Bi ging

Nng lm kt hp

Chng trnh h tr Lm Nghip X Hi

Chng Trnh H Tr Lm Nghip X Hi

Bi ging Nng lm kt hp

Nhm tc gi: Nguyn Vn S - ng Hi Phng: i Hc Nng Lm TP. H Ch Minh V Hng, Nguyn Vn Thi: i Hc Ty Nguyn L Quang Bo, Dng Vit Tnh, L Quang Vnh: i Hc Nng Lm Hu Phm Quang Vinh, Kiu Ch c: ai Hc Lm Nghip Xun Mai ng Kim Vui, Mai Quang Trng: i Hc Nng Lm Thi Nguyn Per Rubdejer, C Vn d n SIDA/ICRAF/SEANAFE

H Ni, 2002

ii

Gii thiu
Trong khong 2 thp nin cui ca th k 20, ngnh nng lm nghip v ang c nhng bin i l th v quan trng, trong phi k s ra i ca mn Nng Lm kt hp. Mn ny c hnh thnh do c s gia tng quan tm n s hin din ca con ngi vng rng ni cao m s hin din ny khng phi lc no cng l nguyn nhn ca s suy thoi ti nguyn t nhin. Ngnh Lm Nghip hin nay ang pht trin thm Lm nghip x hi hay cng ng trong cng ng ngi dn vng cao l cc tr th c lc ca chnh sch nng lm nghip ca nhiu quc gia Chu trong c Vit Nam. Cho n nay, nhiu chnh sch ca nh nc Vit Nam trong c cc chng trnh 661, nh canh nh c, giao t khon rng, v sc lut 327 h tr hng vn ha trng rng c tin hnh do s hp tc ca dn c v cc c quan nng lm nghip nh nc.

Nhm h tr cho chnh sch pht trin nng thn, cng nh p ng cc yu cu thc tin ca sn xut, mn hc Nng Lm Kt Hp c Chng trnh H tr Lm nghip X hi (SFSP), d n mng li o to nng lm kt hp (SEANAFE) cng nm trng i hc trong nc gm i Hc Nng Lm Th c, i Hc Nng Lm Thi Nguyn, i Hc Lm Nghip Xun Mai, i Hc Nng Lm Hu v i Hc Nng Lm Ty Nguyn son tho tp bi ging nng lm kt hp ny phc v cho ging dy v hc tp cho cc trng t nm 2000. Mn hc ny c t c s trn s phi hp hi ha ca cc chuyn mn chnh ca nh trng nh nng, lm v sc hc to ra mt ngnh hc pht trin vng bn v mang tnh bo v sinh thi vng i ni cao. Ngoi ra, mn hc cng da vo cc nghin cu khoa hc trn khp th gii v lnh vc s dng t vng bn t hn 30 nm tr li y.

Phn bi ging ca mn ny c xy dng nhm gii thiu mt cch khi qut v c s v k thut Nng Lm kt hp. N c chia ra lm 5 phn: Phn 1 gii thiu hnh nh thc s ca vng i ni cao hin nay vi s tp trung vo hin tng du canh ph rng lm ry v s suy thoi ti nguyn thin nhin nc ta. Phn hai tho lun v cc khi nim c bn ca nng lm kt hp. Chng th ba gii thiu cc h thng nng lm kt hp chnh Vit Nam gm cc h thng truyn thng v ci tin. Phn th t gii thiu tng qut cc k thut nng lm kt hp p dng cho cc trang tri nh gm trng trt v chn nui. V Phn th nm tng kt cc cch tip cn thit k, xy dng v pht trin cc h thng Nng Lm kt hp nhm a k thut ny vo thuc t nng thn.

c vng ca cc tc gi l phn bi ging ny khng dng mt ch m cn phi c b sung lin tc lm ti liu hng dn cho sinh vin trin khai cc cng tc pht trin nng thn ca mnh trong tng lai. Tc gi hon ton tin tng vo s quan tm v nhit tm ca ngi c v sinh vin trong vic ci tin khng ngng ni dung ca bi ging ny.

Nhm ging vin son tho mn hc nng lm kt hp Thng 4 nm 2002

iii

Danh sch cc bng

Trang Bng 1: Cc bin php phn loi cc h thng v k thut nng lm kt hp phm vi th gii (Nair, 1989) Bng 2: Mc xi mn ca cc phng thc s dng t khc nhau (da theo Ohigbo v Lal, 1977) Bng 3: Th d v bng kim k nng h Bng 4: Th d v bng thu chi ca nng h Bng 5: Mt s loi cy thuc c th dng cha bnh thng thng cho gia sc Bng 6 : Biu sng lc tiu ch cho s bn vng ca cc k thut nng lm kt hp 124 104 35 94 95 31

Danh sch cc hnh

Hnh 1: Rng b tn thng Hnh 2: Giao thoa gia t nng nghip v lm nghip Hnh 3: Mu thun gia trng trt v lm nghip trong iu kin p lc dn s gia tng dn n s pht trin k thut nng lm kt hp a dng vng cao (theo Kuo, 1977) Hnh 4: Cc li ch, tim nng v mt s gii hn ca cc h thng nng lm kt hp Hnh 5: Gin 3 vng trn cy lu nm, hoa mu v vt nui trong h thng nng lm kt hp Hnh 6: S phn loi theo cu to cc thnh phn Hnh 7: M t chu trnh hon tr cht dinh dng v kh nng kim sot chng xi mn trong mt h thng trng xen theo bng (ca Kang v Wilson, 1987) Hnh 8: Lp thm vt rng di tn rng trng cy tai tng Hnh 9: Gii thiu cc tin trnh m cy lu nm c th ci thin c iu 36 36 26 30 20 12 9 10

iv

kin t (Young, 1989) Hnh 10: M hnh SALT canh tc sn xut hoa mu lngthc v to thu nhp trn t dc Hnh 11: c im a dng v phng h ca rng t nhin ti ng Nam B, Vit Nam Hnh 12: Cy kh cho qu Hnh 13 : Mt loi thc vt lm cy thuc mc t nhin ti rng Cn o Hnh 14 : B ho ci to phc hi t Hnh 15 : S theo thi gian ca k thut b ho ci tin ca ngi dn tc Naalad, Philipin Hnh 16 : H thng rng rung bc thang Hnh 17 : H thng vn rng Vit Nam Hnh 18 : H thng vn cy cng nghip ch, c ph xen cy n qu v cy rng Hnh 19 : H thng vn cy n qu Hnh 20 : H thng vn ao chung (VAC) Hnh 21 : H thng rng vn ao chung (RVAC) ti Vit Nam Hnh 22 : H thng canh tc theo ng ng mc trn t dc Hnh 23 : Trng xen theo bng Hnh 24 : H thng canh tc xen theo bng SALT 1 Hnh 25 : Khung ch A o ng ng mc Hnh 26 : K thut SALT 2 Hnh 27 : K thut SALT 3 Hnh 28 : S trng cy lm hng ro phn ranh gii Hnh 29: Kt cu ai chn gi kn Hnh 30: S b tr lin kt cc ai chn gi Hnh 31: H thng NLKH Taungya hnh vng trn Nigeria Hnh 32: H thng NLKH Taungya kiu hnh lang Zaiir Hnh 33: H thng rng-ng c phi hp Hnh 34: S canh tc lm ng phi hp Hnh 35: Cy che ph t Hnh 36 : Qu trnh xi mn v lng ng Hnh 37 : Canh tc theo ng ng mc

37

38

40 43 43 46

47 48 49

50 52 53 54 56 57 58 58 62 63 65 65 66 68 69 70 71 79 76 78

Hnh 38 : Canh tc bc thang Hnh 39 : Cy che ph t Hnh 40 : Lun canh hoa mu Hnh 41 : Trng c theo bng ng mc Hnh 42 : Hng ro cy xanh ng mc Hnh 43 : ai i hng nc chy Hnh 44 : Ro cn c gii Hnh 45 : B tng Hnh 46 : Cc h by t Hnh 47 : Ao tch cha nc Hnh 48 ; Canh tc ry khng t Hnh 49 : t chn la Hnh 50 : Cc kiu lip trong vn m trang tri NLKH Hnh 51 : Dn che v vt liu lm dn che Hnh 52 : p gia sc n v bo Hnh 53 : Khu vc trng cy v c lm thc n gia sc Hnh 54: S qu trnh m t, chn on v thit k Hnh 55 : S dng " Khung t duy cho thit k k thut nng lm kt hp Hnh 56: Cc giai on trong tin trnh nghin cu nng lm kt hp

79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 86 87 88 97 98 100 103 105 110 118 119

vi

Mc lc
Trang Li gii thiu, danh sch bng v hnh, danh t vit tt Khung chng trnh mn hc nng lm kt hp Chng I: M u Bi 1: Cc vn thch thc trong qun l bn vng ti nguyn thin nhin Bi 2: Trin vng pht trin nng lm kt hp nh l mt phng thc qun l s dng t bn vng Chng II: Nguyn l v nng lm kt hp Bi 3: Khi nim v c im ca h thng nng lm kt hp Bi 4: Phn loi cc h thng nng lm kt hp Bi 5: Vai tr ca thnh phn cy lu nm trong cc h thng nng lm kt hp Bi 6: Rng trong cc h thng nng lm kt hp Chng III: M t v phn tch cc h thng nng lm kt hp Bi 7: Cc h thng nng lm kt hp truyn thng Bi 8: Cc h thng nng lm kt hp ci tin Chng IV: K thut nng lm kt hp Bi 9: Gii thiu cc k thut bo tn t v nc Bi 10: Cc k thut p dng trong trang tri nh nng lm kt hp Chng V: p dng v pht trin k thut nng lm kt hp Bi 11: Gii thiu chung v qu trnh p dng v pht trin k thut nng lm kt hp c s tham gia Bi 12: M t im, chn on v thit k k thut nng lm kt hp c s tham gia Bi 13: Thc hin cc hot ng nghin cu v pht trin nng lm kt hp 119 115 108 90 106 32 39 44 45 57 73 74 13 22 23 27 7 1 6

Ti liu tham kho

125

vii

Khung chng trnh mn hc Nng Lm kt hp

Tng s tit l thuyt: 45
Chng Chng1. M u Bi Bi 1: Cc vn thch thc trong qun l bn vng ti nguyn thin nhin Mc tiu Xc nh cc vn mang tnh thch thc cho qun l s dng t bn vng nng thn min ni theo cc tiu ch c bn nh tnh bn vng, hiu qu v cng bng Xc nh cc nguyn nhn mang tnh bn cht ca cc kh khn Nhn ra cc nhu cu thay i s dng v qun l t ai theo cch tip cn tng hp v c s tham gia Phn tch c cc thay i v chnh sch pht trin, cc nhn t chi phi s pht trin ca nng lm kt hp trn th gii v Vit Nam Xc nh cc li ch c th ca nng lm kt hp trong pht trin i sng cng ng v bo v ti nguyn mi trng Xc nh v phn tch cc tim nng, c hi v hn ch trong vic pht trin nng lm kt hp nc ta Ni dung c im ca khu vc nng thn min ni Cc thay i mang tnh th thch cho qun l s dng bn vng t min ni Nhu cu v thch thc i vi pht trin bn vng nng thn min ni Lc s hnh thnh v pht trin nng lm kt hp - Lch s pht trin nng lm kt hp trn th gii - Lch s pht trin nng lm kt hp Vit nam Li ch ca cc h thng nng lm kt hp v th thch ca chng - Cc li ch ca nng lm kt hp - Tim nng v trin vng pht trin nng lm kt hp Vit Nam Mt s hn ch trong nghin cu v pht trin nng lm kt hp Vit Nam Phng php - Thuyt trnh - Tho lun nhm - Phn tch xng c - 5 nguyn nhn Vt liu Giy A0 Bt vit Giy mu Bng n chiu Slide Thi gian 3 tit

Bi 2: Trin vng pht trin nng lm kt hp nh l mt phng thc qun l s dng t bn vng

- Ging bi c minh ha - Tho lun nhm - Phn tch 5 nguyn nhn - Phn tch nghin cu trng hp

Giy A0 Bt vit Giy mu n chiu Ti liu pht tay - Slide

2 tit

Chng Chng 2. Nguyn l v nng lm kt hp

Bi Bi 3: Khi nim v cc c im ca nng lm kt hp Bi 4: C s phn loi cc h thng nng lm kt hp

Mc tiu Trnh by khi nim v nng lm kt hp Vai tr ca nng lm kt hp

Ni dung nh ngha v nng lm kt hp Tm quan trng ca nng lm kt hp

Phng php - Trnh by - t vn - Gin

Vt liu Giy trong My chiu Ba Tranh c ng

Thi gian 3 tit

Gii thch c c s phn loi nng ln kt hp

Cc c s phn loi nng lm kt hp

- Trnh by - Bi tp - Tho lun

- Giy trong - My chiu, ba, - Tranh minh ho - Sch tham kho Bng video Slides My chiu Cc kt qu nghin cu Bng video Slides My chiu Cc nghin cu in hnh

4 tit

Bi 5: Vai tr ca cy lu nm trong nng lm kt hp

Nhn nh c vai tr ca cy lu nm trong h thng nng lm kt hp

Vai tr phng h Vai tr sn xut

Hi tho Video Slide Trnh by thuyt minh

5 tit

Bi 6: Vai tr ca rng trong NLKH

Xc nh c vai tr ca rng trong h thng nng lm kt hp

Cc chc nng ca rng - Sn xut - Phng h - Vn ho x hi

Hi tho Vvideo Slide Trnh by thuyt minh

3 tit

Chng Chng 3. M t v phn tch cc h thng nng lm kt hp

Bi Bi 7: Cc h thng nng lm kt hp truyn thng (bn a)

Mc tiu M t mt s h thng nng lm kt hp bn a/ truyn thng Phn tch cc li ch/u im v hn ch ca tng h thng

Ni dung Khi nim Cc h thng nng lm kt hp truyn thng (bn a): - H thng b ha/hu canh ci tin - Cc h thng nng lm kt hp a tng truyn thng - H thng rng-rung bc thang - Cc h thng vn nh: + Vn rng. + Vn cy cng nghip + Vn cy n qu + VAC + RVAC + Rng/ hoa mu/ rung H thng canh tc xen theo bng (SALT 1) Trng cy phn ranh gii H thng ai phng h chn gi H thng Taungya Cc h thng rng v ng c phi hp H thng nng sc n gin (SALT 2) H thng canh tc nng lm bn vng (SALT 3) H thng sn xut nng nghip vi cy n qu quy m nh (SALT 4) H thng lm ng kt hp

Phng php - Trnh by - Tho lun nhm, - Trnh by c minh ha - Phn tch hai mng

Vt liu - Bi ging GV - Ti liu pht tay - Hnh Slide - Poster - Ba mu - Giy Ao

Thi gian 4 tit

Bi 8: Cc h thng nng lm kt hp cI tin Vit Nam

M t mt s h thng nng lm kt hp cI tin Vit Nam Phn tch cc li ch/ u im v hn ch ca tng h thng

- Xem Video, phn hi - Trnh by - Phn tch hai mng - Tho lun nhm - Trnh by c minh ha

- Video, - Bi giao nhim v - Ti liu pht tay - OHP - Hnh Slide - Poster

4 tit

Chng

Bi

Mc tiu

Ni dung

Phng php

Vt liu

thi gian

Chng 4. K thut

Bi 9: K thut bo t nc tn v

Gii thch c s cn thit ca vic bo tn t v nc. Phn bit c cc nguyn tc chnh ca vic phng chng xi mn t v ca k thut bo tn t v nc. Phn bit, la chn c cc k thut bo tn t v nc c kh nng p dng trong trang tri nng lm kt hp. Gii thch c cc bc v p dng k thut nng lm kt hp trn t dc cho trang tri

S cn thit ca vic bo tn t v nc. Mt s nguyn tc chnh ca vic phng chng xi mn t. Mt s nguyn tc chnh bo tn t v nc. Mt s k thut bo tn t v nc c th p dng trong trang tri nng lm kt hp. K thut nng lm kt hp trn t dc. Khi nim v trang tri nng lm kt hp Qun l trang tri nng lm kt hp K thut gy trng mt s loi cy trong trang tri nng lm kt hp nh K thut chn nui trong trang tri nng lm kt hp nh no trnh -

- Thuyt

- Ti liu pht tay - Giy Ao, h dn - Ba mu - OHP Slides - Ko, giy bng knh - Video

3 tit

nng Lm kt hp

Ging minh ho -

Hi

ming - Tho lun nhm

Bi Cc thut tim

10: k c

Trnh by c khi nim trang tri trong nng lm kt hp Gii thch c cc cng vic v k thut qun l trang tri p dng vo cc iu kin c th Phn bit, la chn p dng nhng k thut trng trt v chn nui thch hp cho trang tri nng lm kt hp nh

Ging c minh ho. ng

- Ti liu pht tay - Giy Ao, Bng dnh, h dn - Ba mu - My n chiu, Slides - Giy bng knh - Video

4 tit

nng p dng trong trang tri nng lm kt nh hp

ming -

Hi

Tho lun nhm

Chng Chng 5. p dng v pht trin k thut nng lm kt hp

Bi Bi 11: Gii thiu chung v pht trin nng lm kt hp c s tham gia Bi 12: M t im, chn on v thit k (C&D,D)

Mc tiu Gii thch c tnh cp thit ca p dng pht trin k thut nng lm kt hp c s tham gia Phn tch c cc yu t bn ngoi, bn trong nh hng n pht trin k thut c s tham gia

Ni dung Tnh cp thit ca pht trin k thut nng lm kt hp c s tham gia. Qu trnh p dng v pht trin k thut nng lm kt hp c s tham gia

Phng php - Thuyt trnh - Ging c minh ho

Vt liu - Ti liu pht tay - Giy Ao, bt, bng - OHP - Giy bng knh - Bng dnh, dao ko - ti liu pht tay - Giy Ao bt, bng - OPH - Slide - Giy bng knh - Bng dnh, dao, ko - Ti liu pht tay - Giy Ao, bt,bng - OHP, slid - Bng dnh, dao, ko

Thi gian 1 tit

p dng c phng php C&D, D trong pht trin k thut nng lm kt hp ti mt a im c th. La chn v p dng cc cng c trong m t im chn on v thit k.

Phng php m t im, chn on v thit k (C&D,D) ca Trung tm quc t nghin cu nng lm kt hp,1998 Cc cng c khi m t im, chn on v thit k trong lp k hoch nghin cu, p dng v pht trin nng lm kt hp Pht trin k thut nng lm kt hp c s tham gia T chc gim st v nh gi hot ng pht trin nng lm kt hp c s tham gia Cc tiu ch v ch bo trong gim st v nh gi hot ng pht trin k tht nng lm kt hp

- Ging c minh ho - Hi ming - Tho lun nhm

4 tit

Bi 13: Thc hin v pht trin cc hot ng nghin cu nng lm kt hp c s tham gia

Phn bit, la chn kin thc bn a cho nghin cu v pht trin nng lm kt hp Gii thch c s pht trin k thut k thut nng lm kt hp c s tham gia Gii thch c qu trnh t chc gim st v nh gi k thut nng lm kt hp c s tham gia Phn bit, la chn cc tiu ch trong gim st v nh gi k thut nng lm kt hp c s tham gia

- Thc hnh - ng vai (role play) - BI tp tnh hung.

5 tit

Chng I

M u
Mc ch Xc nh v phn tch cc vn thch thc v cc nhu cu ci tin trong s dng v qun l t ai min ni Nhn thy c trin vng ca pht trin nng lm kt hp cho qun l s dng bn vng t ai nng thn v min ni Mc tiu: Sau khi hc xong chng ny, sinh vin c kh nng Nu v phn tch c cc c trng ca h sinh thi nhn vn min ni v cc vn kh khn trong pht trin nng thn min ni hin nay Phn tch cc nhn t quyt nh s pht trin ca nng lm kt hp trn th gii v Vit Nam Xc nh cc li ch, tim nng, v cc tn ti cn khc phc ca pht trin nng lm kt hp nc ta.

Bi 1. Cc vn thch thc trong qun l bn vng ti nguyn thin nhin

Mc tiu: sau khi hc xong bi ny, sinh vin c kh nng: Xc nh cc vn mang tnh thch thc cho qun l s dng t bn vng nng thn min ni theo cc tiu ch c bn: tnh bn vng, tnh hiu qu v tnh cng bng Xc nh cc nguyn nhn mang tnh bn cht ca cc kh khn Nhn ra cc nhu cu thay i s dng v qun l t ai theo tip cn tng hp v c s tham gia

1 Cc vn trong pht trin nng thn min ni

cc quc gia ng Nam , khu vc t nng thn v min ni chim phn ln din tch lnh th v l ni sinh sng ca mt b phn ln dn c ca quc gia. Vit Nam, t i ni chim khong 2/3 din tch v l vng sinh sng ca hn 1/3 dn s c nc (Jamieson v cng s, 1998; Chu Hu Qu, 1995; Rambo, 1995).

1.1 Tnh cht mong manh v d b tn thng ca t v rng nhit i

Rng v t l hai ngun ti nguyn nhy cm ca vng nhit i m. Khi khng b tc ng, cc h sinh thi rng nhit i vn n nh nh vo s a dng cao ca cc loi cy v con, c gn kt vi nhau thng qua cc chu trnh dinh dng gn nh khp kn (Warner, 1991). Theo Richard (1977) (trch dn bi Warner, 1991), s n nh ca h sinh thi vng nhit i chnh l s th hin kh nng chng cc bin i tht thng ca kh hu v cc yu t khc ca mi trng t nhin. Trong , cc loi thc vt thn g ng vai tr ch o trong vic quyt nh cu trc, chc nng v tnh bn vng ca h sinh thi rng. Tuy nhin s n nh ny ch c th tn ti trong khun kh qu trnh din th t nhin. Di tc ng ca con ngi, rng v t nhit i tr nn rt d b suy thoi. Chnh cc nhn t a dng, phc tp v chu trnh dinh dng khp kn vn c kh nng duy tr h sinh thi rng nhit i trong bi cnh khng b tc ng to nn cc c tnh d b tan v khi tip xc vi con ngi (Warner, 1991). rng ma nhit i, do tnh cht chuyn bit cao ca tng loi thc vt dn n kh nng phc hi thp khi c tc ng trn qui m ln ca con ngi (Goudic, 1984 - trch dn bi Warner, 1991). Do phn ln cht dinh dng trong h sinh thi c d tr trong sinh khi, nn mt khi rng b cht ph i th xy ra hin tng thiu cht dinh dng duy tr tng trng mi ca cc loi cy. Thm vo do lng ma ln, trong iu kin khng c cy che ph, cc qu trnh ra tri v xi mn din ra mnh m lm t ai b thoi ha nhanh chng. Nh vy s bn vng ca t rng nhit i hon ton ph thuc vo lp che ph thc vt c cu trc phc tp, a dng m trong cc loi cy thn g ng vai tr ch o. Hin tng thiu cht dinh dng trong t cng nh vai tr quyt nh ca thm thc vt rng n s bn vng v sc sn xut ca t cho thy v c bn th t nhit i khng ph hp vi cc phng thc sn xut nng nghip c canh

1.2 Tnh a dng v sinh thi - nhn vn ca khu vc nng thn v min ni
a dng v a hnh-t ai-tiu kh hu: S bin i mnh v a hnh dn n bin ng ln v t ai v tiu kh hu c trn nhng phm vi nh. a dng sinh hc: H ng thc vt phong ph v a dng. Thc vt bao gm rt nhiu loi v dng sng khc nhau. a dng v dn tc v vn ha: Min ni Vit Nam l a bn sinh sng ca hn 1/3 dn s c nc thuc 54 dn tc khc nhau. Mi dn tc c cc c im vn ho c th (Jamieson v cng s, 1998). a dng v cc h thng canh tc truyn thng: S a dng v iu kin t nhin (iu kin lp a v sinh cnh) v x hi to nn s a dng v h thng canh tc truyn thng nng thn min ni. Cc kin thc k thut v qun l truyn thng trong s dng t v canh tc ca ngi dn nng thn min ni rt a dng, c th nghim, chn lc v pht trin qua nhiu th k. Nng thn min ni chu nh hng ca nhiu yu t kinh t x hi rt phc tp: Bn cnh cc c im phc tp v t nhin nh a hnh, tiu kh hu, t ai v sinh hc, trong nhng thp k gn y khu vc nng thn min ni ang gnh chu s tc ng ca nhiu nhn t kinh t x hi nh dn s gia tng, chnh sch khng c th v nh hng ca kinh t th trng, s xm nhp vn ha ngoi lai t bn ngoi, v.v. dn n cc thay i phc tp v ti nguyn v vn ho x hi to ra nhng tr ngi v thch thc ln cho qun l/s dng bn vng ngun ti nguyn. Tnh a dng v sinh thi nhn vn ca khu vc nng thn min ni l mt trong nhng c s a dng ha cc h thng s dng t, cng nh pht trin cc h thng s dng ti nguyn tng hp. Tuy nhin, y cng l thch thc ln cho cc nh qun l, nh lp chnh sch do yu cu phi hnh thnh v pht trin tng h thng qun l s dng t, cc h thng canh tc ph hp cho tng iu kin sinh thi nhn vn c th.

2 Cc thay i mang tnh thch thc cho pht trin bn vng nng thn min ni
S gia tng p lc dn s gy ra cc vn bc xc v t canh tc v an ton lng thc, v sc p ln ti nguyn thin nhin min ni cc khu vc nng thn min ni, mt dn c khng cao nh cc khu vc th vng ng bng nhng li c tc tng dn s rt nhanh. Theo nh Sm (1995), tc tng dn s min ni Vit Nam bin ng trong khong 2,5% - 3,5% trong khi tc bnh qun ca c nc di mc ny nhiu. Tnh trng ny mt phn ch yu do phong tro di dn t do t cc khu vc ng bng qu ng c ln cc vng i ni, c bit l cc tnh khu vc Ty Nguyn (ak Lak, Gia Lai, Kon Tum). Dn s tng trong iu kin khan him t c tim nng nng nghip min ni dn n bnh qun t canh tc u ngi gim. Tuy min ni Vit Nam c xem l khu vc dn c tha tht vi mt bnh qun 75 ngi/km2 nhng bnh qun din tch t canh tc u ngi rt thp (vo khong 1200 - 1500 m2/ngi) (FAO v IIRR, 1995), trong khi mc t canh tc p ng nhu cu lng thc ti thiu l 2000m2/ngi. khu

vc min ni ca 11 tnh pha Nam, din tch canh tc bnh qun u ngi di 1000m2/ngi, cn thp hn c min ni cc tnh pha bc min Trung nh Ngh An v Thanh Ha (Jamieson v cng s, 1998). Trong lc kh nng tng din tch la nc - l h thng sn xut ng cc c nng sut cao v n nh nht Vit Nam - khu vc min ni rt hn ch, ch din ra cc khu vc phn tn nh hp c th ti tiu c. V vy c th ni rng mt dn s ang tin gn n hoc thm ch vt qu kh nng chu ng ca t ai phn ln khu vc min ni (Jamieson v cng s, 1998). S gia tng dn s to ra p lc ln ln ti nguyn thin nhin min ni l rng, t v ngun nc, lm cc ngun ti nguyn qu gi ny suy gim nhanh chng. S suy thoi v ti nguyn thin nhin v mi trng - S suy gim nhanh chng ti nguyn rng: che ph rng c nc gim t 43% vo nm 1943 xung 32,1% nm 1980, 27,2% nm 1990 sau tng dn ln 28,1% nm 1995 ri t n 33,2% nm 1999 (Theo ti liu Chin lt pht trin lm nghip giai on 2001-2010 c B Nng Nghip v Pht Trin Nng Thn ph duyt theo Q s 199/Q-BNN-PTNT ngy 22/1/2002). Cch y 50 nm, rng t nhin bao ph phn ln khu vc i ni nhng trong nhng nm gn y gim xung di 20% phn ln khu vc i ni pha Bc, thm ch c ni gim cn 10% nh khu vc min ni vng Ty Bc. Cc din tch rng cn li phn ln l rng ngho kit, tr lng g thp v him c loi cy c gi tr kinh t. S suy thoi ca t ai l iu d thy khp min ni Vit Nam. Do thiu rng che ph, xi mn t v ra tri cht dinh dng din ra mnh lm gim mu m ca t. Canh tc nng ry vn l phng thc canh tc truyn thng ca cc dn tc min ni, t ra kh ph hp trong iu kin mt dn c

Hnh 1 . Rng b tn thng thp v ti nguyn rng cn phong ph. Trong nhng thp k gn y, do p lc dn s v s suy gim din tch rng, giai on canh tc ko di hn v giai on b ha b rt ngn li, dn n s suy gim lin tc ca ph t v c di pht trin mnh. Kt qu dn n gim nng sut cy trng mt cch nhanh chng. - S suy gim v a dng sinh hc: Nhiu loi ng thc vt b bin mt hoc tr nn khan him. Nn ph rng, vic pht trin trng rng thun loi v nng nghip c canh lm suy gim a dng sinh hc, trong bao gm c ba cp : a dng di truyn, a dng chng loi v a dng v h sinh thi . Tnh trng i ngho Vo nm 1994, khi GDP bnh qun ca c nc l 270 USD th min ni pha Bc ch l 150 USD v Ty Nguyn l 70 USD. Rt nhiu ni min ni c thu nhp tin

mt bnh qun u ngi di 50 USD/nm. H ngho i chim 34% min ni pha Bc v hn 60% Ty Nguyn, vi thu nhp bnh qun u ngi di 50.000/thng, rt thp so vi t l h ngho i bnh qun l 27% ca c nc. Hn 56% h gia nh min ni pha Bc v Ty Nguyn tnh trng suy dinh dng nghim trng, c tiu th nng lng di 1500kcals/ngi/ngy trong lc phi cn 2200-2500kcals/ngi/ngy (Jamieson v cng s, 1995). Tnh trng i ngho khng ch th hin thu nhp thp m cn khng m bo cc nhu cu c bn khc nh gio dc, y t, thng tin vn ha x hi, v.v. S pht trin theo cc m hnh canh tc rp khun, p t v ph thuc vo bn ngoi. Tri ngc vi iu kin a dng v sinh thi- nhn vn v s phong ph v kin thc canh tc truyn thng min ni, cc chng trnh pht trin min ni ca chnh ph thng thc hin theo cc "m hnh" qun l k thut ng b, hnh thnh theo cch ngh ca ngi vng ng bng. Cc nh nng nghip v lm nghip c o to chnh thng thng c nh kin v s lc hu ca cc phng thc sn xut truyn thng, hay ngh n vic tng cng thc hin php lut nh nc v p t cc m hnh k thut sn xut t bn ngoi hn l hnh thnh cc v pht trin cc h thng qun l k thut thch ng, phi hp gia kin thc bn a v k thut mi ph hp vi cc iu kin c th ca nng dn v thc y pht huy tnh t ch ca h trong qun l ti nguyn (Hong Hu Ci, 1999). Chnh iu ny lm gim hiu qu v tc dng ca nhiu cc chng trnh pht trin min ni mc d c u t rt ln. Xu hng giao thoa gia lm nghip, nng nghip v cc ngnh khc trong s dng ti nguyn thin nhin v pht trin kinh t

Hnh 2. Giao thoa gia t nng nghip v lm nghip

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Khi nim t nng nghip, t lm nghip mt cch thun ty v tch bit theo quan nim trc y a tr nn khng cn ph hp nhiu khu vc dn c min ni. Pht trin s dng t thun nng hoc thun lm bc l nhiu hn ch ln, chng hn canh tc thun nng trn t dc cho nng sut thp v khng n dnh trong khi pht trin thun lm li c kh khn v nhu cu lng thc trc mt. Thc tin sn xut xut hin cc phng thc s dng t tng hp, c s an xen gia nng nghip, lm nghip v thy sn.

