootoqooots|o| orso|tlvl. Noso vlostlto svo|luoso|o ls|cstvo ozo
oo oslqcrotl oloooto, ozuo ooroclzoo, oll c ouroooo slslc oll|lvo,
oocc |o|lo coo ouqovorltl oo ltoo|o. All zosto so l|ouo blo oovouoo
uo |ozo oosto
8trc|tcroloo lloqvlstl|o ol|ouo ol|o uoto|lo to| roblo (s lzol|o u|olslovo,
|oo sto coo vlu|otl}. rozllltl |ozlcl rootrool sc |oo voc cstro|ool slstol (l
|o|l so oqc slo|rool|s|l ooollzlrotl} c trooct|c c |o|o so qovorolcl lzrozovo|c,
c |o|o tvruo, o|ozc|c, lto|c, zoovl|ouo|c. Ostoto| rlouo rolzvouo|l
ULMHL oll rozlozl zboq |o|lo so qovorl sc sloolos|l, o oo lloqvlstl|l. Aoolltl|o
so lozo|o zouovol|llo vlostltl |oocoto lstloo (|o|l so oo ouoosl oo stvorl
|o|o clstloc |osc, ooqo oo to sto so trobo zo|l|cltl o|o |o roozlcl|o sovocooo
|oo lstlolto}, oll ol|o roblootlzlrolo oos roulloqvlstl|l ouoos roo
stvorlo. Drcql rl|olo, orocl|o VQLMHJ MH ELMHO |ost lstlolto o|o |o sol|oq
bl|ol, oll |o|o sovocoo (l slqcrol so} uo |o sol|oq bl|ol, ov|orooo |o toorl|l
1
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O blt|c |o rvo oqlovl|o |covo |o|lqo .DQWHORUQLWRULQFR, olool, Vllooo, l997. u ovo rl|ovouc uoooslo otoqlovl|o
l.l. Lo solotlco o ll Ocolcoso, l.=. Coo sl orlo uoll'ossoro, l.. Lo ucllcozlooo uoll'ossoro l l.9. Dl co osslbllo ulloqcoooto
uoll'ossoro. (oo. cr.}
l59
|CO - O lJku
C|Vu
8.l,l7
O2u1Ak
2009.
orcocl|o lll otlcl.
1oulol |o|l |o ou ovoq robloo clolo soc osoovc svo|o toorl|o, solotl|o,
|oqoltlvoo l otozl|o, svo c lsto vrl|oo, boz sco|o blo |o lolrco. Dloolol
Ob|o|t oos oto|oo uo rolzvouoo UHSUH]HQWDPHQ to c tobozo|o ucoc
(gcosl-ooto} rolzvouo Noosrouol Ob|o|t, |o|l |o ooosl|ot|c rovoulv c
otoocl|oloo bos|ooooc sorl|c lotorrotoooto l ooo|ou so, ro|o oovl|o
stoooo tl|o|o lotorrototlvooq rocoso, vrotlo oozou Dlooloo
Ob|o|tc l oorovlo oosto ou toqo. Norovoo, ou trooct|o c |o|o troboo
ooovo qovorltl o Dlooloo Ob|o|tc, |o|o so so vrotlll, ooovoo so c
ootoo sltcocl|l to qo troboo ooovoo looovotl ro|o |ouooq urcqoq
UHSUH]HQWDPHQD o c |ouoo ouroooo slslc Dloolol Ob|o|t osto|o
cvl|o| |oo 8tvor o 8obl, cvl|o| rlsctoo, oll oocovotl|lv, o|o oo crovo ro|o
solozo.
lo lo| Dloolol ob|o|t |o ooo sto oos oovoul uo rolzvoulo solozc.
lrolzvoulo zoo|ovo zoto sto osto|l oosto sto zoot|ovo uo bcuo roooo.
koooo oo bos lozoIs|l, oll cs|oll lzrozo, Dloolol Ob|o|t |o Nosto-
sto-oos-oocqouoo-cuoro
2
l |ozo oo qovorll lll qovorl o ooll lll |os
rozotro| ol.
lzoc ooloo rolzvouo|o zoo|ovo ozoo|oo louo|soo zoo|ovo, RYR lll RQR
c csooo |ozl|c, corool |ozlrst, strl|olc c |ozl|c qosto lll sll|o (cs. |co
l975, 3.}, oll lo |ouoo Iooooo |o|l oroo sovotltl |oo rousolotl|l,
lll rotosolotl|l (c slslc uo tvorl slqool |o|l o|roco, ctool|c|ccl qo,
rocos solozo} l |o|oq coo zvotl SULPDUQDLQGHNVLQRVW LOLSR]RUQRVW (lolrco
|o qovorlo o SR]RUQRVWL |oo sosoboostl cs|orovoo|o co roo ob|o|tc,
zourzovoo|c ozoroostl oo |ouoo oloootc lqoorlro|ccl urcql}.
3
lrloroc
louo|sloost loo |ouo c otorl|l qcsto| soozocl|oo |o|o oos boborulro|c
lzoooouo solo|cloolroo oosto sto lzuvo|oo ooscrot to| oco| ozoulol,
oulclvsl uo zollo o too rlotl (|ouo, urcql rl|olo, uo| zlvlo o|rczool
bll|ostocl, torl|l, to|tllol, rosroto|l soozocl|oo, ou |o|lo soo
|ouoo rlvlol oosc ozoroost, l VDPR SRVOLMH WRJD coo rocl uo |o olouoo,
lll uo oos boll stoolo}, loo rloroc louo|sloost |ouo rlvlolo ool|c
ozoroost, oo oczoo uo blso rozqovoroll s o|l, ooqo to|oor soo uo blso
c o|ozoll oosto sto co trobotl ostotl zoo|o, rl|oro, l vcoo qo zo
|o|oc, o|rocoo-c-qlovc-roo.
u oo|oloootorol|o ou ouooso solozo, roul|oloo rovooo|c |o|l |o
2 Nouo so uo co |ouooqo uooo to| lzroz bltl rovouoo oo o|oo|l, to|o co, boro c ltoll|l, bltl rlovocoo |oo lozoIs|l
ozbll|oo.
3 Oo o oow llst oI cotoqorlos, l87 (Wk 2}.
160
C|Vu
8.l,l7
O2u1Ak
2009.
|CO - O lJku
rosvl|otllo Ocloo (l90. 2}, rl|o ooqo sto sozooo |o|l oozlv uoorouoc
rluo|o zocc |o|l rolozl (lll bllo |o|o| stvorl |o|c oo vlul too qu|o |o vlul l
rozoblro zoco |o|l rolozl}, rl|o ooqo qo |o clto sto |o ooo s |ouoo
zocooo l cltoo qosto uo|, oo oolo oqcco o|oc oorozcl|lv, clro
rst roo rostoroo-vrooos|o uoqoo|c |o|l o zoolo |o|o blo
oslqcroo uo l oo ouqovorl s roslovl|ool l oolqotlol JDYDJDL lo |ouoo
troocto| c |o|o |o rlvlol o|oqovc ozoroost oo to| rostoroo-vrooos|l
uoqoo|. lscstlt cc crll|, zqroblt cc qo zo roooo, c slco|c uo |o oo o|rooct
oo urcqc strooc, clolt cc oosto |o|o bl oo rll|otlo ooo sto so |o oulclo
rll|otltl. Jo |slroo|o o|o l ozoroostl urcqlo oo oosto |ost stoo|o svo|o
solozo |o|o co uocl, rotooul o| ooo loc ozoroostl (voc solozoo, voc
rozcltotc lsl|oo|o} zboq |o|oq cc oulcltl uo |o oosto ortloootoo, zooll|lvo,
lotrlqootoo l uo oro bltl ob|oso|ooo ro|o olotozo. Dolozl to|oor rl|o
zootlzol|o, to|oor rl|o orcocl|o ob|o|to |oo ob|o|to. 1os |o sll|oo oulc|o
|o|o, c oql ls|cstvo, lzuvo|o oosto s lo so trobo scoltl.
l osll|o, |ouooct oloborlrooo toorl|o sozoo|o, ovo oosto osto|o Dloolol
Ob|o|t, oocoooo, |os oolzqloooo otorl|o |ouoo lotclcl|o |os oorosvl|otl|ooo
|otoqorl|olol ooroto, svo to uolozl osll|o. No oot|c osto|l oosto,
o| l o|o |o to soo o|o oooovo robcooo ozoroost, oll oltl |o to o|o
ozoroost uo| sovo, vrobo, uo| |o c olcsoc. Nl|o rlorol lo ozoroostl ooo|
|o|l uoolro oosto, oosto |o ooo sto bcul ozoroost, stovlso soo vrobo|cco
ozoroost lol voc ulo (l sv|ouooostvo} toq oosto.
|vo rozloqo zboq |o|lo solotl|o oo ozo oo roo|tlrotl o to oosto sto (|o|o
bl so ovozoll s oolo |o|l sc so stol|oclo clll s o|l} oulcc|oo looovotl
lto|.
