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Learning (Compatibility Mode)
Learning (Compatibility Mode)
Learning (Compatibility Mode)
Learning
Learning
relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience and practice. experience (nurture) is the key to learning
4 types of learning
Habituation Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Observational learning They all operate under the same principle learning by association
Association
We learn by association
Our minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence
Associative Learning
learning that two events occur together
two stimuli a response and its consequences
Habituation
Tendency to become familiar with a stimulus merely as a result of repeated exposure
Orienting reflex
Eyes widen, eyebrows rise, muscles tighten, heart beats faster, brain-waves indicate heightened physiological arousal Effect weakens with continued presentation of stimulus we habituate Primitive form of learning
Found in all organisms
Unconditioned(al) Stimulus (US): An effective stimulus that unconditionally-automatically and naturally- triggers a response. Unconditioned(al) Response (UR): unlearned, naturally occurring automatic response to the unconditioned stimulus salivation when food is in the mouth
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) previously neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response Conditioned Response (CR) learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus
Operant Conditioning
We learn to associate a response and its consequence
Operant conditioning
Operant Conditioning type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment Law of Effect Thorndikes principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
Operant conditioning
Operant Behavior complex or voluntary behaviors push button, perform complex task operates (acts) on environment produces consequences Respondent Behavior occurs as an automatic response to stimulus behavior learned through classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Reinforcer any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
Principles of Reinforcement
Primary Reinforcer innately reinforcing stimulus satisfies a biological need Secondary Reinforcer conditioned reinforcer learned through association with primary reinforcer
Schedules of Reinforcement
Continuous Reinforcement reinforcing the desired response each time it occurs learning occurs rapidly extinction occurs rapidly Partial Reinforcement reinforcing a response only part of the time results in slower acquisition greater resistance to extinction
Partial Reinforcement Schedule has been divided on basis of response rate and time interval: Fixed ratio Variable ratio Fixed interval Variable interval
Fixed Ratio (FR) reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses faster you respond the more rewards you get very high rate of responding like piecework pay
Variable Ratio (VR) reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses like gambling, fishing very hard to extinguish because of unpredictability
Fixed Interval (FI) reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed response occurs more frequently as the anticipated time for reward draws near
Variable Interval (VI) reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals produces slow steady responding
Shaping Encouraging a new behavior by reinforcing successive approximations This is how trainers get animals to do new tricks Successive Approximations reward behaviors that increasingly resemble desired behavior
Reinforcement
Reinforcer
A consequence that increases the likelihood that behavior will occur again
Positive reinforcement
Providing a positive stimulus Studying earns you a good grade
Negative reinforcement
Removing an aversive stimulus
Punishment
Powerful controller of unwanted behavior A consequence that decreases the likelihood that behavior will occur again
Creates fear that can generalize to desirable behaviors, e.g. fear of school, learned helplessness, depression Does not necessarily guide toward desired behavior- reinforcement tells you what to do--punishment tells you what not to do- Combination of punishment and reward can be more effective than punishment alone
Learned Helplessness
Prevent a dog from escaping electric shocks, and it will stop trying to get away. Experiment on dogs
Conditioning
Acquisition the initial stage of learning, during which a response is established and gradually strengthened in classical conditioning, the phase in which a stimulus comes to evoke a conditioned response in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response
Conditioning
Extinction Diminishing of a CR In classical conditioning, when a UCS does not follow a CS in operant conditioning, when a response is no longer reinforced Spontaneous recovery reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished CR
Conditioning
Generalization tendency for a stimuli similar to CS to evoke similar responses Experiment on Albert
Conditioning
Discrimination in classical conditioning, the ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that do not signal and UCS in operant conditioning, responding differently to stimuli that signal a behavior will be reinforced or will not be reinforced
Observational Learning
Albert Bandura- Social learning theory Observational Learning learning by observing and imitating others Modeling process of observing and imitating behavior
Observational Learning
Three types of reinforcement important External reinforcement Vicarious reinforcement Self-produced reinforcement
Albert Bandura
Bobo doll experiment
Cognitive learning
A change in the way information is processed as a result of experience a person or animal possess.
Cognitive Map Mental representation of the layout of ones environment Example- after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it
Insight learning
In a typical insight situation a problem comes, little time passes with no progress and then the solution comes suddenly. Insight involves a perceptual reorganization of elements in environment that new relationships among objects and events are suddenly seen. It is a type of cognitive learning. Experiment on Chimpanzees by Kohler and Koffka
Verbal learning
It is different from conditioning. Limited to human beings.
PAIRED-ASSOCIATES LEARNING
STIMULUS-RESPONSE STIMULUS-RESPONSE GEN-LOOT BEM-TIME DAX-COAL WUF-DEER JIT-LION LUR-ROOF RUL-GOLD VAK-HILL KER-NAME MUW-BULL
SERIAL LEARNING: serial anticipation method FREE RECALL: Subjective organization Experiment by Bousefield- Category clustering Experiment four semantic categories: names, vegetables, animals, professions.
S-Shaped curve: first trials low performance, then increase due to practice, again decrease due to fatigue. Plateau- that part of learning curve where no fluctuation in learning rate despite of trials.
Transfer of learning
Positive transfer : when something previously learnt benefits present learning task. Negative transfer: hinders at present task Zero transfer: no transfer
Learning disability
Due to improper functioning of CNS Characteristics are: Difficulty in attention Weak motor coordination Difficulty in following instructions
Systematic desensitization: for excessive anxiety or fear. Aversion therapy: punished on unwanted behaviour. Modeling: systematic use of modeling is done to shape and develop competence
Bio-feedback treatment: interaction of both types of conditioning. Used for people who lose mental peace with accelareted breathing, loss of apetite for food, rise of blood pressure with slightest provocation.