3 Nhu cu v thch thc i vi pht trin bn vng nng thn min ni

3.1 Pht trin bn vng nng thn min ni
Pht trin nng nghip v nng thn bn vng l qun l v bo tn cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin v nh hng cc thay i k thut v nh ch nhm m bo tho mn cc nhu cu ca con ngi ca cc th h hin ti v trong tng lai. l s pht trin m bo bo tn t, nc v cc ngun gen ng thc vt, chng xung cp v mi trng, ph hp v k thut, kh thi v kinh t v c x hi chp nhn (FAO, 1995). Ni mt cch n gin hn, pht trin bn vng chnh l vic s dng ti nguyn p ng c cc nhu cu v sn xut ca th h hin ti, trong khi vn bo tn c ngun ti nguyn cn cho nhu cu ca cc th h tng lai.

3.2 Cc thch thc

Bi cnh thay i trn cho thy nhu cu pht trin nng thn min ni cng chnh l thch thc cho pht trin bn vng. Cc thch thc ny l: Hnh thnh v pht trin cc phng thc qun l s dng ti nguyn thin nhin (bao gm rng, t v nc) mt cch tng hp trong c s dung ha gia cc li ch v kinh t v bo tn ti nguyn mi trng Qun l v s dng t i ni c hiu qu Qun l v s dng t m bo tnh cng bng c s chp chp nhn ca ngi dn v cc nhm i tng c lin quan khc. Nng lm kt hp l mt phng thc s dng t tng hp gia lm nghip vi cc ngnh nng nghip (bao gm c chn nui) v thy sn, c nhiu u im v ngha v bo v ti nguyn mi trng, pht trin kinh t x hi c cng nhn rng ri trn khp th gii.

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p lc dn s gia tng

Khai hoang nhiu din tch rng hn sn xut thm lng thc

Mu thun trong qun l v s dng t

t rng cn c bo v ti to li rng, chng li canh tc nng ry khng bn vng

Pht trin nng lm kt hp

Trng xen hoa mu v cy lu nm ti a ha sc sn xut trong iu kin ti nguyn khan him

Chiu hng sn xut a dng

Cy lu nm v hoa mu c qun l tng hp ti u ha vic bo v t v nc, trong khi vn tha mn nhu cu sn xut lng thc

Hnh3. Mu thun gia trng trt v lm nghip trong iu kin tng p lc dn s n n s pht trin k thut nng lm kt hp a dng vng cao (Theo Kuo, 1977)

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Bi 2.Pht trin nng lm kt hp nh l mt phng thc qun l s dng t bn vng

Mc tiu: sau khi hc xong bi ny, sinh vin c kh nng: Phn tch c cc thay i v chnh sch pht trin, cc nhn t chi phi s pht trin ca nng lm kt hp trn th gii v Vit Nam Xc nh cc li ch c th ca nng lm kt hp trong pht trin i sng cng ng v bo v ti nguyn mi trng Xc nh v phn tch cc tim nng, c hi v cc hn ch trong vic pht trin nng lm kt hp nc ta.

Lc s hnh thnh v pht trin nng lm kt hp

1.1 Lch s pht trin nng lm kt hp th gii

Canh tc cy thn g cng vi cy trng nng nghip trn cng mt din tch l mt tp qun sn xut lu i ca nng dn nhiu ni trn th gii. Theo King (1987), cho n thi Trung c chu u, vn tn ti mt tp qun ph bin l "cht v t" ri sau tip tc trng cy thn g cng vi cy nng nghip hoc sau khi thu hoch nng nghip. H thng canh tc ny vn tn ti Phn Lan cho n cui th k 19, v vn cn mt s vng ca c n tn nhng nm 1920. Nhiu phng thc canh tc truyn thng chu , Chu Phi v khu vc nhit i chu M c s phi hp cy thn g vi cy nng nghip nhm mc ch ch yu l h tr cho sn xut nng nghip v to ra cc sn phm ph khc khc nh: g, ci, gia dng, v.v.

1.1.1 S pht trin ca h thng Taungya

Vo cui th k 19, h thng taungya bt u pht trin rng ri Myanmar di s bo h ca thc dn Anh. Trong cc n in trng cy g tch (Tectona grandis), ngi lao ng c php trng cy lng thc gia cc hng cy cha khp tn gii quyt nhu cu lng thc hng nm. Phng thc ny sau c p dng rng ri n v Nam Phi. Cc nghin cu v pht trin cc h thng kt hp ny thng hng vo mc ch sn xut lm nghip, c thc hin bi cc nh lm nghip vi vic lun c gng m bo cc nguyn tc Gim thiu hoc khng gy tn hi n cc loi cy rng trng l i tng cung cp sn phm ch yu trong h thng Sinh trng ca cy rng trng khng b hn ch bi cy nng nghip Ti u ha v thi gian canh tc cy trng nng nghip s m bo t l sng v tc sinh trng nhanh ca cy trng thn g. Loi cy rng trng c kh nng cnh tranh vi cc loi cy nng nghip Ti u ha mt m bo s sinh trng lin tc ca cy trng thn g.

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Chnh v vy m cc h thng ny cha c xem xt nh l mt h thng qun l s dng t c ngha cho pht trin nng nghip (Nair, 1995).

1.1.2 Cc nhn t lm tin cho s pht trin ca nng lm kt hp trn phm vi ton cu
Cc nhn t ny bao gm: S nh gi li chnh sch pht trin ca Ngn hng Th gii (WB); S ti thm nh cc chnh sch lm nghip ca T chc Lng Nng (FAO) thuc Lin Hip Quc; S thc tnh cc mi quan tm khoa hc v xen canh v h thng canh tc; Tnh trng thiu lng thc nhiu vng trn th gii; S gia tng nn ph rng v suy thoi v mi trng sinh thi; Cuc khng hong nng lng trong thp nin 70 ca th k 20 v sau l s leo thang v gi c v thiu phn bn; Trung tm Nghin cu pht trin Quc t (IDRC) ca Canada thit lp d n xc nh cc u tin nghin cu v lm nghip nhit i. Cc thay i v chnh sch pht trin nng thn Trong vng 2 thp nin 60 v 70 ca th k 20, di s bo tr ca Nhm t vn v Nghin cu Nng nghip Quc t (CGIAR), nhiu trung tm nghin cu nng nghip quc t c thnh lp nhiu khu vc trn th gii nhm nghin cu nng cao nng sut ca cc loi cy trng v vt nui ch yu vng nhit i. Vic pht trin cc ging cy trng ng cc nng sut cao v cc k thut thm canh lin quan nh vo n lc ca mt s Trung tm v cc chng trnh quc gia c lin quan to nn mt s thay i ln v nng sut nng nghip m thng c gi l Cch mng Xanh (Green Revolution) (Borlaug v Dowswell, 1988). Tuy nhin cc nh qun l v pht trin sm nhn thy rng cc k thut thm canh mi lm tng nhu cu phn bn v cc chi ph u vo khc trong khi vn cn mt b phn ln nng dn ngho nm ngoi tm nh hng tch cc ca cuc cch mng trn. Phn ln cc Trung tm nghin cu nng nghip quc t v cc chng trnh pht trin nng nghip quc gia trong thi gian ny ch mi tp trung nghin cu cc loi cy trng ring r trong khi thc t nng dn li canh tc mt cch tng hp: trng xen cc loi cy nng nghip khc nhau, cy ngn ngy vi cy g di ngy, v.v. S thiu st ny c nhiu nh qun l v hoch nh chnh sch nhn ra. T u thp nin 70, chnh sch pht trin ca Ngn hng Th gii bt u ch hn cc vng nng thn ngho cng vi s tham gia ca nng dn vo cc chng trnh pht trin nng thn. Trong chng trnh Lm nghip x hi ca WB trong nhng nm 1980 khng ch cha ng nhiu yu t ca nng lm kt hp m cn thit k tr gip nng dn thng qua gia tng sn xut lng thc thc phm, bo v mi trng v pht huy cc li ch truyn thng ca rng. Trong thi gian ny, bn cnh pht trin nng nghip, FAO c bit ch trng nhn mnh vai tr quan trong ca lm nghip trong pht trin nng thn, khuyn co nng dn v nh nc nn ch trng c bit n cc ch li ca rng v cy thn g n sn xut nng nghip, khuyn co cc nh qun l s dng

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t kt hp c nng nghip v lm nghip vo h thng canh tc ca h (King, 1979). Nhiu khi nim mi v lm nghip nh lm nghip cng ng, lm nghip x hi c hnh thnh v p dng nhiu nc m nng lm kt hp thng c xem l mt phng thc s dng t nhiu tim nng, em li nhng li ch trc tip cho cng ng a phng v ton x hi. Nn ph rng v tnh trng suy thoi mi trng

Cui thp nin 70 v cc nm u thp nin 80, s suy thoi ti nguyn mi trng ton cu, nht l nn ph rng, tr thnh mi quan tm lo lng ln ca ton x hi. S pht trin ca nng nghip nng ry i km vi p lc dn s, s pht trin nng nghip thm canh ha hc, c canh trn qui m ln v khai thc lm sn l nhng nguyn nhn ch yu gy ra s mt rng, suy thoi t ai v a dng sinh hc. Theo c tnh ca FAO (1982), du canh l nguyn nhn to ra hn 70% ca tng din tch rng nhit i b mt chu Phi; din tch t rng b ha sau nng ry chim 26,5% din tch rng khp tn cn li chu Phi, khong 16% chu M Latin v 22,7% khu vc nhit i ca chu . Gia tng quan tm v nghin cu cc h thng canh tc tng hp v cc h thng k thut truyn thng Thc trng ny cng nhiu n lc nghin cu gi m ra cc chin lc qun l s dng t tng hp thay th cho cc phng thc qun l hin thi khng bn vng c xc nh l mt xu hng tt yu. Chng hn nh cc nh sinh thi hc cung cp nhiu bng chng thuyt phc v vai tr ca rng v cy thn g i vi vic m bo n nh ca h sinh thi, dn n cc bin php cn thit bo v rng cn li, a cc loi cy thn g lu nm vo cc h thng s dng t cng nh lm thay i quan im canh tc. c nhiu kt qu nghin cu ban u nhiu khu vc trn th gii v tnh hiu qu cao trong vic s dng cc ti nguyn t nhin (t, nc v nh sng mt tri) cng nh tnh n nh cao ca cc h thng xen canh, cc h thng canh tc tng hp so vi h thng nng nghip c canh (Papendick v cng s, 1976). Cc nghin cu ca cc nh nhn chng hc v khoa hc x hi v h thng s dng t ch ra tm quan trng ca cc h thng canh tc tng hp bn a/truyn thng v lu cn xem xt chng trong qu trnh pht trin cc tip cn mi (Nair, 1995). S hnh thnh Trung tm Quc t v Nghin cu Nng Lm Kt Hp (ICRAF) Vo thng 7/1977, c s y nhim ca Trung tm Nghin cu Pht trin Quc t (IDRC) ca Canada, John Bene tin hnh d n nghin cu vi cc mc tiu: - Xc nh cc khong trng trong o to v nghin cu lm nghip th gii; - nh gi s ph thuc ln nhau gia nng nghip v lm nghip cc quc gia nhit i c thu nhp thp v xut nghin cu nhm ti u ha s dng t; - Xy dng cc chng trnh nghin cu lm nghip nhm to ra cc tc ng kinh t, x hi c ngha cho cc nc ang pht trin; - xut cc sp xp v t chc, th ch thc hin cc nghin cu trn mt cch c hiu qu v - Chun b k hoch hnh ng c c ng h ca cc nh ti tr quc t.

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Mc d vi mc ch ban u l xc nh cc u tin nghin cu cho lm nghip nhit i, nhm nghin cu ca John Bene i n kt lun rng: ti u ha s dng t nhit i, u tin s mt nn l nghin cu v pht trin cc h thng kt hp gia lm nghip vi nng nghip v chn nui. Hay ni cch khc, c mt s chuyn dch trng tm t lm nghip sang nhng khi nim s dng t rng hn, ph hp hn c hai phng din trc tip (trc mt) v di hn (Bene v cng s, 1977). Bo co d n ny ca IDRC c cc c quan quc t xem xt v dn n s hnh thnh Hi ng Quc t v Nghin cu Nng Lm kt hp vo nm 1977, vo 1991 c quan ny c i tn thnh Trung tm Quc t v Nghin cu Nng Lm kt hp (International Centre for Research in Agroforestry - ICRAF). K t khi thnh lp, ICRAF l t chc lun i u trong thu thp thng tin, tin hnh cc d n nghin cu, chuyn giao kt qu trong lnh vc nng lm kt hp.

1.1.3 S pht trin phng php tip cn trong nghin cu v pht trin
Song song vi s pht trin khi nim v cc nghin cu k thut, phng php tip cn trong nghin cu v pht trin nng lm kt hp cng khng ngng c ci thin. Trong mt thp nin gn y, cc cng c chn on - thit k - pht trin c pht trin trn c s l lun ca cc tip cn c s tham gia vn c s dng ph bin trong lm nghip x hi. Cc nghin cu phn tch nh hng ca mi trng chnh sch n pht trin nng lm kt hp v cc tc ng ca pht trin nng lm kt hp ln h thng s dng t, cnh quan v mi trng kinh t x hi cng nh kh nng chp nhn ca nng dn cng ang c ch trng xem xt. Bn cnh , nhiu phng php nghin cu mi c lin quan n cc ngnh khoa hc khc nh khoa hc t, sinh l hc thc vt, sinh thi hc, khoa hc h thng v m phng, v.v. c p dng vo nghin cu nng lm kt hp to ra c cc tin b ng k trong nghin cu.

1.1.4 S ha nhp ca nng lm kt hp vo chng trnh o to nng nghip, lm nghip v pht trin nng thn
Ngy nay, cc kin thc v nng lm kt hp c a vo ging dy cc trng i hc, vin nghin cu-o to v nng nghip, lm nghip, pht trin nng thn v qun l ti nguyn thin nhin. Tim nng ca nng lm kt hp trong vic ci to t, bo tn a dng sinh hc v ngun nc ni chung c cng nhn. V thc cht th nng lm kt hp thng c xem nh l mt h thng s dng t c tim nng em li cc ch li v lm sn, lng thc thc phm trong lc vn c kh nng bo tn v khi phc h sinh thi.

1.2 Lc s pht trin nng lm kt hp Vit Nam

Cng nh nhiu quc gia khc trn th gii, cc tp qun canh tc nng lm kt hp c Vit Nam t lu i, nh cc h thng canh tc nng ry truyn thng ca ng bo cc dn tc t ngi, h sinh thi vn nh nhiu vng a l sinh thi trn khp c nc, v.v. Lng truyn thng ca ngi Vit cng c th xem l mt h thng nng lm kt hp bn a vi nhiu nt c trng v cu trc v cc dng chu chuyn vt cht v nng lng. T thp nin 60, song song vi phong tro thi ua sn xut, h sinh thi Vn - Ao - Chung (VAC) c nhn dn cc tnh min Bc pht trin mnh m v lan rng khp c nc vi nhiu bin th khc nhau thch hp cho tng vng sinh thi c th. Sau l cc h thng Rng - Vn - Ao - Chung (RVAC) v vn i c pht trin mnh

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cc khu vc dn c min ni. Cc h thng rng ngp mn- nui trng thy sn cng c pht trin mnh vng duyn hi cc tnh min Trung v min Nam. Cc d n c ti tr quc t cng gii thiu cc m hnh canh tc trn t dc theo ng ng mc (SALT) mt s khu vc min ni. Trong hai thp nin gn y, pht trin nng thn min ni theo phng thc nng lm kt hp cc khu vc c tim nng l mt ch trng ng n ca ng v Nh nc. Qu trnh thc hin chnh sch nh canh nh c, kinh t mi, mi y cc chng trnh 327, chng trnh 5 triu ha rng (661) v chnh sch khuyn khch pht trin kinh t trang tri u c lin quan n vic xy dng v pht trin cc h thng nng lm kt hp ti Vit Nam. Cc thng tin, kin thc v nng lm kt hp cng c mt s nh khoa hc, t chc tng kt di nhng gc khc nhau. in hnh l cc n phm ca L Trng Cc v cng s (1990) v vic xem xt v phn tch cc h sinh thi nng nghip vng trung du min Bc trn c s tip cn sinh thi nhn vn. Cc h thng nng lm kt hp in hnh trong nc c tng kt bi FAO v IIRR (1995), cng nh c m t trong n phm ca Cc Khuyn Nng v Khuyn lm di dng cc "m hnh" s dng t. Mittelman (1997) c mt cng trnh tng quan rt tt v hin trng nng lm kt hp v lm nghip x hi Vit Nam, c bit l cc nhn t chnh sch nh hng n s pht trin nng lm kt hp. Tuy nhin cc t liu nghin cu v tng tc gia pht trin nng lm kt hp vi mi trng t nhin, kinh t x hi xung quanh (vi m v v m) vn cn rt t.

2 Li ch ca cc h thng nng lm kt hp v thch thc

2.1 Cc li ch ca nng lm kt hp
Thc tin sn xut cng nh nhiu cng trnh nghin cu trung v di hn nhiu ni trn th gii cho thy nng lm kt hp l mt phng thc s dng ti nguyn tng hp c tim nng tho mn cc yu t ca pht trin nng thn v min ni bn vng. Cc li ch m nng lm kt hp c th mang li rt a dng, tuy nhin c th chia thnh 2 nhm: nhm cc li ch trc tip cho i sng cng ng v nhm cc li ch gin tip cho cng ng v x hi.

2.1.1 Cc li ch trc tip ca nng lm kt hp

Cung cp lng thc v thc phm: Nhiu m hnh nng lm kt hp c hnh thnh v pht trin nhm vo mc ch sn xut nhiu loi lng thc thc phm, c gi tr dinh dng cao p ng nhu cu ca h gia nh. in hnh l h thng VAC c pht trin rng ri nhiu vng nng thn nc ta. u im ca cc h thng nng lm kt hp l c kh nng to ra sn phm lng thc v thc phm a dng trn mt din tch t m khng yu cu u vo ln. Cc sn phm t cy thn g: Vic kt hp cy thn g trn nng tri c th to ra nhiu sn phm nh g, ci, tinh du, v.v. p ng nhu cu v nguyn vt liu cho h gia nh. To vic lm: Nng lm kt hp gm nhiu thnh phn canh tc a dng c tc dng thu ht lao ng, to thm ngnh ngh ph cho nng dn.

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 Tng thu nhp nng h: Vi s phong ph v sn phm u ra v t i hi v u vo, cc h thng nng lm kt hp d c kh nng em li thu nhp cao cho h gia nh. Gim ri ro trong sn xut v tng mc an ton lng thc: Nh c cu trc phc tp, a dng c thit k nhm lm tng cc quan h tng h (c li) gia cc thnh phn trong h thng, cc h thng nng lm kt hp thng c tnh n nh cao trc cc bin ng bt li v iu kin t nhin (nh dch su bnh, hn hn, v.v.). S a dng v loi sn phm u ra cng gp phn gim ri ro v th trng v gi cho nng h.

2.1.2 Cc li ch ca nng lm kt hp trong vic bo v ti nguyn thin nhin v mi trng

Nng lm kt hp trong bo tn ti nguyn t v nc: Hn 20 nm nghin cu nng lm kt hp phi hp vi cc kt qu nghin cu v sinh thi hc, nng nghip, lm nghip v khoa hc t cho thy cc h thng nng lm kt hp - nu c thit k v qun l thch hp - s c kh nng: gim dng chy b mt v xi mn t; duy tr mn v ci thin l tnh ca t v pht huy chu trnh tun hon dinh dng, tng hiu qu s dng dinh dng ca cy trng v vt nui. Nh vy, lm gia tng ph ca t, tng hiu qu s dng t v gim sc p ca dn s gia tng ln ti nguyn t (Young, 1997). Ngoi ra, trong cc h thng nng lm kt hp do hiu qu s dng cht dinh dng ca cy trng cao nn lm gim nhu cu bn phn ha hc, v th gim nguy c nhim cc ngun nc ngm (Young, 1997). Nng lm kt hp trong bo tn ti nguyn rng v a dng sinh hc: Thng qua vic cung cp mt phn lm sn cho nng h, nng lm kt hp c th lm gim tc khai thc lm sn t rng t nhin. Mt khc, nng lm kt hp l phng thc tn dng t c hiu qu nn lm gim nhu cu m rng t nng nghip bng khai hoang rng. Chnh v vy m canh tc nng lm kt hp s lm gim sc p ca con ngi vo rng t nhin, gim tc ph rng (Young, 1997). Cc h nng dn qua canh tc theo phng thc ny s dn dn nhn thc c vai tr ca cy thn g trong vic bo v t, nc v s c i mi v kin thc, thi c li cho cng tc bo tn ti nguyn rng. Vic phi hp cc loi cy thn g vo nng tri tn dng khng gian ca h thng trong sn xut lm tng tnh a dng sinh hc phm vi nng tri v cnh quan. Chnh v cc li ch ny m nng lm kt hp thng c ch trng pht trin trong cng tc qun l vng m xung quanh cc khu bo tn thin nhin v bo tn ngun gen. Nng lm kt hp v vic lm gim hiu ng nh knh: Nhiu nh nghin cu gi rng s pht trin nng lm kt hp trn qui m ln c th lm gim kh CO2 v cc loi kh gy hiu ng nh knh khc (Dixon, 1995, 1996; Schroeder, 1994). Cc c ch ca tc ng ny c th l: s ng ha kh CO2 ca cy

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thn g trn nng tri; gia tng lng cacbon trong t v gim nn ph rng (Young, 1997).

2.2 Tim nng v trin vng pht trin nng lm kt hp Vit Nam
K thut nng lm kt tuy mi c ch pht trin gn y Vit Nam t u thp nin 90, nhng n c tim nng ln c pht trin lu di v: S a dng v sinh thi mi trng Vit Nam to iu kin cho vic p dng cc h thng nng lm kt hp. Trong chng ta phi k n - a dng v iu kin lp a (t ai, a hnh v tiu kh hu) - a dng sinh hc (cnh quan v h sinh thi, loi v cc bin b di truyn di loi) gp phn vo s pht trin phong ph ca cc h thng nng lm kt hp khc nhau ti Vit Nam. S phong ph v a dng v cc kin thc k thut bn a v nng lm kt hp S kt hp gia cy rng, hoa mu v vt nui trong s dng t Vit Nam c nng dn ca cc cng ng dn tc trong nc p dng t lu v s l c s vng chc cho pht trin ci tin cc h thng nng lm kt hp. Qua mt thi k pht trin Vit Nam k thut nng lm kt hp chng t ph hp vi nhu cu pht trin ca nh nc v nhn dn nh: Nhu cu pht trin nng lm kt hp ca nhn dn Di p lc ca dn s gia tng, vic thm canh t ai ng thi s dng t mt cc tng hp ly ngn nui di, cn i gia sn xut v phng h v nng cao c mc sng l nguyn vng v nhu cu ca nng dn Vit Nam. Hn th na Chnh sch ca ng v Nh nc v vic h tr, u tin pht trin nng lm kt hp c bit l cc chnh sch giao t khon rng cho nng dn canh tc, chng trnh ph xanh t trng i ni trc, chng trnh 5 triu ha trng rng mi, chng trnh nh canh nh c, n nh canh tc v i sng ng bo dn tc min ni dn dn cng nhn v cp quyn s dng t c thi hn cho nng h, tp th to ra ng lc tch cc p dng cc k thut nng lm kt hp. Sau cng: S quan tm u t cho nghin cu v pht trin nng lm kt hp trn th gii cng to iu kin cn b k thut c nghin cu v hc tp thm v lnh vc nng lm kt hp p dng cc nc ln cn v trong nc, ng thi phn no cung cp cc thng tin cn thit v nng lm kt hp gip cc nh lp chnh sch lu pht trin.

2.3 Mt s hn ch trong nghin cu v pht trin nng lm kt hp Vit Nam

C th chia cc hin thng nng lm kt hp Vit Nam thnh 2 nhm: cc h thng nng lm kt hp bn a v cc h thng nng lm kt hp mi c a vo.

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Mt thc trng c ch ra v phn tch bi mt s nh nghin cu l: trong khi cc h thng bn a hot ng mt cch c hiu qu, l k sinh nhai ca nng dn t nhiu nm nay th phn ln cc "m hnh" nng lm kt hp mi du nhp trong nhng nm gn y bc l nhiu hn ch v tnh hiu qu, bn vng, tnh cng bng v s chp nhn ca ngi dn a phng. Vn ct li ca s hn ch ny l do cc "m hnh" c thit k v p dng theo li suy din ca ngi bn ngoi (thng l ngi min xui), li thng c p dng mt cch ng b nn khng ph hp vi cc tnh hung sinh thi nhn vn a dng v c th ca tng a phng. Vic s dng thut ng "m hnh nng lm kt hp" thay v "h thng nng lm kt hp" hoc "tp qun/phng thc nng lm kt hp" c th l nguyn nhn ca li suy ngh pht trin theo li suy din n gin -"sao chp v nhn rng m hnh" trong pht trin nng lm kt hp nhiu vng ca nc ta. Hn na, phng php tip cn nghin cu v pht trin nng lm kt hp thng thin lch v kinh t - k thut c lp, cha phi hp c cc k thut mi v cc yu t kin thc k thut, c im vn ha v nhn vn truyn thng ca cc cng ng a phng. Cng tc pht trin k thut nng lm kt hp nhiu ni vn tin hnh theo li p t t trn xung, cha pht huy c ni lc v tnh t ch ca nng dn v cng ng dn n tnh bn vng ca cc chng trnh pht trin cn thp. Cc nghin cu phn tch nh gi cc m hnh thng cn qu ch trng v yu t kinh t k thut v xem nh kha cnh x hi, th ch cng nh tng tc ca cc h thng nng lm kt hp vi mi trng v cnh quang. Vn cn qu t cc kt qu nghin cu so snh h thng nng lm kt hp vi cc h thng nng nghip, lm nghip trn cc phng din sinh thi, mi trng v kinh t do thiu cc d n nghin cu/im nghin cu di hn.

Li ch - Thc phm, cht t, thc n gia sc, v.v. - Chng xi mn - X hi n nh - S dng ti nguyn b tng hp - a dng sinh hc

Gii hn - H tng c s, trang thit b - Trnh , k nng - Chi ph u vo - Ngun lao ng - Cnh tranh ti nguyn - Th trng- v.v.

Hnh 4. Cc li ch tim nng v mt s gii hn ca cc h thng nng lm kt hp. Vic qui hoch pht trin nng lm kt hp thng c tin hnh mt cch c lp, tch ri vi tin trnh qui hoch s dng t nhiu ni nn thng dn n vic a cc "m hnh" nng lm kt hp thay th cc loi hnh s dng t hin c. Trong khi v mt nguyn l th vic pht trin nng lm kt hp phi c da trn c s chn on cc hn ch trong s dng t hin hnh v iu chnh chng hn l thay th

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hon ton (Young, 1987, 1997). Chnh v th, pht trin nng lm kt hp cn phi hp v lng ghp vi tin trnh qui hoch s dng t cng nh qui hoch qun l khu vc u ngun. c th thc y qu trnh pht trin nng lm kt hp trong thc tin c hiu qu, ph hp vi nng dn, m bo tnh bn vng v cng bng, cn b k thut cn c trang b cc kin thc v k nng v thi c lin quan n nhiu lnh vc khc nhau: sinh thi hc, sinh thi nhn vn, cc khoa hc lm nghip, nng hc, chn nui, thy sn, qun l bo tn t v nc, phn tch kinh t nng tri, cc phng php nghin cu h thng v tip cn nghin cu-pht trin c s tham gia, v.v. cng nh s am hiu su sc v iu kin sinh thi v nhn vn c th ca tng a phng.