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lto| |o l rl|o ooqo sto so o o|oc qovorl. All ozoo qo rotvorltl lz
oocqcslvo oolIostoostl c roblo (|o|l oo|c|o ouqovor} soo c|oll|o o
o|oc qovorlo. lrvo otvoroo|o roo blt|c |ost |ouoo vrsto o|stotlooq
ls|cstvo, o| l c oo|otorl|ollstl|l|o slslc o|o, oll svo uo| osto|oo rl
to| rloroo| oolIostoostl, |o|o |o ol|oo, blto| ol|o lozoIs|l roblo, |oo
sto rlbl lozoIs|l roblo ol|o vouo |o|o |o sourzl. All c trooct|c |ouo o blt|c
qovorlo, oo qovorlo |os o o|oc c o|oqovo| svoobcovotoo| Iorl, zoto sto
|o, to so voc ro|ll, roblo blt|o (oo|rlrouol|o l oo|ooosrouol|o ls|cstvo}
161
|CO - O lJku
C|Vu
8.l,l7
O2u1Ak
2009.
oo|oo|o rlrouoo ou svlo robloo, ooo| |o|l sl sooscs cocols ol|ou oo
ostovl|o. l zoolo|oo olovotl oos ct c blt|c lzuvo|o|ccl blco l qrouocl
olo o olo 8vl|ot.
Do|lo, bcuccl uo |o sooscs cocols oososoboo lslltl blto| rl|o ooqo ll qo |o
orqoolzlroo c slsto, lll c oocroool olz blco, ooo sc oolo oo |o|l oo blto|
uolozl cscsrot l ou too trobo ootl.
l uolozlo touo uo cootrolooq ltoo|o Arlstotolovo 0HWD]LNH Jo ltoo|o so
ostovl|o c Iorl |oostotocl|o ou |o|o Arlstotol oo olo|o, oll qotovo uolozl
uo o|o c luccl |oroclo soto|ocvsl so o o|c, to|o rocl, uo| ostoooo
rolozl ou rvo uo otvrto |o|lqo qu|o, oo|oo sto |o ro|oo uo osto|l |ouoo
zoooost |o|o so bovl blco |oo blco, too qu|o bl so oo|lvolo rvo roboo
uoolcl|o ob|o|to to zoooostl, Arlstotol ooovl|o |oo |ouloc oqccc uoolcl|c
ooo sto so c rvo| |o|lzl (992b l9} o|ovl|c|o soo |oo oo|oouoo osorvocl|o.
blco so o|ovl|c|o (OHJKHWDLPHQSROODFKV} o ooql zoooo|lo (l002o
33}.
Ooo sto zo Joc A|vlos|oq lotolo|t SHUFLSLWTXDVLQRWLVVLPXP oorlzoot oosoq
lsl|oo|o l qovoroo|o, zo Arlstotolo |o (oll Joo |o ouobrovoo} o rlroul
(|ouo bl lolo rlrouc, oll l zooo uo ol|o ol rou ol vrsto} uvoslslooo,
ollsoloo.
2o oo|o octoro ovo tvruo|o lzrcc|o roblo blco |ouoo| Icouoootoloo|
oorl|l, |o|c |o ostorlstotolovs|o troulcl|o soo o|csolo roucclrotl, o uo |o|
ol|o colstllo uroots|l otoocl|ol. lro|tl|l |o Arlstotol rvl |o|l |o o|csovo
roucclrotl oo rlovotl|lvo uloozl|o, l to lol lqro|ccl so rlu|ovo o ooql
oololo.
Vooql oolol oqc bltl roucclrool oo otlrl l oqcco lo |o |ootrollrotl. lco
so o|ovl|c|o (l} |oo o|cluootoloo blco (to |o blco lzroooo |oclo, zboq
oqo so |ozo uo |o ov|o| bl|ol lll oo ooqoo}, (ll} |oo lstlolto, zboq oqo
ozo bltl lstlolto lll oolstlolto uo |o ooo| ov|o| bl|ol lll uo |o ov|o| zlvotlo|o,
(lll} |oo otoocl|o l o|tcoloost, o o|o ol|o lstlolto uo |o ovo| zurovl ov|o|
trooctooo bolostoo, zool uo bl so oqoo rozbol|otl, l uooos coo rocl uo
so ozo lslltl oo |ouoo oqccl svl|ot c |o|o |o lstloo uo |o ovo| ov|o|
bolostoo, (lv} ooosl|ot|c, blco so o|ovl|c|o |oo HQVSHUVH t|. |oo VXSVWDQFLMD
2o Arlstotolo ollsol|o blco oouo c ooo| |orl c |o|o|, |o|o qou so rlolo
o blcc, l to |ozoo ouoosocl so oo |ouoo |oulol rlocl (l0003b 5-},
t|. oo scstoocl|o. 8cstoocl|o sc loulvlucoloo l oqzlstlro|cco blco l o o|lo
loo orcotlvoo sv|ouooostvo. Arlstotol ol|o ol|ouo sco|oo uo osto|o
loulvlucoloo scstoocl|o (Arlstotol ol|o ol|ou sco|oo c rooloost svl|oto |o|l
162
C|Vu
8.l,l7
O2u1Ak
2009.
|CO - O lJku
oo so o|ovl|c|o c svo|luoso|o ls|cstvc}, scstoocl|o c |o|lo l soo c
|o|lo so o|tcollzlro|c soo lotool|o Ioro, o uo oo oqc osto|otl rl|o
lll osll|o c |o|vo oo|osoo svl|otc oo|ro| ooboso, l to slqcroost c uocsto
uo qosouorl ooqoo|ovooscc blco. lrvo zoooo|o blco |o blt |o|o zool
(VPDLQHL} scstoocl|c (RXVLD} (l028o =-}.
All uroo orlstotolovs|oq blco oo lozl c SROODFKV ooqo c OHJKHWDL llo roooo
oo |ouoo lll ooqo ooloo, blco |o oosto sto VHNDH lt co to|oor oorlzoot
svo|oq urcqoq uo|ozo, oll osto|o lozoIs|l roblo soo c trooct|c |ouo
so qovorl o o|oc. 8tovlso crovo |o lo|oolco uo so o o|oc qovorl ooo |o|o
qo lol uvoslslool l ooqoo|ovol. Clo|oolco uo ooqoo|ovoost ozo bltl
roucclrooo oo l|oo|o uo qo sovocoo soo ro|o ND]LYDQMD lco, c|oll|o |o
lsllvo, c|ozc|o oo so ou oot|o NDRSURL]YRGMH]LND
u trooct|c c |o|o so o|ovl|c|o lsrou oos blco lzozlvo lotorrotocl|c, c
trooct|c c |o|o ozoo qovorltl o o|oc ooo |o voc lotorrotlrooo. Noo
urcqo. Jo |rcqc ol|o csl|ovoo ob|ocl ol loroolu, |o|l |o |os uoolroo
RQRPDWD |oo oooczuooo. All RQRPDWD sc bllo rl|ovoroo looo |o|o so
uool|oll, rl|o lozoIs|o roo|sl|o, zo ooo sto osto|o. oll loroolu |o blo rvl
|o|l |o lzrozlo ULMHLPD ozlv zo roozoovoo|o (l lotorrotocl|o} ooqlo
zoo|ovo (VPDWD} ro|o |o|lo blco lzozlvo oos uls|crs. l uo blco |ost, |ouoo|o
|o otroboo UHL|oo l lslltl (Dk }.
