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Truyn tn hiu s bng sng mang tng t: Modem

VII -1

D CHNG7

TRUYN TN HIU S BNG SNG MANG TNG T : MODEMS

DN NHP
C S K THUT LIN QUAN
4 Modem FSK
4 Modem PSK
4 Mt s vn k thut khc

MT S MODEM THNG DNG

4 Modem bt ng b
4 Modem ng b
__________________________________________________________________________________________
_____

7.1

DN NHP

truyn d liu t mt DTE n mt DTE khc, thay v phi thit lp cc ng dy

ring, ngi ta ngh n vic dng ng dy in thoi c sn. Tuy nhin v ng dy
in thoi c t rt lu trc khi phng php truyn tn hiu s ra i v c dng
truyn thng m hiu trong phm vi tn s t 300 Hz n 3000 Hz, nn truyn c tn
hiu s trn ng dy thoi, ngi ta phi dng mt sng mang c tn s tng thch vi
ng dy thoi chuyn ch tn hiu s. Modem l mt thit b c sn xut cho mc
ch ny.
(H 7.1) l s khi ca mt modem
IU CH
D liu vo
(t my tnh)

MCH
GIAO TIP

MCH
IU CH

NGUN

T.h. tng t
vo

LC
&
K VO

LC & K
CNG SUT

T.h.
tng t ra

MCH GII
IU CH

IU KHIN
&
NH THI

MCH
GIAO TIP

D liu ra

GII IU CH
(H 7.1)

Mt modem bao gm hai b phn chnh: iu ch v gii iu ch.

B phn iu ch nhn tn hiu s t my tnh (hay mt DTE) v bin i thnh tn
hiu tng t truyn trn knh truyn, my thu b phn gii iu ch ca modem th hai
bin i ngc li t tn hiu tng t sang tn hiu s. C th xp loi modem nh sau :

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VII -2

- Modem tm ngn (Short haul modem) : l nhng modem hot ng trong nhng
khong cch ngn (<10 miles) . Trong vi trng hp truyn trn khong cch ngn ngi
ta ch cn dng cc b phn thc ng dy m khng cn n modem.
- Modem bng tn rng (Wideband modem) : l nhng modem vn hnh trn phng
tin thng tin in thoi vi vn tc t 19,2 kbps n 230,4 kbps. Nhng modem ny thng
dng sng mang c bng thng rng t 6 n 60 ln bng thng ca tn hiu m thanh (voice
grade). V d h modem 303B ; C; D ca hng Bell vn hnh theo kiu song cng vi vn tc
tn hiu ln n 19,2 ; 50 v 230,4 kbps
- Modem m tn (Voice grade modem) : l nhng modem c thit k dng trn
ng dy vi bng thng m tn ca knh thoi (t 300 Hz dn 3000 Hz). y l mi trng
truyn kh thng dng. Modem m tn chia lm hai loi :
- Bt ng b : vn hnh vi vn tc ti a l 1800 bps trn cc ng in thoi
s dng quay s v 2000 bps i vi cc thu bao c iu kin.
- ng b : vn hnh vi vn tc ti a l 9600 bps.
Ngy nay vic dng modem kt ni vo mng in thoi thc hin vic thng tin
lin lc tr thnh ph bin. Tuy nhin vic s dng phi tun theo mt s qui nh ca cc
c quan chc nng qun l mng in thoi kt hp vi s kim sot ca chnh ph. V d, c
quan FCC ca M v DOC (Department of Communication) ca Canada c mt s qui nh
c th v mc tn hiu pht (khng c vt qu -9 dBm 600), cc tn hiu xung quay
s, bo v qu p, tng tr, s cn bng, cc mc tn hiu nhiu cho php v cc b kt ni.

7.2 C S K THUT LIN QUAN

truyn trn ng dy in thoi cc tn hiu s c dng iu ch sng mang
m tn hnh sin, tn s t 300 Hz n 3000 Hz
- Modem pht iu ch sng mang m tn vi tn hiu TxD (Transmit Data) v
modem thu gii iu ch sng mang phc hi tn hiu RxD (Receive Data)
- Modem l mt thit b truyn tin (DCE) c dng nh mt b giao tip gia cc
DTE (c th l cc USART hay UART) vi mng in thoi.
- Trong trng hp truyn ng b, ngoi vic phc hi tn hiu RxD, modem cn
phi khi phc c thng tin v thi gian bit to s ng b.
- Thng thng modem l mt khi ring r v c ni vi my tnh hay thit b u
cui DTE bng cch s dng chun giao tip RS-232 ca EIA. Cng c mt s my tnh v
DTE chuyn dng t bn trong chng nhng modem bao gm c b phn quay s t ng
m khng cn giao tip EIA (H 7.2)

- Trong modem tn hiu di nn dng s

c th c dng iu ch bin , tn s hoc pha ca mt sng mang m tn. Ty thuc
vo vn tc tn hiu ca knh truyn, ba dng iu ch ny l ASK, FSK v PSK
- Cc ng truyn cho vn tc thp ti trung bnh (vi trm n 1800 bps) s dng
FSK v truyn bt ng b.
- PSK a pha v giao thc ng b c dng truyn vi vn tc cao hn t 2400
bps n 4800 bps.
(H 7.2)

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VII -3

- ASK thng c dng truyn vi vn tc rt thp <100 bps, do tnh min nhiu
km ca n.
- truyn vi vn tc 9600 bps ngi ta kt hp hai phng php PSK v ASK gi
l iu ch bin vung gc (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation, QAM ).

7.2.1 Modem FSK

7.2.1.1 M ha FSK
Vic m ha FSK kh n gin v gi thnh r, y l mt dng ca k thut FM,
trong tn hiu iu ch l chui xung DC bin i gia hai gi tr c th. Kt qu iu ch
s cho sng mang c mt trong 2 gi tr fm, ng vi bit 1(mark) v fs ng vi bit 0 (space).
(H 7.3) cho ta dng sng tn hiu iu ch FSK

(H 7.3)

c kt qu tt , iu ch FSK phi c mt s tnh cht sau :

- tri dt tn s khng qu 50 ppm / C (period per minuite / C)
- Pha ca tn hiu phi lin tc khi tn s thay i t fm sang fs v ngc li.
- Bin dng do ha tn ca tn hiu ra phi rt thp
- Cc tn s fm v fs phi c iu chnh ring.
Cc tnh cht trn u thc hin c trong hu ht cc IC hin nay.