Cu hi tho lun 1. Phn tch hin trng s dng t min ni Vit Nam theo cc tiu ch: Tnh hiu qu, tnh bn vng v tnh cng bng ? 2. Xc nh v phn tch cc nguyn nhn khch quan v ch quan dn n s khng bn vng, km hiu qu v thiu cng bng trong s dng ti nguyn t min ni Vit Nam ? 3. Cc bin php chin lc tng tnh bn vng v hiu qu trong s dng t min ni ? 4. Phn tch tim nng, c hi v cc vn thch thc pht trin nng lm kt hp ?

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CHNG 2
NGUYN L V NNG LM KT HP
Mc ch: Chng ny s trang b cho sinh vin cc l lun cn thit phn loi v phn tch cc k thut nng lm kt hp cng nh chng minh c cc vai tr cn thit ca cy lu nm v rng trong pht trin nng thn mt cch vng bn. Mc tiu 1. Lit k cc khi nim khc nhau theo qu trnh pht trin ca lnh vc nng lm kt hp xc nh cc xu hng hin nay ca k thut cng nh v tr ca n trong pht trin nng thn mt cch vng bn. 2. Phn loi cc h thng v xc nh cc vai tr mu cht ca cy lu nm v rng trong h thng k thut nng lm kt hp phn tch v nh gi cho cc k thut khc nhau trong cc chng k tip.

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bI 3. KHI NIM V C IM CA H THNG NNG LM KT HP

Mc tiu: Sau khi hc xong phn ny, sinh vin c kh nng pht biu khi nim v vai tr nng lm kt hp trong pht trin nng thn bn vng.

1 Khi nim
1.1 Lch s pht trin cc khi nim v Nng lm kt hp
Nng lm kt hp l mt lnh vc khoa hc mi c xut vo thp nin 1960 bi King (1969). Qua nhiu nm, nhiu khi nim khc nhau c pht trin din t hiu bit r hn v nng lm kt hp. Sau y l mt s khi nim khc nhau c pht trin cho n hin nay: Nng lm kt hp l mt h thng qun l t vng bn lm gia tng sc sn xut tng th ca t ai, phi hp sn xut cc loi hoa mu (k c cy trng lu nm), cy rng v/hay vi gia sc cng lc hay k tip nhau trn mt din tch t, v p dng cc k thut canh tc tng ng vi cc iu kin vn ha x hi ca dn c a phng (Bene v cc cng s, 1977) Nng lm kt hp l mt h thng qun l t ai trong cc sn phm ca rng v trng trt c sn xut cng lc hay k tip nhau trn cc din tch t thch hp to ra cc li ch kinh t, x hi v sinh thi cho cng ng dn c ti a phng (PCARRD, 1979). Nng lm kt hp l tn chung ca nhng h thng s dng t trong cc cy lu nm (cy g, cy bi, c, tre, hay cy n qu, cy cng nghip...) c trng c suy tnh trn cng mt n v din tch qui hoch t vi hoa mu v/hoc vi vt nui di dng xen theo khng gian hay theo thi gian. Trong cc h thng nng lm kt Hp c mi tc ng h tng qua li v c mt sinh thi ln kinh t gia cc thnh phn ca chng (Lundgren v Raintree, 1983). Xem hnh 5 trang 26 thy r s phi hp ca 3 thnh phn trn. Nng lm kt hp l mt h thng s dng t trong phi hp cy lu nm vi hoa mu v/hay vt nui mt cch thch hp vi iu kin sinh thi v x hi, theo hnh thc phi hp khng gian v thi gian, gia tng sc sn xut tng th ca thc vt trng v vt nui mt cch vng bn trn mt n v din tch t, c bit trong cc tnh hung c k thut thp v trn cc vng t kh khn (Nair, 1987). Cc khi nim trn n gin m t nng lm kt hp nh l mt lot cc hng dn cho mt s s dng t lin tc. Tuy nhin, nng lm kt hp nh l mt k thut v khoa hc c pht trin thnh mt iu g khc hn l cc hng dn. Ngy nay n c xem nh l mt ngnh ngh v mt cch tip cn v s dng t trong phi hp s a dng ca qun l ti nguyn t nhin mt cch bn vng. Trong n lc nh ngha nng lm kt hp theo ngha tng th v mang m tnh sinh thi mi trng hn, Leaky (1996) m t n nh l cc h thng qun l ti nguyn t c s trn c tnh sinh thi v nng ng nh vo s phi hp cy trng lu nm vo nng

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tri hay ng c lm a dng v bn vng s sn xut gip gia tng cc li ch v x hi, kinh t v mi trng ca cc nng tri nh. Vo nm 1997, Trung Tm Quc T Nghin Cu v Nng Lm kt hp (gi tt l ICRAF) xem xt li khi nim nng lm kt hp v pht trin n rng hn nh l mt h thng s dng t gii hn trong cc nng tri. Ngy nay n c nh ngha nh l mt h thng qun l ti nguyn t c s trn c tnh sinh thi v nng ng nh vo s phi hp cy trng lu nm vo nng tri hay ng c lm a dng v bn vng s sn xut cho gia tng cc li ch v x hi, kinh t v mi trng ca cc mc nng tri khc nhau t kinh t h nh n "kinh t trang tri". Mt cch n gin ICRAF xem nng lm kt hp l trng cy trn nng tri v nh ngha n nh l mt h thng qun l ti nguyn t nhin nng ng v ly yu t sinh thi lm chnh, qua cy c phi hp trng trn nng tri v vo h sinh thi nng nghip lm a dng v bn vng sc sn xut gia tng cc li ch kinh t, x hi v sinh thi cho ngi canh tc cc mc khc nhau.

1.2 Cc c im ca Nng Lm Kt Hp
Vi nh ngha trn ca ICRAF, mt h canh tc s dng t c gi l nng lm kt hp c cc c im sau y: K thut nng lm thng bao gm hai hoc nhiu hn hai loi thc vt (hay thc vt v ng vt) trong t nht phi c mt loi cy trng lu nm. C t nht hai hay nhiu hn sn phm t h thng. Chu k sn xut thng di hn l mt nm . a dng hn v sinh thi (cu trc v nhim v) v v kinh t so vi canh tc c canh. Cn phi c mt mi quan h h tng c ngha gia thnh phn cy lu nm v thnh phn khc.

Trong cc h thng Nng lm kt hp s hin din ca cc mi quan h h tng bao gm v sinh thi v kinh t gia cc thnh phn ca h thng l c im c bn. Theo Nair (1987), cc c im mu cht ca h thng nng lm kt hp c a s cc nh khoa hc chp nhn nh sau: N l tn chung ch cc h thng s dng t bao gm vic trng cc cy lu nm kt hp vi hoa mu v/hay gia sc trn cng mt n v din tch. Phi hp gia s sn xut cc loi sn phm vi vic bo tn cc ngun ti nguyn c bn ca h thng. Ch trng s dng cc loi cy a phng, a dng. H thng c bit thch hp cho iu kin hon cnh d b thoi ha v u t thp. N quan tm nhiu hn v cc gi tr dn sinh x hi so vi cc h thng s dng t khc. Cu trc v chc nng ca h thng th phong ph a dng hn so vi canh tc c canh.

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Tm li, nng lm kt hp vi s phi hp c suy tnh gia cc thnh phn khc nhau ca n mang n cho cc h thng sn sut nng nghip cc im chnh sau: To nn mt h thng qun l t ai bn vng; Gia tng nng sut v dch v trn mt n v din tch sn xut; Sp xp hoa mu canh tc ph hp gia nhiu thnh phn cy lu nm, hoa mu v/hay vt nui theo khng gian v thi gian trn cng mt din tch t; ng gp vo pht trin cho cc cng ng dn c v cc mt dn sinh, kinh t v hon cnh sinh thi m vn tng thch vi cc c im vn ha, x hi ca h; v K thut ca n mang m nt bo tn sinh thi mi trng.

1.3 c im ca h thng Nng lm kt hp ph hp

Mt h thng Nng lm kt hp ph hp khi hi cc iu kin sau y: 1. C sc sn xut cao Sn xut cc li ch trc tip nh lng thc, thc n gia sc, cht t, si, g c ct v xy dng, cc sn phm khc nh chai, m, nha, du thc vt, thuc tr bnh thc vt, vv.. Sn xut cc li ch gin tip hay "dch v" nh bo tn t v nc (xi mn t, vt liu t t, vv..), ci to ph ca t (phn hu c, phn xanh, bm dng cht t tng t su, phn hy v chuyn ha dng cht), ci thin iu kin tiu kh hu (bng phng h, che bng), lm hng cy xanh, vv. Gia tng thu nhp ca nng dn.

2. Mang tnh bn vng

p dng cc chin thut bo tn t v nc bo m sc sn xut lu di. i hi c vi hnh thc h tr trong k thut chuyn giao bo m s tip nhn cc k thut bo tn c bit i vi cc nng dn ang mc canh tc t cung t cp (Th d cc ng c v quyn s dng, canh tc trn t, cc h tr v k thut v tn dng, vv.).

3. Mc chp nhn ca nng dn

K thut phi ph hp vi vn ha/chp nhn c (tng thch vi phong tc, tp qun, tn ngng ca nng dn) bo m s chp nhn cao, nng dn phi c tham gia trc tip vo lp k hoch, thit k v thc hin cc h thng Nng lm kt hp.

2 Vai tr ca nng lm kt hp
C hi ng gp quan trng ca nng lm kt hp c t trn hai c s sau:

2.1 Hon cnh t nhin: nng lm kt hp da vo cc li ch ca rng v cy lu

nm i vi t v mi trng nh: Bo tn v ci thin t ai

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Bo tn nc Ci thin iu kin tiu kh hu Cc li ch khc.

2.2 Dn sinh kinh t: Nng lm kt hp ly tin h tr cc iu kin dn sinh

kinh t ca nng dn ngho v khng c t canh tc vng cao. H l nhm i tng thiu ti nguyn v h tr, tht nghip v thng b y canh tc cc vng t ai cn ci. Do vy, Nng lm kt hp tp trung gii quyt: Cng n vic lm Ngun nguyn liu cho tiu th cng nghip Ngun lng thc, nng lng (g ci), thc n cho gia sc, vv., v Ngun vt liu xy nh, nng tri, vv.

3. Quan h gia nng lm kt hp v lm nghip x hi

Nng lm kt hp l mt ngnh k thut m mc tiu chnh ca n l pht trin nhng h thng sn xut vng bn. N tr li khng ch cho nhng vn nh loi hoa mu hay gia sc no c phi hp? xen nh th no trong nui trng? lm sao ti nguyn t v rng c bo tn? v vv.. m cn tm ra bin php gii quyt cc kh khn, phc v cc nhu cu ca nng dn v cc cng ng vng cao nhm cn i pht trin v bo tn ti nguyn thin nhin. Lm nghip x hi l mt cch tip cn mi t trng tm tng cng nng lc cho con ngi qun l ti nguyn thin nhin mt cch bn vng. Mt h thng k thut nng lm kt hp c th c s dng khng nhng cho dn vng cao m cn vng ng bng, cho cc nng dn c th ln c mt cng ng dn c. Tuy nhin, cho n hin nay, nng lm kt hp l mt trong nhiu ngnh k thut chnh ang c s dng trong cc chng trnh lm nghip x hi v i tng khch hng chnh ca c hai l c dn ngho, thiu ti nguyn vng cao. V vy, c th ni rng hin nay nng lm kt hp l mt tr th k thut thch hp nht cho chin lc pht trin lm nghip x hi vng cao.

Hnh 5. Gin 3 vng trn cy lu nm, hoa mu, v vt nui trong mt h thng Nng lm kt hp

26

Bi 4. Phn loi cc h thng nng lm kt hp

Mc tiu: Sinh vin c kh nng gii thch c s phn loi v phn loi bt k mt h thng nng lm kt hp no ti a phng.

1 Quan im v nguyn tc phn loi cc h thng Nng lm kt hp

Nng lm kt hp nh c khi nim trn l mt lnh vc khoa hc mi t c s trn cc hiu bit v pht trin ring bit ti mi vng, v da vo cc nghin cu nhm b sung thm thnh cc h thng mi. V th, nhiu tc gi c gng phn loi cc m hnh nng lm khc nhau vo mt bng sp xp thng nht. Nair, 1989 tng kt cc c im ca phng thc nng lm v nu ra mt s nguyn tc t c s cho phn loi nh sau: C s cu trc: da trn cu trc ca cc thnh phn, bao gm s phi hp khng gian ca cc thnh phn cy g, s phn chia theo tng thng ng ca cc thnh phn hn giao vi nhau v s phi hp theo thi gian khc nhau. C s chc nng: da trn chc nng ch yu hay vai tr ca cc thnh phn trong h thng, ch yu l thnh phn thn g (th d nhim v sn xut nh l sn xut thc phm, thc n gia sc, ci cht t hay nhim v phng h chng hn nh ai cn gi, rng phng h chng ct bay, bo v t chng xi mn ,bo v vng u ngun nc, bo dng t ai). C s sinh thi: da vo iu kin sinh thi v s tng thch sinh thi ca cc h thng do nhn nh rng mt vi loi h thng thch hp hn cho mt s vng sinh thi nh vng kh hn, bn kh hn, nhit i m, vv. C s kinh t x hi: da trn cc mc u t vo qun l nng tri (thp hay cao) hay cng hay tm mc ca s qun tr v mc ch thng mi (t cung t cp, sn xut hng ha hay c hai).

Cc nguyn tc phn loi trn r rng c quan h ln nhau, chng hn nh cc nguyn tc da vo cu trc tng v da vo chc nng thng c t lm c s phn chia h thng, cn cc nguyn tc khc nh l dn sinh kinh t, vng sinh thi c s dng lm nn tng chia cc nhm theo mc ch.

1.1 Phn loi theo cu trc ca h thng

1.1.1 Da trn tnh cht ca cc thnh phn
Trong h thng nng lm in hnh c ba thnh phn chnh l: cy lu nm, cy nng nghip ngn ngy v vt nui dn n s phn chia sau y: - Phng thc kt hp cy lu nm v hoa mu - Phng thc kt hp cy lu nm, ng c v gia sc - Phng thc kt hp hoa mu, ng c gia sc v cy lu nm

27

1.1.2

Da trn s sp xp ca cc thnh phn + H thng hn giao dy (th d nh h thng vn nh) +H thng hn giao tha ( nh h thng cy trn ng c) + H thng xen theo vng hay bng ( canh tc xen theo bng)

- Theo khng gian

- Theo thi gian + Song hnh c i sng + Song hnh giai on u + Trng nhau mt giai on + Tch bit nhau + Trng nhau nhiu giai on Xem hnh 6 trang 30 m t phn loi theo cu to cc thnh phn.

1.2 Phn loi theo chc nng ca h thng

Cc h thng nng lm kt hp c th c cc chc nng nh: 1. Sn xut (sn xut mt hay nhiu sn phm t cung t cp hay sn xut hng ho) 2. Phng h ( che chn v bo v cc h thng sn xut khc) 3. Kt hp gia sn xut v phng h.

1.3 Phn loi theo vng sinh thi

Cc h thng nng lm kt hp c th c phn chia ty theo tng vng sinh thi khc nhau. Nhiu h thng c th c cu to v sp xp cc thnh phn ging nhau nhng c phn loi khc do chng c b tr cc hon cnh sinh thi khc nhau nh vng i ni, vng cao, vng thp; vng kh, vng ngp nc; kh hu v t ai khc nhau. Th d: h thng VAC c pht trin khp Vit Nam nhng chng ta c th phn bit VAC vng ni hay ng bng, min Bc, Ty Nguyn hay ng bng sng Cu Long vv. 1.4. Phn nhm theo iu kin dn sinh kinh t x hi H thng nng lm kt hp cn c phn chia theo tnh trng v mc tiu ca sn xut nh: sn xut hng ha: khi m h thng cho u ra l cc sn phm khc nhau bn ra th trng ly li t cung t cp: khi h thng s dng t sn xut cung cp cc sn phm dng trong gia nh nh tha mn cc nhu cu v lng thc thc phm cho nng h. trung gian c hai th: h thng sn xut tha mn c nhu cu ti ch ca nng h v sn xut hng ha cho th trng. Hn na cc yu t dn sinh x hi v vn ho cng n nh nhng nt ring l cho tng h thng k thut nng lm kt hp. Ti mt a im ng nht v cc yu t

28

t nhin, sinh thi, mt k thut nh VAC c th c phn bit khc nhau do c p dng bi tnh trng kinh t (giu, trung bnh hay ngho) ca nng h hoc do cc nhm dn khc nhau (dn tc t ngi a phng, ngi kinh ng bng, ngi di c cc vng khc vv.)

1.4 Phn tch h sinh thi nng nghip ca cc h thng nng lm kt hp nhit i
Cc loi h thng nng lm kt hp c xc nh mt vng ring bit no do cc mc ca yu t sinh thi nng nghip ti ch. Tuy nhin, nhiu yu t dn sinh kinh t, chng hn nh p lc dn s, tnh trng lc lng lao ng sn c v yu t th trng cng c tc ng to nn cc bin tng ca cc h thng phn lai nng lm kt hp nh nh hng ca yu t kh hu v sinh thi t nhin. i khi cc yu t dn sinh kinh t li c nh hng nhiu hn l cc yu t sinh thi mi trng. Ngay c trong trng hp nhiu h thng in hnh cc vng sinh thi a l c bit nh h thng canh tc nng ry v h thng taungya, vn c rt nhiu hnh thi khc nhau n nh bi mt vi yu t dn sinh kinh t no . Mt cch tng qut cc yu t sinh thi v hon cnh s xc nh phn lai chnh cc h thng nng lm kt hp khc nhau cho mt vng a l, nhng s a dng ca h thng v mc qun l khc nhau li ty thuc nhiu ca p lc dn s v sc sn xut ca t ai ti ch. Cc h thng vn h a chng loi nhiu tng tn l v d cho nhn nh k trn. Mc d cc h thng ny ch thng thy vng ng bng m, chng cng thy ri rc cc hon cnh ng dn c cc vng sinh thi khc. Trong phn tch cu to v chc nng ca cc h thng ny, Fernades v Nair (1986) pht hin rng mc d din tch trung bnh ca cc vn h ny thng nh hn 0,5 ha m chng vn bao gm mt s lng ln cy thn g v thn tho trong cu trc ca vn c thit k kho lo to thnh 3 n 5 tng tn khc nhau, chim cc v tr v gi cc chc nng khc nhau trong h thng. Cc yu t dn sinh kinh t c chi phi r rt n cc chc nng chnh ca k thut nng lm kt hp. Th d nh nhim v chnh ca k thut nng lm kt hp vng t dc l kim sot xi mn v bo tn t ai; ni c tc hi ca gi, chc nng ny phi c th hin bi ai chn gi v ai phng h; v ni c nhu cu g cht t, chc nng ca h thng c th l sn xut cy lm cht t. Cn c mt s h thng nng lm kt hp khc c mc ch ci to t thoi ha, b ha (th d, t b bo mn cn ci i hay c chn th gia sc qu mc, hay t b nhim mn hay qu kim). Do vy, s u th ca vn h v cc h thng a tng vng ng bng ph nhiu hay ni c tim nng nng nghip cao l mt bin th mt u ca h thng trong khi mt u khc ca h thng l k thut ng c phi hp vi gia sc, v v s cc bin th khc gia 2 cc oan ny chng t rng cc bin ng v hon cnh sinh thi ca mt khu vc l yu t chnh xc nh s phn b v mc tip nhn ca cc h thng nng lm kt hp c bit. S phn b v mt sinh thi v a l ca cc h thng nng lm kt hp chnh trn th gii c Nair (1989) tng kt mt cch c h thng. Tuy nhin, cn cn thn khi th hin v suy lun cc bng biu nng lm kt hp ny v n ch khi qut gii thiu cc lai h thng nng lm kt hp vng nhit i ti mt s khu vc chnh nhm phn chia c h thng trn phm vi ton th gii, mc d kh quan trng n cng khng ch r ton cnh kinh t ca h s dng t . Ngc li, mt vi k thut, nh : cy a dng trn nng tri, c pht trin khp mi iu kin a l v hon cnh,

29

nhng rt t h thng ny, th d nh k thut trng Acacia albida v Prosopis sp. cc vng kh hn, c xp lai nh l cc h thng nng lm kt hp ring bit hay trnh by trong cc gin nng lm trn th gii. Mt li im ni bt ca s phn tch cc yu t sinh thi a l, hon cnh l chng ta c th phn nhm d dng cc h thng khc nhau thnh cc nhm chnh theo iu kin sinh thi a l m khng xt n cc nh hng ca dn sinh kinh t x hi.

Hnh 6. S phn loi theo cu to cc thnh phn

30

Bng 1. Cc bin php phn lai cc h thng v k thut Nng lm kt hp phm vi th gii (Nair, 1989) Phn cp cc h thng (t c s trn cu to v chc nng ca chng) Cu to(tnh cht sp xp ca cc thnh phn, c bit i vi thnh phn cy thn g) Tnh cht ca cc thnh phn Sp xp ca cc thnh phn Chc nng sn xut Lng thc Thc n gia sc G cht t Cc lai g khc Cc lai sn phm khc Chc nng phng h ai cn gi ai phng h Bo v t Bo v m Ci to t Che bng (cho hoa mu, gia sc, v con ngi) H thng ca/ v Vng ng bng nhit i m Vng cao nguyn nhit i m (cao hn 1.200 m so vi mc nc bin th d ni Andes, Nepal, Malaysia) Vng ng bng nhit i bn m (th d nh trng c Phi chu, Cerrado ca Nam M) Vng cao nguyn nhit i bn m (Cao nguyn nhit i Kenya, Ethiopia) Cn c vo mc ca u t k thut u t t (qung canh) u t trung bnh u t nhiu Cn c vo t l chi ph/li nhun Sn xut hng ha Sn xut t tc Sn xut cho c hai Chc nng (nhim v v/hay cc xut phm ca cc thnh phn) Chia nhm cc h thng (cn c vo phm vi v cch qun tr ca chng) S thch ng vi iu kin sinh thi nng nghip Mc qun l v dn sinh kinh t

H nng lm (phi Theo khng gian hp hoa mu v cy Hn giao dy (t.d. vn hay bi a nin h) Hn giao tha (t.d. cc H lm v ng c h thng cy trng (phi hp ng c trong ng c chn th) chn nui vi rng Bng (chiu rng ca bng cy lu nm) bao gm nhiu hn mt H nng, lm v cy) ng c (Phi hp hoa mu, cy lu nm Trng cy lm ranh gii v ng c chn nui) (cy trng lm ranh gii t tri hay nh) Cc h thng khc Theo thi gian (nui ong vi cy v hoa mu, kt hp thy Trng nhau Xp ln nhau sn v rng trng Chng ln ngp mn, phn) Cch an phn bit Xen vo

31

Bi 5: VAI TR ca thnh phn cy LU NM trong cc h thng nng lm KT HP

Mc tiu Gip sinh vin c kh nng pht biu v gii thch c vai tr quan trng ca cy lu nm trong h thng sn xut t c s pht trin bn vng v bo v c mi trng sinh thi. Li ch tng i r rt ca cc h thng nng lm kt hp so vi cc h thng sn xut thun trng trt khc l s hin din ca cy lu nm. Chnh nhng cy lu nm trng trong h thng lm cho cc h thng s dng t ny tr nn i mi, sng to v a dng. T lu, nng dn vng i ni nhn r tm quan trng ca cy lu nm trong h canh tc ca h qua cc dn chng tip theo trong bi ny. Tuy vy, ch khi nng lm kt hp c pht trin nh l mt lnh vc mi th cc nh pht trin nng thn vng i ni mi tm hiu thm vai tr gi tr ny ca cy lu nm. Mt cch tng qut, cy lu nm c hai chc nng chnh yu trong cc h thng nng lm kt hp, l: phng h v sn xut.

1 Chc nng phng h ca cy lu nm

Nhiu kt qu th nghim chng minh rng rng m nhit i l thm thc vt thch hp nht cho t vng nhit i c bit l vng t dc. Mc d, cc h thng nng lm kt hp khng th sao chp nguyn bn rng t nhin v mt bo v iu kin sinh thi, vic trng cy lu nm vo cc h thng nng lm kt hp s thc y mnh tnh cht phng h ca cc nng tri vng i ni.

1.1 Cy gip phc hi v lu gi ph ca t

Phn hp dn ca k thut nng lm kt hp c tm thy trong kh nng ca cy trng lu nm i vi lu gi v phc hi ph ca t ai qua nh hng n l, ha tnh v chu trnh cht dinh dng ca t.

1.1.1 nh hng n l tnh ca t

t di cy lu nm c khuynh hng pht trin cu tng n nh v gi nc tt do cht hu c t vt rng v r r mc ca cy (Young, 1987). Nair (1987) trong bi tng hp cc h thng s dng t nhau cp rng vic a cy lu nm vo trng vo nng tri cho kt qu l l tnh t c ci to tt hn v thm nc, kh nng gi nc, cu tng, v ch nhit. Tuy nhin, lu rng t c cc ci thin trn, t cn thi gian tc ng lu di ca cy lu nm.

Cc kt qu nghin cu chng t rng kh nng gi nc ca t gia tng vi t c trng cy Albizzia albida so vi khng trng (Felker, 1976). Cc th nghim khc chng t rng cy A. albida Sahel v Prosopis cineraria Rajasthan, n lm gia tng hm lng st ca t di tn cc cy ny (Jung, 1966; Mann v Saxena, 1980 c trch dn bi Sanchez, 1987). c thm chng c r rng v nh hng ca cy trong cc h thng nng lm kt hp cn thm nhiu th nghim khc lm sng t c bit i vi s ci thin l tnh t ca cy. Tuy nhin, cn c vo cc chng c gin tip c trnh by trn, cng nh cc bng c

32

hin nhin ca s gia tng cht hu c trong t, nhiu tc gi a ra cc gi thuyt cho rng trong cc h thng nng lm kt hp cy lu nm ci thin c sc sn xut ca t.

1.1.2 nh hng n ha tnh ca t

-Gi gn c cht hu c trong t Cy lu nm thng c nh gi l lm gia tng hay t nht l gi gn c hm lng cht hu c trong t (Young, 1986 c ch dn bi Sanchez, 1987). Mt s gia tng hm lng cht hu c trong t s l nn tng cho s ci to ph t trong k thut nng lm kt hp (Avery, 1988). Hin tng ny c gii thch ch yu do lng vt rng trn khng v s r mc ca h r cy di t (Young, 1987). Mt th nghim ca Kellman (1979) v nh hng ca cc loi cy lu nm vng trng kh Savanna Belize trn t litisols b phong ha mnh v ngho cht dinh dng chng t nh hng ny ca cy i vi ha tnh ca t. Bng di y chng t rng t di cy trng Byrsohima sp. c hm lng cht hu c cao hn so vi ngoi trng trng. Mt th nghim tng t khc c tin hnh India pht hin rng hm lng carbon hu c t di tn cy Prosopis sp. cao hn so vi vng k cn khng c cy (Singh v Lal, 1969). -Tng thm cc cht dinh dng vo t: iu ny gii thch ti sao cn lu vai tr ca cc cy h u c nh m. Mt cch tng qut, cy lu nm hon tr cc cht dinh dng vo t thng qua vt rng ca chng (Nair, 1984). Trong mt th nghim so snh t di rng cy Byrsohima sp. v t trng bi, kt qu phn tch cho thy do s ng gp ca vt rng m t di rng cy trn c hm lng cc cht Ca, K, Mg, Na, v phn trm lng baz gia tng cao hn so vi t trng c bi. Kellman (1978) cng chng t rng cc dinh dng Ca, Mg, K, Na, PO4 v N gia tng khi kho st t vng di tn rng t cc vng trng tri xung quanh. Tng t nh vy Singh v Lal, 1969 cng c kt qu v tng s N, P, v K cao hn di tn cy so vi cc vng trng tri xung quanh. Juo v Lal (1977) c trch bi Sanchez (1987) so snh cc nh hng ca h thng hu canh dng cy keo du so vi cy bi hoang d trn t Alfisol Ty Nigeria v mt s ch tiu ha tnh ca t. Sau 3 nm, trong cy keo du c ct xn hng nm lm cht t v bi dng cho t, t hu canh vi cy keo du cho kh nng hon chuyn cng nh mc trao i ca cc cation Ca++ v K+ cao khi so snh vi t hu canh bng cy c bi hoang di. Nhiu kh nng khc ca cy lu nm b sung cht dinh dng cho t c nghin cu v tng hp thnh ti liu bao gm s c nh m ca cc cy h u v cng sinh ca nm mycorrhizae vi r cy (Young, 1987). Th d, mt rng thun loi cy Leucaena leucocephala Philippin c ct ta lin tc sau thi gian t 8 n 12 tun c th cho 10 n 24 tn / ha phn xanh tng ng vi 70 n 500 kg N/ha (Vergara, 1982). Cc loi cy h u thng c cc nh khoa hc nng lm lu tm nh l mt loi cy ph hp trng trong h thng. iu ny do vai tr c nh m ca cy (Nair, 1984). Felker (1978) cng xc nh rng cy Acacia albida trng vi m (vng) v u phng (lc) ti Ty Phi c nh 21 kg N/ha/nm, trong khi cy Prosopis tamarugo Chi L trn t ph sa mn c nh n 198 kg N/ha/nm (Pak v cng s 1977). Trong th nghim ca Kellman c dn chng trn, tc gi quan st thy rng mc cht dinh dng t quanh gc cy (Byrsohima sp.) c th t c bng v ngay c cao hn mc ca cc vng rng trng kh k cn. Do cc cy mc trng thng khng c h r su, nn nhiu gi thuyt gii thch rng hp thu cht dinh dng ha tan trong lng nc ma l ngun chnh

33

cung cp cht dinh dng cho cy sinh trng. Lin h vi iu ny, Brunig v Sander (1984) cng cho rng nhng lp a t ngho cht dinh dng cc nhp lng cht dinh dng t nc ma tr nn rt ngha cho cy. -Lm cho chu trnh cht dinh dng tr nn hu hiu hn qua cc hin tng cng sinh ca vi khun Rhizobium vi r cy h u, bm cht dinh dng tng su ln t mt, v sn xut phn xanh. Mt gi thuyt khc v li ch ca k thut nng lm i vi s ci to t l chu trnh chuyn ha hu hiu ca cc cht dinh dng trong h thng. Cc c ch quan trng cn ch l s s dng cc cy c nh m h u, hin tng "bm" cht dinh dng tng t su ln lp t mt ca cy lu nm v vic dng phn xanh trong canh tc. Vai tr ca cc cy h u c nh m c nghin cu t luv s s dng cc cy h u lm gia tng ph nhiu ca t c chng t bi nhiu th nghim ca Young, 1987; Vergara, 1982. Nhiu tc gi cng nhn mnh n tim nng ca cc loi cy ny trong cc h thng nng lm kt hp. m t do trong khng kh c c nh thnh m hu dng nh cc loi cy h u v cc loi vi khun v nm c nh m. Cc cht m ny s cu to sinh khi ca thc vt v s tr li cho t qua vt rng v r b phn hy cung cp dinh dng li cho cc loi thc vt khc. C ch quan trng khc l hin tng bm cht dinh dng ln hay di chuyn cht dinh dng t tng t su ln lp t mt ( Avery, 1987; Young, 1987). Hin tng ny gii thch rng cy c h r su c th hp thu cht dinh dng b ra tri xung su v chuyn chng thnh hu hiu tng t mt thng qua vt rng cho cc loi hoa mu c r cn (nng). Tuy vy, cn lu rng cha c kt qu th nghim gii thch cn k hin tng ny mt cch khoa hc (1987). Mt s hoi nghi c Avery, 1987 tng kt nh sau: Khng phi tt c cc cy lu nm u c r su hn cc loi c hay cy tng thp, iu kin rng t nhin v rng trng c th khc so vi tng c th cy, Hin tng ny c th c ngha khi cy c trng sau mt thi gian di.