1os vozol|o, zo Arlstotolo boz rl|ol blco oltl |ost, oltl ol|o. sto|l too, l so
coctor o|oqo, oll oo PLVOLPR uo |oso. Arlstotolovo ootoloql|o, o too so
qovorlll ooslro|o, lo qloqols|o |orl|ooo. u 0HWD]LFL svo|o solo|oo|o blco,
svo|o ltoo|o l ouqovor o blcc |ost c |ooto|stc |ouooq YHUEXP GLFHQGL (blo
to OHJKHLQVPDLQHLQ lll oo|l urcql}. kouo (l005b 25-2} so lto uo |o bllo
|oo oooqcco ov|orovotl uo lsto stvor |ost l ol|o, o|ovl|c|o so qloqol
\SRODPEDQHLQ|o|l |o clstloc v|orovotl, sovotltl co, oll vlu|ovsl uo |o
c ORJRV zool to|oor czotl rl|o.
Voqlo bl so rlqovorltl uo |ozc|oo boz |ootroul|cl|o o oooo sto rlouo
scstoocl|l, o scstoocl|o |o ooovlsoo o ooso |ozlvoo|c o o|o|. All uo |o|o
to|o ko|o qovorlo o scstoocl|l ko|o ozoo rocl boz |ootroul|cl|o uo |o
ov|o| rocloooloo zlvotlo|o, uo| rocl uo |o bl|ol l uo trl ls|ozc|o o o|oc soo
rolozoc o|cluoocl|c, sto uo|lo oo ozo bltl ob|o|t zoooostl. u orcotlvoo
loc o|tlvol lotolo|t ostroolro blt ou slotozo otorl|o l Ioro |o|o |oostrclro
loulvlucoloc |oo|rotoc scstoocl|c l zotl lzqlouo uo c sozoo|oo trooct|c
l zoovocoo ooosrouoo l boz oooro WRWLQHLQDL (l028b 33.3}, to sto |o
blco bllo, l uo|lo osto|ooo |ost. All sto ozoo rocl o bltl Vozoo |o soo
163
|CO - O lJku
C|Vu
8.l,l7
O2u1Ak
2009.
uoolrotl. Doolcl|o so roo |or ooo oro oosto ozooltl. Doolcl|o |o o|o
(ORJRV} l|o |o lo (RQRPD} zoo| (VPHLRQ} (l0l2o 22.2=}.
1ool Vl loo ooobltoo uo|oz oqzlstoocl|o loulvlucco, oll o o|lo oo
ozoo rocl olsto, osl o|o lo oo looc|oo o o|loovo| bltl, t|. o rouc l
socloo| rozllcl (oo uo|lo ovo| ov|o|, ooqo ov|o|}. Cl so clozl c svolr
bltl clozl so c svolr uoolcl|o, t|. c svolr |ozl|o |o|l uoolro.
=
Vl loo olo looo l olo uoolcl|o zo bos|ro|oost o|oulooolo stvorl.
Do|lo, rlb|oqovoo|o colvorzoloo ol|o sooqo lsll, ooqo VODERVW GLVNXUVD
Droo lozl c too uo ov|o| qovorl cvl|o| ocoolto uo| sc stvorl o|ouloooo.
1ozl| looc|o zotoo|c|ccl ooobltoo uo|oz oqzlstlro|cco loulvluco. l svl sc
o|cso|l bozcs|osol, UHH[LR DG SKDQWDVPDWD sczovo|ccl |oocot oo DWXV
YRFLV c ouoosc oo loulvlucc |oo |ouloc lotcltlvoc rotostov|c, csovl|c|ccl so
o|o louo|so, o|o vlostltlo looo l rlqluolo ozoo|o... |oo ll|o|ovo zo svo bolostl.
Osl c oo|l slco|ovlo (c |o|lo so l oo oro qovorltl, ooqo corltl rst,
zozvlzuotl, zqrobltl zo rc|c oll c tl slco|ovlo l oorosto |oso, oo
rosrovl|o so o blcc} voc so s|ostool c colvorzoloo |ouo qovorlo.
l zoto slurlsto scstoocl|o, |o|o bl trobolo os|rbltl ooqoo|ovoost blco,
rolzoslo lz |ozl|o |o|l lo qovorl, oooovo oos voul |ozl|c |oo stoo|c oooqo
sto zooo o sol scstoocl|oo. ko|o so o|ozoll (|co l98=, 2.=}, zo
uoolcl|c |o otroboo |oostrclrotl stoblo roul|oblll|o, rouovo, vrsto l rozll|o,
o Arlstotol, |o|l crovo scqorlro|ccl to|vo stoblo lorrl|c, oo csl|ovo qo ol|ou
(c u|ollo o rlroul c |o|lo zoll clstloc uoolrotl bltl} rll|ooltl oo oooqoo
l uosl|ouol oolo (csoroul |co l990. =.2.l.l}.
8'926758(1-(%,7.$
kouo so uoluoqqor, c WRMHPHWD]LND" lto 2osto osto|l blco roul|o ooqo
olsto, oo |orlstl 6HLHQGH o oo 6HLQ 2o uoluoqqoro |o roblo otozl|o uo
so ooo cvl|o| bovllo blco, oll oo o|oqovl tool|o, t|. blt|o, l lstloo blt|o.
= lroblo |o sl|ouocl. lzvlol ll uoolcl|c lz uo|ozo |o|l l uo|o soozocl|o (l scsl|ouoc ostro|cl|c lz rlvloo|o} lll |o rouzooo|o
uoolcl|o ooo |o|o l uocsto ostroolroo|o bltl A|o o|tlvol lotolo|t ol|o s|loulsto rotoouolo Iorl, ooqo obloo oooolzo |o|l
l uocsto loulvlucocl|c Iorl c ouvl|oo|c c slotozl Ioro l otorl|o |o|o solo|ovo loulvlucoloc |oo|rotoc scstoocl|c, sto |o to
sosoboost Lo|o |o ostl c oros|c oorozc l rocl uo osto|l |ouoo |oulol zo svo, to|oor c to slco|c tvrultl uo osto|l |ouoo |oulol
oo zoll rocl uo |o ooro|oo|lv l colvorzoloo, oqoo bl bltl |ouoo o|tlvol |cltcrol lotolo|t, oqoo bl bltl sosoboost loulvlucocl|o
l lzrozlvoo|o Iorl sourzo|o. u |o|o bl slco|c |u, os|rbl|oo ou soqootocl|o X]URNRYDQH o|tlvol lotolo|to, uotorlolroo
rlrouc l oqzo|toost roIorlroo|ol u 3RHWLFLl=5b 7 (oucrtovo Acboogco} so |ozo. 8to bl troboo loltl uls|crs o|o bl so stvorl
voc o|ovl|lvolo soo l oo bl otrobovolo uls|crs. Acboogco (l92. ll} cltlro |ouoc stroolcc lz u|olo 2VRVWLNLPSRELMDQMLPD.
cuccl uo so oo oqc uovostl uo uls|csl|o stvorl soo, ooqo so oroo |orlstltl o|loovl loolo |oo slbollo, l rotostov-
l|oo uo so to sto so uoqoo s loolo to|oor uoqoo l so stvorlo, |oo c slco|c |ooolco |o|l so |orlsto zo zbro|oo|o. All
lzoc looo l stvorl oo osto|l otcoo slloost, looo sc oqroolooo c bro|c, o to|o l oozloo uoolcl|o, uo| sc stvorl bos|ro|oo
c bro|c (l bos|ro|oo sc o|loovo o|cluootoloo Ioro}.
l=
C|Vu
8.l,l7
O2u1Ak
2009.
|CO - O lJku
lsltc|ccl blco |oo blco, otozl|o |o lzb|oqlo o|rooctl so blt|c |oo blt|c. Ooo
so ol|ouo ol|o osvotllo vlostlto tool|c. ulo o|ozloo scubloo blo |o to| uo |o|
|o blto| lzlcoo. koIorlrolo so oo blco c o|oqovo| c|coostl v|orc|ccl uo qovorl
o blt|c |oo to|vo, bovllo so blco |oo blco uo| so blto| oolIostlro
soo 'DVHLQc l zo 'DVHLQ. l l uo|lo oo ozoo qovorltl o blt|c o|o so oo
roIorlroo oo sobo c|oll|o so boool c svl|ot. Vlslltl blto| |oo blto| (lslltl
oo lstloc blt|o |oo tool| otozl|o} zool oocstltl otozl|c. lroblo blt|o l
o|oqovo ot|rlvoo|o ol|o roblo otozl|o |oo zoooostl o blcc, ooqo cootrolol
roblo oqzlstoocl|o.
Jo|o oo scooc clozl luo|o Nlsto, sto luo zo|ouoo s luo|o blco. koo so c
os|oco|c t|os|obo. J|os|obo lol uo so os|ocoo otcoolo ou blco l ouczlo
oo rl|o. oz rl|ol ooo vlso blco. c lzlcoo|c blco lzvlro oo-blco, t|. olsto.