7.2.1.2 Ch s bin iu
Trong k thut FSK ngi ta nh ngha h s h:
h=

fm fs

br
Th d modem 202T l modem FSK c tn s gia l 1700 Hz, fm = 1200 Hz v fs =
2200 Hz nu tc bit l 1200 bps th:
1200 2200

1000
= 0,83
1200
1200
Ta c th thy h s h chnh l ch s bin iu (modulation index) mf trong k thut
FM c in
f
mf =
fa
f l di tn cc i; fa l tn s tn hiu iu ch
p dng vo trng hp FSK
h=

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f =

f m fs
2

fa = f f =
Vy

VII -4

br
2

h = mf

Nhc li, ph tn ca tn hiu iu ch FM ty thuc vo h s Bessel, tc ty thuc

vo ch s bin iu. Mt cch tng qut, h cng ln th xut hin cng nhiu h s Bessel,
ph tn cha cng nhiu ha tn, nhng iu ny xy ra khi br nh, tc tn s c bn nh, nh
vy cc ha tn s nm st li nhau nn bng thng ca tn hiu khng nhng khng tng m
cn c th gim. Tuy nhin t c hiu qu cao ngi ta thng chn h < 1
Tr li modem 202T, vi br = 1200 bps, h = 0,83 (khong cch fm v fs l 1000Hz), c
2 h s Bessel c ngha, trong ph tn xut hin hai tn s trong mi bng cnh, khong cch
cc tn s l 600 Hz (H 7.4)

(H 7.4)

By gi gi s tc truyn bit l 500 bps, ch s bin iu l:

h=

fm - fs
br

1000
500

=2

Trong trng hp ny c 4 h s Bessel c ngha v ph tn c dng (H 7.5)

(H 7.5)

7.2.1.3 Bng thng FSK Gi Tb l thi gian ca mt bit ca tn hiu

truyn (di nn), tc bit br l:
br =

1
Tb

Tn s ln nht ca tn hiu, tng ng vi bin i lin tc gia bit 1 v bit 0, l:

ff =

1
=
2Tb

br
2

Vy tn s c bn ln nht ca tn hiu di nn bng 1/2 tc truyn bit

Tn hiu FSK tc thi c th vit :
VFSK = V b sin (2fmt) + Vb sin (2fst)

Trong Vb c trng cho tn hiu hnh vung c tn s c bn ff bin 0 hoc 1 ty

thuc trng thi d liu iu ch.

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VII -5

Nhc li ph tn ca tn hiu ch nht cha cc ha tn bc l ca ff . Do ta c th

v ph tn ca tn hiu FSK (H 7.6)

(H 7.6)
Ngi ta thng chn bng thng FSK nh sau :
BWFSK = (fm + 2ff) - (fs - 2 ff) = fm - fs + 4ff
BWFSK = fm - fs + 2br
Ngoi ra thit k b gii iu ch c li v mt kinh t ngi ta chn tn s trung
tm ca FSK v khong cch ca hai tn s fm v fs nh sau :
fFSK =

fm + fs
2

fm - fs

3br
> 2br/3

Th d :
(a) Mt modem FSK vn tc 600 bps s dng tn s mark l 1500 Hz v tn s space
l 2000 Hz. Tnh tn s fFSK v bng thng ca knh FSK
fFSK l tn s trung tm gia fm v fs :
fFSK = (1500 + 2000) / 2 = 1750 Hz
Bng thng BW xc nh bi :
BWFSK = fm - fs + 2br = (2000 -1500) + 2(600) = 1700 Hz.
(b) Nhng gi tr ca fm v fs ny c lm cho vic thit k b gii iu ch kinh t
khng ?
iu kin u tin l fFSK 3br , iu ny khng tha v 1750 Hz < 3(600) = 1800 Hz
iu kin th hai l fm - fs > 2br/3 tha v 500 Hz > 2/3(600) = 400 Hz

7.2.1.4 Vng kha pha (Phase Lock Loop, PLL)

gii m FSK ngi
ta phi dng mt vng kha pha. (H 7.7) l s khi mt vng kha pha
n gin

(H 7.7) Tng qut, mt PLL l mt h thng hi tip gm 3 b phn chnh : mt mch so pha,

mt lc h thng v mt VCO. PLL l mt vng kn, tn hiu ra t VCO t ng kha bi tn

hiu vo. Bng cch so snh pha ca tn hiu ra t mch VCO v tn hiu vo, s sai pha s

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VII -6

c bin i thnh in th mt chiu, in th ny s iu khin VCO to mt tn hiu

ra lun lun c pha v tn s ca tn hiu vo
Xem tn hiu vo l mt hnh sin c pha bt k :
vi(t) =A1 sin( i t + i )
Tn hiu ra ca
Tn hiu ra VCO :
vo(t) = A2 sin( o t + o )
mch so pha l tch ca hai tn hiu ny
vd = A1 A2 kmsin(it + i ).sin(
ot + o )
km l li ca mch nhn
Trin khai biu thc vd, ta c cc s hng l cc tn hiu hnh sin c tn s l tng
v hiu ca cc tn s tn hiu vo i v tn s tn hiu dao ng o ; cho tn hiu ny qua
mch lc h thng, tn hiu cn li l :
A 1A 2
vf =
km sin(i t - o t + i - o ) vng kha pha hai
2
trng hp c th xy ra:
- Nu tn s tn hiu vo i thay i ngoi tm kim sot ca mch th PLL l mt
mch gii iu ch FM
- Nu tn s tn hiu vo thay i t, cn trong phm vi kim sot ca mch th PLL l
mch to tn hiu c tn s v pha n nh.
Trong mch gii iu ch FSK, ng vo mch PLL l tn hiu c hai tn s fm v fs nn
hiu th ra t mch lc s thay i trong khong Vom v Vos, nhng hiu th ny c so snh
vi mt hiu th chun (FSK comparator) cho d liu FSK ng ra
Nu PLL c kha tn hiu vo, ngha l o = i th phng trnh thnh
A 1A 2
km sin( i - o )
vf =
2
i - o l sai pha. vf = 0 khi i - o = 0 hay 2
Hiu th vf ny c dng iu khin mch dao ng

7.2.1.5 Minimum Shift-Keying FSK

Minimum Shift-keying FSK (MSK) l mt dng ca k thut iu ch FSK c pha
lin tc. MSK chnh l FSK trong tn s mark v space c ng b vi vn tc bit.
ng b y c ngha l c mt quan h thi gian chnh xc ca hai tn hiu. Hai tn s ny
c chn sao cho cch tn s gia ng bng cc bi s l ca phn na vn tc bit [fm v fs
= n(br/2); n l s l], iu ny to ra mt s thay i lin tc v pha khi tn hiu chuyn i
gia bit 1 v 0 (H 7.8)

(H 7.8)

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VII -7

7.2.2 Modem PSK

iu ch PSK l mt phng php hiu qu nht truyn tn hiu s. C th ni
phng php PSK l phng php iu ch trit sng mang do bng thng ca tn hiu
PSK nh hn bng thng ca FSK nu dng cng mt tn hiu di nn. Nhng my thu
phi c mch dao ng to sng mang thc hin vic gii iu ch; tn hiu dao ng ny
phi c cng tn s v pha ca sng mang my pht.
Cc iu ni trn c th thc hin bi mt vng kha pha bin th gi l vng Costas
m ta s cp n trong phn sau

7.2.2.1 Bng thng

Ta xt trng hp n gin nht l PSK nh phn (Biphase PSK) c minh ha trong
(H 7.9). (Nu l PSK a pha th thay tc bit bi tc baud)

(H 7.9)

Trong PSK pha ca sng mang thay i gia hai tr s 0 v 180 , hiu th tc thi
PSK c th vit :
V PSK = V b sin (2fct) + Vb sin (2fct)