C ch sau cng v phn xanh c cp nhiu trong cc h thng trng xen hoa mu vi cy bi h u hay k thut SALT s c gii thiu chi tit trong cc chng sau.

1.2 Cy ngn chn xi mn t v ci thin bo tn nc

Bo tn t v nc l mi quan tm chnh cho vng cao Vit Nam v cc nc nhit i khc. Vai tr ca cy trong vic bo tn nc v kim sot xi mn l mt trong cc li ch ca cy lu nm khin phi phi hp trng cy vo nng tri (Nair, 1987). Nhiu th nghim so snh cc vng c tn cy che khc nhau trn cc din tch canh tc v ngi ta pht hin rng lng xi mn t v nc chy trn mt t s gim nhiu di tn rng. Nghin cu ca Kellman (1969) Mindanao chng t rng t di tn rng ch b mt i 0.25gam t/ngy so vi 3,2gam/ngy ca t c canh cy bp. Tng t nh vy, th nghim ni Makiling ti Los Banos chng t rng t rng th sinh c t l xi mn thp nht trong khi t lm ry c lng xi mn cao nht (Pacardo v Samson, 1986).

34

Bng 2. Mc xi mn ca cc phng thc s dng t khc nhau ( Theo Ohigbo v Lal, 1977) MC XI MN ( tn / ha) a im dc (%) Lng ma (mm) Thng Volta Senegal B bin Ng Abidijar 0,5 1,2 4,8 7,0 850 1200 1200 2100 0,1 0,2 0,1 0,1 0,6 - 0,8 7,30 1,76 90,00 10 - 20 21,3 18,3 108 - 170 Rng Hoa mu t trng

1.3

Cy ci to tiu kh hu v t ai ph hp cho trng xen canh

Cy ci to tiu kh hu v t ai ca mt a im nh vo nh hng che chn ca tn cy, gim lng bc thot hi nc, cung cp cht hu c cho t, ci thin thm nc ca t, vv. V vy cy thng c trng h tr to bng che thch hp cho hoa mu v cc cy trng khc.

1.4 Cy chn gi
Vn tc gi cao c th gy ra nhiu tc hi cho hoa mu. Bn cnh cc thit hi c gii, gi mnh s dn n bc hi nhiu to nn cc khng hong thiu nc cho cy hoa mu, nht l cc vng kh. Cy c th lm gim vn tc gi do to nn cc hng ro chn gi.

1.5

Cy lm hng ro sng
vng nng thn cy hng ro sng quanh nng tri, vn nh .

35

Hnh 7. Hnh m t chu trnh hon tr cht dinh dng v kh nng kim sot chng xi mn trong mt h thng trng xen theo bng. Kang v Wilson (1987)

Hnh 8. Lp thm vt rng di tn rng trng Keo tai tng

36

Hnh 9. Hnh gii thiu cc tin trnh m cy lu nm c th ci thin c iu kin t. Young (1989)

37

2 Chc nng sn xut ca cy lu nm

Mc d chc nng ch yu ca cy lu nm trong h thng nng lm l bo tn sinh thi mi trng, cy lu nm cng cung cp nhiu sn phm kinh t c gi tr nh: - G, g x, g lm bt giy v ci, - Qu n c, - L cy lm thc n cho gia sc, - Nha v m dng trong cng nghip, - Thuc cha bnh sinh hc, - Thuc cha bnh cho ngi v gia sc, - Thc phm cho ngi v gia sc, - cc sn phm khc nh cht nhum, trang tr, V.v...

Cc sn phm ca cy c gi tr c bit quan trng i vi nng dn sng vng cao sn xut t cung t cp.

Hnh 10. M hnh SALT canh tc sn xut hoa mu lng thc v thu nhp trn t dc

38

Bi 6. Rng trong cc h thng nng lm kt hp

Mc tiu Sau khi hc xong phn ny, sinh vin c kh nng: Gii thch c vai tr sn xut v sinh thi ca rng trong cc h thng nng lm kt hp. Phn bit cc chc nng kinh t x hi ca rng c lin quan n i sng kinh t v tn ngng ca cc cng ng a phng

Rng c xem nh l mt h sinh thi chim u th bi cc loi cy rng. N c ngha ch c cc loi hnh rng t nhin ln rng trng. Phn bit gia rng t nhin v rng trng c th khng c trnh by y y, tuy vy mt h sinh thi rng t nhin c mt nhim v ng nht v ring bit hn i vi h thng nng lm kt hp c cc cy ring bit c trng. Nh cc khi nim v nng lm kt hp nu, thnh phn rng khng nht thit hin din trong tt c cc h thng nng lm kt hp v thnh phn cy lu nm hin din cng mang cc vai tr tng t nh ca rng. Chng c th l rng da hay cc bng cy bi lu nm dc theo cc ng ng mc ch khng nht thit lc no cng phi l rng t nhin.

1 Vai tr bo v sinh thi ca rng

1.1 S m phng cu trc v vai tr ca rng t nhin
Mt nghin cu v h thng nng lm kt hp Philippin bi Olofson (1993) nu ra mt cu to m ng ta gi l cu to m phng thay th rng t nhin (AFS: Alternative Forest-like Structure). y l cu to ca nhng h thng nng lm m phng cu to ca rng t nhin. ng ta nu cc tnh cht ca cc h thng trn nh sau: ch tiu a dng sinh hc cao; nhiu tng tn; chu trnh cht dinh dng kn v nhanh; din th t nhin theo tng m c s cng hng gia cc h thng "nng lm ging rng t nhin" vi cc h sinh thi rng t nhin xung quanh.

39

Hnh 11. c im a dng v phng h ca rng t nhin ti ng Nam B Vit Nam

H thng l rng nh ca dn Ifugao Philippin (woodlot) l mt th d in hnh ca c tnh ny ni m cy g, tre, my v cy thuc v.v. c trng chung vi nhau. S a dng ca n c lc phong ph hn c rng t nhin. K thut c gng m phng theo cc c tnh ca rng t nhin c c im ni bt v mt sinh thi mi trng. Thc t, c nhiu trng hp h thng bn vng do c c h tr phi hp ln nhau, thch ng, v a dng nht l khi xen ni tip vi h sinh thi rng t nhin ti ch vi cc h canh tc nng lm (Oldeman,1983). Hn na, c ngh rng h sinh thi t nhin c th c vn dng lm c s chn lc xy dng cc k thut nng lm kt hp t cc kt qu nghin cu v kiu rng trong cc tp on thc vt sng lin kt h tr vi nhau, hoc ly h sinh thi t nhin lm kiu mu cho h thng canh tc hoa mu trong nng nghip (Hart, 1980). Lasco,1987 cng nghin cu v nhn nh rng ma nhit i c xem nh l c s ca vic xy dng h thng nng lm kt hp bn vng, c bit l cc h thng nhiu tng. Hart, 1980 cng a ra mt th d v k thut canh tc lin tip hoa mu da vo nguyn tc thay th t nhin lin tip ca rng. T tc gi ny xut hai giai on tin hnh. Giai on th nht gm trng cc loi u, bp, khoai m, v cy m trn t mi khai ph. Giai on hai sau bng trng da, cacao, v cao su xen vi cy m . Kiu b tr ny c c trn c s ca cc nghin cu kt lun rng trong qu trnh thay th t nhin ca rng, khng bao gi cc loi cy con dng bnh n (climax) xut hin giai on tin phong ca rng (Janzen,1975 c lit k bi Hart, 1980). Nhn nh ny tuy cn ang giai on phi thai nhng n chng t mt mt hng pht trin k thut nng lm kt hp l vn dng cc hiu bit v rng t nhin lm c s cho thit k c cc h thng nng nghip ln nng lm kt hp. Yu cu trc mt hin nay l cn nghin cu nhiu th nghim xem nguyn tc ny c tnh kh thi khng.

40

1.2 S ti to ph t:
1.2.1 H thng hu canh (b ha)
Nh c cp phn trc, canh tc ry c xem nh l mt hnh thc lu i ca cc h thng nng lm kt hp (Vergara, 1986) v do vy c xem nh l kh bn vng trong s dng t (Allen, 1985). Trong h thng ny, t c b ha phc hi li rng sau mt vi nm canh tc hoa mu nhm ti to li ph ca t. Vo giai on cui ca hu canh, rng li c pht v t gia tng lng phn tro trong t v gim cng lm c (Warner, 1981). Cho nn c th nh gi l tt c cc h thng hu canh, nhim v ch yu ca rng t nhin l ti to li ph v sc sn xut ca t. Thm vo , rng cn l ngun cung cp thc phm, g, ci, thuc cha bnh, vv

1.2.2 S dng vt ri rng ca rng bn t nng tri

Nht, Vit Nam v mt s nc khc nng dn c tp qun gi rng k cn rung la ca h thu lm vt rng t rng v bn chng vo t rung hng nm. Tuy nhin, cn lu s dng vt ri rng rng l nguyn nhn lm kit qu t rng do ph v chu trnh bin dng cht trong t (Olofson, 1983). Ty Guatemala v Mexico, mt k thut tng t c p dng chuyn ha rng thnh rung. Vt ri rng thu lm s c ri ln v vi vo t ci thin cu tng v kh nng gi nc ca t, n cn c s dng nh l vt liu che t cho t (Olofson, 1983). Ti ng Bc Thi Lan v vng Ty Nguyn Vit Nam, mt h thng truyn thng l cy rng trong rung la c ngi dn a phng p dng trong cc rng kh tha, hay trng c bi c cy sao du nhm li dng c ngun phn t vt rng ca cy rng.

1.3 Kim sot chng xi mn t v nc chy b mt

Trong h thng canh tc la theo bc thang, ngi Ifugaos, Dao v Hmong lu bo v n thnh phn rng bao gm rng trng v cc rng t nhin cc v tr xung yu gim lng nc chy b mt, xi mn t v iu tit nc cn cho sinh hot v canh tc (Olofson, 1980). Kh nng ca rng bo v t v nc c nghin cu nhiu nh cp bi trc.

1.4 Rng phng h v to bng cho cy trng

Mt vi loi hoa mu i hi bng che trn hay t nht chng c th chu ng pht trin di bng che. Rng t nhin c dng trong cc h thng nng lm kt hp v gi tr che bng ca n. Cy c ph thng dng c trng di tn rng thng (Pinus kesiya) (Penafiel v Botengan, 1985) hay di tn rng th sinh (Ronquillo v nhiu ngi khc, 1987), (Lasco, 1987c), cy qu cng c trng di bng ca cy khc hay rng th sinh th d Tr Mi Qung Nam, Vn Chn Yn Bi. H thng Ifugao cng c trng xen bng nhiu loi cy hoa mu v thc vt c li di tn rng.

41

2 Vai tr kinh t, vn ha v x hi ca rng

2.1 Kinh t
Rng l ni cung cp cc ngun li kinh t cho ngi dn v x hi nh g cc loi, cc nguyn liu giy si v nguyn liu cho cng nghip. Hn na, rng cn cung cp cc loi sn phm ngoi g nh thc phm cho cc b lc ngi dn tc khin rng tr thnh mt thnh phn ct li ca h thng nng lm i vi h. Th d, ngi Tagbanua o Palawan, Philippin thu nht thc phm trong rng khi h khan him go hay cy c c (Warner, 1981). Tng t nh vy mt s ln cc bn lng dn tc t ngi Vit Nam c ngun thc phm thu hi t rng nh thu hi qu ht cy rng trong rng t nhin t bit trong nhng thi k gip ht, i km. Nm rng, cy c c, c, di, rn, trn, cc loi ng vt b st, mt ong, c, ci kh, g mc, thuc thc v ng vt cha bnh, ngo, my, tre, chai, du, vv l nhng sn phm t rng thng c dn c sinh sng trong v gn rng thu hoch m khng nh hng n s pht trin ca rng. vng rng trm ng Thp Mi, cy trm trong ma ra hoa c bo v cho pht trin nui ong ly mt, mt ngun thu nhp quan trng cho nng dn y.

2.2 Vn ha v x hi
Nhiu ni vng ni, rng c xem l ni thing ling ni c cc v thn thin v c v h xem l ni bo v bn lng v nh ca ca h trnh s xm ln ca cc c thn. Tn ngng ca h chng t rng nu rng b cht h, n s mt gi tr thing ling cn cho tn ngng ca h. iu ny quan trng v n nh hng n s hi phc ca cc h thng hu canh do cc khu rng thing ling ny l ni cung cp ht ging pht tn n cc vng t trng lm ry (Olofson, 1983). Mt th d khc cc tnh ng Nam b, c bit ng Nai, B Ra, Vng Tu, o pht l mt ng lc quan trng ti lp rng t trng i trc mt cch thnh cng. Nh trnh by trn, rng t nhin ng vai tr nh hng n sn xut nng nghip v nng lm kt hp, tuy nhin chng ch mi c pht huy trong cc h thng truyn thng ca cc cng ng ngi dn tc, nhng cc k thut nng lm ci tin vn cn t ch tm hiu cn k n vai tr ca rng trong h thng. Chnh v vy, mt lng ln thng tin c gi tr pht trin k thut nng lm kt hp b b qun. iu ny t ra mt vn cp thit l cn phi tm hiu, thng tin v phn tch t m cc h thng truyn thng lm c s cho xy dng v pht trin cc h thng nng lm kt hp ci thin.

42

Hnh 12. Cy kh cho qu Cu hi tho lun

Hnh 13. Mt loi thc vt lm cy thuc mc t nhin ti rng Cn o

1. Ti sao k thut nng lm kt hp l cn thit cho pht trin nng thn min ni Vit Nam? 2. Cc c im nh gi mt h thng canh tc i ni l mt h thng nng lm kt hp? 3. Yu t dn sinh kinh t x hi ca mt a im chi phi n s xp loi mt h thng nng lm kt hp nh th no? 4. Vai tr ca vt rng t cy lu nm i vi vng quay dng cht kn trong mt h thng nng lm kt hp? 5. S c nh m v vai tr ca n trong cc h thng nng lm kt hp?

43

Chng III M t v phn tch cc h Thng nng lm kt hp

Mc ch Trang b cho sinh vin nhng kin thc cn thit v s a dng ca cc h thng nng lm kt hp hin nay Vit Nam v nhng nc khc, lm c s cho vic vn dng ci tin pht trin canh tc nng lm kt hp. Mc tiu: Sau khi hc xong chng hc ny, sinh vin c kh nng: M t c mt s h thng nng lm kt hp bn a/truyn thng v c a vo p dng Vit Nam Phn tch c nhng c li ch/ u im v hn ch ca tng h thng.

44

Bi 7. Cc h thng Nng lm kt hp truyn thng

Mc tiu: n cui bi hc, sinh vin c kh nng: M t c mt s h thng nng lm kt hp truyn thng (bn a). Phn tch cc u im v hn ch ca tng h thng

1 Khi nim
H thng nng lm kt hp (NLKH) truyn thng l nhng l h thng canh tc c pht trin v s dng qua nhiu th h, c chng thc qua thi gian. Chng thng ph bin cc cng ng ngi dn tc sng gn hay ngay ti rng. Mt cch n gin hn, h thng NLKH truyn thng l cc kiu canh tc nng lm kt hp c pht trin bi chnh ngi dn ti a phng. Mc d nng lm kt hp l mn hc cn mi m, nhng n thc s l mt kiu canh tc c nng dn p dng t lu. Nhiu k thut nng lm kt hp tn ti, th nghim v chp nhn bi bi nng dn a phng qua hng nghn nm. Th d chng ta c th xc nh loi cy trng, vt nui v s phi hp loi thch hp cho mt hon cnh no bi ngi dn s a phng. Cho nn, chng ta cn tng kt v phn tch cc h thng nng lm kt hp truyn thng. Cc yu t xem xt mt h thng l truyn thng/ bn a bao gm: H thng c tn ti t lu. H thng c sc sn xut cao. H thng c chp nhn bi c dn a phng v n ph hp vi tp qun, tn ngng v suy ngh ca h.

Ti cc nc chu cng nh Vit Nam, cc cng ng dn c, dn tc t ngi v ang sinh sng ti cc vng rng ni, vng su vng xa, nI giao thng lin lc kh khn, chnh h l nhng ngi tin phong trong vic hnh thnh cc k thut nng lm kt hp mang tnh truyn thng. Tng qut, c th chia lm hai loi h thng nng lm kt hp truyn thng thng thy cc nc ang pht trin chu .

2 Cc h thng nng lm kt hp truyn thng

2.1 H thng b ha/ nng ry ci tin
y l hnh thc lu i ca nng lm kt hp lu i, nhm khc phc kh khn ca canh tc nng ry ( Vergara, 1982 ), tht ra kiu canh tc ny khng c ngha b ha t m t cng c pht, t v "tra" ht trong vi nm sau ngng canh tc mt s nm to iu kin thun li rng phc hi ph t (cho t ngh). Tht ra h lun canh t mnh t ny sang mnh t khc theo thi gian c suy tnh trc. K thut no t ra bn vng qua nhiu nm. Mu cht cho s bn vng ca k thut canh tc ny l thi gian ngng canh

45

tc ph ca t c phc hi. Thi gian b ho di ngn ph thuc vo qu t. Nu thi gian b ho qu ngn h thng canh tc s b suy thoi dn.

t phc hi

Hnh14. B ho ci to phc hi t

Nhiu cng ng dn tc t ngi Vit Nam c kiu canh tc nng ry vi giai on b ha kh di so vi giai on canh tc. V d ngi Stieng, Chil, Khor, Mnng, Jarai, Ktu ... ty nguyn thng xem ry b ha ca h nh ni d tr rau, tri cy, lng thc, thuc tr bnh ... v h thng xuyn lui ti thu lm sn phm trn t b ha. Tuy nhin, trong bi cnh t canh tc ngy cng t khi dn s cng ng c, cc cng ng dn c thng ci tin kiu canh tc ca h i ph. H thng ci tin b ha ca ngi Naalad l mt v d. H thng c thc hin hn 80 nm nay ti mt s cng ng huyn Naga, o Cebu, Philippin. khc phc tnh trng thiu t, ph ca t suy gim nhanh, b ha ngn li, ko di thi gian canh tc, nng dn a phng trng thnh cng loi cy keo du (Leucaena glauca) trong giai on b ho. H thng chia t canh tc ra nhiu l trng lun canh cy hoa mu v cy keo du ci to t. Thi gian canh tc thay i t 2 - 4 nm l thuc vo s l lun canh, tng din tch ry, v sc sinh trng ca keo du. Ht keo du c gieo thng ngay khi t b ha, thi gian b ha ko di 8 - 10 nm hoc ngn hn. Vi cch lm ny ngi dn rt ngn c thi gian b ha ngoi ra cn khai thc c keo du lm ct nh, ci un, l v cnh nhnh nh lm phn xanh v xy dng cc ro chn c gii theo ng ng mc. Chc nng ch yu ca ro cn c gii l chng xi mn v c xc nh nh l mt ch tiu thi gian canh tc (chng no hng ro ny b mc nt th dng canh tc). Kt qu ca k thut ny c th hin trn sc sinh trng v nng sut cao hn ca cc loi hoa mu nng nghip trng xen.

46

Li ch: Trng cy thn g h u c nh m vo t b ha nh rt ngn ng k thi gian b ha. Xc tin vng tun hon dinh dng khong mt cch c hiu qu (khng t). Hnh thnh dn cc b t n nh mt dc. Hn ch: Cng vic rt nng nhc, do phi xy dng v duy tr cc hng ro chn c gii

t b ha c trng cy h u rt ngn thi gian phc hi t Cht cc cy trn t b ha xy dng babag dc theo ng ng mc

Cy hoa mu nng nghip dc trng vo cui thi k b ha

ph t b suy kit sau vi nm canh tc; do vy, - ---------------------------------yu cu b ha t

Hnh 15. S theo thi gian ca k thut b ho ci tin ca ngi dn tc Naalad, Philipin G thu hoch c t cy keo du c dng lm hng ro chn c gii nhiu hn lm cht t.

2.2 Cc h thng nhiu tng truyn thng

2.2.1 H thng nng lm kt hp rng v rung bc thang
H thng rng v la trng theo bc thang c p dng mt s ni ca vng Ty Bc Vit Nam v vng Banaue, Philipin. y l nhng ni ni ting v phong cnh ca hng lot cc bc thang la nc sn dc. Nng sut la y kh cao (8,2 tn/ha). H thng ny tn ti hng ngn nm nay. nhng ni t c tng m bn vng, t b st l ngi dn to rung bc thang canh tc n nh. K thut ny hn ch c xi mn v ch ng c nc. Qun l nc l mt yu t quan trng ca h thng canh tc ny, ngi dn a phng thng ch trng pht trin cc h thng dn nc t cao xung thp. Hn na, ngi dn cn bit cch dng nc nh l ngun dn nhp cc cht dinh dng cho h thng. Rng trong h thng ny ng vai tr quan trng trong vic d tr v iu ha ngun nc cung cp cho cc rung bc thang,

47

chng st l t, ngoi ra n cn cung cp ngun lm sn ngoi g nh ci, tre, my, thuc vv. V vy m cng ng a phng quan tm v qun l bo v cc mng rng u ngun ny.

Hnh16. H thng rng - rung bc thang Li ch: To ra mt h thng s dng t bn vng Tng bc bin t dc thnh rung trng la nc v cc hoa mu khc.

Hn ch: Rt tn cng lao ng trong vic xy dng v duy tr h thng Ch p dng c nhng vng c ngun nc t nhin.

2.2.2 Vn h truyn thng

Vit Nam, vn h l mt trong nhng phng thc nng lm kt hp truyn thng rt ph bin, c bit l vng ng bng v trung du, ni c t canh tc hn ch. Trong vn h, cc thnh phn cy lu nm, cy ngn ngy, vt nui, v thy sn c kt hp hi ha tn dng c hiu qu kh nng sn xut ca t. Khng gian trn mt t c tn dng trit v pht huy mt cch ti a thi gian v ngun lao ng trong gia nh sn xut lng thc thc phm v thu nhp cho gia nh. Vn h khng ch c hiu qu kinh t x hi m cn mang ngha bo tn sinh thi mi trng, cnh quan nn c ngi dn khng ngng xy dng, duy tr v pht trin. Cc h thng vn h Vit Nam rt phong ph v a dng thay i theo iu kin kh hu, t ai v tp qun truyn thng ...

48

2.2.2.1

Vn rng

Vn rng l nhng khu t c s dng trng cy lm nghip v cy n qu theo hng thm canh cung cp nhiu loi sn phm c gi tr hng ha cao. Vn rng c din tch bin ng t 0,3 - 0,5 ha, c khi ln n vi ba ha mt h, gn vi t th c ca gia nh .

H thng vn rng
Hnh 17. H thng vn rng Vit Nam Vn rng thng c cu trc mt tng cy g chnh c trng thun loi. Ngoi ra cn c tng thp trng xen di tn hay tng thm ti t nhin c duy tr bo v gi li. Tng cy chnh: ty theo iu kin sinh thi, tp qun v kinh nghim truyn thng ca tng vng cng nh nhu cu ca th trng, ngi nng dn thng chn la mt trong nhng loi sau y trng trong vn rng ca mnh. Cc loi tre trc cung cp vt liu lm nh, dng v nguyn liu cho mt s sn phm th cng (tre din Ph Th; lung Thanh Ha, Ha Bnh; Trc cn cu Cao Bng, Bc Cn; Tre gai v Vu nhiu ni). Cc loi cy c sn c gi tr cao, cung cp tinh du, du, nha phc v cng nghip v xut khu nh Qu Yn Bi, Thanh Ha, Qung Nam; Trm Ph Th; Gi Bc Giang, Cao Bng; C v M Ph Th, Tuyn Quang; Bi Li Gia Lai; Tru, S v Bch n, Gi, Trm ; iu ng Nam B, Da Bnh nh, Cam Ranh, Bn Tre, vv. Tng cy thp: thng c trng kt hp tn dng t ai v nng lng mt tri, sn xut thm lng thc, thc phm, cy dc liu, thc n gia sc v cc sn phm c gi tr khc hay c tc dng ph tr cho cy trng chnh. V d: Cy nng nghip ngn ngy cho lng thc, thc phm nh sn, la, cc loi u ; Cy dc liu cho hoa c qu nh gng, ngh, t, sa nhn, da vv.; cy lm phn xanh v lm thc n gia sc nh ct kh, u triu, keo du

Li ch:
Vn rng bao gm cc loi cy bn a c tnh thch ng cao vi iu kin sinh thi v t ai ca a phng. Duy tr v pht trin c tng cy thp c tc dng ph tr cho tng cy chnh. Gp phn to dng mi trng sinh thi n nh cho s pht trin bn vng ca cy trng. Bo tn c ngun ti nguyn t v nc.

49

Cc h gia nh tn dng c thi gian, ngun lao ng, to ra nhiu loi sn phm hng ha c gi tr cao, tng thu nhp cho gia nh v c ngun u t tr li cho cy trng. iu ha c li ch trc mt v lu di.

Hn ch: Cng vic chun b t tn nhiu cng lao ng. Vic lm t v trng cy lm nghip d lm h hi thc b t nhin. Xi mn t d xy ra trong nhng nm u, nh hng n sinh trng v nng sut cy trng v sau. Xy dng vn rng thng t c cc h ngho chp nhn v chu k sn xut cy lm nghip di v u t vn, lao ng cao.

2.2.2.2 Vn cy cng nghip Vn c trng cc loi cy cng nghip theo hng thm canh. Vn thng c din tch 0,5 n vi ha. Phn ln din tch dnh cho cy cng nghip kt hp vi cy a mc ch che bng chn gi v tn dng cc sn phm khc. Nh hoc chung tri v vn rau qu ni thp hn, gn hoc xa vn nhng c iu kin nc v ng i li thun li cho sinh hot v giao lu hng ha. Vn cy cng nghip c to lp theo kiu nng tri hay rng n in kinh doanh nhng sn phm cy cng nghip c gi tr cao. Kt cu ca vn thng gm mt tng cy sn xut hng ha chnh v mt tng cy c ngha sinh thi ph tr.
Keo du

Su ring

C ph

H thng vn cy cng nghip

Hnh 18. H thng vn cy cng nghip ch, c ph xen cy n qu v cy rng Tng cy kinh t: bao gm cc loi cy c ph, ca cao, ch, cao su, iu ... vng thp hn cn c h tiu, du tm. Cy thng c trng thnh hng hoc bng theo ung ng mc. Gia cc hng cy trong nhng nm u thng c trng cc loI nng nghip ngn ngy nh la, lc, cc loi u , t, gng ... tn dng t, hn ch c di v che ph t. Tng cy sinh thi: c trng che ph t, hn ch dng chy b mt, che bng, gi m v iu tit nc cho cy trng chnh. Cc loi cy thng c s dng l cc loi mung, keo, u chm, so a ... Nhng nm gn y mt s vn h mnh dn a cc loi cy n qu c gi tr nh su ring, chm chm ... cy c sn nh qu, bi li ...vo trng kt hp trong cc vn cy cng nghip va pht huy hiu qu sinh thi, phng h va tng cao ng k ngun thu nhp. c bit trong cc vn trng h tiu, mt s loi cy cao, thn

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thng, tn hp, sinh trng nhanh nh cy lng mc, vng, gn gai, da, cau, trm trng, cc rng, so o thuyn, mung vng ... c trng lm gi bm sng cho h tiu. mt s ni ngi ta cn trng mung en, keo l trm, b kt ... vi mt dy hoc kt hp vi cc loi cy a mc ch khc lm hng ro xanh bo v chng gia sc v chn gi. Li ch: Vic chn loi cy v b tr kt hp cc loi vi nhau p ng c c hai nhu cu v kinh t v sinh thi mt cch hiu qu. Kt hp trng c cc loi cy lng thc, thc n gia sc trong nhng nm u to lp vn p ng nhu cu ca ngi dn, ng thi pht huy c hiu qu bo tn t v nc.