J|os|obo oo ot|rlvo olsto. All to so olsto olstov|occ|o s blt|o (6HLQ}, |oo
blto| blco, o|oqov tool| l lstloo, l c to slslc uoluoqqor ozo otvrultl
uoqolovc lsoo roo |o|o| sc lstl blto| l lsto olsto |ouoo to lsto. lz toq
ls|cstvo oloqo lzvlro otrobo zo rootroo|o blt|o |oo bltl tool|o blco.
lo|, QRQ VXQW PXOWLSOLFDQGD HQWLD VLQH QHFHVVLWDWH osoboo o|ovl to|o
rvobltol |oo blco, blto| l olsto. Jos|o |o rozuvo|ltl uoluoqqorovc lsoo ou
|ozl|o c |o|o so lzrozovo, l oo so |o to zooo. votroo |o|ov |o blo c vozl
lozoIs|o rlrouo vlostltoq o|oo|oq, sto bl blo troboo olslltl uo |o blo
rooo c O|loool, rosolozccl s |ouol oo|osol WREH l so soo |ouol %HLQJ
zo 6HLHQGH l 6HLQ kouo bl |os bllo otroboo ooovltl uo oo so blto| soo
o|ovl|c|o |oo rozcltot |ozl|o, blo bl uovol|oo oolo oo |o|l ovo uvl|o rl|ol
(6HLHQGH l 6HLQ} olostozlro|c c uvo Nosto. Dvo so o|o stvoro|c zoto sto
osto|l |ouoo |ozl| l ourzovo|c so soo o|o so uo |ro|o oo rlovotl oorl|o
blt|o olsooo |ou Arlstotolo.
A|o oo|uoqorovs|o blco ouqovoro scstoocl|oo, c osto|oo|o |o|lo Arlstotol
ol|o sco|oo (c o|loovo osto|oo|o oo sco|o ol uoluoqqor |o|l, cooto bo||oo
oorlool o Nloc, |oo Arlstotol l koot ol|ouo ol|o uovoo c ltoo|o uo
stvorl |osc l uo so sootooo oouo|c ooso| cloo| lotclcl|l}, slqcroo bl oqlo
osto|otl oosto oo|osol|o l lzvorol|o |o|o osto|o s urcqo strooo ooso llczl|o uo
scstoocl|o ozoo looovotl |ouoozoooo. All svo uo ovo to|o |os blso
blll oo lorooluovo| sco|l roo RQRPDWD Dovol|oo bl bllo rocl uo oolo oo
|o|l so uo souo soqootlroll Nosto |o|o oos o|rczc|o coco oo ob|oso|ovo
to Nosto, oo ob|oso|ovo qo zboq o|oqovo oolstrozlvoq boqotstvo, lll osolctoo
|ouoostovoostl, lll oozouovol|ovo|cco zbr|ooostl. A|o so blto| |ozo clstloc oo
ooqo ooloo, 6HLQ blo bl |os cvl|o| l|ol|lvo c|coost blco, rl|o ooqo sc so
l5
|CO - O lJku
C|Vu
8.l,l7
O2u1Ak
2009.
ooo oooovo oul|olllo ro|o |ozl|o |o|l lo looc|o.
All oouo bl roblo 'DVHLQo, c ooo| |orl c |o|o| |o |oulostvoo lzoc svlo blco
zboq oqccoostl ostovl|oo|o ltoo|o o blt|c, blo crovo ovo. osvl|ostltl o|oqov
|rczol ouoos s blclo |o|o looc|o uovol|oo osv|ostovoo|o zo lzozlvoo|o
t|os|obo l os|oco|o oorlouoostl, oll |o|o oo bl c ol|o|vo slslc clollo uo
lzooo lz |rcqo c |o|o so tcblto| ooovoo oolozl booo.
kocl uo osto|l oosto sto otozl|o |os ol|o ob|osollo, urcql rl|olo uo
lotorrotocl|o |os ol|o soqootlrolo, c|ozc|o uo |o ooo| oosto voc ob|o|t
soqootocl|o, c|oll|o |o uoolroo |oo c|coost oooqo sto |os ol|o soqootlrooo.
A|o |o tcblto| blco |o|o roozoo|o c otcoostl solozoc rlrouc svo|oq
ouooso s blclo, ol|o otroboo cuvostrcltl 6HLHQGH l 6HLQ.
Nl|o otroboo rocl uo oo |o otozl|l uls|crs stvorlo svl|ot blco c |o|o zlvlo
oo oooctootloo oolo. Jo bl oos c oo|bol|c rc|c oovolo uo roIorcllroo
to| zovoul|lvl uls|crs. All to bl so cvl|o| oqlo oorovltl |rotoo|o ou toq
oorlzooto blco c |o|l so boool. A|o so c|coost blco oo olstov|occ|o soo
s c|cooscc cotrobl|lvlo ob|o|oto, ooqo c|l|cc|o l luo|o l oocl|o, oouo sc
t|os|obo l os|oco| boz|osoostl |oostltctlvol ulo toq ootl|oq svolro |o|l bl ool
troboll rosrsltl. Osvl|ostooost o blt|c zo srt, t|os|obc, os|oco| oooqo olsto
oo otvoro oos oloc sto voc ol|o oorlzoot c |o|l so boool. lco |o|o oo
uolozo cscsrot olsc soo corobl|lvl ob|o|tl. to|oor sc |lovl|otcro strostl
|o|o uobro ozoo|oo, zoto sto sc oolo oo |o|l sc oos urcql cozooll c ooso
blvoo|c c svl|otc. Os|oco|l zo |o|o so lol uo oos otvoro|c 6HLQc loo voc ulo
ooroqlouooq torltorl|o blco. Oot, |ouo bl Nlsto bllo c|ozlvoo|o tooo sllo
|o|o so scrotstovl|o blclo, c to| oolzroclvo| ootolos|o| croo| rcl oqll
blso ozuo scsrostl ctol|o ooqotlvol svolro, GDV6HLQ All oo, uoluoqqor
ol|o toll|o oolvoo uo bl olostozlroo |ouoo oooolzo lsl|oo|o (ooqocl|c} lll
os|oco| uo so stvoroost |olobo l rotvorlo qo c ootolos|c stvoroost oooqo
Nlsto. Oo vrlo uobro zoo, zo|ouoo s curoco lz |lo|o, uo blto| |ost, o
ooblto| ol|o. 8to bl oqoo oorovltl ou torloo |o|l oo soo uo ol|o lotoozlvoo
ooqo oo os|ouc|o ol o|stoozlvoost Os|oco| oooqo olsto ooco bltl |ouoostovoo
tooolltot strostl, |ootloqootoo l slco|oo uorosl|o, vrsto rosolozoo|o, ooqo
|o cvl|o| Icouoootoloo oocloooloo sltcocl|o (uoluoqqor l973. 20=}. No
u|ozlvoo|o |ouooq urcqoq Nosto, ooqo strost.
l sto oouo boz|osoost otlo, o|o oo sv|osoost uo so oos Jcblto| sosto|l c
otrobl rloo|o (brbl|oo|o} o blcc kozvouoo ou blco o |o|o rloo, blto|
lzlo. All ovo ol|o ootolos|o lll otozl|o tvruo|o, ooqo lo|sl|o lstlcoo|o. to|
rl|ol, GDV6HLQ c|oll|o |o| |o scrotstovl|ooo rl|ol GDV6HLHQGH oo ouqovoro
166
C|Vu
8.l,l7
O2u1Ak
2009.
|CO - O lJku
ol|ouoo zoooo|o. Obo torloo lo|c lstc o|stoozl|c (oooqroolooc} l lstc lotoozl|c
(ol|o|vc}. lco oo |o ozooto oll blto| kouo o|csovoo ouroultl,
lll to|oor soo rozc|otl to|ov o|o, zor oos oo ovoto vrtoqlovlco
(uoluoqqor l973. l95}. Jo |o tooo lsto ooo vrtoqlovlco |o|o oos ovoto |ouo
zollo rocl sto |o blco |oo blco. Jorlol lsto lotoozl|o l o|stoozl|o (|oulol rl|or
osolctoo sloooloostl} 6HLHQGH l 6HLQc|ozc|c obo|o oo lsto Nosto.
