Analog television

Introduction to TV systems Human visual system Progressive and interlaced systems Synchronism signals Composite signal Components signal NTSC and PAL systems Sampling of the TV signal

Basic TV system

Camera Real world

Amplitude

Transmitter

Electrical signal

Visual system

TV screen

Receiver

Human visual system

Sclera Vitreous humor Cornea Iris Lens Fovea

Aqueous humor

Retina

Optic nerve

Blind spot

Glare limit

0.01 Sensibility to contrast

ee)

Subjective brightness

0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 1.5 2 3 4 6 8 12 16 24 Temporal frequency (Hz) 1 0.5 2
r eq

8 4
(c y c le

Adaptation range

egr

cy

s /d

Bb

Ba

al f

ue n

Scotopic

Scotopic threshold

Sp

Photopic

a ti

Log of intensity
3

Progressive TV system

Number of lines per image: Depends on desired vertical definition Number of images per second: No flicker > 50 Motion sensation > 15
4

Vertical definition (1)

1 cycle

33.5 cycles per image height

Vertical definition (2)

1 cycle

6.5 cycles per image height

Vertical definition (3)

1 cycle 1.5 cycles per image height

Horizontal definition (1)

1 cycle 33.5 cycles per image width

Horizontal definition (2)

1 cycle

6.5 cycles per image width

9

Horizontal definition (3)

1 cycle 1.5 cycles per image width

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Interlaced TV system (1)

1/60s 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 2 4 6 + 8 10 12 14 1/60s 1/30s =

Odd field
1 3 5 B B A C

Even field
C 2 4 6 D

Complete image
A

Odd lines

Odd field flyback

Even lines

Even field flyback

Number of lines: 525 Number of images: 30

Number of fields: 60 2 fields = 1 image

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Interlaced TV system (2)

A 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19

.
2 4 6 8 10 12 14

16 18

Horizontal scanning Horizontal flyback Vertical flyback

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TV signal - B/W
Horizontal synchronism 100 Amplitude % 75 50 25 0 Video signal
Line N
13

Maximum level Blanking level

White level

Field synchronism

even

odd

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TV signal spectrum - B/W

fh: Line frequency (15.750) Still images fv: Field frequency (60)

0 fv 2fv fh 2fh Moving images

5 MHz

f
15

TV transmitter - B/W
Sound carrier
Microphone

Audio Amplif.
TV camera

FM modulator Video adder + sync

RF Amplif. Video R.F. Amplif.

+
Vestigial Lateral band filter

Video Amplif.

AM modulator

camara time base

Sync. generation

Video carrier

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Gamma correction
Y Y=X
2.8

1
er itt m E

Y=X

1/2.8

0.5
Re ce iv e r

0.5

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TV receiver - B/W
Limiter Amplif. Sound detector Sound Amplif.

Tuner

FI Amplifier

Detector

Video Amplif.

Delay AGC

AGC

Sync separator

Sync. processing Sync processing

Line oscilator Field oscilator

Line output Field output

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Color TV systems

R - Red

G - Green +

B - Blue

Camera

R G B

Bandwidth is 3 x 5 MHz = 15 Mhz

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Component TV color signals

Camera R G B Y = 0.30R + 0.59G + 0.11B u = 0.495 (B Y) v = 0.877 (R - Y) Bandwidth is 7 Mhz 5 MHz 1 MHz 1 Mhz

Y - Luminance

u = 0.495 (B Y)

v = 0.877 (R - Y)
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TV color signals (1)

Camera R G B Y = 0.30R + 0.59G + 0.11B R-Y B-Y Bandwidth is 7 Mhz 5 MHz 1 MHz 1 Mhz

R-Y = R - (0.30R + 0.59G + 0.11B) = 0.7R - 0.59G - 0.11B B-Y = B - (0.30R + 0.59G + 0.11B) = -0.3R - 0.59G + 0.89B Y R-Y B-Y Y+R-Y=R Y+G-Y=G Y+B-Y=B

Receiver

Screen

G - Y = -(0.3/0.59)(R - Y) - (0.11/0.59)(B - Y)
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Saturated magenta
0