Biu thc VPSK tng t nh VFSK nhng hai tn s fm v fs c thay bi fc nn bng

thng l:
BWPSK = (fc + 2ff) - (fc - 2 ff) = 4ff
BWPSK = 2br
Nh vy BWPSK < BWFSK nu iu ch cng tn hiu di nn. (H 7.9) cho ph ca tn hiu
PSK

7.2.2.2 PSK 2 - pha (BPSK: Binary phase shift keying)

Trong BPSK, ng vi tn hiu vo l cc in th biu din cc logic 1, 0 ta c tn hiu
ra l cc sng mang hnh sin c pha lch nhau 180
(H 7.10) l s khi mch iu ch v gii iu ch BPSK

(a) iu ch BPSK

(H 7.10)

(b) Gii iu ch BPSK

Gi s logic 1 c c trng bi in th +Vdc v logic 0 bi -Vdc b phn chnh ca

mch iu ch gm mt mch nhn v mt mch dao ng to sng mang cosct. Tn hiu
logic v sng mang c a vo mch nhn v ta c tn hiu +cosct hoc -cosct ng
ra ca mch ny.

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VII -8

my thu, sng mang uc tch t tn hiu vo, sau trn vi tn hiu vo cho ra
tn hiu c dng cos2 ct hoc -cos2ct. Phn tch cc tn hiu ny ta thy chng gm thnh
phn mt chiu v ha tn bc hai :
cos2 ct = (1/2)(1+ cos2ct)
- cos2 ct = - (1/2)(1+ cos2ct)
Cho vo mch lc h thng, ta c ng ra cc thnh phn dc c cng cc tnh vi
d liu vo.
Mch iu ch vng (ring modulator) l mt kiu mu ca mch nhn c m t
(H 7.11)
Cc diod A, B, C, D dn hay ngng ty thuc hiu th t vo ng X,Y trong lc tn
hiu vo ng RS ch khin cc diod dn mnh hay yu m thi.
Sng mang c a vo ng RS, d liu c a vo ng XY. Gi s bit 1 khin X
dng hn Y v ngc li cho bit 0
- Khi d liu l bit 1 diod A v D dn in, ng vi bn k dng ca sng mang diod
A dn mnh hn diod D, dng in chy trong na trn ca bin th ra ln hn, ta c tn
hiu ra cng pha sng mang vo.
- Khi d liu l bit 0 diod B v C dn in, ng vi bn k dng ca sng mang diod
B dn mnh hn diod C, dng in chy trong na trn ca bin th ra ln hn nhng c
chiu ngc li (t di ln), ta c tn hiu ra ngc pha sng mang vo.
- Khi khng c sng mang hoc khng c d liu vo s khng c dng in ng ra.

(H 7.11)

7.2.2.3 PSK 4 - pha (4 - PSK)

PSK 4 pha cn gi l PSK vung gc (QPSK : Quadrature PSK) l mch iu ch cho
tn hiu ra c 1 trong 4 pha ty theo trng thi ca mt cp bit (dibit) d liu vo, lch pha
ca cc tn hiu ra l 90. (H 7.12) l s khi mch iu ch PSK 4 - pha

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VII -9

(H 7.12)

- Mch chia bit (bit splitter) : chuyn dng d liu vo theo hai ng I (In-phase) v Q
(Quadrature). Nhng bit vo ng I s iu ch sng mang c pha ban u v nhng bit vo
ng Q s iu ch sng mang c lm lch pha 90
- V cc d liu vo c th l bit 1 hoc 0, nn tn hiu ng ra mch nhn I c th l
sinct hoc - sinct v ng ra Q c th l cosct hoc -cosct, cc tn hiu ny c tng
hp mch tng cho ra 1 trong 4 tn hiu m t (H 7.13)
Th d, vi cc bit ng vo ab=01, tn hiu ng ra l - sinct + cosct, tn hiu
ny c th thay th bi tn hiu duy nht c pha l 135.

(H 7.13)

Bng 7.1 Tn hiu iu ch 4 pha

Knh
Gi tr nh phn
Hiu th
+
1
I
0
+
1
Q
0
(H 7.14) l mch gii m PSK 4-pha

Tn hiu ra t mch cn bng

sinct-sinct sin(ct + /2) =
cosct
-sin(ct + /2) =-cosct

(H 7.14)

Mch phc hi sng mang s cho li sng mang sinct t tn hiu nhn c, tn hiu
ny c cho thng vo mch nhn ng I v c lm lch pha 90 trc khi vo mch nhn
ng Q, tn hiu ra cc mch nhn c a vo mch lc h thng loi b thnh phn tn
s cao, cc thnh phn DC s c tng hp mch tng cho li dng d liu.
Gi s tn hiu vo l tn hiu nhn c trong th d trn: cosct - sinct
Tn hiu ra mch nhn ng I l:
sinct ( cosct - sinct) = 1/2sin2ct - 1/2(1-cos2ct)
Tn hiu ra sau mch lc l in th dc -, tng ng bit 0
Tn hiu ra mch nhn ng Q l:

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VII -10

cosct ( cosct - sinct) = -1/2sin2ct + 1/2(1+cos2ct)

Tn hiu ra sau mch lc l in th dc+, tng ng bit 1,
Mch t hp bit s cho li d liu nh pht : 01 (vit theo th t ab)
Tc truyn thng thng ca QPSK l 2400 bps v vy mch iu ch tc ca
knh I v Q l 1200 bps. Tc bin i ln nht ca tn hiu tng ng vi chui lin tip
cc bit 1 v 0, chui ny c biu din bi tn hiu hnh vung tn s 600 Hz, tn hiu hnh
vung bao gm tn s c bn v cc ha tn bc l. Trong qu trnh iu ch xut hin cc
bng cnh cha cc ha tn ny, mch lc BPF c nhim v loi b thnh phn tn s ny.

7.2.2.4 OFFSET QPSK (OQPSK)

Trong thc t ngi ta thng dng cch iu ch da trn nguyn tc ca QPSK
nhng to s lch pha ca hai tn hiu trn hai knh I v Q bng cch cho mt tn hiu tr mt
bit so vi tn hiu kia, gi l iu ch OQPSK. Vic lm ny khin cho s chuyn trng thi
ca tn hiu knh ny (th d knh I) lun lun xy ra ngay im gia ca tn hiu ca
knh kia (knh Q), nh vy trong mt cp bit IQ bt k ch c s thay i ca mt bit duy
nht v iu ny a n kt qu l cc tn hiu ng ra tng hp ch lch pha 0 hoc 90
ch khng phi 180 nh QPSK. Vy im thun li ca OQPSK l gii hn c s lch
pha ca tn hiu ra v trnh c cc xung t bin khi phc hi tn hiu nh phn.
c th so snh cc tn hiu cc ng ra tng hp, ta xt chui tn hiu vo nh (H
7.15a) v chui tn hiu ca 2 knh I v Q trong hai trng hp QPSK (H 7.15b) v OQPSK
(H 7.15c)

(a)

(b)

(c)
(H 7.15)

V tn hiu tng hp ng ra tng ng (H 7.16a) v (H 7.16b)