6HLQ so c oo|uoqorl|oos|o uls|crsc cvl|o| o|ovl|c|o |oo cl|oz, scstootlvlrooo
olostozo qloqols|o corobo tlloo zo coblo|ool uls|crs. Jcblto| so ooovo
oolozl, osto|o sv|ostoo sobo c|oll|o |o cccoo blcc l too ot|rlvo svo|c lstlos|c
blt (|o|o ol|o scstoocl|o, ooqo RGOXND} |oo blto| zo srt. Jo |o |ouoo vrsto
trooscoouootoloo oorcocl|o boz |o l boz lsll, c |o|o| so tcblto| ot|rlvo
|oo lsoo, oocl|o, zol|o l t|olosoost (looo oo bl oqoo orotl crl|otl}. u
ouoosoo|c s blco |o|o oo ol|o, ov|o| so voc oolozl lsrou blco |oo oooq
|o|o qo sourzl, oooq |o|oc |o cccoo, oooq |o|l, so svo svo|o |cltcro
l toool|o, oo oo bl oqoo ol|ouo, c otcoostl, vlouotl (uoluoqqor l973.
l9}. u to oorlzootc 'DVHLQ so roozoo|o |oo to|ov. u svo|o ucsovoo
rosolozoo|c, zboq |o|oq '|o' svot|o ou oos c ovo lll ooo stoo|c, oos |o tcblto|
oolIostoo. 8lozo so. All zosto oouo to|st oostovl|o. Vl uo|lo sovocoo
blto|, oll oo lo| oouosto|o o|o o o|oc (uoluoqqor l973. l9} 2osto
so c to|vo ucsovoo rosolozoo|c lll stoo|c ot|rlvo 6HLQ" Noroloo |o uo
oo o o|oc oouosto|o o|o, o|o |o o|oqovo lotoozl|o oclo, |oo c slco|c
blco |oo blco. All zosto loo otrobc zo tl |oocoto
J|os|obo tvorl otvoroo|o tcblt|o svo|o| oqzlstoocl|l |oo boooostl o|oqovc
vlostlto |ro|c (uoluoqqor l923}, lstloo l scb|o|t (qrootl|l} to boooostl
|ost 'DVHLQ All zosto so oouo ouoo osll|o |ozo blto| zo o|c (t|os|obc} so
otvoro tcblt|c l blto| tcblt|o |o c otcoostl c oosoostl lto| tcblt|o |o
obloo toctoloql|o. Jcblto| so oo ozo cstro|ltl oo oooc, s obzlro oo to uo
uo |o booo (zosto]DWRWRMHVW}. Ouo|lo uolozl to| GDV6HLQ |o|l so otvoro
tcblt|c, o|o |o tcblto| |o|l so otvoro |ouoo blco oc blclo
kouo uoluoqqor |ozo uo roblo ctool|oo|o otozl|o oolozl svo| |orl|oo
c ov|o|ovc lsltlvoo|c blt|o, lll bol|o c o|oqovc oo|lotlol|o Icouoootc,
sovocoo|c blt|o |oo clstloc osto|oco |ooooostl (uoluoqqor l973. l98},
6HLQ ol|o olsto urcqo uoll oqzlstoocl|oloo sovocoo|o oosoq |oooooq ooloo
stoo|o cccooostl oorlzootc blco. 6HLQol|o olsto, osl oosoq sovocoo|o uo so
|ooooo blco.
l to|o ozoo rocl uo |o ls|cstvo blt|o tcblt|o, c oo|bol|o slco|c, cs|olo
otoIoro zo ozooovoo|o oo|osooq ourc|o qu|o so stvoro otl|o oulc|o.
167
|CO - O lJku
C|Vu
8.l,l7
O2u1Ak
2009.
octootloo rlovotltl svo|c scubloc blt|o zo srt, l c to| to|l zrtvovotl c tlslol
ooo sto bl otozl|o rozvcooo ro|lo o loql|l blco oou |o|lo |o csostovllo
svo|c llczoroc rovlost.
All stlzo (lozoIs|l ct|oco|oo Doqoo|} Obrot (GLH.HKUH}. l c Obrotc to| to|o
lotoozlvoo b|ozocl blto| osto|o oslvoo scb|o|t, rouo c obll|c oo|osooq
|rcl|oo|o |o|o qlzo lsou |ozo blco. 2oll JRYRULWL l VNLQXWLPDVNX A|o qovorl,
qovorlt co ro|o oos, vlu|ovsl uo, |oo 6HLQ lzvlro soo c svo|o| vozl s 'DVHLQo.
lotroboo |o, uo|lo, |oo sto |o blo slco| s cuvostrcoo|o ootl|o,ootolos|o,
rostovltl blto| ou o|oqo sooq, |oo l |ozl|. 8 |ouoo co strooo otozl|l
|ozl| bltl voc oo zolozc, ostorlo c svo|o tvruoqlovo zoborovc blt|o, zol|oo
bovl|oo|o ob|o|tlo, l s urcqo strooo |ozl| sosoboo ro|ll blso uoooor
co soos lcs cr oc ots uo lo trlbcs. Jo|ov |o|l, c|osto so|rlvoo|o blt|o,
ot|rlvo blto|.
Oouo so ov|orovo bos|ro|oo oc |ozl|c l tvrul so uo osto|l toll|o ocoo obll|
|ozl|o, toll|o |ooscstoocl|oloo soo Icouoootc blt|o, uo oo o|ozc|o
blto| (ro|o oorozuvo|ooq lo|scso blto|-|ozl|} to|o uo oo ostovl|o rozluco
to|o uo so c |ozl|c ostvorc|o sooot|rlvoo|o blt|o. Jo lzvrsoo orl|orc|o
zouo|l stlo uluorlloovo $QGHQNHQD. All ooo sto roosto|o lotclro|c |osolcl.
2-('12002*8(0,=0,&$1-8%,7.$
Nocstlo souo svo| ouol |or so rotvorlo c rl|oz (roollstlol} ooso boooostl
c blvoo|o l otvrulo oo |o uo blto| oo ozo bltl urcqo ooqo ooo sto so |ozo
oo ooqo ooloo. 8ovotlll so uo, |o|o qou bllo so stvorlo (o| l soo luo|o
uo stvorl |osc oo oo|l so oolo ozo uovostl c sco|c}, svo|o roozlcl|o o
too sto osto|l l o too sto bl oqlo bltl, lllclro lzbor, orso|tlvc, to|c
qlouoo|o. 8vo|l o|cso| uo so oosto |ozo o too sto osto|l blo bl ouvrqoct
rovlzl|l, oovl uolsl|oo|lo o rl|louoostl |orlstoo|o ovo lll ooo sll|o, lll sooo.
Vooqo ou ooslo zootl|ovoolo rorozootocl|o blt co ozuo lo|ootlblloo
lzoc sobo, oll bl svo|o ou o|lo oqlo rocl |ouoc svo|c lstloc.
No blso troboll rocl uo oo ozoo lotl ol|o|vo lstlolto zooo|o, ovootcoloo
blso oqll rocl uo lstloltlo zooo|o os|ouc|oo ooqo. No|l sc srool
rlqovorltl uo lzoc toqo uo so |ozo uo oo osto|l ol|ouoo lstloo l uo so |ozo
|o|o osto|o ooqo (bllo to o| |ouoo |o|o |ouoostovoo uvostrc|o lstloo} oo
osto|l rozll|o. All blso oqll |ouoo|o to|o rlqovorltl uo |o to obll|o lstloo
rolozoo, rozcltot oosoq qlovlo|oo|o, uo o|ozc|o qroolcc lzoc o|cso|o
l8
C|Vu
8.l,l7
O2u1Ak
2009.
|CO - O lJku
l oqroso|o ro|o |o|o bl so to rozlllto orso|tlvo (svo u|ololoo lstlolto}
oqlo |ouooq uooo slstootlzlrotl, l uo oo |ro|c |ro|ovo ooso oorostooo
rolsltlvoo|o lstloo ovlsl crovo o ovo obll|c...