Hn ch: i hi c u t ln v vn lao ng v k thut v vy cc nng h t kh nng p dng. Tp trung vi quy m ln d gy ra dch bnh trn din rng, mc ri ro tng i cao do gi c cc mt hng xut khu thng bin ng. Vn cy n qu

2.2.2.3

Vn cy n qu l mt h thng s dng t truyn thng gn lin vi t th c. Vn cy n qu thng c kt cu 3 tng theo chiu thng ng tn dng ti a ngun nng lng mt tri trn n v din tch. Tng I: Cc cy g cao, to, a sng mnh v cho qu nh au ring, da, xoi, mt, vi, nhn vv. nhm che bng cho nhng loi cy bn di, cung cp cc sn phm c gi tr kinh t khc v ci to ph t nh vt rng ca chng. Tng II: Cc cy g c kch thc trung bnh, chu bng, tn l rm, ta cnh chm v cho qu nh Mng ct, du gia, hng xim, cam qut, na, chanh, i ... Chn loi cy trng cho cc tng trn vi nhng c im sau: a dng Khng che bng qu nhiu H r n su nhng khng pht trin ngang qu mnh Cy c nh m cng tt Tn nh, tha, nh

Tng III: Cc cy c kch thc thp, nh, lun nm tng thp, c kh nng chu bng nh bng bon, chui, me rng, ca cao, du ty, da, h tiu, sn dy vv. Dc b knh, mng cc loi cy a dng nh da, phi lao, in thanh c trng kt hp ly qu, ci un, lm nm, ly hoa lm thc n hoc kt hp nui ong. Di knh mng trng cc loi khoai nc v nui th cc loi c n tp nh c tra, c tri, r phi ... Li ch:

51

Vn cy n qu thng c to lp theo cu trc nhiu tng, rm, kn tn thng xanh. Do vy s dng mt cch c hiu qu t canh tc, bo v v ci thin mi trng sinh thi, to nn c cnh quan ti p.

Hnh 19. H thng vn cy n qu Li

H thng vn qu

Hnh 19. H thng vn cy n qu a dng ho cc loi cy trng, cung cp sn phm hng ho v hn ch cc ri ro v sinh hc v th trng.

Hn ch Nu chn v b tr cy trng khng ph hp c th dn n hiu tng canh trnh v nh sng, cht dinh dng v nc trong t cng nh cc cht km hm sinh trng (phytonxt) i hi u t ln, k c cng lao ng. K thut gy trng kh phc tp, i hi phi c kinh nghim. Hn ch vng cao. H thng vn ao chung (VAC)

2.2.2.4

Vit tt VAC theo ba ch ci u ca ting Vit l lm vn (V) trng cy kt hp vi ao (A) nui trng thy sn v (C) l chn nui gia sc, gia cm. H thng VAC thng gp c vng ng bng, trung du v vng cao Vit Nam. c im ca h thng VAC l: - t ph sa khng b ngp nc hoc c p cao trnh ng nc trong ma ma. - t bng hoc dc nh cc chn i ni, c ngun nc cho sinh hot v sn xut. - Din tch: ph bin l 500-1000 m2 cho mi h, c ni ln n 2000-5000 m2 trong din tch lm nh , chung tri v ao chim t 200-300 m2 phn t cn li lm vn. - Vn thng c nhiu tng: + Tng trn thng l cc loi cy thn g a dng sng lu nm hay cy n qu c tn l cao, rng v a sng. Cc loI cy c trng ph bin trong vn h c n 30 - 40 loi, hay gp nht l mt, vi, nhn, xoi, chm chm, cam, bi, v sa, trm ...

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+ Tng di c cc cy ly qu, ci hoc lm dc liu, hng liu v chng thng c kh nng chu bng v a m. Tng ny c th c rt nhiu loi, ph bin nht c da, gng, ngh, t, dong ring, ... Ngoi ra, trong vn nh cng c dnh ra nhng m t nh lm vn rau xanh vi nhiu loi khc nhau phc v cho ba n v cuc sng hng ngy cho gia nh nh: rau mung, rau ngt, cc loi ci, su ho, bp ci, x lch, c chua, t, ti, hnh, rau thm, rau mi, hng, mi tu, rau ng, tha la, ta t, kinh gii, inh lng, bc h, hng nhu ... - Ao cng c s dng theo nhiu tng nh:

+ Mt nc c th cc loi bo lc bnh, bo ci, bo hoa du v cc loi rau mung ...

+ Bn trn mt nc c tn dng lm gin cho cc loi bu, b, mp, u vn, thin l ...leo bm. + Ven b ao trng cc rau chu ngp nh rau mung, dc mng, khoai nc ... + B ao trng cc loi c t, khoai lang, khoai mn, lc ... - Chung thng c hai loi: + Chung ln nui cc loi i gia sc nh heo, tru, b c xy thnh hai ngn, mt ngn nui v mt ngn cha thc n tha v phn. + Chung nh nui cc loi gia cm nh g, vt, ngan, ngng ...

Hnh 20. H thng Vn - Ao - Chung (VAC) c bit xung quanh vn ao chung nh no cng c mt hng ro xanh bao bc bo v. Hng ro xanh cng thng c kt cu hai tng, gm nhng loi cy a tc dng ly g, ci v cc lm c sn khc. Thng gp cy tng trn c cc loi nh xoan, go, phi lao, bch n, b kt ... tng di l cc loi my, du ... +Di nc nui cc loi thy sn, c gn 20 loi c, ch, tm, cua c s dng, ph bin nht l cc loi c trm, tri, r phi, m ... Li ch:

53

VAC l mt h sinh thi hon chnh v thng nht. Cc thnh phn trong trong h thng ny c mi quan h qua li nh vn trng cy va ly sn phm dng cho ngi, va to thc n chn nui v thy sn di ao, ng thi bo tn t v nc; chung chn nui ly tht, ly phn bn cho cy v lm thc n cho c; v sau cng ao khng ch nui trng thy sn m cn l ni d tr ngun nc ti cho cy trong vn v lm v sinh cho vt nui. VAC l mt h thng nng lm kt hp c hiu qu v s dng khng gian v cc tng t. N khng ch gip cho mi gia nh sn xut ra lng thc, thc phm tng ngun dinh dng cho ba n hng ngy m cn cung cp ci un, cc nguyn liu pht trin cc ngh th cng truyn thng, tng ngun vui, gii tr thng qua lao ng v tip xc vi thin nhin.

Hn ch i hi nng dn phi c kinh nghim v k nng tng hp v trng trt, chn nui v thy sn. Din tch t hp l mt hn ch pht trin VAC theo hng hng ho.

2.2.2.5. H thng Rng vn ao chung (RVAC) -

- Bo v rng v ng c -Cy lng thc: la i, sn, ng, khoai -Cy rng: Keo -Cy cng nghip: ch, c ph ... -Cy n qu -ng c

-t th c: Nh, vn, bp, chung tri. -Rau xanh -Cy n qu

-La, ng -cc loi u

Hnh 21. H thng Rng Vn Ao Chung (RVAC) ti Vit Nam H thng ny thc cht l h thng VAC ci tin v c pht trin kh lu ti mt s a phng vng i ni, trong c s kt hp gia rng, vn cy n qu, ao c v vt nui. Cc nhn t nh hng n chn loi cy trng l: iu kin t ai, kh hu ni gy trng. iu kin kinh t, nhu cu v ngun lao ng ca nng h. K nng v kin thc ca ngi dn. Th trng tiu th sn phm ti a phng.

54

Li ch Bn vng v mt sinh thi v kinh t C kh nng chng chu v gim cc ri ro v sinh hc v kinh t Gia tng mi quan tm ca ngi dn n qun l bo v rng. Gp phn duy tr v bo v c tnh a dng sinh hc. Gim sc p ca vic gia tng dn s ln vic s dng cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin. Tng c sn phm cn dng hng ngy, ci un, thc n, sinh t ..., to thm vic lm, tn dng c mi ngun lao ng nng thn. Gi gn c cn bng sinh thi m bo cho s pht trin n nh lu bn.

Hn ch Thiu cc kin thc v k thut v ti chnh Thiu c s h tng vng su vng xa cn tr s nhn rng v pht trin ca h thng Quyn s dng t cha r rng v p ng kp thi

2.2.2.6 H thng Rng - hoa mu - la nc H thng ny thng c xy dng cc khu vc cnh quan i ni rng ln. Rng t nhin hay rng trng nh i c qun l bi lm trng hoc cng ng a phng. Thng thng, mt h thng thy li c xy dng a nc ti v trng rau mu trn rung bc thang v canh tc la nc thung lng. u im: Vic sp xp theo khng gian gia cc thnh phn rng, mu v la nc gip chng c mi quan h tng h ln nhau, nh vy c khu vc c qun l s dng t mt cch thch hp. To nn mt h thng nng lm kt hp s dng t bn vng trn ton cnh quan ca khu vc. a dng ha cc sn phm a phng v tng cng kh nng bo tn t v nc.

Hn ch: H thng cn mi lin h v hp tc tt gia nng dn, hp tc x v c quan lm nghip hoc cc nhm cng ng qun l rng vi cc nhm s thch khc.

Nhn nh v cc h thng nhiu tng truyn thng: Cc cng ng dn tc a phng thng xem v nh gi rng mt cch tng hp ch khng ch quan tm vo cy g, khc vi cc nh lm nghip ch ch vo cc loi cy c gi tr kinh t dn n c canh trong trng rng v trng trt. V th, ngi dn a phng qun l rng tng hp theo gi tr nhiu mt ca n.

55

Cc h thng ny c mc a dng sinh hc cao v l bin php nhm lm gim i s ri ro trong sn xut ng thi m bo c an ton lng thc ti ch. Tuy vy, h thng vn cha quan tm nhiu n cc loi cy a dng. iu ny cn c chng ta quan tm hn nghin cu v pht trin cc loi cy trn gii thiu cho cc c dn a phng.

Hnh 22. H thng canh tc theo ng ng mc trn t dc Cu hi tho lun: 1. Trnh by v phn tch u im/ hn ch ca cc h thng nng lm kt hp bn a c ti a phng m Anh (Ch ) bit?

56

Bi 8. Cc h thng nng lm kt hp ci tin

Mc tiu: n cui bi hc, sinh vin c kh nng: M t mt s h thng nng lm kt hp c a vo p dng Vit Nam v khu vc Phn tch cc li ch/ u im v hn ch ca cc h thng

Cc h thng nng lm kt hp ci tin thng c pht trin v gii thiu cho mt vng no bi cc nh k thut bn ngoi, v th n khc vi cc h thng truyn thng c pht trin do chnh nng dn ti a phng. Cc h thng ci tin thng n gin hn v mt s loi cy trng v mc a dng sinh hc so vi cc h thng truyn thng. Hn na, y l nhng h thng k thut s dng t mi c p dng ti mt a im no cha tri qua th nghim lu di nn s bn vng ca n cn c xem xt cn thn pht trin trn din rng. Hin nay ti Vit Nam cng nh cc nc vng N c rt nhiu h thng k thut NLKH s dng t ci tin c gii thiu p dng. Mc du cc k thut ny v ang chng t kh nng pht trin tt khi u, nhng chng ta cn nghin cu v theo di chi tit hn, c bit l cc im mnh, yu, c hi v e do ca chng c th nhn rng v p dng lu di. Mt s cc h thng ci tin s c phn tch v nh gi sau.

H thng canh tc xen theo bng

Canh tc theo bng ni chung v canh tc theo ng ng mc trn t dc l h thng nng lm kt hp c gii thiu v tr nn ph bin nc ta trong vng 10 tr li y. Hnh 23. Trng xen theo bng

1.1 Khi nim

Canh tc xen theo bng l mt h thng nng lm kt hp bao gm vic trng cc hng cy lm ranh (thng theo hng ng-Ty) v canh tc hoa mu ng bng gia hai hng ranh. Cc hng ranh thng rng mt mt, c cu to bi mt hoc hai hng cy thn g a nin v nh k c ct ta trnh che bng cy hoa mu. Cy trng trn hng ranh c nhim v to mi trng thun li cho hoa mu sinh trng tt hn, cung cp cht hu c cho t nh vo vt rng ca chng ng thi sn xut g, ci v cc cng dng khc cho nng tri. Nu pht trin k thut ny trn t dc ca cc vng i ni th n c gi l: K thut canh tc nng lm kt hp trn t dc vit tt l S.A.L.T 1 (Sloping Agricultural Land Technology). Trng hp ny, hng cy lm ranh c b tr trng theo ng ng mc v khong cch ca 2 hng thay i theo dc ca i dc nhng ch gii hn gia 2 n 6 m. c im c bn ca vic trng hng ranh theo ng ng mc l hn ch xi mn t, lu gi li lng t mt b cun tri ti chn cc hng cy, lm gim vn tc ca dng chy b

57

mt v quan trng nht l cung cp phm vt xanh ct c cho t phc hi v gi gn ph ca t. Sau vi nm h thng s hnh thnh dn cc bc thang.
H ng ranh

Hoa mu

Hnh 24. H thng canh tc xen theo bng - SALT 1

1.2. c im ca h thng
H thng canh tc trn t dc (SALT1) c xy dng da trn cc c im sau: - Canh tc theo ng ng mc trn t dc vi cng c o c n gin ph hp vi iu kin ca vng su vng xa l khung ch A.

Hnh 25. Khung ch A o ng ng mc

- Chn cc loi cy h u c nh m trng trn hng ranh ng mc. Tiu ch chn la cy h u l d sng, sinh trng nhanh, trng c bng ht, ny chi tt sau khi ct ta v khng cnh tranh vi hoa mu. - Phi p dng trit k thut lun canh v xen canh khi canh tc hoa mu nng nghip gia hai hng ranh cy xanh. - a dng ho tng tn bng cch trng xen cy nng nghip lu nm (trng mt bng cy lu nm k tip ba bng trng hoa mu) hay cy rng bao quanh khu vc canh tc.

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1.3. iu kin xy dng thnh cng k thut SALT 1

Cc kt qu u tin ca vic dn nhp nhiu ni Vit Nam cho thy mun xy dng thnh cng k thut ny cn: - Chn ng loi cy h u trng trn cc ng ranh ng mc - Phi gieo ht cy ny cng dy cng tt v theo hng i song song vi nhau - Phi nh k ct ta hng ranh xung thp hn 0,8 m hoa mu nhn nh sng v dng phm vt ct ny bn t vo t ang canh tc - Cn gieo ht cc cy lm hng ranh ng thi v vo u ma ma. Li ch K thut SALT mang n mt s li ch sau: Bo tn t v nc trn t dc: cc hng cy ranh h u v hoa mu c canh tc theo ng ng mc kim sot s xi mn t do nc. Nhiu th nghim (Cuevas v Samson, 1982 ti Makiling; Lasco R, 1987 ti Jalajala; Rijal v Tepatiya, 1984 ti Bicol) chng minh rng s hin din ca cc ng ranh lm gim mt cch c ngha mc xi mn v gim tng i hn i vi lng nc chy b mt. Th nghim khc ca Lasco chng minh rng trong m hnh SALT 1 vi cy hng ranh l keo du lng t b xi mn khng khc bit c ngha vi cc nghim thc trng cc loi hoa mu khc nhau nn nng dn c th chn la bt k loi hoa mu no canh tc. Watson v Laquihon ngh trng hng ranh gm hai hng cy nhm tng hiu qu gim lng xi mn. Mc du vn cn c nhiu kin khc v im li ch ny nh nhn xt rng canh tc xen theo bng mt mnh n khng gim hiu qu lng nc chy trn b mt t cng nh lng t b xi mn, hoc trong phm vi rng th canh tc xen bng theo ng ng mc mt mnh khng bo v c hiu qu c vng lu vc nc nh thm thc vt rng nhit i, nhng a s mi ngi u ng cho rng cc ng ranh c kh nng gim thiu lng xi mn ng k. iu ny c xc nhn qua hin tng cc bc thang t hnh thnh sau khi m hnh SALT 1 c xy dng vi nm. Phc hi ph ca t: mt lot th nghim canh tc xen theo bng c tin hnh Nigeria (Kang et al, 1984, 1985) cho thy nh sau:

+ S dng l cy keo du lm cht t gia tng ng k mc gi nc ca t mt, gia tng lng nc hu hiu cho cy trng gp phn tng nng sut hoa mu vo cui ma ma.

+ S dng cc phm vt ct t hng ranh lm gia tng hm lng cht hu c trong t, thc y hot ng ca cc vi sinh vt t, to nn lp che t b mt chng lng bc thot hi nc, v ci to c l tnh ca t. + Vi s ng gp cc lng ct ta t hng ranh cy ranh ng mc t s c cung cp tr li cht dinh dng v cc ch tiu ho tnh t nh kh nng trao i cc cation trong t, hm lng phn trm bad trong t cao hn. Nhiu kt qu th nghim khc cng chng t li ch trn nh mt h thng canh tc xen theo bng vi cy keo du chng K - 28 trn t ct Entisol, khong cch hng ranh 4 m sn xut c 15 n 20 tn l ti (tng ng 5 n 6,5 tn cht kh) trn mt ha, vi s ln ct 5 ln/ nm. Theo Watson v Laquihon Bansalan Minanao, Philippin vt liu ct t cy keo du trong m hnh SALT 1 sn xut n 20,37 tn /ha/ nm cnh l ti, tng ng vi:

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292Kg N, 344 Kg P2O5 v 123 Kg K2O. Visca s dng vt liu t t cy anh o gi (Gliricidia sepium) trong m hnh canh tc xen theo bng vi la gia tng pH t, hm lng cht hu c, ln v kali (Gonzal v Raros, 1987). Vic s dng vt liu ct ta cc loi cy anh o gi (Gliricidia sepium), keo du (Leucaena leucocephala), so a (Sesbania grandiflora) ... mt s khu th nghim c nh hng ci thin v cc tnh cht ca t v nng sut ca hoa mu trng xen (Lasco, 1991). Nng sut v thu nhp ca nng tri:

Mc du din tch t dnh canh tc hoa mu s gim i 20% do xy dng cc hng cy ranh nhng v lu di nng sut hoa mu s n nh v tng dn. Th d Cebu, Philipin nng sut ng c ghi nhn tng t 300 ln n 1500kg ht/ ha do ph ca t c ci thin v gim xi mn t sau 4 nm xy dng k thut ny. Cc kt qu khc t Philippin cng cho bit nng sut ng tng ln gp bn ln (t 500 ln 2000kg/ ha) vi k thut trng xen theo bng. So snh sn lng hoa mu ni s dng thun l cy keo du lm phn xanh cho thy nng sut tng gp i so vi ni khng bn phn (2,7 tn/ ha so vi 1,3 tn/ ha). Ti Jalajala, Rizal, Rodel Lasco, 1987 tin hnh nghin cu cho bit nng sut ca sn 7,95 tn/ ha v u phng 810,8 Kg/ ha ni canh tc theo bng mc d vn p dng cc k thut canh tc truyn thng ca ngi dn tc tng ng vi nng sut bnh qun ca hai loi hoa mu ny ti cc ni canh tc thm canh. Xt v thu nhp ca nng tri, khi u thu nhp gim do din tch canh tc gim, tuy nhin thu nhp s tng dn do ph ca t c ci thin theo thi gian. So vi cc h thng nng lm kt hp khc, k thut canh tc xen theo bng t gy thay i n cc cch canh tc ca nng dn, tr vic a vo gy trng cc hng ranh, nng dn vn tip tc canh tc nh c. Hn ch Tuy nhin h thng canh tc trn t dc vn cn c nhng im kh khn cn khc phc nh: -Trng cc hng ranh trn t chc chn s nh hng n sn lng hoa mu, do chng chim khong 20% din tch canh tc. - Cy trng trn ng ng mc c th cnh tranh v nh sng, nc v cht dinh dng trong t nh hng n sinh trng ca cy hoa mu. - Mt s loi cy trng (nh cy keo du) thng to ra cc cht khng ha hc khi vt rng ca chng b phn hy hay r cy tit ra cc cht cn ny mm gy nh hng ln n s pht trin ca cc loi thc vt khc k c hoa mu. - Hiu qu ca k thut ny i vi ci thin ph ca t ch c thy sau mt thi gian (t ra l 4 nm) nn t thuyt phc ngi nng dn ngho thiu t canh tc. - Ngoi ra, vn quyn canh tc trn t lu di c nh hng n s chp nhn ca nng dn vi k thut ny. - V mt k thut, h thng canh tc xen tn cng lao ng ct xn hng ranh (t nht l 4 ln trong mt nm) v lng ht cy hng ranh cn xy dng h thng cng rt ln vt qu kh nng thu hi v thu mua ca nng dn ngho. Celestion, 1985 c lng rng cn t 8 n 15 ngy cng lao ng v 2 ngy cng dng tru b cy cho mt hecta

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 xy dng h thng canh tc theo bng bng cy keo du. Nhng u t ny cn c nh gi do thi gian tin hnh xy dng vo u ma ma trng vi thi gian canh tc hoa mu. Vic tn nhiu cng lao ng thng lm nn lng nng dn p dng k thut ny. V vy h thng k thut ny ch c xem nh l mt bin php k thut khi phc li t sau nng ry hay t canh tc trn i ni ang b thoi ho, ch khng th thay th cho cc h thng rng dy t nhin hay cc h thng nng lm kt hp nhiu tng.

1.4. iu kin p dng

Canh tc xen theo bng l k thut kh thi n nh v gip sn xut bn vng vng cao thch hp cho sn xut la, ng, v rau ci, ni m t d suy thoi do xi mn. Vic a k thut trng xen theo bng c th lm gim ngay lng xi mn trong vng t mt n vi ba nm v gip n nh li sc sn xut ca nng tri. Mc d t hiu qu trn, song khng nn xem k thut canh tc xen theo bng l bc cui cng ca s pht trin nng tri vng cao. L tng hn l nn tin n mt h thng hn giao cy lu nm v hoa mu nh h thng nng lm kt hp nhiu tng to nn s bn vng lu di cho h thng sn xut da trn cu trc a loi, nhiu tng tn nh rng ma nhit i. Do vy, canh tc xen theo bng c xem nh l mt kiu canh tc chuyn tip tin ti mt thm cy thng trc vng cao. Thi im ng tin hnh k thut ny s thay i ty theo iu kin hon cnh ca nng dn mi a phng v a s h phi ko di canh tc hoa mu lin tc do nhu cu cp thit ca h. Jane Carter (Agroforestry Today s 2/1996) nhn nh: Trong hai thp nin va qua, c nhiu cc nghin cu khoa hc quan tm n canh tc xen theo bng v xem n nh l mt k thut thm canh, bn vng nhm ci thin tng lp nng dn ngho vng cao. Mc d c nhiu cng sc v tin ca b ra nghin cu v chuyn giao k thut ny cho nng dn nhiu nc, n nay phn ln h nhn thy rng k thut ny cn c nhiu gii hn t c cc mong c trn. Cc gii hn ch yu ca k thut ny ny sinh c trong cc iu kin t nhin ln dn sinh kinh t x hi nh hng n mc tip nhn ca ngi nng dn. Cc yu t p dng nh sau: Cc c im t nhin:

- u tin cho vng sn xut ng. - t canh tc c ph ngho hay gim dn, ch yu do nng dn t lng nh. - Ni c kh hu hai ma ma v kh, lng ma ti thiu 1000mm/ nm. - t c pH cao hn 5,5. - Ni thiu cy lu nm che ph t ai. Cc c im dn sinh kinh t:

- Ni c p lc ln ca dn s gia tng, kt qu l giai on b ha phi ngn dn. - Phn ln nng dn s chp nhn k thut ny nu quyn s dng t c thit lp mt cch c th v chc chn. - Nng dn c phng thc chn nui c kim sot, khng th rong. - Thu nhp chnh ca nng dn l da vo canh tc nng nghip.

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1.5. Cc k thut ci tin khc ca h thng trng xen theo bng

1.5.1. H thng lm-nng-ng c (SALT 2: Simple Agro-Livestock Technology) Hnh 26. K thut SALT 2 y l k thut s dng t tng hp da trn k thut canh tc nng nghip trn t dc (SALT1) ni trn bng cch dnh mt phn t trng cy lm thc n chn nui theo phng thc nng sc kt hp. Bansalan, Mindanao, Philippin, nui d ly sa c kt hp trong h thng. B tr din tch canh tc ca SALT 2 nh sau 40% t dnh cho sn xut nng nghip, 20% dnh cho trng cy lm nghip v 20% dnh cho trng cy thc n v c chn nui, phn t cn li lm nh v chung tri. Cc din tch trn u c thit k trng cy h u theo ng ng mc nh SALT 1. Vi din tch 1 ha t i dc c b tr nh trn nng h c th nui nht c 14 con d vi thc n ct em v t khu t trng c v cy h u. Ngoi lng thc thu c trn phn trng trt, nng dn c th thu c 2 lt sa/ con/ngy. Li ch Thc n ca d ct t c v cy h u trn ng ng mc, phn d c s dng bn cho t canh tc. Ngoi nng lm sn, cn thu c sa, tht ... nn s gia tng v a dng ho thu nhp ca nng tri.

Hn ch Nng dn c thiu hiu bit v k nng nui d nht v cho n ti ch. Thiu kin thc v s cn i gia din tch trng cy thc n gia sc v s u d c th nui.

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1.5.2. H thng canh tc nng-lm bn vng (SALT3: Sustainable Agroforestry Land Technology)

Hnh 27. K thut SALT 3 K thut ny da trn c s kt hp trng rng quy m nh vi vic sn xut cy lng thc, thc phm. Trong h thng canh tc SALT 3 nng dn dnh phn t thp sn di v chn i trng cc bng cy lng thc xen vi cc hng ro xanh cy c nh m. Phn t cao bn trn t sn trn n nh i trng rng hoc rng t nhin phc hi. Cy lm nghip c chn trng c chu k thu hoch t 1-5; 6- 10; 11-15; 16-20 nm sao cho nng dn c sn phm thu hoch u n. Phi s dng cc cy mc nhanh v cho g nh lm ci, ct, bt giy trng xen ph tr cho cc cy lm nghip chu k di. Ngoi ra, phi chn cy c tc dng ci to t nh keo du, bn xe l phng, li th, tch ng thi c gi tr kinh t cao. B tr din tch t s dng nh sau 40% dng cho nng nghip v 60% dng cho lm nghip.

Li ch: t ai c bo v c hiu qu hn. Sn xut a dng t lng thc, thc phm, g, ci v nhiu sn phm ph khc. Tng c thu nhp. C hiu qu kinh t cao, khng ch cho trc mt m lu di nh vo tc dng h tr nhiu mt ca rng.

Hn ch: K thut ny i hi u t tng i cao c v vn cng nh hiu bit. Cn thi gian di mi thu hoch c sn phm lm nghip.

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1.5.3. H thng sn xut nng lm nghip vi cy n qu quy m nh SALT 4 y l k thut s dng t tng hp c xy dng v pht trin t nm 1992 da trn s hon thin cc k thut SALT ni trn. Trong k thut ny, ngoi t ai trng cy lng thc, cy lm nghip, cy hng ro xanh, nng dn cn dnh ra mt phn trng cy n qu nh u , chui, cam, chanh, xoi, da, da ... v c mt s cy cng nghip c gi tr nh c ph, ca cao, ch ... Li ch Gia tng c thu nhp cho nng dn Gia tng c che ph mt t bng cc loi cy n qu.

Hn ch: u t cao v cn kin thc v bin php lm t, chn ging, bn phn, chm sc cy n qu.

2 Trng cy ranh gii/ hng ro cy xanh:

Trng cy phn ranh gii chung quanh nng tri hay vn cy l mt k thut rt ph bin vng nng thn. Cc cy h u nh anh o gi, keo du, so a, keo ngt, chm ngy ... thng c chn trng. Cy c chn trng trong k thut ny cn phi c nhng c im sau: Chu hn - chu ng vi tn thng nh - mc nhanh - c quan h tt vi nhng loi cy v hoa mu khc l cy c th lm thc n gia sc, chng la - C gai hay c m nga ph hp trng lm hng ro ngn cn sc vt - ti sinh d dng bng cnh gim - khng xm chim d dng n ng c v t canh tc. Li ch: Phng h cho t canh tc khi b gia sc ph hi, ngn chn la, to ranh gii s hu r rng gia cc din tch t. Cung cp g, ci v cc gi tr a dng khc.

Hn ch: Chim mt din tch t nht nh.

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Cnh tranh t nhiu v nh sng, dinh dng, nc vi nhng cy trng chnh cnh hng ro cy xanh.