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VII -11

(H 7.16)

C th hiu (H 7.16a) v (H 7.16b) nh sau:

- Nu 2 bit trn 2 knh I v Q khc nhau hon ton th cc tn hiu tng t tng ng
khc nhau 180o
- Nu 2 bit trn 2 knh I v Q ch khc nhau mt bit th cc tn hiu tng t tng
ng khc nhau +90o hoc -90o.
im bt li ca phng php OQPSK l s thay i pha ca tn hiu ra xy ra trong
tng khong thi gian T (ch khng phi 2T), do vn tc iu ch (baud rate) v bng
thng ti thiu ca knh truyn tng gp i so vi phng php QPSK .
Hiu sut bng thng: l t s vn tc bit (bps) trn bng thng yu cu (Hz). Thng
thng khi vn tc bit tng th bng thng tng, tuy nhin trong cc cch iu ch khc nhau
t s hai i lng ny c th khc nhau, do ngi ta dng hiu sut bng thng nh
gi cht lng ca h thng (hiu sut cao ng ngha vi tn dng c bng thng)
Vi cch iu ch ASK, gi s vn tc bit l 2400bps, tn s c bn l 1200Hz, bng
thng cn thit l 2400 Hz vy
2400bps
Hiu sut bng thng =
= 1bps/Hz
2400Hz
Vi cch iu ch PSK 4 - pha nu vn tc bit l 2400bps, mch iu ch vn tc
ca knh I v Q l 1200 bps, tn s c bn l 600Hz, bng thng cn thit l 1200 Hz vy
2400bps
Hiu sut bng thng =
= 2bps/Hz
1200Hz

7.2.2.5 PSK 8 - pha

PSK - 8 pha l mch iu ch cho tn hiu ra c 1 trong 8 pha ty thuc trng thi ca
t hp 3 bit vo (tribits)
S khi ca mch iu ch PSK - 8 pha cho (H 7.17)

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VII -12

(H 7.17)

Mch chia bit chia t hp 3 bt theo 3 knh khc nhau. Cc bit a v b theo knh I v Q
xc nh cc tnh ca tn hiu ra mch bin i t 2 ra 4 mc, trong khi bit c xc nh bin
ca in th dc. C 2 bin c dng l 0,34V v 0,821V. Khi a v b l bit 1 ng ra
mch bin i c tr dng, ngc li khi a v b l bit 0. Bin ca tn hiu ra t mch bin
i lun lun khc nhau, bt c khi no mt mch nhn tn hiu c (hay c ) cho ra tn hiu
c bin l 0,821 (0,34) th mch kia nhn tn hiu o li v cho ra tn hiu c bin l
0,34 (0,821)
V 3 bit abc c lp vi nhau nn 0,821 v 0,344 lun lun l 4 gi tr c th c
ng ra cc mch bin i.
knh I mch iu ch trn sng mang ban u (khng lm lch pha) nn 4 gi tr
ng ra l 0,821cosct v 0,34 cosct trong khi ng ra Q l cc gi tr 0,821sinct
v 0,34sinct. Mch tng s tng hp tn hiu ra ca 2 knh cho ra mt tn hiu duy
nht. Ty theo cc tn hiu vo cc tn hiu ra s c cc pha khc nhau (H 7.16). Trong hnh
ny gc A xc nh bi
0, 34
= 22,5
A = tan -1
0, 821

Nh vy cc tn hiu iu ch ca cc tribit c pha khc nhau tng 45

(H 7.18)

Th d cc bit cba ng vo l 101, ta c:

Mch bin i knh I cho:
+0,821 V
Mch bin i knh Q cho:
-0,34 V
Mch iu ch knh I cho:
+0,821cosct
Mch iu ch knh Q cho:
-0,34 sinct
Tn hiu ra sau cng:
0,821cosct -0,34 sinct
Gc pha ca tn hiu ny xc nh bi du X trn (H 7.18)

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VII -13

Vi cch iu ch 8-PSK, 3 bit ng vi mt pha ca tn hiu ra nn vn tc baud bng

1/3 vn tc bit nn tha iu kin ca ng truyn, ngi ta chn vn tc bit l 4800 bps,
vn tc baud l 1600 baud/s v bng thng knh truyn l 1600 Hz v hiu sut bng thng l
3bps/Hz. Vi fc=1700 Hz, bng thng chim mt khong t (fc - 800) =1700-800 = 900 Hz
n (fc + 800) = 1700+800 = 2500 Hz, ph hp vi ng truyn ca knh thoi.

7.2.2.6 iu ch bin vung gc (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation,

QAM)
Trong iu ch bin vung gc c bin v pha ca sng mang u thay i

a. Mch iu ch QAM 8 pha (H 7.19)

(H 7.19)

Trong mch iu ch ny a,b xc nh cc tnh ca tn hiu ra mch bin i, ring

bit c uc a thng vo hai mch bin i m khng qua mch o nh PSK 8 pha, nu c
=1 c hai ng ra c bin cao v nu c =0 c hai ng ra c bin thp. Nh vy, vi QAM
8 pha, cc tn hiu cc ng ra ca mch bin i lun c cng bin , gin v tr cc
im c trng cc tribit cho (H 7.20)

(H 7.20)

Cc tn hiu ra ca QAM 8 pha c 2 bin v 4 pha khc nhau.

So snh cc cch iu ch QAM v PSK ngi ta thy QAM tt hn v mt t s tn
hiu nhiu. Th d vi h thng QAM 16 pha xc sut li l 10-8 trong lc PSK 16 pha xc
sut ny l 10-4. Do trong cc h thng truyn vi vn tc cao ngi ta thng dng cch
iu ch QAM hn

b. Mch iu ch QAM 16 pha (H 7.21)

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VII -14

(H 7.21)

Trong s , mch chia bit chia t hp 4 bit theo hai knh vo hai mch bin i 2 ra 4
mc, cc bit a,b xc nh cc tnh tn hiu ra v cc bit c,d xc nh bin
a,b = 0, tn hiu ra m
c,d = 0 bin = 0,22 V
a,b = 1 tn hiu ra dng
c,d = 1 bin = 0,821 V
Mi ng ra ca mch bin i c th c 1 trong 4 tn hiu 0,22 hoc 0,821. Mch
LPF loi b cc ha tn. Cc tn hiu sau vo mch iu ch cn bng nh trong cc phn
trc v ng ra ta c 1 trong 16 tn hiu, cc tn hiu ny nhn 3 gi tr bin v 12 gc
pha khc nhau, khong cch cc gc pha l 30 (H 7.22)
Vi cch iu ch QAM 16 pha, mi 4 bit tng ng mt tn hiu ra nn vn tc bit
bng 4 ln vn tc baud. Nu chn vn tc baud l 2400 baud/s tha bng thng ca knh
thoi th vn tc bit l 9600 bps v hiu sut bng thng l 4 bps/Hz. Trong trng hp ny
bng thng tn hiu trong khong t 500 Hz (1700 Hz - 1200 Hz) n 2900 Hz (1700 Hz +
1200 Hz)

(H 7.22)

Trong gin trn gc A xc nh bi:

