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cgaEqef;awmhvrf;rdw,f
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SifOwWrausmf
(jrefrmouU&mZf 815-904)
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ewfo#ifaemif
(jrefrmouU&mZf 940-975)

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jyifpnfrif;om;}uD;
(jrefrmouU&mZf 1175-1224)

txl;aus;Zl;wifpmeJ udk;um;jcif;
(1) r[muAsmusrf;/ jrefrm=obmpmtkyfwdkuf/ yxrt}udrfyHkESdyf/ jymodkv/ jrefrmouU&mZf 1257
(2) SifOwWrausmfawmvm;/ SifOwWrausmf/ rEWav;wuUodkvfokawoetzJ/ wwd,t}udrf/ {+yDv/ 1961
(3) ewfo#ifaemif&wkaygif;csKyf/ ewfo#ifaemif/ [HomwDyHkEdSyfwdkuf/ wwd,t}udrfyHkESdyf/ 1988
(4) *Dw0daom"eDusrf;/ armifarmifvwf/ 'D;'kwfpmaywdkuf/ qrt}udrf ykHESdyf/ arv 1994
(5) pmqdkawmfrsm;twKy`wd/ Adkvfr_;baomif;/ &mjynfhpmtkyfwdkuf/ yrt}udrf/ =o*kwfv/ 2002
(6) obmjyuQ'defESifh tjcm;pmrsm;/ rif;ok%f/ pdefyef;rifpmaywdkuf/ yxrt}udrfyHkESdyf/ 1966
(7) ESvHk;om;xJu jrwfEdk;&m&m aw;aygif;pkrsm;
(8) "gwfyHk/ tnmt&yfu aeifqnf;qm (abdk-rEav; um;vrf;ab;wae&m)/ &efif; (awmifwHcg;)
(9) "gwfyHk/ vufyHyif (ppfudkif;wHwm;teD;-tr&yl&rtif um;vrf;ab;wae&m)/ &efif; (awmifwHcg;)
(10) "gwfyHk/ Em;vSnf;rsm; (yk*Hra[mif;wae&m)/ atmifjrifhEdkif
(11) "gwfyHk/ xef;wuform;/ www.seasite.niu.edu
(12) "gwfyHk/ O=oiSuf/ www.digital-nature-photography.com

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