Desaturated red

Saturated green

1.0

Gray

1.0

R
1.0

0.20

0.5

1.0

0 1.0

1.0

1.0

G
1.0

0.20 0.20 1.0 0.20 0 0 0 0

0 0 0.30 0.70

0 0 0.15 0.35

0.5 0.5 0.65

1.0 0 1.0 1.0 1.0

1.0

B Y R-Y G-Y B-Y

0 0.59 0.11 0.70 0.41

0.89

0.35 -0.59 0.41 -0.11 -0.11 0.89 -0.70 0.30 0.30 -0.59 -0.41 0.59

0.11 0.11

-0.30 -0.30

-0.15

-0.15

-0.15

-0.15

-0.59

-0.89
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Saturated yellow
0

TV color signals(2)
Saturated cyan Saturated red (very bright) Saturated blue Saturated red (less bright) White

NTSC signals
NTSC defines I = 0.877 (R Y) cos 33 0.493 (B Y) sin 33 Q = 0.877 (R Y) sin 33 + 0.493 (B Y) cos 33

I Bandwidth: 1.5 Mhz Q Bandwidth: 0.5 Mhz

Note: Next slides will use, (I,Q), (u,v) or (R-Y, B-Y) indistinctly Signals are not exactly the same, but concepts are. There is a weighting factor applied
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Colors and u-v signals

V 0.877 (R-Y)

0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 Magenta 61

Red 103

Yellow 167

0.2

saturation

Hue 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

U 0.493 (B-Y)

-0.7 -0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 Green 241 -0.4 -0.5 -0.6 -0.7 Cyan 283 Blue 347

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Transmission of color signals NTSC

I

Amplitude modulator

+90 subcarrier oscilator

CHROMINANCE

S(t)

3.58 Mhz
Q

Amplitude modulation

S(t) = I cos(st+33) + Q sin(st+33)

25

Chrominance signal
Magenta

Yellow

White

Green

Cyan

Blue

Red

Burst 10 1 cycles
0.59 0.70 0.89 1.0

0.11 0.41 0.30

Black
0.0

Luminance signal

0.90

0.83

0.83

0.76

0.76

0.90

Chrominance signal
0.83 0.76 0.83 0.76 0.90 0.90

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Composite video signal

100 %
0.90 -0.33 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.90 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.33 1.2 1.4

Carrier amplitude

0.90

0.76

0.83

0.83 0.90 0.76 0.83 0.83

75%

20 % 0

0.76

0.76

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Weighted composite video signal

Yellow Magenta White Cyan Blue Red Black Cyan

100 % Carrier amplitude 75 % Black level

0.63 0.59

-0.33

0.44

0.63

20 % 0

0.59

White level

1.33

-0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4

0.59

0.63 0.63

0.44

0.59

0.44

0.44

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Composite video signal spectrum

Y
0 1 2 3 4 5 f (MHz)

u
0 1 2 3 4 f (MHz) 5 Bandwidth depends on (I,Q) or (u,v) signals

v
0 1 2 3 4 f (MHz) 5 Bandwidth depends on (I,Q) or (u,v) signals

Composite signal
0 1 2 3 4 5 f (MHz)

4. 43 (color subcarrier - PAL) 3.58 (color subcarrier NTSC)

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PAL system (1)

0.877 (R-Y)

Line n

R Y is switched each line to compensate for the phase errors (hue)

0.493 (B-Y)

0.493 (B-Y)

Line n+1

-0.877 (R-Y)

S(t) = (B-Y)sin(st) + (R-Y)cos(st) -

30

PAL system (2)

R-Y

R-Y

En

Cn

En C n+1 '

B-Y E n+1 EMITTER

B-Y

RECEIVER

C n+1 E n+1

31

PAL transmitter
Composite sync signal Matrix Y DL Y Composite video signal Blue amplifier Adder

3 tubes Camera

Green amplifier

Matrix U

1 MHz L.P. Filter

Balanced Modulator

Red amplifier

Matrix V

1 MHz L.P. Filter

Balanced Modulator

BURST gate Color subcarrier PAL identification 7.8 KHz 90 270 180 Shifter BURST flag 45
32

PAL receiver

33

Sampling of the TV signal

Component sampling Applications: multimedia, Digital TV

Composite signal sampling Applications at the TV receiver Image enhancement Flicker reduction

34

Component sampling formats

ITU - 601 Sampled signals Sampling frequency Mhz. Sampling structure Pixels / image Y, u, v (Y) 13.5 - (u,v) 6.75 orthogonal 1:1 (Y): 720 x 576 (u,v): 360 x 288 8 CIF Y, u, v QCIF Y, u, v

(Y) 6.75 - (u,v) 3.375 (Y) 3.375 - (u,v) 1.687 orthogonal 1:1 (Y): 352 x 288 (u,v): 176 x 144 8 orthogonal 1:1 (Y): 176 x 144 (u,v): 88 x 72 8

Bits/pixel

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