Hnh 28. S trng cy lm hng ro phn ranh gii

3 H thng ai phng h chn gi

Cy cng c th c trng phng h chn gi cho nng tri. ai phng h chn gi l nhng bng thc vt bao gm cy g, cy bi, dy leo bo v t canh tc khi b gi hi v hin tng xi mn do gi. Cu to ca ai chn gi bao gm 65% cy bi v dy leo, 35% cy cao v to nn mt ai hi kn. Hng ca ai nn vung gc vi hng gi hi chnh. Loi cy c chn trng chn gi c nhng c im sau: - Chu c gi mnh - h r su rng - tn tha v nh - d dng ti sinh v d sng - ny chi d dng - sn xut cc sn phm a dng - khng rng l trong ma c gi hi.

Hnh 29. Kt cu ai chn gi kn

3.1. im quan tm khi xy dng ai phng h chng gi

1. ai phng h phi thit k thng gc vi hng gi chnh 2. S hng cy trng trong ai phng h ty thuc vo vn tc ca lung gi. Tc gi cng ln cng xy dng nhiu hng cy. Thng mt ai chn gi bao gm t 1 n 5 hng cy.

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3. Ngoi ra tng cng cho ai cy trung bnh, thp v dy leo bi thp cn c trng vo ai theo t l trnh by trn. 4. Nn b tr cy trng theo hng ch ng vi khong cch trng l 1m. 5. Ti ni c gi mnh thng xuyn nu xy dng mt h thng ai cn gi v khong cch gia 2 ai bin i t 30 m n 200 m tu theo tc gi mnh n bnh thng.

Hnh 30. S b tr lin kt cc ai chn gi

3.2. Cc loi cy thng c trng trong ai phng h gi

Cy cao (> 15 m)
Phi lao Dng hng Tch Li th Bnh linh Mt V sa Santol Me Casuarina equisetifolia Pterocarpus indicus Tectona grandis Gmelina arborea Vitex parviflora Artocarpus spp Chrysophyllum cainito Sandoricum ketjape Tamarindus indica Keo gai iu ln ht

Cy trung bnh (5-15m)

Pithecellobium dulce Anacardium occidentale

Sng en, l ni Diospyros spp Thao lao Keo du Anh o gi Lagerstroemia speciosa Leucoena leucocephala Gliricidia sepium Albizzia procera Casuarina rumphiana Syzygium cusini

Cy bi v tre (cao n 5m)

Tre vng sc Tre gai Keo l trm Vng Bambusa blumeana Bambusa spinosa Acacia auculiformis Erythrina spp. Tre tu Bng giy Bambusa vulgaris Bougainvillea spectabilis

Tre tm vng Schizostachyum lumampao u triu Cajanus cajan

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4. H thng Taungya
Theo Blanford (1958), Taungya l mt t a phng ca ngn ng Myanma: Taung ngha l canh tc, ya l i ni. y l mt phng thc canh tc c pht trin da trn c s h thng Waldfeldbau ni ting ca ngi c, trong bao gm canh tc cc cy nng nghip ngay ti rng. Vo khong nhng nm 50 ca th k XIX, n s dng h thng ny ti sinh, phc hi li rng trn t khai hoang bng cnh gieo ht Tch kt hp vi trng hoa mu ca nng dn. Mt cch khi qut, Taungya l mt h thng canh tc m trong bao gm s kt hp ng thi ca hai thnh phn (cy nng nghip v cy lm nghip) trong nhng giai on u tin ca qu trnh hnh thnh rng trng. Ngi dn c php trng kt hp hoa mu trong nhng nm u ca rng trng, i li h phi gi gn rng non, sau vi nm khi rng khp tn, hoa mu khng th trng c na, h s di chuyn sang khu vc khc nu qu t cn cho php. Nh vy,sn phm g l mc tiu cui cng trong Taungya nhng ng lc thc y trc mt vi thc tin l sn xut lng thc.

4.1. c im ca h thng
H thng NLKH theo phng thc Taungya c trin khai thnh cng vi mt s c im v yu cu cn c nh sau: c p dng cho c cng ng dn c m a s h ch sng nh vo rng canh tc (ch yu l canh tc nng ry). Khong cch t ch ca cc nng h n cc mnh rng xa nht c gii hn nng dn c thi gian i b n trng v chm sc. Phi c qu t rng lin quan n dn s ca cng ng v phi quy hoch t ph hp vi chu k khai thc ca cy rng trnh mu thun trong s dng t trng trt hay trng rng. Nn gia tng s tham gia ca cng ng trong vic trng, qun l v phn chia li ch t rng trng mc du cc quy nh rng buc hai bn vn c thc hin di dng mt hp ng r rng. Cn s dng vn trng rng xy dng h tng c s nng thn, xy dng cc phc li x hi to dng mt lng lm nghip vng bn. Gio dc, dy ngh hng nghip cho dn s tr lm gim s ph thuc ca cng ng dn c i vi rng v t rng trong tng lai.

u im: Gii quyt cc hu qu ca vic canh tc nng ry. Trng rng t tn km vi s tham gia tch cc ca nng dn nn cht lng rng kh quan hn. Tn dng c t ai gia cc hng cy rng trng cy lng thc, hoa mu ... phc v cho i sng ngi dn lm ngh rng trong cc nm u ca rng non. Phc v pht trin nng thn vng su vng xa, to nn mi quan h gn b gia cn b lm nghip v nng dn.

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Hn ch c hin tng xi mn t trong rng non nh s c mt ca lp ph cy nng nghip. Nng dn chm sc hoa mu c nh hng tt i vi sinh trng v pht trin ca rng non.

Hn ch: Nng dn khng th trng hoa mu lu di bi v h phi ri i ngay sau khi cy rng khp tn (sau 3- 5 nm). C th lm nn lng nng dn v h cng chm sc tt hn vng t canh tc (lm c, bn phn cho hoa mu v cy trng chnh), cy rng cng pht trin nhanh th h cng sm ri khi t canh tc. H thng cn mt qu t ln quy hoch nu khng s gy ra mu thun gia din tch canh tc cy nng nghip v cy rng. Dn s gia tng khin cho h thng i vo ch b tc nu b phn dn s tr khng c hng nghip lm ngnh ngh khc.

dn chng cho cc im nhn nh trn, hai v d di dy v h thng NLKH kiu Taungya p dng ti Phi chu c trnh by gii thch cho k thut ny hn l lm mt m hnh mu c p dng cho mi ni.

4.2. Cc Kinh nghim canh tc Taungya chu Phi

4.2.1. H thng vng trn Nigeria
H thng vng trn ca Nigeria c mc ch trng rng g ln vi loi cy c chu k khai thc l 70 nm ti ni c cm dn c c s h khng qu 400 h. Mi h gia nh c cp 0,5 ha lm t th c v 0,5 ha khc canh tc trong hai nm sau di chuyn sang mnh t khc. thc hin cy rng c trng vi khong cch hng l 4 m v khong gia cc cy trn hng l 3 m ti ni c khong cch vi ch ca nng dn khng qu 4,8 km. Nh vy, din tch ti a ca khu vc ny l 7200 ha v c dng mt hnh trn. Tm li, h thng t c s s du canh theo vng trn, ph hp vi iu ch rng v nhu cu thit thc, tp qun ca ngi dn theo nh hnh v di.

3 2 1 4,8km 7000 ha 35

Hnh 31: H thng nng lm Taungya hnh vng trn Nigeria

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: t th c cho khon 400 h vi 0,5 ha/h: tng din tch l 200 ha : t lun canh canh tc xen hoa mu v cy rng, thi gian canh tc l 2 nm

4.2.2. H thng hnh lang Zaiir

Trong th d ny h thng c mc ch trng rng cung cp g nguyn liu giy vi loi cy trng c chu k 20 nm tr li. H thng c xy dng dc theo mt con ng chnh, tt nht l theo hng ng ty. Cc h gia nh c nh c dc theo ng cch nhau 100m. Mnh t rng sau nh c chia lm 20 l kch thc 40 x100m vi tng din tch l 8 ha. L t k sau nh s c giao cho nng dn lp vn, 19 l cn li c ln lt lun canh cy hoa mu theo th t: la ry, bp, khoai m gia hai hng cy lm nghip. Tuy nhin ngi lm ry khng c t do canh tc hoa mu theo ring ca mnh m phi canh tc theo qui nh th t loi hoa mu trn. C sau 19 nm vng canh tc s quay li l c. Giai on ngn 19 nm trn mi ch cho php kinh doanh loi cy mc nhanh lm giy si, kinh doanh g cht t, g nh, ct ...
ng i theo hng ng ty
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 40 m
Nh

Khoai m Bp La ry B ha

B ha Khoai m Bp La ry B ha

B ha B ha Khoai m Bp La ry

Hnh 32. H thng Taunyga theo kiu hnh lang (Corridor) Zaiir

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Li im T chc b tr nh canh nhng vn kt hp c canh tc ry truyn thng vi trng rng. C iu kin c gii ha. ph ca t c duy tr, ti to do thi gian b ha ko di 15 n 20 nm.. Gim bt tc hi ca vic lm ry ng thi c iu kin thc hin cng tc khuyn nng lm. Khng ph v tp qun canh tc truyn thng, gip giao t nh c, nh canh cho dn canh tc lu di. p dng Nhiu ni tm hiu v p dng h thng ny vi nhiu loi cy rng khc nhau v rt ra mt gii hn ca h thng nh sau: Hu ht cc h thng Taungya u kh thuyt phc nng dn v h cng chm sc tt cho cy rng mc nhanh th cng nhanh nng dn phi ri khi khu vc do tn rng khp nhanh. Do vy h thng ny ch p dng c ni n ch l mt hot ng b tc thm thu nhp cho nng dn m thi. H thng ch thnh cng nu n v qun l s dng t c phng n quy hoch tng th t lu di v kinh ph h tr pht trin vng su vng xa.

5. Cc h thng rng v ng c phi hp

Ti cc nc nhit i chu h thng ny khng ph bin v ch cc vng kh v bn kh hn th ng c mi cn thm canh. Tuy nhin, mt vi ni ngh n vic chn th gia sc di cc rng khc nhau v ngun c di tn rng. Mt vi im cn c lu trong h thng ny nh: phi xc nh thi im tt th gia sc trn cc cp rng c tui khc nhau v theo ma chn th, mi quan h gia s u gia sc v kh nng ca ng c phi c lu tm trnh hin tng gia sc gim p qu mc lm chai cng t nht l trong ma kh, ch trng phng n lun canh chn th theo nhiu l rng c quan h vi kh nng ti sinh ca c trong mi l.

Hnh33. H thng Rng - ng c phi hp

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u im: Cung cp phn hu c cho canh tc, sn phm tht sa cho ngi dn, gip rng trng sinh trng tt nh vo chm sc v sinh l rng, quay hi vn u t nhanh v to iu kin ph hp thu ht ging cy rng (Bareron, 1983) Lp bi kh di tn rng gim nn gp phn gim nguy c chy rng trong ma kh. Hn ch: Gia sc c th gy hi n cc loi cy n qu, hoa mu v nhng thc vt khc. Gia tng him ho xi mn t nu chn nui qu mc.

Trong rng cao su, thng, rng khp vic chn nui gia sc c thun li pht trin v ngun c ti y rt phong ph. Kh nng mi ha rng chn nui cu, d cho 250 Kg tht trong thi gian 7 n 8 thng l hin thc (Penafiel, 1979) Cc m hnh khc c ngh nh: Keo du + c nui gia sc (c Guinea, stylo, c voi ...): Keo du trng vi khong cch 5x2m xen trng cc loi c lm thc n chn nui cho 6 n 10 u gia sc trn mi ha. C c trng vi khong cch 50x50cm hay 75x75cm s cung cp thc n cho gia sc nui nht khi cy cao hn 3m. Da + c hay cy h u: trng cy v c lm thc n gia sc di vn trng da s cung cp nui 3 u gia sc trn mi ha (Lastimosa, 1985).

6. H thng lm ng kt hp
H thng lm-ng rng ngp mn

B: Rng ngp mn tin phong trn bn long (Mm: Avicennia alba), b ngp nc khi thy triu ln. C: Rng ngp mn cho g v nhng gi tr khc. Ch yu l c (Rhizophora conjugata).

D: Rng ngp mn c sn, Da nc (Nipa fructicans) E: t canh tc nng nghip - t ph sa khng b nhim mn.
Hnh 34. S canh tc lm ng phi hp

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Rng ngp mn (Mangrove) v rng trm (Melaleuca leucadendra) l cc h sinh thi t t chuyn tip gia h sinh thi t lin v h sinh thi bin. Tim nng sinh hc ca h sinh thi ny rt ln v phong ph.
C nhiu nng lm trng, ngi dn mt s vng thuc cc tnh ng bng sng Cu Long gy dng thnh cng cc h thng nng lm kt hp rng ngp mn v rng trm trn t chua phn. Ti ng bng sng Cu Long nng dn xy dng nhiu h thng NLKH ly rng sc v rng trm lm trung tm pht trin trng trt v nui trng thy sn. Ngoi cc sn phm chnh cc h thng ny cn cung cp cho ngi dn v s cc lm sn ngoi g c gi tr nh r mp t cy mp (Alstonia spathulata) dng lm m, phao cu sinh, nh c, nt chai vv., l v dy lm nguyn liu t dng x, dy choi (Stenochianena palustris), mt ct (Licuala spinosa) Nui c, tm v nuI ong l cc hot dng kt hp trong cc h thng ny trn t t v trong cc kiu rng ny c v s iu kin thun li v thc n ph du cho tm c, hoa cung cp mt hoa cho ong vv.

Li ch:

Nhng loi cy ngp mn nh trm, c, mm, s, vt, bn ...c gi tr cung cp g, ci v tc dng phng h, m mang thm din tch nh c qu trnh c nh v lng ng ph sa bi cu to c bit ca h r c kheo . Cc kiu rng ngp mn l mi trng thch hp nui trng cc loi thy sn nh tm, s, c, mt s loi b st. Cc h thng knh mng c xy dng dn nc ngt ra chua phn ci to c t sau c th s dng vo vic s la v trng cc loi cy n qu. Mt s loi cy rng ngp mn c ngun hoa phong ph, ngi dn c kinh nghim nui ong tn dng c ngun mt hoa ny.

Hn ch:

S mt cn i gia cc thnh phn trong h thng nht l thnh phn rng ngy cng thu hp dn n s thoi ho ca h thng s dng t, nh hng n iu kin sinh thi mI trng. Tn nhiu cng lao ng v u t tng i cao, c bit l nui trng cc loi thy sn xut khu.

Cu hi tho lun:

1. M t v phn tch u im/ hn ch ca cc h thng nng lm kt hp ci tin c ti a phng m anh (ch) bit? 2. Trnh by u im ca h thng canh tc xen theo bng trn t dc (SALT 1). Phn tch nhng nguyn nhn lm hn ch vic p dng h canh tc ny ca c dn vng cao Vit Nam (t nht l Ty Nguyn)?

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Chng IV K thut Nng Lm kt hp

Mc ch

Trang b cho sinh vin nhng kin thc c bn v s cn thit ca vic bo tn t v nc, cc k thut bo tn t v nc, cc kin thc c bn v trang tri cng nh k thut v cng vic qun l trong trang tri nh nng lm kt hp.
Mc tiu

Sau khi hc xong chng ny sinh vin c kh nng - Gii thch c s cn thit ca vic bo tn t v nc. - Phn bit, la chn p dng cc k thut bo tn t v nc trong trang tri nh nng lm kt hp . - Phi hp p dng cho cc trang tri nng lm kt hp. - Phn bit c cc loi trang tri nng lm kt hp, cc cng vic qun l trong trang tri. - Phn bit, la chn p dng nhng k thut trng trt v chn nui thch hp cho trang tri nh nng lm kt hp.

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Bi 9. K thut bo tn t v nc
Mc ch

Trang b cho sinh vin nhng kin thc c bn v s cn thit ca vic bo tn t v nc, cc k thut bo tn t v nc. Mc tiu
Gii thch c s cn thit ca vic bo tn t v nc. Phn bit c cc nguyn tc chnh ca vic phng chng xi mn t v ca k thut bo tn t v nc. Phn bit, la chn c cc k thut bo tn t v nc c kh nng p dng trong trang tri nng lm kt hp.

1. S cn thit ca vic bo tn t v nc
1.1. Tnh cp bch ca vic chng xi mn bo v t
Xi mn l mt hin tng t nhin nh hng n t ai v gin tip n sc sn xut ca mt a im, t bit l trn t dc. S thnh lp ca lp t mt, ni cha ng cc qu kh, tim nng v tng lai ca con ngi, din ra rt chm c n hng trm nm do qu trnh phong ho ca lp m. Tuy nhin, hng tn t mt d dng b xi mn tri ra sng, bin trong mt thi gian ngn nu con ngi khng bit gi gn quan tm n s s dng t ca mnh. Cho nn bo tn t kim sot s xi mn cn c quan tm v: . Xi mn din ra trn hu ht cc vng t dc. t cng dc kh nng xi mn cng mnh, xi mn cn ph thuc vo ch ma, loi t, c im ca thc b che ph v cc hot ng s dng t ca con ngi. . Xi mn ang l nhn t quan trng lm suy thoi ti nguyn t, lm hoang ho cc vng t dc nhit i, lm i ngho i sng ca ngi dn nhiu vng trn th gii. . Xi mn cng mnh th kh nng phc hi ca t v ti nguyn sinh vt cng kh khn, vt liu bo mn lm cn h tch nc, gy l lt hn hn. Chng xi mn bo v vn t l mt trong nhng nhim v cp bch gip cho s tn ti lu bn ca con ngi trn hnh tinh.

1.2. Tnh cp bch ca vic bo tn nc

Nc l mt ti nguyn quan trng cho cuc sng ca con ngi trn qu t. Tuy nhin nc cng l mt tai ha cho chng ta nu qu tha hay qu thiu v n s l nhng nguyn nhn gy ra cc thin tai nh l lt v hn hn. Xt n ti nguyn nc chng ta nn quan tm n s lng, s iu ho phn phi theo thi gian v cht lng ca n. Khi x hi loi ngi cng pht trin nhu cu v nc ca cng gia tng v: . Nhu cu nc ca con ngi ngy cng tng ln bao gm nhu cu nc ti cho trng trt, nc cho chn nui, nc cho cng nghip v nc cho sinh hot hng ngy. . Ngun nc ang ngy cng khan him v mt n nh dn n hoang ho t ai, l lt, hn hn... . Ngun nc ang b nhim ( nhim hu c, cht c ho hc, vv.) . S s dng t ai b chi phi bi lu vc nc ca cc h thng sng ngi v cng ngy ngi ta cng nhn thy r mi quan h cht ch ca thng lu, h lu mt con sng v vng bin cn duyn ca mt khu vc.

2. Mt s nguyn tc chnh ca vic phng chng xi mn t

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2.1. Phn loi xi mn t

t b xi mn do nhiu yu t v cng l c s phn thnh cc loi xi mn khc nhau nh sau: . Xi mn do gi: gi lm kh v ri rc cc phn t t, ct v b gi thi i n ni khc. . Xi mn do trng lc: t di chuyn do chnh trng lng ca n, c th l t b tri theo khe, rnh, cng c th do l t ... . Xi mn do nc: y l loi xi mn do s cng ph ca git ma i vi lp t mt v sc cun tri ca dng chy trn b mt t. y l loi xi mn nguy him cho vng t dc khi khng c lp ph thc vt, gy ra cc hin tng xi mt, xi rnh, xi khe.

2.2. Cc yu t chi phi n xi mn t

2.2.1. Kh hu
Quan h gia iu kin kh hu vi tnh hnh xi mn t ht sc mt thit v phc tp. V d ni c m cao do ma nhiu d gy ra xi mn. Nhng u c iu kin kh hu thun li th cy, c sinh trng tt v nh vy s lm hn ch xi mn. Ngc li ni kh hn, lng ma t, cy c kh cn th kh nng ngn cn lc cng ph ca git ma km d xi mn. Ni c gi mnh lm tng cng tc ri ca git ma v d gy xi mn... Trong cc yu t kh hu th lng ma nh hng trc tip n xi mn mnh nht, n th hin qua s phn b ma theo ma trong nm v cng ma. Khi cng ma cng ln th sc g ca ht ma xung mt t cng mnh v lm tng dng nc mt, xp ca t gim, sc thm nc ca t gim v lm tng kh nng xi mn t.

2.2.2. a hnh
a hnh l c s ca xi mn t l iu kin gy ra dng chy, lm cho th nng ca nc trn mt t bin thnh ng nng. Nhng yu t a hnh lm nh hng ti xi mn t l: dc, chiu di dc v hnh dng mt dc. . t cng dc, sn dc cng di th xi mn cng mnh. . Ngoi ra hng dc khc nhau th iu kin tiu kh hu cng khc nhau v iu kin chiu sng, nhit , m , ch gi khc nhau nh hng n sinh trng, che ph ca thc vt v gin tip nh hng n xi mn.

2.2.3. a cht v t
t l i tng ca xi mn, s phong ho trn mi loi m khc nhau s hnh thnh cc loi t vi cc tnh cht khc nhau, v nh vy tnh cht v cng xi mn mi loi t l khng ging nhau. . Hnh thc xp lp ca m cng nh hng ti xi mn . Thnh phn c gii ca t c nh hng rt ln ch nc ca t v xi mn; t ct c sc thm nc tt nhng kt cu ri rc nn sc khng vi xi mn km, cn t st c sc lin kt ln nn sc khng xi mn mnh nhng thng b cht kh thm nc d to ra dng chy b mt mnh gy xi khe... . xp ca t ni ln s lng l hng trong t nhiu hay t do n nh hng ln ti tc thm nc v sc cha nc ca t v nh vy c nh hng n xi mn. . Tnh cht ho hc ca t nh hng ti xi mn t: chng hn hm lng cht hu c cao s thc y s thm nc vo t; cc ion Ca++, Mg++ c nh hng tt n cu tng t. . Lng ion Na+ lm gia tng nc chy b mt lm xi mn t.

75

Phong ho v hnh thnh t

t sn dc

Xi mn mt X t Trt l St t

Ch lm a hnh t dc t

Xi mn mt X t Trt l St t

Mng li thu li Bi ph sa ng bng b lt Ct si y

Xi mn

Xi mn mt X t Trt l St t

Sng chnh
ng bng b lt

V. chuyn cht ho tan

Bn ct huyn ph

Bn ct y sng

t c tch lu

t ang di ng

Hnh 36. Qu trnh xi mn v lng ng

76

2.2.4. Thm thc b Thm thc b s ngn cn tt chng li xi mn t: tn l ngn cn lc 'xung kch' ca git ma, lm tng lng nc thm vo t, hn ch dng chy b mt... mt khc b r thc vt lm thnh mng li dy c trong t c tc dng gi t, lm tng xp ca t, lm tng kh nng gi nc ca t. 2.2.5. Cc hot ng s dng v qun l t ca con ngi. Nhp tng trng trong c hai mt dn s v pht trin kinh t x hi trong nhiu thp k qua lm cn kit cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin, c bit l ti nguyn t. Con ngi vi cc hot ng s dng v qun l t khc nhau gp phn gy ra xi mn t v xi mn t ng vai tr ch yu trong vic lm suy thoi t. Cc hot ng s dng v qun l t dn n xi mn t nh sau: .Khai thc rng khng hp l . Ph rng lm nng ry. . Canh tc nng nghip khng bn vng . La rng . Chn th gia sc qu mc . Xy dng ng, cu cng, nh ca, ng in vng i ni khng hp l . Khai thc khong sn khng hp l . Trng rng quy m ln nhng khng ch n hn loi v chn loi cy trng hp l.

2.3. S dng cc bin php k thut kim sot xi mn

2.3.1. Bin php c hc v qun l
. Xy dng cc h thng tiu nc . Xy dng b tng . Xy dng cc bc thang canh tc . K trn b mt dc

2.3.2. Bin php dng thm thc vt

. Xy dng mt thm thc vt bo v . Xy dng ai cy xanh phng h

2.3.3. Cc bin php chng xi mn truyn thng

. Lm t v canh tc theo ng ng mc . Lun canh, xen canh hoa mu .Che t mt t, lm t hn ch .. . Mt s nguyn tc chnh bo tn t v nc Bo tn t v nc l mt cng vic cn thit v ht sc cp bch hin nay nhm s dng t bn vng, do vy cn phi tun th mt s nguyn tc sau: . Sc sn xut ca t b mt i th quan trng hn nhiu so vi chnh lp t b bo mn mt i. Do vy, bo v t phi l mt s phi hp cc chin thut pht trin nng nghip tng th c trng tm ci thin k thut lm sc sn xut gia tng. Thng thng, cc k thut bo v t chng xi mn c thit k v trin khai trc mt bc i vi k thut ci thin nng sut cy trng chng xi mn t. Tuy nhin c hai u quan h tng h vi nhau v phi c trin khai ng b v phi hp. . Xi mn l kt qu ca vic s dng t nh th no v chnh n khng l nguyn nhn chnh trc tip ca s thoi ho t. S thoi ho ca t phi c ngn chn trc khi xy ra, hn l pht trin mt phng n cu cha.

77

. t c nghin cu qu nhiu bi cc chng trnh v d n bo v t chng xi mn trong khi nng dn l ngi s dng t li t tm hiu vn ny. Do vy, mt d n c mc tiu bo tn t v nc, gii quyt s thoi ho ca t phi dng bin php trin khai "t di ln", ly nn tng t cc hiu bit ca nng dn v nng tri ti ch nh l mt h thng tng th xem xt s s dng t.Tri li bin php p t "t trn xung" thng ch ch trng gii quyt cc triu chng ca xi mn t qua vic phn chia t thnh cc bc thm canh tc xen bng hay cc k thut khc ch thnh cng nht nh do s tc ng ca cc t chc bn ngoi h thng. . cc vng i ni cao, nng sut cy trng b gim st nhiu do thiu hay tha nc, hn l t b xi mn mt i. Do vy cn quan tm hn vic qun l ngun nc ma, nht l cc k thut bo tn nc hn l ch ch tm vo bo tn t. Kt qu l, cc k thut canh tc nh cy ba, t lp mt... c tim nng v ngha cao hn so vi cc bin php c gii bo v t v nc chng xi mn. . Cc n lc bo v t v nc s thnh cng hn khi c p dng mt cch lu di hn l ch p dng trong cc hot ng ngn hn theo tng d n nc c nh. . Nng h v trang tri c th l trng tm cho cc chng trnh bo v t v nc. . Nng dn cn c thuyt phc bi cc li ch trc mt, kt qu ca cc thay i canh tc. iu quan trng l phi gii quyt ngay cc nhu cu cp thit ca nng dn qua vic gii thiu cc k thut canh tc sn xut mang c li ch kinh t nhanh ln c ngha phng h lu di.

3. Mt s k thut bo tn t v nc c th p dng trong trang tri Nng lm kt hp

3.1. Canh tc theo ng ng mc
3.1.1 c im
Canh tc theo ng ng mc trn t dc l gim s xi mn t v lng nc chy b mt. ng ng mc l ng ni cc im cng cao vi nhau trn mt mt dc v n thng trc giao vi ng nc chy xung. Thng thng hn ch xi mn ngi ta trng cc loi cy bi hay xy dng cc ro chn dc theo cc ng ng mc ca mt dc. Trng trt theo ng ng mc bao gm vic xy dng by t, bc thang hay m t ng mc, hay trng cc hng cy ng mc, lm t, cy ba theo ng ng mc l k thut ang c khuyn khch pht trin vngng nam mang li s bn vng cho cc nng tri vng Hnh 37. Canh tc theo ng ng mc cao. C nhiu cch phi hp hoa mu vi nhau, vi gia sc v cy rng trn cng mt din tch canh tc theo ng ng mc. H thng SALT c pht trin v p dng ti mt s vng ca nc ta l mt dn chng v canh tc theo ng ng mc.

3.1.2. Li ch
. Gim xi mn v nc chy b mt. . Gim s mt mt cht dinh dng.

3.1.3. Hn ch
. o c v nh hng cc ng ng mc sai s khin cho t b xi mn mnh hn. . i hi lao ng cho chm sc v gi gn.

78

. Cn cc k nng chuyn mn xc nh cc ng ng mc.

3.1.4. iu kin p dng

. Yu t sinh hc t nhin: - Ci thin nng sut cy trng v iu kin t l cc im thuyt phc. - Gi nc cho cc mng tiu nc s lm gia tng thm nc vo t v sn xut hoa mu. . Yu t dn sinh kinh t x hi - Nhiu ni xy dng cc cng trnh quy m trn t dc khng c lut php cho php, nn trong trng hp canh tc theo ng ng mc s l mt k thut ph hp thay th. - Mt s vng nng dn c tp qun canh tc ln xung theo dc v d thao tc cc cng c v s dng tru b hay my c kh lm t.

3.2. Canh tc theo bc thang

3.2.1. c im
Canh tc theo bc thang l mt k thut canh tc bo v t, thng c s dng trn t dc, sn ni gi nc v kim sot chng xi mn. Chng c xy dng bng cch o v p t to nn cc bc thm ging nh bc thang. Cu to ny gip nc thm t t vo t. Cc h thng bc thang c th c cng c bng cc m t hay cc hng xp mp mi bc thang, cng c th trng c gia 2 bc thang k tip nhau hoc trng thm c v cy bi thp mp bc thang. H thng ny rt ph bin trng la v cc loi hoa mu khc vng cao.

3.2.2. Li ch
. Kim sot hiu qu xi mn t.
Hnh 38. Canh tc bc thang . Cc vt liu bo mn c gi li y cc mng tiu nc c o dc theo bc thang. . Gim chiu di dc. C mi 2 - 3m chiu di dc li c bin i thnh bc thang. Do vy vn tc nc chy xung s gim. . Ci thin c ph ca t lu di.