0, 22
= 15
A= tan -1
0, 821

Th d vi t hp cc bit ng vo nh trong (H 6.18), 1001, ta c cc kt qu sau:

Ng ra knh I :
+0,22 V
Ng ra knh Q :
-0,821 V
Ng ra mch iu ch knh I :
+0,22 cosct
Ng ra mch iu ch knh Q :
-0,821sinct
Ng ra mch lc di thng : 0,22 cosct -0,821sinct
Tn hiu ra tng ng c xc nh trn gin bi du X

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VII -15

7.2.2.7 Phc hi sng mang

Vi k thut iu ch FSK vic phc hi sng mang khng cn thit.
Tuy nhin, iu ch PSK hay QAM tng t vi k thut iu ch trit sng mang, do
cn thit phi c mch phc hi sng mang my thu. Hn na, sng mang c phc hi
phi c tn s v pha ging nh my pht mch gii iu ch my thu hot ng hu
hiu.
S khi mt mch phc hi sng mang cho trng hp iu ch BPSK cho (H
7.23 )

Lc di
thng

Mch bnh
phng

Vng kha
pha (PLL)

Mch
Chi t

(H 7.23)

Tn hiu nhn c my thu l +cosct hoc -cosct, sau khi qua mch lc di thng
( hn ch di tn) s qua mch bnh phng cho ng ra cos2ct. Dng bin i lng
gc ta c:
cos2ct =(1/2)(1+cos2ct)
Tn hiu ny li qua mch lc loi b thnh phn mt chiu, cn li tn hiu tn s
2c , tn hiu ny li qua mch chia tn c sng mang. Vng kha pha trong mch c
tc dng gi pha ca tn hiu ra khng b lch so vi tn hiu vo.
i vi cc tn hiu iu ch PSK bc cao hn (4-PSK, 8-PSK, 16-QAM . . .) th
mch gii iu ch s nng tn hiu vo ln theo cc ly tha bc cao hn. D nhin mch s
phc tp hn.

7.2.2.8 PSK vi phn (Differential PSK, DPSK)

Gii iu ch PSK yu cu phc hi tn hiu d liu my thu da vo sng mang c
pha tuyt i bit. iu ny i hi my pht phi gi mt tn hiu my thu tham kho
pha. Mt khc dng gii iu ch vng Costas my thu c th nhn c mt tn hiu
nghch pha. khc phc cc khuyt im ny ngi ta dng phng php iu ch PSK vi
phn.
Nguyn tc ca PSK vi phn l dng s thay i ca d liu iu ch sng mang
ch khng phi chnh d liu. thc hin vic ny ngi ta so snh d liu hin hnh vi
d liu vo trc , nu hai tn hiu ny ging nhau ta c mt pha ca sng mang v nu
chng khc nhau ta c mt pha ngc li. Ni thu v pht phi tha thun vi nhau v bit
tham kho u tin trc khi pht d liu tn hiu c phc hi ng nh pht i. (H
7.24) cho ta s khi ca mt mch DPSK.

(H 7.24)

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VII -16

Ng ra ca cng EX-NOR l 1 khi hai tn hiu vo c cng logic 1 hoc 0 v l 0 khi

hai tn hiu vo khc logic. Mch Flipflop D to thi gian tr ng 1 bit
Bng 7.2 cho kt qu iu ch DPSK vi bit tham kho l 1.
Bng 7.2 iu ch DPSK
D liuvo

1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0

................

......

Tn hiu m ha 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
Bt tham kho
Pha truyn
0 0 0 0 0
(H 7.25) l mch gii iu ch DPSK v kt qu gii iu ch tn hiu ra trong bng
7.2 cho ta li tn hiu truyn bng 7.3

(H 7.25)

Bng 7.3 Tn hiu gii m DPSK

Bn tin m ha
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
Bn tin di
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
D liu ra
1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0

7.2.3 Mt s vn k thut khc trong modem

7.2.3.1 ng b ha Modem
h thng truyn tn hiu qua modem hot ng tt, modem pht v thu phi ng
b vi nhau, cng vic ny gi l ng b ha modem.
Trong thi gian tr gia RTS v CTS, my pht pht i chui tn hiu thit lp s
ng b gi l chui training sequence. Ty theo loi iu ch, tc bit v mc phc tp
ca modem m chui training sequence s hon thnh mt s trong cc nhim v sau:
- Xc nh (verify) s lin tc ca sng mang (kch hot RLSD)
- Khi ng mch ngu nhin ha.
- Khi ng mch cn bng t ng.
- ng b tn hiu sng mang thu pht.
- ng b xung ng h thu pht.
- Ngt mch trit ting di trn ng dy thoi.
- Thit lp li cho mch AGC
Modem vn tc thp
Thng l loi khng ng b v dng FSK nn khng cn cc mch phc hi sng
mang, ngu nhin ha. Cc mch cn bng c iu chnh bng tay v khng cn khi ng.
Chui training l cc bit ngh.
Modem vn tc trung bnh v cao
l cc modem c tc trn 2400 bps, thng dng iu ch PSK hoc QAM nn
phi c mch phc hi sng mang. Cc modem ny l loi ng b nn phi c mch phc

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VII -17

hi xung ng h. Yu cu c mch ngu nhin ha v gii ngu nhin cng mch cn bng
t ng (automatic equalizers)
Th d modem Bell 208 l loi ng b, vn tc 4800-bps dng k thut 8-DPSK c
chui traning gm 78 k hiu, mi k hiu gm 3 bit (tribit, chim 0.625 ms). Vy thi gian
ca chui training khong 48,75 ms. y l khong thi tr gia RTS v CTS nh ta thy
trc y.

7.2.3.2 Phc hi xung ng h

phc hi xung ng h, ngi ta dng tn hiu ra t mt knh (I hoc Q) EX-OR
vi chnh n sau khi lm tr 1/2 bit (H 7.26). Tn hiu ra c tn s gp i tn hiu mi knh
c a vo mch PLL kha pha ca tn hiu dao ng my thu, bo m mch PLL
hot ng tt yu cu tn hiu phi c s thay i trng thi thng xuyn, l l do phi s
dng mch scrambler.

(H 7.26)

7.2.3.3 Mch ngu nhin ha v gii ngu nhin (scrambler v descrambler)

c th phc hi xung ng h, d liu phi thng xuyn thay i gia 2 trng thi
1 v 0. bo m c iu kin ny, ngi ta dng bin php ngu nhin ha (scrambler)
chui d liu my pht v d nhin phi dng mch gii ngu nhin ti to chui d liu
nhn c my thu (descrambler). (H 7.27) l mch scrambler v descrambler.

(a)

(H 7.27)

(b)

D liu ra khi mch scrambler c gi tr xc nh bi:

fm = fd (A.B.C.D + A .B.C.D )
Khi chui d liu thay i gia 2 trng thi 0 v 1 bnh thng, ng ra cng OR mc
0, chui d liu qua mch v khng thay i
Khi chui d liu lin tip l 4 bit 0 hoc 1, ng ra cng OR ln 1 v d liu n t
DTE qua cng EX-OR s b o : fm = fd 1 = fd . Nh vy, ng ra mch khng bao gi
vt qu 4 bit cng loi.
my thu, tn hiu ra t mch descrambler tha:
fr = fm (A.B.C.D + A .B.C.D )
Thay fm t biu thc trn:

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VII -18

fr = fd (A.B.C.D + A .B.C.D ) (A.B.C.D + A .B.C.D )

fr = fd 0 = fd
Nh vy tn hiu ban u c phc hi.