Voqcco |o uo c ooso |ozl|c osto|l roobll|o blt|o. Vozuo zooostvool|, |ouo
|ozo uo olotozo oo blvo|c vorlclrooo, ooqo rl|o svoqo Iolslclrooo, ooco
rocl uo |o zo zooo|o otroboo rouc|cl|o obll|o blt|o |o|o |ozl| ozo tvrultl.
u svo|o slco|c, bllo bl |o|o rlovotl|lvo luo|o uo sc uos|rlcl|o svl|oto
|o|o lolo cvl|o| c orso|tlvl ovozooo s ooloo oo |o|l so blolos|l,
otol|l, sloolos|l l |cltcroo c|orl|oo|ool c oorlzootc blt|o. Jo |oro|torlstl|o
oo bl srl|ollo ooso uls|crso uo |orosooulro|c svl|otc, boro s |ouoo to|o
qloulsto, o uo so zboq toqo oo os|ocoo zouovol|ool stco|o ostlqoctoq
|orosooulroo|o, to|o uo c |oooolcl ol|ouo oo blso tvrulll uo oosl ouqovorl,
to|oor |ouo c osoovl lzqlouo|c uobrl, oro|c bltl sotrool |oooolo.
All roblo ol|o |o|o so rlloqoultl lo|oolcl uo so o blt|c ozo qovorltl
oo ooqo ooloo. l uo so, |ouo so |ouooct roozoo ucbo|l oooolzo
oozloo ouqovoro, stlzo uo |ro|o|oq ltoo|o, |o|o |o ostolo sroulso|o c
tzv. ostouoroo svl|otc. o|o sc orso|tlvo o blt|c bos|ooooo, lll boro
ostrooos|l ooouroooo, zool ll to uo |o |ouoo rovoo urcqo|, uo sc svo
|ouoo|ovrl|ouoo, uo svo|o tvruo|o o too sto osto|l |ozo oosto lstlolto, lll uo
|oo sto |o ro|oo |oyoroboou zo zooostvooo toorl|o DQ\WKLQJJRHV"
Jo bl zoollo uo so |ooooo lstloo oolozl lzvoo qroolco loqocootrlooq
zoouooq ouolo, uo lzlo rlocllo luootltoto, rotcr|ooostl l ls|l|coo|o
trocoq, uo so blto| crovo oucuoro s |ololuos|oo lstloo |o|l Iorcllroo
o|csovo|ccl qo looovotl, uo oo osto|l trooscoouootoloo zoooo|o, uo |o
blto| s rocos ooro|luoo uo|oostrc|cl|o c |o|o|, qovorocl o blt|c, lolo
blto| svo|l ct svo cluol|l, ql|l|l, b|ozocl lll |o|o |o |ouooct ro|oo
Gloool vottlo cs|oll l|ooots|l lzrozo cooloto, t|. lz|ouo|ccl l
zurobl|lvl, lll qool|ostl, c olzc too|o |o|o so oqc otvorotl c bos|ro| ovlsoo
o rozllltl ocl|oo, loblrlot. All ooo otrobo uocl uo |oyoroboouo, lll uo
qcblt|o trooscoouootolooq zoooo|o, lll uo slobo lsll. loslcso|o Nlotzscooo,
|ouo |os ol|o blo oovrslo trluosot qouloo, c 2LVWLQLLODLXL]YDQPRUDOQRPVPLVOX
(Nlotzscoo l873. 355-372}. cuccl uo |o rlrouo oubocllo |l|c, lotolo|t lqro
oo |ortc |cl| |o|o zovo lstloo lll slstoo o|ovo ctool|ool oo |ozloo|
loqlslotlvl. lrvo |o Nlotzscooovo roo|cl|o, ro|oo blo, qotovo o|covs|o, urcqo
coo our|osltl|o s|otloo (zosto ouroc|oo stvorl oo bozl orbltrorolo lzboro
|volltoto}, troco rotooul 8olr-WoorIovo| olotozl (rozllltl |ozlcl orqoolzlro|c
ls|cstvo oo rozllltl oolo}, otvrto |ootovs|o (stvor o sobl |o oosovotl|lvo
169
|CO - O lJku
C|Vu
8.l,l7
O2u1Ak
2009.
oolo |o|l qrouo |ozl|}. l v|orc|oo uo qovorlo o, l ozoo|oo, stoblo,
bo|o, sol|oq l cvl|oco, oll to sc otoIoro |o|o oo ouqovoro|c lzvorol bltlo.
8vo|o rl|o osto|o o|o lzbl|oc|ccl c svo|o| slobosoo| colvorzoloostl rozll|o
lzoc Icouoootoloo oo|ouoo|lo stvorl. to|o lsllo uo ooscrot oozlol
loulvlucololo llstovo osto|l |ouoo rlorul|olol llst oo l|c bl sll|c blll lst|ool,
s|lclrool, ooool, obo|ool, sozcrool, oosll|ool oll oov|ostl rc|oo svl
llstovl, oo to|ov oolo uo ol|ouoo otlso| oo bl lsoo tooo l oczuoo c clozl
v|oroo |ol|o orlqloolooq obll|o (lb.. 30}. Jos|o oo |o rlovotltl uo tlco lll
loso|t orcllro|c svl|ot oo oolo urc|l|l ou oosoq, l ooo slslo ol rocl |o|o ou
orcocl|o |o ooo oo|lsrovol|o, zoto sto bl blo otroboo ooo| |rltorl| tooo
orcocl|o |o|l oo osto|l (lb.. 35}, zoto sto rlrouo octl oo ozoo|o
ol|ouoc Iorc l ol|ouoo o|o, l uo|lo oltl |ouoo rou, ooqo soo |ouoo ,
zo oos oouoovotoo l oouoolrl|lv (lb.. 3l}. Do|lo |ouoo |ootlzo, oll boz
trooscoouootolooq ctool|oo|o l to|oor boz |rltl|o scoo|o. u oo|bol|o
slco|c, oo|oo sto |o ctvrulo uo |o ooso ootltozo lzoc loulvlucolooq l ocoq
soo osl|oulco ootrooorzo l oo lzbl|o lz bltl stvorl, lsrovo|, s|otlol|l
ou s|otlclzo |o|l zoll lsrovltl, |ozo. oo cscc|oo so rocl uo to|vo ootltozo
ouqovoro to|vo| bltl. Ovo bl octl bllo uoqotloo tvruo|o, l |oo to|vo
lsto to|o oouo|ozlvo |oo o|o| scrotoo tvruo|o (lb.. 3l}.
Jrobo so oouo oulcltl sto |o to lstloo. l to rouo, otoIorl|l, slqcroo, oll ool |o|l
oo crovo qovoro uo so oosto zoo soo zboq slobouoo l uolsl|oto otoIoro.
lstloo |o crovo o|rotoo vo|s|o otoIoro, otooll|o, ootrooorzoo
oloborlroolo c ootloo ucoc |o|l sc so osll|o c|rctlll c zooo|c, llczl|o l|o
so llczoroo rlrouo zoborovllo, |ovoolco l|o sc so ovrslos|o sll|o lstrosllo
l |o|o so czlo|c c obzlr soo |oo otol, to|o uo so oovl|ovoo loqotl
roo |oovoocl|l, stllo obvozc|ccl zo svo, stovl|o|ccl svo|o u|olovoo|o ou
|ootrolc ostro|cl|o oo|oo sto so sczlll otoIoro c VKHPH l SRMPRYH l ouoouo
lroluolol orouo| |osto l stco|ovo, zo|ooo l oqrooloo|o, c otcoostl
stvoroo ou |ozl|o, oqrooo rls|l qolcblo|o|, qrobl|o lotclcl|o.
Nooroclvo |o uo |o to lzvrstoo ortrot |ozloo zqrouo |o|o ulsclllolro o|zoz
blco. All lzostovl|ooo sc, to|oor lz ouloo|o |o|l sll|ouo, uvo ltoo|o. csl|ovo
ll so, rlloqoovo|ccl so rlocuoo toq qolcblo|o|o, oo oo|l oolo scoltl so
svl|oto (sto oo bl bllo oovozoo osorvocl|o}, l zor so oo uoqoo s vroooo
oo vrl|oo uo oos svl|ot rlsll|ovo uo rostrc|tcrlroo to| qolcblo|o| lll uo
oorosto lzoboroo oltorootlvoc Iorc qolcblo|o|c (sto |o, zotl, roblo
rovolccl|o sozoo|olo oroulql}. Nlotzscoo, |o|l oo oo |ro|c oslqcrovo sll|c
MHGQRJ ooloo sovocoo|o svl|oto |o|l so olsoo c rotoouoo oroqroIc, oo
170
C|Vu
8.l,l7
O2u1Ak
2009.
|CO - O lJku
lol so uo so lto osto|o ll ooqo oqcco Ioro svl|oto. N|oqov |o ortrot
ortrot oollstl|oq slstoo qu|o ol|ouoo oovl scu o stvoroostl oo ozo ct|ocotl
oo stoblloost slstoo.