3.2.3. Hn ch
. C tc ng ln u tin n t nn s lm gim nng sut t ra l trong 2 - 3 nm u. . Cn lao ng v vn nhiu xy dng v bo tr bc thang. . Cn c k nng xy dng v bo tr bc thang. . Bc thang ci thin vi mt dc cch khong chim nhiu t canh tc.

3.2.4. iu kin p dng

. Yu t sinh hc v t nhin: - Khng thch hp cho cc loi t cn v d l. - Khng thch hp trng cc loI cy khng chu c ng v cc bc thang s b ng nc. - Loi bc thm ci to vi cc b dc gia hai bc thang ch p dng ni ma t. . Yu t dn sinh kinh t v x hi - vi ni nng dn khng chp nhn k thut ny v thiu lao ng v thu nhp ca h thp.

79

- Thiu s an ton v quyn canh tc trn t l mt nhn t khin cc k thut canh tc bo v lu di nh h thng bc thang khng c nng dn chp nhn. - Trn cc loi t ngho, h thng bc thang cho t l thu hi vn v li nhun thp so vi kinh ph u t ban u.

3.3. Cy che ph t
3.3.1. c im
Ngi ta trng cc loi cy ph t bo v t gim xi mn v ci to t nh vo lng phn xanh ca chng (cy vi cc loi thn l cn xanh hay cc phm vt d tha hoa mu canh tc). Cc loi thc vt ny thng l cc loi c i sng ngn (t hn 2 nm) v c trng ngoi t ng rung hay di tn cc cy trong giai on b ho. Cc loi hoa mu ph t ny cng c trng xen hay trng sau khi gieo trng cc loi cy ly ht nh
Hnh 39. Cy che ph t ng hay c trng mt ln vo chu k canh tc hoa mu. K thut trng cy che ph t thng c p dng Vit Nam v cc nc khc vng chu loi tr c di di rng cao su hay da ... v nhm mc ch cung cp thc n cho gia sc. Cy che ph t cn c trng trong cc h thng b ho ci to ph ca t nhanh chng v rt ngn c giai on b ho. Phn ln cc loi hoa mu che ph t lm lp che ph v to phn xanh. Th d nh: Sn dy di (Pueraria tokinensis) u bm (Clitoria ternatea) u xanh (Vigna radiata) C kudzu (Pueraria phaseoloides) u triu (Cajanus cajan) Ct kh (Tephrosia candida) in thanh (Sesbania sp.)

3.3.2. Li ch
. Ci thin ph v l ho tnh ca t. . Gim xi mn v tht thot nc. . Cn tr c di pht trin . Gim dng phn ho hc v thuc dit c. . Cung cp lng thc cho ngi v c nui gia sc. . Tng hm lng cht hu c trong t. . Gip gi m ca t v bo v t khi b kh hn. . Mt vi hoa mu ph t c th cho thu nhp.

3.3.3. Cc gii hn
. C th cnh tranh nc v cht dinh dng vi cy lu nm. . C th pht trin thnh c di. . C th lm ni tr n cho su bnh hi. . Mt vi loi c th tit ra cc cht ho hc cn tr gy trng cho cc loi hoa mu tip sau.

80

. Chut v rn c th tr n trong lp che ph t.

3.3.4. iu kin p dng

. Yu t sinh hc t nhin - Khng th p dng nhng ni t qu dc. - Gp phn v ci to ph ca t. - Mt vi loi hoa mu che ph ra hoa kt qu rt nhiu do rt kh kim sot; trong khi cc loi khc li khng ra ht u n v tt do cc iu kin kh hu ca ni trng. . Yu t dn sinh kinh t x hi - Lm gim dng thuc dit c v lao ng lm c. - Nng dn c t thuc din ch s dng t ai ngn hn s khng thch chp nhn k thut ny. - Cy che ph to nn thu nhp ngn hn thp. - Cy che ph thng khng sn xut cc li ch thit yu (nh lng thc, ht ging v.v..) - Nhiu loi hoa mu che ph rt thch hp cho gia sc n. Chng l ngun cung cp c ti hu hiu cho tru b, gia sc khc nhng rt kh bo v vi ni c tp qun th rng gia sc kim c n.

3.4. Lun canh hoa mu 3.4.1. c im

Cn c vo vic p dng mt cch ph bin ca nng dn, lun canh hoa mu c nh gi l mt k thut bo v t v nc quan trng nht vng ng Nam . Rt nhiu loi hoa mu c canh tc lin tip nhau, loi ny k loi kia trn cng mt din tch. S b tr canh tc ny thay i theo thi gian, nhng tt c u c xy dng : ci to l ho tnh v tnh trng mu m ca t canh tc.
Hnh 40. Lun canh hoa mu Mi loi hoa mu i hi mt cch khc nhau v c im t ai ni m n c canh tc. Mt khc, mi loi li phi li vi li ch cho t nh cc ph phm cn li hay c vi nh hng tch cc cho kt cu ca t. Mt h thng lun canh tt s quan tm n cc c im ny ca tng loi hoa mu c trng - ci g mt i v c tr li cho t - lm sao cho tng th thay i s c mt nh hng ci thin t ni chung. Trong cc h thng nng lm kt hp, thnh phn cy lu nm c th c bin i sau mt thi gian di, thng khng di mt nm. K thut nng lm kt hp cn mt phng n lu di p dng lun canh, trin khai mt lot nhiu loi hoa mu, mi th c b tr thng nht trong mt chu k canh tc. Mt kiu canh tc lun canh thng thy l la - u xanh - ng - u ma hay cc loi u khc. Mt vi loi hoa mu c trng nh b u lm gia tng m ca t, nh u xanh (Vigna sinensis) c trng vi la (oriza sativa), cung cp m tr li cho t m b la hp thu. Tng t u ma (cowpea: Vigna radiata) vi kh nng nh m v nh hng tt i vi t ca n, thng c trng sau cy ng (Zea mays) l mt cy hp th nhiu m t t.

3.4.2. Li ch
. Rt hiu qu ci thin ph ca t . Gim s tht thot cht dinh dng.

81

. Gip gi nng sut ca hoa mu. . Lm a dng cc loi canh tc. . Gip kim sot su bnh hi.

3.4.3. Hn ch
. C th kh khn ni ngun nguyn liu sn xut ngho nn. . t c p dng vi nhng cy lu nm. . i khi i hi ngi nng dn phi trng nhng loi cy khng hp vi s thch ca h.

3.4.4. iu kin p dng

.Yu t sinh hc t nhin - Trong khi mt vi yu t dinh dng vn cn i hi bn thm, lun canh vn tip tc s dng loi ny c nh sc sn xut ca vic canh tc. - Lun canh hoa mu c th c xy dng pht huy hiu qu tt ca n trn t ngho kit. . Yu t dn sinh kinh t x hi - C th tng thu nhp lu di, nhng c th cho thu nhp thp trc mt. - C th cung cp ba n thay i cho ngi. - Chnh sch t ai khng r rng s lm nn lng ngi p dng cc k thut canh tc bo v t. - C th i hi lao ng cao - Kh khn ni c s xm canh theo ma.

3.5. Trng c theo bng

3.5.1. c im
Trng c theo ng ng mc s to ra trng ngi lm gim xi mn v nc chy b mt. N thc y to ra cc bc thang t nhin trn t i dc ngay c nm th nht, v t b bo mn c gi li pha trc cc ro cn ny. C c th c trng dc theo y v sn ca c nh t v ngn nga xi mn phn dc trn cao. C cng thng c trng m t p ven bc thang gim xi mn v n nh bc thang.
Hnh 41. Trng c theo bng ng mc C c ct ta nh k (sau 2 - 4 thng) ngn chng ra hoa, che bng hay pht trin ra vng t canh tc gia 2 bng c. Do vy k thut trng cc bng c chng xi mn l rt thch hp cho nng dn c h thng nui gia sc ti ch v ct c cho chng n. C cng c th c s dng lm vt liu t gc cho cc loi hoa mu. Trn t i dc, ht c, cnh hoc bi c c trng thnh hng i dc theo ng ng mc vi khong cch l 50cm. Trng trn b mt ca c dy hn, cn trn mp bc thang c c trng theo hnh nanh su c khong cch 30cm x 20cm. Cc loi c thng dng cn xi mn l c Setaria (Setaria ancaps), c ruzi (Brachiaria ruziiensis), c voi (Pennisetum purpureum), NB21 c voi lai, s (Cymbopogon citratus), v c Vetiver (Vetiveria zizannoides).

3.5.2. Li ch
. Hn ch xi mn t v nc chy b mt. . Cung cp c cho gia sc.

82

. C c dng vt liu t.

3.5.3. Cc gii hn
. Cn cng lao ng chm sc cc bng c. . Dng vt liu c t b mt c th to nn c di pht trin. . Trng c cnh tranh din tch t dnh trng cy lng thc.

3.5.4. iu kin p dng

. Cc yu t sinh hc t nhin . Khng c p dng trn t qu dc hay cc vng t c ma ko di. . C khng th sng cc vng kh hn. . Cc yu t dn sinh kinh t x hi . Nng dn c th khng c thi gian qun l thm canh c nn d thnh c di. .Trong cc h thng truyn thng nng dn c tp qun th rng gia sc, nn h s khng chp nhn h thng chn nui mt ch v ct c em v. . Nng dn s khu trng c mt s loi gm nhm s tr n v ph hoi hoa mu lng thc k cn. . Ngun ging c trng khng sn cho mt s ni vng cao. . Nu nng dn khng nui gia sc, h khng quan tm n k thut ny.

3.6. Trng cy xanh thnh cc bng theo ng ng mc

3.6.1. c im
Cc bng cy xanh l k thut trng n gin gim xi mn trn t dc. Cc loi cy hay bi c nh m, c, cy n qu, hay cc loi hoa mu nh da, chui c trng theo ng ng mc. Rt nhiu loi cy v hoa mu c a vo trng thm trong bng tng thm thu nhp v a dng sn phm ca nng tri. Cc bng s gim dng chy ca nc ma v gi t li dn dn to thnh cc bc thang t nhin.
Hnh 42. Hng ro cy xanh ng mc Chng cng ci thin ph ca t v sc sn xut hoa mu cc ng ng mc trn t dc l cc k thut canh tc ph bin ti Vit Nam, Philippin, Indonesia v Thi Lan v hin nay chng ang c pht trin thm cc nc khc.

3.6.2. Li ch
. Hn ch xi mn. . Ci thin ph v m t. . Cung cp sinh khi lm phn xanh. . To bng che thch hp cho cy khc. . Ngun thc n cho gia sc, ci v cc vt liu khc. . Ci thin c cu to v thm nc ca t. . Cung cp vt liu t b mt t.

3.6. 3.Hn ch
. Mt mt phn t canh tc do trng cc bng cy ng mc (t nht l 10% t canh tc b mt).

83

. Bng cy cnh tranh vi hoa mu trng trong bng gia v nh sng, dinh dng v nc. Ct xn r v ta l v cnh nhnh c th hn ch s cnh tranh. . Cc loi cy trn cc bng c th l ni k gi v pht trin ca su bnh hi. . S gi nc hiu qu cc lng nc ma ln c th gy cho t ngp ng v l nht l cc trin dc.

3.6.4. iu kin p dng

. Cc yu t sinh hc t nhin . Nhit cao hay thp qu c th lm h hi cc bng trng. . Rt kh khn trng cc bng ng mc trn t dc (> 50% ). . Phn ln cc cy b u c nh m trng lm bng cy ng mc u khng thch ng pht trin trn t axt. . Yu t dn sinh kinh t x hi . Thiu ht ging ca cy trng lm bng. . Thiu thi gian v lao ng xy dng cc bng cy ng mc. . Khng c ch quyn hay s dng t lu di.

. Nng dn s cc bng cy khng sn xut lng thc, thc phm. . Nng dn ngh rng cc bng s cnh tranh mnh n hoa mu v l cy ch cho dch bnh.
. Nng dn canh tc theo li truyn thng s dng phng php v dng c n gin lm vic, h khng thch bng cy v canh tc theo ng mc v bt tin.

3.7. ai i hng chy theo ng ng mc

3.7.1. c im
Cc ai i hng nc chy c o dc theo cc ng ng mc ngang qua i vi mc ch thu lng nc chy trn b mt t v chuyn hng nc chy v cc hng nht nh. Cc ai i hng ny xy dng bo v t v nc vng t i dc. Cc knh v ai ny c o v p theo nhiu khong cch khc nhau tu theo dc ca t; dc cng ln, th khong cch cng gn. Kch thc ca ai v knh l rng 1m mt ai, rng 0,5m y knh v su 0,5m. Mt hnh thc khc ca n l cc knh ng mc v tiu nc. Knh tiu nc th tng t nh Hnh 43: ai i hng dng chy knh ng mc ngoi tr kch thc ca n ln v su hn. N thng c o chung quanh khu vc canh tc nhm gom v i hng nc chy trn qua din tch canh tc ca trang tri. Papua New Guinea mt dc hi thp cn gi nhim v nh l ni t b hao mn li. Cc h knh v trn thng cho nc tha t cc trn ma ln v nc chy trn b mt vo cc dng chy t nhin nh sng, sui.

3.7.2. Li ch
. Bo v t canh tc khi b nh hng ca nc trn chy t i ni cao xung.

84

. Kim sot xi mn theo khe l. . Lm gim li nh hng bo mn ca nc chy b mt.

3.7. 3. Hn ch
. Nu khng c xy dng ng v ph hp, cc ai v knh c th b nc chy trn qua vo t canh tc nht l khi c ma ln. . Cn h tr thm cho ai i hng bng cch xy dng nh h gi nc, ngn gi t. . Cn bo tr v chm sc no vt lin tc.

3.7.4. Cc iu kin p dng

. Yu t sinh hc t nhin - hiu qu, ai v knh phi c xy dng theo ng cc ng ng mc chnh xc. Nng dn phi bit dng khung ch A hay ng nc thng bng xc nh cc ng chnh xc ny. . Yu t dn sinh kinh t x hi - Mt phn t canh tc b mt dnh xy dng cc ai v knh. - nc vo ng nc chy nng tri k cn c th gy ra mt tranh chp v mt x hi.

3.8. Ro cn c gii
3. 8.1. c im
Cc ro cn c gii xy dng trn mt t dc hn ch tc nc chy trn b mt v gi t b bo mn bi hin tng xi mn b mt. Cc kin to ny c th c lm bng g hay ; theo thi gian, chng c th to thnh hng ro cn cy sng. Philippin v Papua New Guinea cc ro cn c lm bng khc g v cnh nhnh xp dc theo ng ng mc ca t i dc. Thng ngi ta ng cc cc g gi chng li. Pha trn ca ro cn c v cc vt liu hu c khc c xp dc theo gi t b cun tri theo dng nc.
Hnh 44. Ro cn c gii Khong cnh ca gii t gia hai ro cn thay i tu theo dc ca t, nhng thng ch bin ng t 4 n 8m. Cc loi hoa mu nh ng, khoai lang v thuc l c trng trn cc gii t gia.

3.8.2. Li ch
. Gim lng nc chy trn b mt. . Gi cc phm vt bo mn li. . Nu bo v thch hp c th pht trin thnh cc bc thang trong mt thi gian.

85

. Cho php nng dn canh tc trn t dc ni m thng khng thch hp canh tc.

3.8. 3. Hn ch
. Cc ro cn bng g khng bn do b mc trong vng 2 n 5 nm. . Xy dng ro cn i hi cng lao ng.

3.8.4. iu kin p dng

. Yu t sinh hc t nhin - c nng dn chp nhn nu t c dc trung bnh t hu hiu canh tc hoa mu. . Yu t dn sinh kinh t x hi - i khi nng dn khng c lao ng lm ro cn. - Nng dn ch chp nhn lm ro cn trng loi hoa mu c gi tr kinh t cao nh trng hp thuc l Philippin.

3.9 B tng
nhng vng t c nhiu , b tng l thch hp . Dc theo ng ng mc v pha trn hng ai cy bi ng mc, ct ngang mt dc lm b mt t v gi cht cc hn ln nhau. . Nu c , cht b tng cao ngang vi im gia ca hai ng ng mc. . Trng cy bi a dng y ca b tng . chng s c nh v gi chc b tng cng nh s cung cp l cy cho gia sc. 3.9.1 iu kin p dng

Ni c ln vo t, nng dn s kt hp dn xp trn ng ng mc. u t lao ng xy dng ban u kh ln. Hnh 45. B tng

3.10. Cc by t
3.10.1. c im
Cc by t l cc kin to gi t b bo mn t u ngun li. Cc kiu thng thng nht l h v ho gi nc c thit k trong lng cc knh i hng hay ng tiu nc. Mt h nc lm gim tc ca dng chy v gip cc phn t t b bo mn lng li ti ch. Kch thc ca h tch nc tu thuc vo tm c ca ng nc chy v cc knh tiu cn c bo v. Cc ro cn chn t c th c lm bng cc thn, cnh ca cy mai (Gliricidia sepium), tre, tng, lng g hay cc vt liu c sn ti a phng. Hnh 46. Cc h by t Ho l nhng h gi nc ln v di dc theo m cn b xung thm cho cc kin to khc. Mt ho thng c kch thc chng 1m

86

di 0,5m; rng 0,8m su v b tr nm pha trn mt m t ng mc chng 1m n 2m. Mc ch ca cc kin to by t l gi t v gi nc li thi gian ngn tng kh nng thm nc. t gi li trn cc h v ho nc c no vt thng xuyn v chuyn n ng rung bn cnh.

3.10.2. Li ch
. Ngn chn s pht trin v m su rng cc khe xi. . To iu kin tt cc vt liu b bo mn giu cht dinh dng lng ng li. . Gim tc nc chy cc khe xi mn v ng nc chy. . Ni t lng t c th canh tc hoa mu.

3.10.3. Cc gii hn
. i hi no vt thng xuyn trnh nc trn vo b trong cc trn ma ln. . Cc p chn i hi bo tr v sa cha thng xuyn.

3.10.4. iu kin p dng

. Yu t sinh hc t nhin - Vt liu xy dng cc by t c th khng c sn ti a phng. . Yu t dn sinh kinh t x hi - Cn sa cha cc h hi ca p chn v phi no vt h tch nc thng xuyn. - Cc by t xy dng ring l khng c cc h tr bo v khc s khng hiu qu.

3.11. Tch cha nc vng cao

3.11.1. c im
Ngun nc ti cho canh tc nng nghip vng cao c th c tng cng bng cch xy dng cc h tch nc nh t canh tc lu gi nc ma. Xy dng cc h cha nc nh s hiu qu nu c phi hp vi cc yu t nh: Lu vc nc ni hng nc ma v to nc chy trn b mt, cc h tch nc hng nc ma v nc chy b mt, v khu vc canh tc cn ti nc trong kiu thng vo ma kh. Lu vc nc phi c din tch ln gom nc vo h tch nc. S lng nc tch c tu thuc vo tnh cht v din tch ca vng lu vc nc v ch ma ca vng. cc ni c lng ma bin ng t 1200 n 1500mm/nm, mt din tch lu vc nc canh tc theo h thng rung bc thang rng 0,2 n 0,5 ha l cho mt lng nc khong 1000m3 tch trong h cha nc bin ng t 0,6 n 1,0 ha l to ra mt th tch nc nh trn. i vi cc ni kh hn c lng ma hng nm thp hn, s tch cha nc vn tin hnh c vi iu kin lu vc nc phi c din tch ln hn.

Hnh 47. Ao tch cha nc

a im xy dng cc h tch nc nh c th ch cao hay vng t thp, thung lng ni c th li dng lng nc chy thin nhin. Cc ni thuc nc chy ca cng ng nn qun l thch hp chia x li ch cho tt c thnh vin. Nu chn la ni c cc mch nc chy quanh nm cng tt c nc ti quanh nm. Nn chn nhng ni c dc vi cc i dc bin ng t 2 n 18% l thch hp nht.

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3.11.2. Li ch . ci thin c s sn xut lng thc, thc phm

. Thc y s cn bng bo tn sinh thi. . u t thp trn mi din tch canh tc c thu nhp cao. . Hn ch tc hi ca kh hn. . Gip dn nc ti bng trng lng

. Phn ln xy dng v qun l c th nn trnh c cc tranh chp x hi. 3.11.3. Hn ch

. i hi lao ng nhiu xy dng. . Kh nng tht thot ngun nc do bc hi v r r (tu theo loi t). . Cc loi thc vt thu sinh v bo ni c th xm nhim h tch nc. . Khng th kim sot lng nc chy trn trong cc trn ma ln c th gy h hi cho h v tch nc. . Thit k v xy dng km dn n xi mn v lt.

3.11.4. iu kin p dng

. Yu t sinh hc t nhin - Cc loi t khng gi c nc v c thm thot cao cn c trng y h bng giy plastic hay st nng. . Yu t dn sinh kinh t x hi - Nng dn c th khng ng thun dnh mt din tch t lm h cha nc. - Chnh sch s dng t ai c nh hng quyt nh ca nng dn. - Khng c lao ng. - Vn vay hay vn ca nng tri c th khng sn c. - i hi cc kin thc v k nng xy dng v qun l h v h thng thu li nh.

3.12. Canh tc nng ry khng t:

3.12.1. c im y l kiu canh tc qung canh rt ph bin cc nc ng Nam , c bit l canh tc la nng, khoai s, v cy sn lm chnh. N cn c gi l kiu canh tc du canh, pht chc l b ht. Tuy nhin phn ln l sau khi pht kh ri t v chc l, b ht, cn phng thc canh tc nng ry khng t c nhiu u im hn t (nng dn Papua New Guinea sau khi cht pht cy th khng t m dn xp theo ng ng mc, sau chc l v b ht mt cch n gin). Hnh 48. Canh tc ry khng t

3.12.2. Li ch
. S dng cc cht dinh dng cha trong sinh khi ca thm thc vt. . Kim sot c di trong 3 thng u v hoa mu mc nhanh gi c m ca t. y l mt phng php n gin chuyn ho t rng thnh t canh tc.

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. Lp thc vt khng t che ph t ngn cn lc xung kch ca git ma tng lng nc thm vo t hn ch dng chy mt. . Phi hp canh tc hoa mu c c. . Khng gy kh nng chy rng.

3.12.3. Hn ch
. D lm xi mn t v tht thot dinh dng ca h sinh thi. . Ch c th dng khi lm t c gii hn hay canh tc khng cn lm t, nht l khi lp ph thc vt nhiu.

3.12.4. iu kin p dng

. Yu t sinh hc t nhin - Khng th trng hoa mu dy ti a do t dc kh canh tc . Yu t dn sinh kinh t x hi - Cn nhiu cng lao ng pht rng - Ch ph hp ni c dn s t - Khng p dng c nu thi gian b ho ngn hn 10 nm v t cha phc hi v cn b xm nhim bi c di - Yu t tm l ca nng dn vn tin tng rng t s ci thin c ph ca t. Ngoi cc k thut trn cn c th p dng cc k thut n gin khc nh: - S dng phn hu c - K thut lm t ti thiu (nh cuc h, trc l tra ht, trng cy...) - K thut chn nui gia sc gia cm trong chung... Cc k thut ny n gin v cng c th p dng trong trang tri nng lm kt hp gp phn s dng t bn vng.

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Bi 10. Cc k thut p dng trong trang tri nh Nng lm kt hp

Mc tiu

Trnh by c khi nim trang tri trong nng lm kt hp

Gii thch c cc cng vic v k thut qun l trang tri p dng vo cc iu kin c th Phn bit, la chn p dng nhng k thut trng trt v chn nui thch hp cho mt trang tri nng lm kt hp nh

1. Khi nim v trang tri

Trang tri l mt hnh thc t chc kinh t sn xut nng lm da trn c s hp tc v phn cng lao ng bao gm mt s ngi lao ng nht nh c ch trang tri t chc v trang b t liu sn xut tin hnh cc hot ng sn xut kinh doanh ph hp vi yu cu s dng t v lao ng theo cc quy nh ca nh nc. V mt x hi, trang tri l mt t chc sn xut trong c cc quan h gia cc thnh vin ca h trang tri, quan h gia ch trang tri v lao ng thu ngoi. V iu kin t nhin, trang tri l mt h thng sn xut v ch bin nng nghip mt cch a dng v tng hp tn dng kh nng sn xut ca t, ng gp vo hin trng sinh thi cnh quan ca ton vng. Quy m ca mt trang tri c th thay i tu theo din tch sn xut ca n v ngun lao ng c huy ng sn xut cng nh mc ch sn xut nh trang tri kinh t ln, trang tri va v nh ca gia nh, trang tri sn xut theo hng hng ho, sn xut t cung t cp hay c hai. c bit cc vng cao th cc trang tri nh l rt ph bin v cn thit v cc hot ng trng trt, chn nui, v ch bin nng sn y gp phn cung cp vic lm, lng thc, thc phm v thu nhp cho cc h nng dn.

2. Qun l trang tri nng lm kt hp

2.1. Qun l cc ngun ti nguyn trong trang tri nng lm kt hp
Mt trang tri l mt h thng canh tc a dng v tng hp s dng t theo mt mc ch no . Norman nh ngha mt h thng l: bt k mt tp hp gm cc phn t hay thnh phn m khi hot ng chng quan h rng buc vi nhau. Do vy mt h thng trang tri NLKH c xem nh l mt s dn xp chi ly ca t, nc, ti nguyn, hoa mu, vt nui, cng lao ng v cc ti nguyn khc trong mt mi trng do ch h qun tr theo cc kinh nghim, kh nng v k thut c sn.

2.1.1. Qun l ti nguyn t nhin

t l ti nguyn thit yu sn xut trong nng nghip. c th xy dng v qun l mt trang tri sn xut bn vng ch trang trai cn quan tm:

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a/ cc c im ca t : Do cc trang tri vng Cao thng b nh hng bi cch canh tc nng ry, t ai y thng thoi ho, ngho v thiu cc k thut bo tn thch hp nn nng sut cy trng v vt nui rt thp. b/ a hnh v a mo ca t trang trai: chi phi n s sn xut ca trang trai c bit vng Cao nh dc, hng phi, vng t thy, sn dng vv. Quan tm n cc c im ny s nh hng trc tip n cc sn xut trong trang tri nhm hn ch hin tng xi mn t ai. c/ Kh hu: bao gm nhiu yu t nhng vng Nhit i yu t m trang tri cn quan tm hn ht l v lng v s phn b ma trong nm v a s cc trang tri NLKH u da vo nc tri canh tc. Ch ma phn no xc nh loi hoa mu cng nh thi gian canh tc. d/ Ngun nc: l yu t quan trng sn xut nn ch trang tri cn: - tn dng trit cc iu kin thun li ca ngun nc c sn sn xut v sinh hot, - ra cc phng n s dng hp l v tit kim, - quan tm n c s lng v cht lng ca nc.

2.1.3. Qun l ti nguyn sinh hc

a/ Hoa mu : mt trang tri NLKH bao gm 2 loi hoa mu chnh l cy nng nghip ngn ngy v cy lu nm k c cy rng. Cc trang tri ny hin nay c nng sut km so vi cc trang tri ng bng do loi hoa mu, k thut canh tc cn thp, u t t v c khuynh hng sn xut t cung cp. Tuy nhin, chng li mang tnh a dng, bo tn cao, v sn xut kt hp vi nhau gia cc thnh phn. b/ Vt nui : l thnh phn ng gp cho thu nhp ca trang tri vng Cao, nht l trong ma kh, l iu ho s lao ng v thu nhp ca trang tri NLKH vng kh hu gi ma. Hn na, vt nui cng ng gp ng k cho trng trt qua vic cung cp phn hu c cho canh tc bn vng. c/ Su bnh, cn trng v c di : l cc thnh phn sinh hc m ch trang tri phi xem xt do khng th trnh khi s xut hin ca cc sinh vt c hi ny trong canh tc. Do h canh tc vng Cao a dng hn nn bo v thc vt y t phc tp nh vng ng bng canh tc thm canh. Cc k thut bo v thc vt bng bin php phng tr su bnh hi tng hp (IPM) thng c cc ch trang tri quan tm do n d ph hp vi iu kin ti ch.

2.1.4. Qun l ti nguyn con ngi

Ti nguyn con ngi thng c phn chia lm 2 loi cn c vo cc yu t ni ti hay ngoi vi. a/ Cc yu t t bn ngoi (ngoi vi): l cc yu t m ch trang tri khng th kim sot chng c th d nh: cu trc ca lng, xm, cng ng, cc phong tc tp qun. Cy trng v vt nui c sn xut trong trang tri c th b nh hng bi cc yu t ny m ch trang tri khng th can thip c nh vi loi vt nui thing ling mt s tn gio. Ngoi ra nh hng ca cc lung o to, qu hng ni trng thnh, cc ngun h tr t bn ngoi, vv cng chi phi n quyt nh v hnh ng ca ngi canh tc. V d tn dng h tr

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lm thay i hng lot v loi v quy m sn xut ca mt thnh phn canh tc no trong trang tri. b/ Cc yu t bn trong (ni vi):y l nhng yu t nm di s kim sot ca ch trang tri gm: t ai, lao ng v vn ling. Quyt nh v din tch s canh tc, s dng lc lng lao ng ph hp cho c nm, v ngun vn sn xut l nhng im m ch trang tri phi d kin v qun l.