7.2.3.4 Mch lc dng t kha (Switched capacitor)

Lc l mt chc nng rt c bn trong thng tin. Trc y cc mch lc tc ng
thng s dng cc OPAMP l cc IC sn xut t cng ngh ch to BJT nh 709 v 741.
Tuy nhin cc loi linh kin ny tiu th mt nng lng ng k.
Ngy nay, vi s pht trin ca cng ngh MOS, ngi ta ch to cc OPAMP tiu
th nng lng rt t nn c s dng rng ri.
Mt tin b quan trng khc l s pht hin cc t kha c th thay cho cc in tr.
Cc OPAMP MOS v cc t kha c kt hp ch to cc mch lc rt chnh
xc
(H 7.28) cho dng cn bn ca t kha.

(H 7.28)

Khi kha K v tr 1 t C np n hiu th V1, cho kha K sang v tr 2, lng in

tch chy qua t C l : Q = C(V1-V2). Nu kha K c chuyn qua li vi tn s fs, dng in
trung bnh chy t V1 n V2 (gi s V1 > V2) l :
i=

Q
= C(V1 - V2).fs
Tc

Biu thc cho thy mch trn tng ng vi mt in tr R xc nh bi :

R =

lc.

1
Cfs

fs c gi l tn s kha (switching frequency), phi rt ln hn tn s ca tn hiu

Trong mch trn V1 v V2 l cc ngun hiu th c gi tr khng b nh hng do s

chuyn kha K.
So snh vi mt mch lc h thng n gin dng RC (H 7.31a), bng thng ca mt
mch lc dng t kha (H 7.31b) cho bi :
3dB =

C
1
= fs 1
C2
R1C2

Biu thc cho thy tn s ngt 3 dB c xc nh mt cch chnh xc bi tn s fs

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(a)

VII -19

(b)
(H 7.29)

Mch lc c bn dng t kha l mch tch phn (H 7.30): v o = fs

C1
vidt
C2

(H 7.30)

Nhc li, hiu th ra ca mch lc dng t kha ch ty thuc vo fs v t s cc in

dung, nu fs c xc nh mt cch chnh xc, th tnh cht ca mch lc ch ty thuc t s
cc in dung.
Cc gi tr tn s ct fc, h s phm Q v li ca mch lc c th xc nh uc n
chnh xc 0,1 %. Bng 7.4 cho mt s gi tr mu
Bng 7.4 Kh nng ca mch lc dng t kha

Thng s
Tn s kha (ng h) fs
Tn s ngt ca mch lc f
H s phm Q ti a
li ca bng thng
chnh xc
Nhiu
S mch trong mt IC
n nh nhit
Bin tn hiu ra
Cp ngun

Gi tr
1 - 500 kHz
fs/1000 - fs/4
75
(-30) - (+ 30) dB
0,2 %
-100 dB V/ Hz
80
5 ppm/C
2V nh-nh
2-15V

(H 7.31) cho cc mu mch lc dng t kha : (a) l mch lc h thng, (b) l mch
lc thng thng, (c) l mch lc di thng v (d) l mch lc di loi.

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VII -20

(H 7.31)

7.3

MT S MODEM BT NG B V NG B
7.3.1 Modem bt ng b

L nhng modem truyn vi vn tc tng i thp. Modem bt ng b tiu biu l

lot (serie) 103 ca hng Bell. Vn tc truyn ca lot 103 l 300 bps trn knh in thoi,
iu ch FSK, vn tc ny tng ng vi 27 k t/s (gi s mi k t gm 7 bit ca m
ASCII thm 1 bit start, 2 bit stop v 1 bit parity). Chun giao tip dng cho cc modem ny l
dng in vng 20 mA hoc RS-232 bn n trong chng trc. Lot 103 c th truyn
song cng vi 2 ng dy, nh vy h thng dng phng php phn chia tn s cho knh
truyn (FDM). Khong tn s t 300 n 3000 Hz chia lm hai di : t 300 n 1700 Hz v t
1700 n 3000 Hz. Ph tn cho (H 7.32)

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VII -21

(H 7.32)

Trong mi di tn u c tn s mark v space : trong di tn thp cc tn s l

1270 Hz v 1070 Hz v trong di tn cao l 2225 Hz v 2025 Hz. Tn s trung tm l 1170
Hz v 2125 Hz. Khong cch tn s mark v space l 200 Hz, vn tc truyn bt l 300 bps
nn bng thng ca tn hiu l 800 Hz. Ta thy :
FFSK1 = 1170 Hz v fFSK2 = 2125 Hz ; 3 br = 900
fm - fs = 200 = (2/3) br = (2/3).300
C th ni cc tn s fm v fs chn trong lot 103 tha cc iu kin v tnh kinh t
H s h trong hai di tn cao v thp u bng 0,67 v cho hai h s Bessel

7.3.2 S khi mt Modem FSK (bt ng b)

Trc khi lin lc ngi ta phi tha thun vi nhau bn no s pht v thu di tn no
- cao hay thp - iu ny thc hin bng cch gi nh mt bn pht sinh cuc gi v bn kia
tr li. Modem ca ngi gi l originate modem v modem kia l answer modem. Thng
thng originate modem pht trn bng tn thp v thu trn bng tn cao v ngc li cho
answer modem.
(H 7.33) cho s khi ca h thng modem 103, bn pht l mt thit b u cui v
bn thu l mt my tnh

(H 7.33)

Vn hnh ca modem v cc khi chc nng c m t di y :

- Giao tip ng dy (Line interface) : phi hp tng tr modem v ng dy in
thoi (thng l 600) ng thi bin i cn bng khng cn bng. Phn t chnh ca
mch giao tip ng dy l mt bin th gi l hybrid (H 7.34).

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VII -22

- B song cng (Duplexer) : to s ghp ni c tnh nh hng v cch ly tn hiu

thc hin ng thi hai chc nng thu pht .(H 7.36) l s mt b song cng vi mch giao
tip ng dy

(H 7.34)

Phn chnh ca b song cng l mt OPAMP dng nh mt mch khuch i vi sai,

khuch i tn hiu thu t b lc thu v ngn khng cho tn hiu pht i qua, tn hiu ny c
a ra mch ngoi t mch lc pht qua bin th hybrid ra ng dy in thoi.
- B lc thu Rx : nh ni trn, originate modem s thu tn hiu di tn cao v
answer modem s thu tn hiu di tn thp nn b lc thu hai modem phi cho dng p
tuyn nh thy (H 7.35). ngi ta thng dng cc b lc tch cc dng OPAMP to
mt mch lc di thng. Mch lc thu thng gm t 4 ti 7 mch lc nh (H 7.37) c
li t 20 n 30dB.