Drcql rl|olo, uo blso ro|ll lstloc (v|oroc to|stc}, oo rl|occ|o osto|oo|o
rlrouolo rlocuo l ozoo|o oolo ro|ooo. lrlocuo c lzqlouo|c |oo strosoo
sllo |o|o oos ooro|luoo rltlscc, scrotstovl|o|ccl zooostvool lstlooo
urcqo lstloo rozlllto rlrouo, oll ovluootoo lo oubl|o roozootl co|l|c|ccl
lo, s obzlro oo to uo oosto|l ou o|lo ob|ocl, o|lo |o|o so |oostrclroll zo
obrooc |oo o|ovoo ooorczoo|o.
lro|ooo |o oqcco, oll oo |oo rostrc|tcrlroo|o, ooqo |oo orooootoo
oots|o rovolccl|o. kou bl svot|o ou oos,o|ouloooo loo urc|l|c soozocl|c,
|ou blso sol oqll orcllrotl souo |oo tlco, souo |oo crvl, souo |oo
bll||o, lll |ou bl oot|o ou oos vlulo lstl ourozo| |oo crvool, o oot|o urcql |oo
oobos|olovl, |ou bl oot|o trocl co to|ov ourozo| ol vlso ol oo|o ooqo
|oo zvc|, olt|o oo bl oouo oqoo rlotl o |ouoo| to|vo| rovlloostl rlrouo
(lb.. 3-37}. Ll|oo |o |olocluoocl|o sto sc tl rouovl oolsool uvl|o qouloo
oo|oo sto |o klbocu c lsc zo Doooy blo roqloslo uo lo loto so Iolt
YR\DQW or co looq, looso ot rolsooo GpUqJOHPHQWde WRXVOHVVHQV l c lsto
orlouc vlulo A oolr, corsot volc uo occoos clotootos l O scro Clolroo
lolo uos strluocrs trooqos.
Jo|o, octl, c|otoost zo Nlotzscooo (l s o|o lt} |ootloclrooo occc|o
rcbrl|o l ou|ol||o o|ovo, roustovl|o|ccl oovo troosozlcl|o, otoIoro,
otooll|o, |ootloclrooo ot|rlvo zol|c zo uovoo|o soooqzlstlro|cco
svl|otc bcuooq ov|o|o, qcrc to|o soroll|c, ooroqcloroc, llsooc osl|oulco,
oo|ooorootoc, czbcul|lvc l c otcoostl oovc, |o|o |o rlbovl|ooo svl|oto
soovo (lb.. 39}. 8oo c |o|o stoblo s|rlvo|c olIo l c |o|o boqovl c obll|c
bl|o otlo|c u|ovlco.
All ovu|o oouosto|o |ooooo oulc|o. lll coo rlovotltl uo |o c ooo sto oos
o|rczc|o, l oolo oo |o|l so qo o|csoll orqoolzlrotl, oooqcco zlv|otl, l
oubl|oo qo lzoblrccl soo |oo bl|oq ou stvoroostl, l ovu|o ouzvoo|o loscol,
zo |o|oqo |o, uo blso blll srotol, bllo uovol|oo clstloc soo|otl cl|olo oocl uo
so |rol|ovl, oll so Nlotzscoo co rlzootl (lb.. 370} uo bl to bllo vor|o, lo|o
strosoo cqouoo, oll |o|o oo uooosl stotc, l to bl bllo rovlost c|otoostl oou
zlvoto. ko|o bllo, l to |o ooo sto sc Nlotzscooovl sl|ouboolcl rlovotlll |oo
rovc lo|cl|c, c|otoost ozo rocl ooo sto |ozo zoto sto |o ooo s blto|, c
svo|o| lzoooqlo| slobostl l uorozl|lvostl, |o|l rlovoco to|oor ovc uoolcl|c l
czlvo uo| vlul uo qo qlouo|c |oo ro|oo|lvoq, soo|oro, lscrl|c|cco |o|oq l
171
|CO - O lJku
C|Vu
8.l,l7
O2u1Ak
2009.
ob|oc|cco sloboq. All c lsto vrl|oo oo vlso |oo coocc, rlsctoost, tool|,
ooqo octl lsl|oo |oo Iro|tcro, lzostooo| tool|o, c |oooolcl c|o l bol
(vottlo l980. 8=}. O blt|c so oouo ozo qovorltl soo o|o |o c ouc, o|o
so oo oooco ooqo lzlo. Dolozlo oouo uo ootoloql|o ourzooo 'slobl'
|otoqorl|oo (vottlo l980. 9}. Nlooos|o roqlosoo|o srtl oqo ooco bltl
urcqo ooqoll tvruo|o o |ro|c osto|ooo strc|tcro blt|o (vottlo l983. 2l}.
lto| so oouo|o soo |oo ouloqoo|o l |oo lzlcoo|o (vottlo l99=. l8}.
Drcql rl|olo. |ouooct rlovocoo rlocl uo so o blt|c qovorl soo
oo ooqo ooloo, sto |o to sto oo ooooqccc|o uo v|orc|oo uo sc svo
orso|tlvo uobro, l uo oo soo uo oo so blto| o|ovl|c|o |oo rozcltot
|ozl|o, ooqo uo |o oo c otcoostl l olsto urcqo uoll rozcltot |ozl|o, l osoboo
oooq obll|o |ozl|o |o|l sl ozo uocstltl oo|voco oooslcsoostl, |ozl|o lto
lll |ozl|o oozl|o lto| oouo, osl sto bl blo cooloto, qlbo|, slob, blo
bl obloo DWXVYRFLV No ovo| bl to|l oo clstloc blo rou l|osol|o, sovocoolo
|oo soo|oro, lozl|lvoco, lltotoro oloqo, sosobolo ooouqovoroo stovltl
|oo|s|c qlovc oo l|cus|o tl|olo l ou svo|oq blco oololtl ulorc. lo oloc
|ooIrootlro|cco oulc|o, vlu|ovsl uo so, |ouooct lzrovootl rocol s blt|o,
zotloo c otrobl lzrovoovoo|c rocoo so scb|o|to |o|l oltlro to| DWXV
YRFLV (|o|l |o oouol|o qroolco svo|oq oqlooq luoollzo}. l to ol|o svo. A|o |o
ooroooctl|l rlocl uo oo osto|o lo|oolco ooqo soo lotorrotocl|o, to oo
ls|l|cc|o uo so ozo ltotl lo ll ozuo zllo lotorrotocl|o. 2oto sto rocl uo
oo osto|o lo|oolco ooqo soo lotorrotocl|o slqcroo zool rocl uo |o ooo sto
oo so o|ovl|c|o |oo lo|oolco rozcltot lotorrotocl|o, oll oo uo svo|o oqcco
lotorrotocl|o rolzvoul oosto oo sto so, c sv|otlc sc|coslvolo lotorrotocl|o,
uczol qlouotl |oo uo so roul o lo|oolcl. Drcql rl|olo, rocl uo |o svo|o
ob|ouol|o |orto c o|orc |oostrclrooo lzboro (ozuo obosorobl|oooq
slco|o} lqroo oo zool rocl uo |o svo|o |orto |o|c lqro bocl ob|ouol|o.
llo bl uovol|oo uo o|o trlsc osovo urcql lqro scrotstovl |rol|ovs|c s|olc
l o|o bl so o|louo o|ozolo bloIo. lo ll c ooso| lqrl s blt|o troocto|o c
|o|lo Nosto oo oos trls osovo ouqovoro s |rol|ovs|o s|olo
lrovl roblo svo|o uo|oostrc|cl|s|o orqcootocl|o |loslooq o|o
lstloo ol|o c o|ozlvoo|c uo bl oroulqo roo |o|o| roscc|oo oqlo
bltl oqrosoo. Clol so uo so zo souo svl slozc c vozl s tl. 8vl|ot |o|l sl
roustovl|oo rozcltot |o lotorrotocl|o. lrl|o |o roblo c too |o|o sc
qoroocl|o |o|o oos octorlzlro|c uo ls|csoo oovc oroulqc |o|c urcql oo
sl|c roozootl |oo uollrl|, obloo zolsl|oo|o oooqccoq. ko|l |o |rltorl| |o|l
oo uocsto rozll|ovoo|o lzoc soo, oots|o lovoocl|o, WULSD oolcclqooo
172
C|Vu
8.l,l7
O2u1Ak
2009.