(H 7.35)

- B gii iu ch (Demodulator) : b gii iu ch FSK l mt mch tch sng FM,

c th dng kiu tch sng phn bit, nhng vi s pht trin ca cng ngh ch to IC ngi
ta thng dng vng kha pha thc hin vic gii iu ch. (H 7.36) l mt mch gii iu
ch dng vng kha pha.

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VII -23

(H 7.36)

- B pht hin mc ngng (Threshold detect) : y l mt mch so snh v cho

ng ra mt tn hiu HIGH hoc LOW ty theo mc tn hiu thu c. Khi tn hiu thu vo c
bin qu nh ng RxD s ghim mc HIGH v ng CD (Carrier Detect) OFF
- B iu ch (Modulator) : (H 7.37)
Mch FSK c bn bao gm mt VCO iu khin bi in th ng vi bit 1 v 0 ca
tn hiu vo. Cc bit 1 v 0 ca d liu iu khin mt kha in t cho php mch VCO ni
vi mt trong 2 in tr bn ngoi. Ta c ng ra l cc tn hiu c tn s fs hoc fm ty
in tr ni vo mch l Rs hay Rm.

(H 7.37)

- B lc pht Tx : Quyt nh bng thng ca tn hiu pht FSK ng thi gii hn

cc tn hiu nhiu v ha tn to bi mch gii iu ch b phn thu.
Mch lc pht cn c nhim v ghim mc tn hiu ra khng vt qu -9 dBm l mc
cng sut cho php ca ng dy in thoi.
- Tn hiu bt tay hoc iu khin : Khi logic ny iu khin hot ng ca modem
v chuyn trng thi ca modem t hoc ti DTE bng cch dng cc tn hiu RST, CTS,
DTR, DSR v CD nh m t trong chng trc (cc chun giao tip).
Trong nhiu trng hp mt thit b xa c th yu cu truy xut d liu gc (data
base) t mt my tnh ch. Ngi yu cu dng bn phm nhp d liu nn ch cn vn tc
truyn thp trong khi my tnh ch truyn d liu n u cui c th truyn vi vn tc cao
hn.
Cc modem lot 202 ca Bell p ng yu cu ny : cc modem ny c vn tc truyn
t my tnh ch n thit b u cui (gi l knh s cp) l 1200 bps v vn tc truyn t

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VII -24

thit b u cui n my tnh ch (gi l knh th cp) l 75 bps. Cch truyn 2 knh c vn
tc khc nhau gi l cch truyn song cng bt i xng (Asymetrical full-duplex
communication).

(H 7.38)

(H 7.38) l ph tn ca modem 202, lu l knh s cp dng phng php iu ch

FSK vi tn s fm v fs ln lt l 1200 Hz v 2200 Hz v knh th cp th iu ch ASK, tn
s sng mang l 387 Hz.
Mt ng dng in hnh ca h thng truyn song cng bt i xng l Videotex. y
l mt dch v m qua ngi s dng (vai tr mt thit b u cui) c th truy xut d liu
t mt c s d liu trung tm (my tnh ch) qua mng in thoi.
C s d liu ca Videotex c th cha rt nhiu thng tin khc nhau, thng qua bn
phm ngi s dng c th t mt cuc gi n my tnh ch v yu cu nhng thng tin cn
thit trong Videotex. Cc lnh ca ngi s dng truyn ti my tnh ch vi vn tc thp v
cc file vn bn, ha ... gi chung l cc trang Videotex truyn ti ni yu cu vi vn tc
cao hn
Vi s ci tin thit b nhp d liu (bn phm) vn tc truyn ca knh th cp c th
cao hn v modem 202C ra i tha mn yu cu ny. (H 7.39) cho ph tn ca modem 202C

(H 7.39)

Modem 202C ch khc vi Modem 202 cch iu ch knh th cp l FSK ch

khng phi ASK, hai tn s mark v space l 390 Hz v 490 Hz, v vn tc truyn ca knh
ny l 150bps.

7.3.3 Modem ng b
Mt s modem ng b c hng Bell ch to truyn d liu vi vn tc cao hn.
Nh ni trn, truyn vn tc cao cc modem phi iu ch nhiu pha PSK (4
hoc 8 pha) hoc kt hp PSK v ASK cho 16 pha, gi l QAM.
Bng 7.5 gii thiu mt s modem ng b
Bng 7.5 Mt s Modem ng b
Lot
ng dy
iu ch

Vn tc

Mode

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201B
201C
208A
208B
209A

Truyn tn hiu s bng sng mang tng t: Modem

4
2 dy chuyn mch
4 dy ring
4 dy ring
2 dy chuyn mch
4 dy

4 pha PSK
4 pha PSK
4 pha PSK
8 pha PSK
8 pha PSK
16pha QAM

2400 bps
2400
2400
4800
4800
9600

VII -25

Songcng/B.song cng ng b
Bn song cng ng b
Song cng ng b
Song cng ng b
Bn song cng ng b
Song cng ng b

7.3.4 S khi mt modem PSK tiu biu

(H 7.40) l s khi ca mt modem dng k thut PSK tiu biu

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VII -26

(H 7.40)

Phn pht

Mch nh thi pht (transmitter timing): Mch to cc xung ng h khc nhau theo
yu cu ca modem pht. Xung ng h ch c th c to ra t bn trong mch hay dn
xut t tn hiu trn ng SCTE ca DTE.
Mch kim sot khi ng (Start sequence controller): khi RTS ln cao, mch ny cho
php truyn sng mang tng t qua SW1. Sng mang ny cha bin iu v SW2 cha c
php. ng thi, mch ny cng bo cho mch to mu/ngu nhin ha khi ng s truyn

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VII -27

chui kim sot (training sequence), mch kim sot s cung cp thi tr gia tn hiu RTS v
CTS, kch hot SW2 v a CTS ln mc cao khi ht thi gian ny (khong 48,5 ms). Khi
RTS xung thp, mch kim sot v hiu ha SW1, chm dt sng mang trn ng in
thoi.
Mch to mu v ngu nhin ha (pattern generator and scrambler): Mch to mu cung
cp chui xung c bit cho hot ng kim tra ng b (training), v chui bit 1 (bit ngh)
cho trng hp s dng ch sng mang lin tc. Mch ngu nhin ha cung cp chui tn
hiu ngu nhin cho vic phc hi xung ng h trong PSK
Mch iu ch pha (Phase modulator): Bin i chui d liu nh phn vo t DTE
thnh s bin i pha tng ng ca sng mang tng t
Mch cn bng (Compromise equalizer): iu chnh mch lc cung cp s cn bng
cho tn hiu knh m thanh (to s b tr v li v thi tr do ng dy in thoi to
ra).
Mch khuch i hoc pad (amplifier or pad): y l mch khuch i c li thay i
c bo m bin tn hiu pht.
T, R, T1, R1: Hai ng Tip v Ring thu pht
Ng vo v ra ca cc mch khuch i dng giao tip RS-232C.
Phn thu

Mch tng thch cn bng (Adaptive equalizer): iu chnh c tuyn li v thi tr

do tn hao ca ng dy.
Mch gim st tn hiu (Signal quality monitor): gim st tn hiu tng t nhn c
iu khin mch cn bng. Nu tn hiu nhn c xu, mch ny s bo cho mch iu khin
khi ng mch cn bng (Equalizer startup controller) retrain mch tng thch cn bng.
Trong sut thi gian training d liu khng c gi tr.
Mch iu khin khi ng mch cn bng (Equalizer startup controller): iu chnh
tng thch cn bng khi nhn c chui training hay khi phm cht tn hiu thu c di
mc chun
Mch phc hi sng mang (Carrier recovery): D ra s hin din ca sng mang thu
c v kim sot trng thi ON/OFF ca ng RLSD ca RS-232C. Mch ny cng phc
hi sng mang v kha pha ca tn hiu dao ng ni (PLL) cung cp tn hiu dao ng
cho mch gii iu ch.
Mch gii iu ch (Demodulator): Bin i s thay i pha ca sng mang nhn c
thnh ra d liu nh phn tng ng.
Mch phc hi xung ng h (Clock recovery): Phc hi tn hiu ng h pht v to ra
cc tn hiu ng h khc theo yu cu ca my thu.
Mch gii ngu nhin (Descrambler): Sau khi xung ng h c phc hi, mch ny
bin i tn hiu ngu nhin thnh chui d liu ban u.

7.3.4 Kt ni modem qua h thng in thoi

thc hin vic truyn d liu qua h thng in thoi thng qua modem, cng ty
in thoi c nhim v to s kt ni sao cho tht thun li cho ngi s dng modem.
Di y ta xt cch kt ni nh mch truy xut d liu (Data access arrangement)
Cc thit b DTE c th truyn d liu trn ng dy in thoi nh mt mch ni
gia modem v ng dy in thoi gi l mch truy xut d liu, (H 7.41) l s mch
DAA

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VII -28

(H 7.41)

Modem nhn cuc gi: Tn hiu chung tn s 20 Hz n c lc v tch hp bi

mch d chung cho n lc kch hot mch DAA bi in th mt chiu cp cho
ng RI. Modem phn ng bng cch a chn OH (Off-hook) ln cao. Tn hiu ny tc
ng relay OH (l loi thng h, NO) cho php mt dng DC chy trn mch in thoi.
Tng i s nhn ra iu ny nh trng thi Off-hook v chm dt tn hiu chung. Lc ny
modem a ng DA ln ON, iu ny tc ng ln relay CT (loi thng ng, NC) lm
h mch in tr khin mch kim sot mc t ng c ni vo mch v cho php cc
ng Tip (T) v Ring (R) ni vo DT (Data Tip) v DR (Data Ring). Lc ny ng CCT
cng ln ON bo cho modem bit h thng c kt ni v modem ch nhn tn hiu.
Cuc gi s chm dt khi modem cp tn hiu mc thp cho chn OH lm v hiu ha relay
OH v ngt mch DC
Modem pht sinh cuc gi: Theo mt cch tng t, modem pht sinh cuc gi bng
cch a chn OH ln cao thng mch DC ti tng i. Sau khi hon tt vic quay s, chn
DA ln cao tc ng ln relay CT thng mch kt ni modem v h thng. Modem s
bt u truyn tn hiu khi chn CCT ln mc cao. Sau khi pht xong bn tin, modem a
chn OH xung thp chm dt s kt ni.

7.4 VI MODEM DNG MCH LSI

Cc nh ch tao IC pht trin nhiu linh kin loi LSI trong kt hp nhiu mch
chc nng ca modem trong mt v. Cc chip dng k thut NMOS hoc CMOS c cha sn
b iu ch, gii iu ch v logic iu khin cho cc modem c tc khc nhau, t thp
n trung bnh. Gn y c xut hin cc mch lc kha CMOS gm c lc pht v lc thu
trong mt IC.
Phn sau y gii thiu 2 IC tiu biu ca Motorola, l IC modem s MC 6860 v
b lc kha MC 145440

7.4.1 Modem s MC 6860

Modem 6860 l loi NMOS, trong mt v 24 chn gm cc b phn: iu ch, gii
iu ch, logic iu khin cn thit giao tip vi UART.
6860 truyn d liu vi vn tc 300 bps hoc 600 bps, dng k thut iu ch FSK.
6860 hon ton tng thch vi tiu chun song cng ca Bell 103.
(H 7.42) l s khi mt originate modem Bell 103 dng MC 6860 giao tip vi
USART 8251A.

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VII -29

(H 7.42)

Chn 21 ( SH , switch hook) xung thp a 6860 vo mode originate, sn sng nhn
tn hiu mark tn s 2225 Hz t answer modem. 450ms sau khi nhn tn hiu mark, 6860 bt
u pht tn s mark 1270 Hz. 750 ms sau khi nhn tn hiu 2250 Hz u tin, chn CTS
xung thp v d liu c th c pht hay thu.
Ng vo TD (threshold detect), chn s 7 c chc nng tng t chn CD ca RS 232
(pht hin sng mang). Nu mc in p sng mang khng mnh, chn TD ln cao ko
theo CTS ln cao v ngt sng mang Tx.
ng ra ca b phn iu ch l b bin i D/A, cho ra tn hiu nc thang gn sin c
rt nhiu hi khng mong mun. B lc pht c nhim v lc b cc hi ny trnh giao
thoa vi sng mang FSK nhn phn thu
Ng vo RI (Ring Indicator, chn 19) ni vi mch pht hin chung. Mc thp
chn RI a 6860 vo ch answer v lm cho ng ra AP (Answer Phone, chn 4) ln cao,
ng relay chuyn mch tr li in thoi.
Chn 15 l ng ra Mode, cho bit trng thi ca modem: mc cao ch mode originate
v mc thp ch mode answer. Chn ny c dng iu khin chuyn mch b lc thu v
b lc pht.

7. 4. 2 B lc MC 145440
MC 145440 l IC CMOS, 18 chn bao gm 2 b lc di thp v di cao ca Modem
Bell 103 v kha chuyn mch t ng.
mode originate b lc di cao ni vi knh thu, b lc di thp vi knh pht v
ngc li mode answer. (H 7.43) trnh by s khi n gin v p tuyn hai b lc ca
MC 145440

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VII -30

(H 7.43)

Mc logic ca ng vo O/ A (Originate/Answer) iu khin kha chuyn mch

chn mode. Ng vo VLS (Logic Select) dng chn mc logic cho tn hiu s ng vo. VLS
cao cho php mc tn hiu CMOS v thp cho php tn hiu TTL.
Ng vo ST (Self test) cao t chip ch t kim tra vng.
Ng vo CLK SEL (Clock Select) iu khin cc b chia tn s bn trong cho php
s dng vi thch anh 1 MHz hay 4 MHz tong ng vi CLK SEL thp hoc cao. Thch
anh c ni vo mch chn CLK1 v CLK2. Xung clock 1 MHz c th c ly ra t ng
ra CLK OUT thng cung cp cho mach iu ch-gii iu ch nh MC 6860.
MC 145440 cng c thm mt OPAMP bn ngoi s dng cho mch song cng.

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