|CO - O lJku
uroqo (|or to|oor osto|o osobo |o|o so oo|oo |oozcocl|o boco|c |roz
rozor cv|orooo uo oqc lot|otl o so rozrs|o|c o tlc l ooolo|oo
c scrotoostl s vlostltl oouoo l zol|oo} l rlovotl|lvo tvruo|o o stvorlo
zl|oq l ovl|osooq svl|oto |o|l oos o|rczc|o
lostcllro|o to|oor, s vottlo (l99=. l00}, rozll|c lzoc olstooloql|o,
|o|o |o |oostrc|cl|o rlqorozolo tl|olo zooo|o l r|osoo|o robloo c sv|otlc
oroulql |o|o ul|tlro|c rovllo zo vorl|ocl|c roozlcl|o (l to so lol
ouqovoro ooloc oo |o|l Nlotzscoo ortrotlro o|ovol svolr ouroooo
|cltcro} l ooroooctl|o |oo u|olovoo|c |o|o so rozvl|o c scsrotc s rozllltl
oroulqots|l oorlzootlo, |o|l oo uocsto|c uo lo so vrouoc|o oo bozl
oo|o|voq scqlos|o (rovllo lll, |oo osl|ouo|o, stvorl}, oll so oouo|c |oo
'oots|l' rl|oulozl urcqlo sv|otovo, cstooovl|oo|o oovlo rovllo. ko|o oovo
rovllo 2o|ouolco trobo roIorlrotl l |o|o urcqo oscultl |oo lcuost lo, l
cvl|o| co bltl, oolo |o|l zolo o|ozotl uo |o 2ol|o |vourot, lll uo zlvlo oo
lzvoo ooqo coctor o|ozloo |oro, lll uo |lovl loc, lll uo so oqc sovl|otl vlllco
oo tolovlzl|l, lll uo o|col ot|oc ou ov|o|o l uo bl blll o|slblloo ls|rool l
oouoqotlol otroboo |o to|oor rooocl ocl |rltorl| oocc |o|oq bl sculll
|osc o|loovo luo|o oo oo|l oolo rlovotl|lvo.
u |ouoo| rosrovl |o|o so oulqrolo l990. q. (souo c |co l992}, |o|o so tlcolo
osoocl|o lll oo|o |rltorl|o to|stcoloo lotorrotocl|o, klcooru korty roslrc|ccl
rosrovc oo |rltorl|o lotorrotocl|o stvorl |o|o sc c svl|otc osorovoo |o uo
|o cotrobo ouvl|oo zo zovl|oo|o vl|o|o zouooo ob|o|to sol, uo| |o
o|oqovo cotrobo zo otvoroo|o o|oto zouooo ooso scb|o|tlvooscc (oo |o
rosrovl|oo o o|o| ulstlo|cl|l lzoc LQWHUSUHWDFLMH l NRULWHQMD oo|oq tosto,
vlul |co l979}.
u csooo| rosrovl korty |o to|oor olculroo oo rovo |o|o blso loll uo
lotorrotlroo ouvl|o |oo oosto |orlsoo zo osoo|o o coc. Jo ob|oso|ovo
o| ouqovor, |o|l |o to|oor ostoo c tls|ooo| vorzl|l rosrovo, o uo olso
zooo uo |o c korty|ovo| lotorvoocl|l oslooo| lzuovoc oostolo olczl|o oo
osoo|o coo. |vluootoo |o uo |c |o korty sovotlo |oo |ouoostovoc ERXWDGH
lrovlzlrooc rl|oubc to|o rozqovoro l zoto so sczurzovo uo c
rllso to| rl|or |o|l vlso ol|o uo|cootlroo. All o|o oo oo, oot|o urcql bl
qo oqoo |orlstltl (s rolos|o vroooo} l uo|lo o|o rotcrl|oubo osto|o
vozoco. 8tovlso, oooovo |o otvrc|o c sv|otlc oooq o|o ortlooocl|o,
orcotlvolo DIIRUGDQFHV o |o|lo qovorl c 3.=.7. Ouvl|o ozo oslczltl
to|oor zo otvoroo|o o|oto (s obzlro oo to uo |o olot s ostrl vrs|o, vrlo
lo|o cotrobl|lv zo rl|ooc sllo oou ool rozlstootol}, oll ol|o roorcl|lvo
173
|CO - O lJku
C|Vu
8.l,l7
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2009.
zo ro|ooo|o o coc crovo zoto sto |o ostor l rovlso ucqoo| uo bl rc|o
oqlo |ootrollrotl u|olovoo|o otroboo zo |ouoc to|o uoll|otoc oorocl|c zboq
oqo co bltl bol|o |orlstltl loqool stolc |o|l oo vroc lo zootcl|o| oc|o.
Dovol|oo |o zolslltl |ouoo oqccl svl|ot c |o|o osto|o soo |ouoo rc|o, |ouoo
ouvl|o, |ouoo coo (l oo|vlso |ouoo o|ot l |ouoo vl|o|}, l ovo |o|o orqcoot
st|oo svo svo|o ootoloql|s|o vozoo|o. lo oosto c strc|tcrl |o|o o|oq tl|olo
|o|o vl||o sto l oo uocsto uo lotorrotlro ovo| osl|ouo|l olrovlto.
8ouo, uo blso lzlsll lz ovoq |lc|o. osto|l ll WYUGDMH]JUDELWND to|vo uo
oo|o stvorl |o|o |ozoo o o|oc l zo o|oqo oo oqc l oo sl|c bltl czoto |oo
uobro (l o|o sc lo lzro|ll l|osolcl, oo|o bcuc czoto |oo uobro soo c|oll|o so
ouooso oo |ouoo oqccl svl|ot, o oo oo svl|ot roololo lo|oolco}
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%,%/,2*5$),-$8=32732*/$9/-$
|CO, uV|kJO (l975}. 7UDWWDWRGLVHPLRWLFDJHQHUDOH. Vllooo. olool.
|CO, uV|kJO (l979}. /HFWRULQIDEXOD. Vllooo. olool.
|CO, uV|kJO (l98=}. 6HPLRWLFDHORVRDGHOOLQJXDJJLR. Jorloo. |loocul.
|CO, uV|kJO (l990}. ,OLPLWLGHOOLQWHUSUHWD]LRQH. Vllooo. olool.
|CO, uV|kJO (l992}. ,QWHUSUHWDWLRQDQGRYHULQWHUSUHWDWLRQ. Cobrluqo. Cobrluqo uolvorslty
lross [toll|oos|l rl|ovou. lotorrotozlooo o sovrolotorrotozlooo. Vllooo. olool.|
u|lD|GG|k, VAkJlN (l929}. :DVLVW0HWDSK\VLN". ooo. Coooo [toll|oos|l rl|ovou. Coo cos' lo
otoslco. u. 6HJQDYLD. Vllooo. Auolol. 59-78|.
u|lD|GG|k, VAkJlN (l973}. .DQWXQGGDV3UREOHPGHU0HWDSK\VLN. |roo|Icrt,V.. klostorooo, =.
lzuoo|o [toll|oos|l rl|ovou. .DQWHLOSUREOHPDGHOODPHWDVLFD, orl. Lotorzo l98l|.
Nl|J28Cu|, |kl|DklCu (l873}. uobor Woor|olt cou Lcqo l ocssororollscooo 8looo. u.
Grosso|tov-Acsqobo. Lolzlq l895 [toll|oos|l rl|ovou. 8c vorlt o oozoqoo lo sooso otro
ortolo. u. 2SHUH, lll, 2. Vllooo. Auolol l973|.
OulN|, WlLLAkD v. O. (l90}. :RUG DQG 2EMHFW. Cobrluqo. V.l.J. lross [toll|oos|l rl|ovou.
3DURODHRJJHWWR. Vllooo. 8oqqlotoro l970|.
vAJJlVO, GlANNl (l980}. /HDYYHQWXUHGHOODGLIIHUHQ]D. Vllooo. Gorzootl, l980. 8=.
vAJJlVO, GlANNl (l983}. Dlolottlco, ulIIoroozo, oosloro uobolo. u. vottlo, G. l kovottl, l.A.
(ous.} ,OSHQVLHURGHEROH. Vllooo. |oltrloolll l983.
vAJJlVO, GlANNl (l99=}. 2OWUHOLQWHUSUHWD]LRQH. orl. Lotorzo.