2.2. Qun tr trang tri nng lm kt hp

i tng chnh ca k thut NLKH l cc trang tri nh v va vng su vng xa. Do vy, tm hiu tnh trng hin ti v mi trng sinh sng ca ca cc trang tri l quan trng h tr cc k thut NLKH ng thi khuyn co ch trang tri c cc quyt nh ph hp sn xut bn vng. Mt trang tri nh v va c cc c im thng thy sau: - Nng tri trc ht l nh hn l ni kinh doanh. Cc quyt nh sn xut loi g v nh th no b chi phi bi cc suy ngh ca cc thnh vin ang sng trong trang tri. Lu l nng h nh thng sn xut tho mn nhu cu cho gia nh trc khi chuyn thnh sn xut hng ho. - Nng h nh c khuynh hng tiu th cc nng sn m h sn xut nn loi cy trng, vt nui c chn la theo s thch ca h. - Lao ng trong gia nh l chnh hn l thu mn lao ng bn ngoi. - Th trng ca cc sn phm khng r rng, nhp liu sn xut bp bnh, thi tit kh hu bt thng, v nng sut v thu nhp km gia tng mc ri ro trong sn xut trang tri nh v va. -Ti nguyn ca cc trang tri nh b hn ch. Vn hn ch, quyn s dng t khng r rng, v cc dch v khuyn nng lm, th trng, giao thng lin lc khng y lm cho sn xut y tr nn rt km v tt hu. - Tuy nhin sn xut trang tri nh rt a dng v: + sn xut loi t cung cp, + gim cc ri ro, + iu ho thu nhp, v + tn dng ti a cng lao ng ca gia nh. Do thiu ti nguyn, vn sn xut t, gi c nng sn thp, s sn xut trong cc trang tri nh v va thng mc thp hay trung bnh. Lao ng thng thiu theo thi v v c nhiu cng vic trong canh tc. Qun tr trang tri km do thi gian b gii hn. Kt qu l trang tri sn xut km hiu qu so vi cc trang tri kinh t ln. Cc c im ny ch r s phc tp ca cc trang tri nh v va. Ti y, s sn xut hoa mu khng th c xt ring l m phi tm hiu mi lin h vi cc thnh phn khc trong h thng. Ngay c sn xut cy nng nghip ngn ngy cng phc tp v trng nhiu loi xen vi nhau. Tm li cn nghin cu cc trang tri ny di gc h thng v ch gii thiu cho h mt k thut tn tin nh ging lai c nng sut cao l khng m cn xt n cc yu t khc nh: phm cht sn phm, vn ling, phn bn, thuc su bnh, th trng, gi c vv.

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Trang tri l ni cung cp lao ng, k thut, tin bc v cc ti nguyn khc trong h thng s dng t sn xut. Khi c quy thnh tin, gi tr ca s tiu th trong trang tri cung cp cc thng tin v s sinh sng ca cng ng v phn tch mc cng ng, ngi ta c th nhn xt mc ca cng ng chi tiu hay dnh dm. Kinh t ca mt trang tri bao gm thu nhp, cng nh cc ti sn v cc khon n. M t s lc v kinh t trang tri bao gm mt tin trnh xc nh sc lao ng, hng ho v thu nhp chia x bi mt nhm ngi sng trong cng mt gia nh v xc nh cc ti nguyn y lin h n cc nhu cu ca h. So vi cc vn khc, m t ny l mt bng cn i gia ch tiu v thu nhp ca mi thnh vin trong nng h km theo gii tnh phn tch c im ca tng u t v s quyt nh, ng gp, nh hng v chi tiu. Ba cng c n gin l bng kim k (bng cn i), thu nhp rng v ngn sch ca trang tri tm hiu v tnh hnh kinh t ti chnh ca cc hot ng sn xut. Tt c thnh vin ca nng h u nn tham gia trong qu trnh s dng cc cng c trn nhm m bo rng tt c cc suy ngh ca h u c ghi nhn. Trc khi dng cc cng c trn, xc nh s thnh vin, tui v gii tnh thng qua cc cu hi ai lm g, khi no, u? chu trch nhim g?

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Bng 3. Th d v bn kim k trang tri Th d:

* Kim k ti chnh ca trang tri (bn cn i)

Kim k ti chnh ca mt trang tri (hay lp bn cn i ti chnh) s chng t rng ti sn thun hin nay ca trang tri. Tng s gi tr ca tin n (nh n, vn vay, tn dng.v.v...) c cn i tr cho tng s gi tr ti sn hin nay ca trang tri (bao gm t ai, gia sc, tin dnh...)

Kim k trang tri (bn cn i)

Ti sn
A. Ti sn nng tri S lng Din tch t (ha) Nh ca NT: - Kho Gia sc: - Tru - D Dng c: - Cy - Ba Hoa mu d tr: - Ng (kg) Tng s ti sn B. Ti sn nng h S Gi hin lng hnh Nh g Tin ginh Tng sn s ti 1 50.000 Tng s 50.000 12.000 1.000 63.000 Tng ti sn: 103.400
Tin n:

Gi hin hnh 10.000

Tng s 10.000

1. Lp danh sch ti sn trang tri: 2 2 3 2 2 200 5.000 6.000 1.000 1.500 700 5 10.000 12.000 3.000 3.000 1.400 1.000 40.400 2. Lp danh sch ti sn trang tri -Nh ca -Xe c - g gia dng v cc ti sn khc -Tin dnh -t ai (gi tr ca t ang s dng). -Cc c s xy dng canh tc -Tng s gia sc v gia cm -Trang thit b v dng c ca trang tri -Hoa mu d tr trong kho -Cc nguyn vt liu d tr trong kho (nh phn bn, thuc...)

3. c lng gi tr hin ti ca mi ti sn

4. Lp danh sch tin n ca trang tri -N ngn hn -N di hn

Tin n ngn hn Tin n di hn

Tng s tin n: Hin trng cn i: 63.400

10.000 30.000 40.000 5. Tr tng n vo tng gi tr ti sn ca trang tri xc nh s tn thun vn ling ca trang tri ang c.

(Chnh lch gia gi tr ti sn v tin n).

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Bng 4. Th d v bn thu chi ca nng h

Tnh trng thu nhp hng nm ca trang tri

Cng c ny din t ngun v tng s thu nhp ca trang tri. l mt dng c rt hu ch phn bit tm quan tng ca cc hot ng to thu nhp cho h. 1. Lit k cc thu nhp do bn hoa mu v vt nui quanh nm: -S lng ca sn phm tnh bng n v ci, con hay kh cho tng th. -c lng gi hin thi ca tng sn phm. 2. Lit k cc ngun thu nhp khc. 3. in thm vo cc khon thu nhp t nng tri v cc ngun khc ng gp vo tng thu nhp ca trang tri. tnh thu nhp thun, cc chi ph cho mi ngun thu nhp phi c tr i. y l chi ph sn xut (nh phn bn, ht ging, thc n gia sc...).

Th d: thu nhp hng nm ca trang tri

Thu nhp t hoa mu / gia sc S lng 1. Tri cy - Khoai (s c) - u (s qu) 2. Rau mu - Ng ci (kg) - ngt (kg) 3. Vt nui - Bn d Tng s: Thu nhp khc: S Gi lng n v 500 10 10 50 Tng s 5.000 4.000 500 9.500 200 1.000 1.000 1.000 1 Gi n v 5 2 4 7 1000 Tng s 1.000 2.000 4.000 7.000 1.000 15.000

Cn i thu chi ca trang tri

Ngn sch hng nm ca trang tri dng cho nhiu mc ch: 1- N gip gia nh so snh chi tiu ca h i vi thu nhp, 2Gip h tho lun v ng khon no hay hot ng no h s chi tiu v 3- Gip h lp nn gii hn (trn c s thng hay nm) chi tiu trong gia nh. i vi cc nh pht trin nng thn, thng tin ny rt ch li xc nh ai l ngi cn c h tr v mt k thut c bit no (cho mt lng lao ng c nh no ) v kh nng ca nng h u t vo cc hot ng mi vi cc gi nh may ri ca chng. Cch lm: 1. Mi ton thnh vin ca gia nh lit k cc khon chi tiu ca h t thu nhp. 2. Lit k chi tiu bnh qun hng thng. 3. Nhn vi 12 thng tnh c chi tiu hng nm ca mi khon. 4. Cng tng s cc chi tiu hng nm ca mi khon chi c c tng chi tiu hng nm ca trang tri.

1.Bn ci (ster) 2.Gi tin, hng 3.Lm thu (ngy) Tng s:

Th d:( cn i thu chi) Ngn sch hng nm ca nng h:

1. Lng thc 2. Gaz 3. X phng 4. Hc ph 5. Ph i li 6. Thuc men 7. Thuc l 8. Ru, bia 9. C bc v gii tr 10. Chi ph khc Tng s:

1.200 x 12 50 x 12 50 x 12 150 x 12 20 x 12 200 x 12 100 x 12 50 x 12

14.400 600 600 1.800 240 1.500 2.400 1.200 600 500 23.840

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2.3. K thut qun l trang tri gip tng cng bo v t v nc

Cn quan tm n cc k thut sau: 1. p dng cc k thut lun canh gia cc loi cy lng thc vi cc loi cy h u. 2. Nn trng xen v th hai: tt nht l gieo trng loI th hai khi loi th nht cn ang sinh trng, trnh lm t thm. Trng xen nh trn gip bo v t nh vo lp che ph c sn ca hoa mu th nht. 3. Phi canh tc theo ng ng mc v ch trng xy dng cc cng trnh ph phng h nh b tng , ai cy xanh hng ranh. 4. Tn dng cc ngun phn hu c c sn (cc ph phm ca hoa mu, phn chung hoai, phn xanh vv.) lm giu t. Trnh t cc b phn d tha ca cy v hoa mu sau khi sn phm chnh c thu hoch. 5. Dng cc sn phm thn cnh nhnh ca cy v hoa mu to cc ro cn c gii gim xi mn. 6. a dng ho cy trng trong trang tri v cu trc v chc nng phng h t gim xi mn. Ch n cy lu nm trong trang tri t bit cc im nhy cm ca t trang tri. 7. Bo v rng t nhin hay trng li rng nh cao nht ca t trang tri phng h ng thi sn xut g ci, v cc sn phm khc cho trang tri. 8. Bo v t trong giai on b ho. S dng cc cht t t hu c bo v mt t khi b phi ra nng gt, bo mn bi gi, ma ln vv. 9. Ch nui gia sc trong chung hay buc ti ch v em thc n v cho chng v chn th t do l mt trong cc nguyn nhn gp phn xi mn t. Hn na nui nht gia sc gip tn dng c phn chung.

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2.4. Kim sot la rng trong trang tri Nng lm kt hp

La l mt tai ho chnh trong sut ma kh cc rng mi trng, c bit l cc ni tip gip vi cc vng c c tranh, c M. S hin din ca c kh v cc loi cy che ph rng trng trong sut ma kh lm tng nguy c chy. Hn na do bt cn, mt mu thuc l chy d vt ba bi cng d gy chy nhng vng trn. gim nhiu nht kh nng gy chy trong rng trng, cn iu phi c kh v cc loi cy che ph trong canh tc. Cc bin php kim sot la trong trong trang tri nng lm kt hp nh c th l: 1. ai ngn la t nhin: l cc bng khng c thc vt t nhin ngn la chy lan. Th d sng, sui, knh o v Hnh 49. t chn la ng x l cc ng ngn la t nhin hiu qu. X l sch hay lm gim thc b quanh cc ai cn la trong ma kh cng lm tng kh nng phng la ca chng. 2. ng ngn la: l cc bng x l sch thm cy rng khong 10 m to nn ranh gii ca rng trng. C th dng cy to nn cc bng cn la ny hoc dng bin php t trc cc thc b, bi kh nm trn bng vo u ma kh. 3. t la chn u: loi tr cc bi kh v thc b trnh la c th chy n. Nu mt m la c pht hin sm v gi chuyn hng thi n ni chy th nn to cc m la chy lan t ngoi n im chy loi tr kh nng pht trin rng ca la nh ngn la c th c ngn chy lan n rng. t la chn u phn cao ca mt sn dc trn ngn la chnh trnh chy lan ln pha trn.

2.5. Qun l dch bnh tng hp trong trang tri Nng lm kt hp (IPM)
Qun l dch bnh tng hp (Integrated Pest Management) l mt lnh vc khoa hc hng v sinh thi qun l qun th loi bng phng php phi hp tt c cc cch phng tr thnh mt h thng qun l su bnh hi. Trong thc t IPM l mt phng php c nhiu kha cnh nhng trong ch yu khuyn khch li dng cc nhn t phng tr t nhin, hn ch ti a bin php phng tr nhn to. IPM cn phi ch : . Phng tr su hi da trn nguyn tc cn bng sinh hc. . Khng tiu dit hon ton su hi m ch lm cho s lng su hi duy tr mc khng gy tn tht cho kinh t. . Coi trng nhn t khng ch t nhin, c bit ch n khng ch t nhin ca cc thin ch do hn ch hoc khng dng thuc ho hc. Khi p dng IPM cho trang tri nng lm kt hp cn phi xem xt quyt nh cc bin php phng tr theo th t u tin nh:

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. Xc nh loi sinh vt gy hi c cn thit phng tr khng v quyt nh bin php phng tr. . Tng cng bin php phng tr sinh hc. . Coi trng cc bin php nng lm nghip: chn cc loi cy trng xen b tr khong cch gia cc loi, tng tnh a dng sinh hc trong trang tri nng lm kt hp. . Chn lc cc loi thuc ho hc c th phng tr su bnh khng nh hng lu di n sn phm v mi trng (v d cc ch phm sinh hc, vi sinh... c ch cn trng)

. Hnh 50. Cc kiu lip trong vn m trang tri NLKH Xc nh ngng gy hi ca su bnh. . Tnh ton cc chi ph v li ch xc nh hiu qu kinh t.

3. K thut gy trng cc loi cy trong trang tri nh nng lm kt hp.

3.1. Xy dng v qun l vn m cy cho trang tri v cng ng
Kh khn trong cung cp ht ging v chi ph ht ging ngy cng cao khin cho cn phi tm cc cch khc nhau lm tng t l sng cn v sinh trng ca cy con. Vn m a li s kim sot cn c v m, nh sng, t v cc yu t khc, do cho php sn xut vi t l cao cy con kho mnh v cng cp. Sau y l mt s bc cng vic xy dng mt vn m thnh cng. * Chn a im tt cho vn m: a im l tng l mt ni gn nh (Do vy, vn m thng c kim tra, chm sc tt ), t tt gn ngun nc hu hiu, khng b che bng v khng b ng nc. Nn trnh chn a im vn m gn ni ang sn xut cy cng loi khi ly lan bnh tt v cn trng. * Chun b lung gieo ht, lung cy cy

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Nu cn nhiu cy con cho trng rng lm cht t hay lm g, sn xut cy con r trn v trng rng bng phng php cy con r trn s d dng v r tin hn so vi cc bin php v phng php trng rng khc. K thut ny thch hp nht i vi cc loi cy con kho, chu ng tt, c r cc kho nh Nhc nga hay Phi lao.Vn chuyn v trng cy con r trn n gin hn so vi cy con nui dng trong bu to sn. Ht ging cc loi c t l ny mm hay c xut x khng r rng nn, tt hn, gieo trong lung hay hc gieo, khay gieo sau cy cy m vo bu t to sn, nu cn. * Lung gieo ht cn : . Lm ti t v to lung ni c chiu rng va lm c m khng cn dm ln mt lung. . Trn u thm phn chung v ct. . Lm bng mt lung.Dng dao hay cy nhn to cc rnh cn gieo ht. . Lm bng mt lung.Dng dao hay cy nhn to cc rnh cn gieo ht. . Gieo ht (c x l nu cn) theo cc rnh gieo nui thnh cy con r trn ti lung. Nu sn xut cy con nui trong bu to sn, c th gieo ht ri u dy hn. . T rnh bng mt lp t mng bng b dy ca ht. . Ri u tro trn khp mt lip phng nga kin v c sn ph hi cy mm. . Ti nc nh cho lung gieo trnh lm ht gieo b cun tri bi dng chy b mt. Nu cn ph nn mt lung cc mnh nilon mng cch mt lung 5-10 cm ngn ma ln. *Hp gieo ht : c dng gieo ht nh nh ht Bch n v Phi lao. N l mt hp g hay chu c c l nh y c k cao cho d thot nc. Chun b hn hp gieo trong hp gm cc phn u nhau: t mt, ct v phn chung c ry sn qua l mn v phi p v cc cc t ln. Nn to mt lp si nh y hp thot nc tt. Nhiu loi cy con n qu thng thng c nui trong bu to gc cho ghp mt hay ghp ngn. Phi chun b bu t cho cy con khi ht ging bt u ny mm nh chn v bu, c l, d hn hp rut bu vo n mp ca ti, xp ti bu ngay thng v st nhau trn lip t bu. Kch thc ti bu cht do nh (kch thc 10cm x 15cm) dnh cho cy con lm nghip vi thi gian nui dng trong vn m t 4 n 6 thng. Nu cy con c nui lu hn 6 thng trong vn m nh cc loi cy n qu c sn xut lm gc ghp, nn s dng cc ti bu ln (15cm x 20cm) v bn hn. V bu lm ng tre cng thng c dng bng cch ghp hai mnh ng tre v ct li to thnh bu cy cy m. Li im ca bu ng tre l tho v bu khi trng cy v dng li c. Mt loi v bu khng y lm bng cc lon thic cng c s dng bng cch nn t y lon to y sau cho hn hp rut bu vo. V bu l chui v mt s l cy khc cng c dng to bu t nui cy con, nhng phi thay th thng xuyn v chng d b r mc. * Cy cy con : khi cy con tiu chun cy nh pht trin t nht hai l tht. Phi ti nc cho cy cy v bu t trc khi cy cy sau hai gi s cy cy con.

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* Chm sc cy con trong vn m bng cc bin php k thut sau: ti nc va , lm c ph vng khi cn thit, xn ta r cy con hay o bu v sau cng lm cng cp cy con mt thi gian trc khi em ra trng bng gim lng nc v phn bn.

Hnh 51. Dn che v vt liu lm dn che

3.2 Nhn ging v tnh cy n qu

Trong vn m NLKH nng dn c th nhn ging v tnh cho cy n qu bng nhiu cch khc nhau. Mc ch ca nhn ging v tnh l to ra mt s lng cy con c phm tnh di truyn tng ng vi mt cy c phm tnh tt gi l cy u dng. Nhn ging v tnh cy n qu hay cy rng ty thuc vo s phong ph c sn ca vt liu ghp thp ca cc cy c phm tnh tt v vo kh nng pht trin gi c cc phm tnh ny sau khi ghp hay thp. C nhiu k thut nhn ging v tnh nh sau : 1. Tch chi non dng cho chui v da :

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2. Tch gc chui : 3. Gim cnh v r ca cy rng v cy n qu :

4. Chit cy p dng cho cc loi chanh, cam, xoi, i, bi, iu ln ht, du gia, vi, qut v nhiu loi cy rng.

5.Ghp nhnh : dng cho cc loi cam, chanh, bi, qut, vi, i, mng cu xim, b, iu, tc, vi, xoi, chm chm, me chua, vv.

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6. Ghp mt hnh ch nht hay hnh thun c p dng cho nhiu loi cy n qu.

3.2 K thut trng cy bn a, a dng trong trang tri nh nng lm kt hp

Cy bn a a tc dng c v tr quan trng trong sn xut v phng h trong trang tri NLKH. cc tnh min Bc cc cy bn a a tc dng c chn trng phn nh i nh Lt hoa, M, Trm , Su, vi mt 1000 - 1500 cy/ha cn phn chn c trng cc loi cy nh Trm, Tai chua, Dc, Tre lung. Ti min Trung v min Nam phn nh i thng c trng cc loi cy nh Bi Li , trm, i, long no, d bu vv. Cc loi cy bn a thng c trng tp trung trn nh i v ri rc trn sn dc vi mc tiu phng h kt hp vi tn thu cc sn phm ngoi g nh Trm, su, Dc,Tai chua, M, Gi, long no, Sn mt, Gii, do cc loi cy ny c tn l rng, b r sinh trng mnh, ngoi sn phm g ci cn cho nha, l, hoa...Qu c trng sau khi trng cc loi cy che bng 1v. Cy che bng c th l Sn, keo du, u triu, hoc ct kh, loi cy sn mt c trng sau khi trng cy to bng l cc loi keo hoc ct kh, u triu 1 nm. Xc nh mt trng ca cc loi cy ny da vo mc ch trng v c im ni trng. Nu mc ch l phng h v t xu th nn trng dy, nu l trng che bng, hay thc hin Taungya th mt nn tha, hn na cn tu thuc vo vic trng thun loi hay hn loi, phng thc hn loi...

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Tm li, cy a tc dng, cy bn a trong trang tri nng lm kt hp c vai tr rt quan trng v chng khng nhng c vai tr phng h m cn cung cp cc sn phm c gi tr kinh t nh g ci v sn phm ngoi g.

4. K thut chn nui trong trang tri NLKH

Vt nui trong cc trang tri NLKH ng gp ln cho s bn vng ca h thng v n cung cp ngun thu nhp iu ho cho trang tri c bit vo thi k gip ht v ngun phn hu c phc hi li t ai. Ngoi ra, thnh phn vt nui cn tn dng ht cc ngun nguyn liu sn c trong h thng nng cao sc sn xut ca t ai. Trong k thut NLKH quyt nh a thnh phn vt nui vo h thng s b chi phi bi nhiu yu t nhng trong ngun thc n cho vt nui l im quan trng hn c. Chn nui trong trang tri NLKH l mt hot ng sn xut c quan h h tng vi cc hot ng khc cho sc sn xut ca trang tri c pht huy ti a c v kha cnh iu kin t nhin ln lao ng trong trang tri. Ngoi cc k thut chn nui c bn cho vt nui cc loi, k thut NLKH cn b sung thm mt s k thut chn nuI phi hp c tim nng nh sau:

4.1. K thut p gia sc n v bo

p gia sc n v bo trc khi em bn tht chng t 60 n 90 ngy l mt k thut c nng dn nhiu ni p dng. Thnh phn thc n thm s lm tng trng gia sc do t l hon chuyn thc n cao v lm cht lng tht tt hn. Sau y l cc bc chun b thc n: 1. Dng khong 20 kg l ti cy keo du cc loi (Leucaena glauca, L. leucocephala hay L. diversifolia), bm nh v ly cc x ra khi hn hp. 2. Gi hn hp trong ci. 3. Trn thm 1 n 2 kg cm nhuyn, 15-19 lt nc sch v 0,1 kg mui sau trn u. Hn hp trn c p cho gia sc n bng 1 ng tre nh hnh trn t 1 n 2 ln trong mt ngy. Bn cnh cng cung cp y bnh lim v nc ung cho gia sc nhai li ti chung. Kinh nghim ca nng dn cho bit gia sc nn c cho n 6 ln mt ngy trong c 3 ln p n xen k l c kt qu nht.

Hnh 52. p gia sc n v bo

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i gia sc km n k thut ny cng c p dng vi thnh phn nh sau: l keo du xay nhuyn (15-20kg) + nc (15 lt) + mui (0,1kg) hay bt khoai mi (15-20 kg) + nc (15 lt) + mui (0,1 kg) hay cm (2-3 kg) + nc (15 lt) + mui (0,1kg). Lu : khi cho gia sc n phI gi chng v tr ng bnh thng, u gia sc phI ngang bng vi lng. Nu sai v th gia sc b p n c th b tn thng hay cht.

4.2. Tr bnh thng thng cho gia sc bng dc tho

Gi c cc loi thuc tr bnh cho gia sc ngy cng cao v i li kh khn t nng thn n ni mua thuc cha tr l cc vn ca nng dn ang chn nui. Tuy vy, cc loi dc tho c th tm thy khp ni ti nng thn nn c th s dng chng b sung cho cc loi thuc th y lm gim chi ph chm sc v cha tr cc bnh thng thng gia sc. Bng sau y gii thiu cc loi dc tho c th tm thy trong trang tri nng lm c cng dng cha tr cc bnh thng thng gia sc. Bng 5. Mt s loi cy thuc c th dng tr bnh thng thng gia sc Tn a Tn khoa hc phng Psydium i guava B phn Cch bo s dng ch L Nu ung St trng vt thng R trn Nu sc khng v tm hay di t ung L Trn vi thc n L Nu sc dng tm L, mng Trn vi Liu lng Tr bnh

Da di

Pandanus tectorius Moringa oleifera Tamarindus indica Bambusa

1-2 ly cho 2-3 ln Tiu chy mi ngy Cm mu v 3 ln mt ngy st trng vt thung 4 lt tm 3 ln Kh tiu trong 1 ngy Trn 1 n 2 ln ngy 1 lt cho 3 ln mt ngy Khng gii hn Thiu sa Ho, cm lnh Tiu chy

Chm ngy Me Tre gai

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Da

spinosa Cocos nucifera Nc da non Lagerstroemia speciosa Zingiber officinale

Bng lng nc Gng

Anh o Gliricidia gi sepium iu ln Anacardium ht occidentale

thc n Trn thm 5 tri da v 0,5 vi ng kg ng, cho ung 3 ln 1 ngy L, v, Nu sc li 0,5-1 lt chia lm qu kh ung 3 ln trong 1 ngy C cy D nt trn 2 n 3 ln dn vi du trong 1 ngy dn L D l v Xoa 2 ln mt trch bng ngy nc si Du ht Bi ln vt Bi mt ln mt thng ngy

Mt nc do st cao, kit Kh tiu, au d dy au bp tht, bong gn Cha vt thng Tr cc k sinh trng ngoi da

4.3. Kt hp trng c, cy h u bo v t vi sn xut thc n gia sc

Trng thm canh cc loi cy h u v c lm thc n cho gia sc trn mt din tch t gii hn l mt cch kt hp bo tn t vi sn xut thc n chn nui trong h thng chn nui nht v cho n ti chung. Cc tnh ton cho bit vi din tch t khong 200m2 l cung cp thc n nui t 5 n 6 u d v 2 tru b.

Hnh 53. Khu vc trng cy v c lm thc n cho gia sc Cu hi gi : 1. Cc nguyn tc chnh bo tn t v nc? Cc k thut bo tn t v nc c th p dng trong trang tri NLKH? 2. K thut nng lm kt hp trn t dc c thc hin vi cc bc nh th no? 3. Phn bit cc loi trang tri v cc cng vic qun l trang tri? 4. Nhng k thut trng trt v chn nui thch hp c th p dng cho trang tri nh nng lm kt hp?

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Chng 5
p dng v pht trin k thut nng lm kt hp
Mc ch: Trang b cho sinh vin nhng phng php, cng c v k nng p dng, pht trin k thut NLKH c s tham gia. Mc tiu: Sau khi hc xong chng ny SV c kh nng: Gii thch c qu trnh p dng v pht trin k thut NLKH c s tham gia. Phn tch tnh trng ca nng h, cng ng chn on cc vn v thit k hot ng NLKH. La chn v p dng cc cng c trong m t Im, chn on v thit k. C kh nng pht trin k thut NLKH v t chc gim st, nh gi. Khung tng quan ton chng
B Bi 11: Gii thiu chung v qu trnh pht trin NLKH c s tham gia Mc tiu Gii thch c tnh cp thit ca p dng pht trin k thut NLKH c s tham gia Phn tch c cc yu t bn ngoi, bn trong nh hng n pht trin k thut c s tham gia Bi 12: M t im, chn on v thit k (C&D,D) p dng c phng php C&D, D trong pht trin k thut NLKH ti mt a im c th. La chn v p dng cc cng c trong m t im chn on v thit k. Phng php m t im, chn on v thit k ca ICRAF. 1998 ( C&D,D) Cc cng c khi m t im, chn on v thit k trong lp k hoch nghin cu, p dng v pht trin NLKH - Ging c minh ho - Hi ming - Tho lun nhm - Ti liu pht tay - Giy Ao, bt, bng - OPH, Slid - giy bng knh - Bng dnh, dao, ko 4 tit Ni dung Tnh cp thit ca pht trin k thut NLKH c s tham gia. Qu trnh p dng v pht trin k thut NLKH c s tham gia Phng php - Thuyt trnh - Ging c minh ho Vt liu - Ti lii pht tay - Giy Ao, bt, bng - OHP - Giy bng knh - Bng dnh , dao ko Thi gian 1 tit

106

Bi 13: Thc hin v pht trin cc hot ng nghin cu NLKH c s tham gia

Phn bit, la chn kin thc bn a cho nghin cu v pht trin NLKH Gii thch c s pht trin k thut k thut NLKH c s tham gia Gii thch c qu trnh t chc gim st v nh gi k thut NLKH c s tham gia Phn bit, la chn cc tiu ch trong gim st v nh gi k thut NLKH c s tham gia

Pht trin k thut NLKH c s tham gia T chc gim st v nh gi hot ng pht trin NLKH c s tham gia. Cc tiu ch v ch bo trong gim st v nh gi hot ng pht trin k tht NLKH.

- Thc hnh - ng vai (role play) - BI tp tnh hung.

- Ti liu pht tay - Giy Ao, bt,bng - OHP, slid - Bng dnh, dao, ko

5 tit

107

Bi 11. Gii thiu chung v qu trnh p dng v pht trin k thut nng lm kt hp c s tham gia
Mc tiu: Sau khi hc xong bi ny, sinh vin c kh nng Gii thch c tnh cp thit ca p dng pht trin k thut NLKH c s tham gia Phn tch c cc yu t bn ngoi, bn trong nh hng n pht trin k thut c s tham gia

1 Tnh cp thit ca pht trin k thut nng lm kt hp c s tham gia

1.1 Ti sao nhng hot ng nghin cu v khuyn nng quy c cha mang li hiu qu vng cao ?
H thng nghin cu v khuyn nng quy c hot ng tt vng thp, ni m cc tip cn v nhp lng v dch v h tr tng i d dng v k thut trn gi rt thch hp vi cc iu kin ng nht, ngun lc di do. Nhng ngc li, do cc iu kin phc tp v ngun lc rt gii hn vng cao, h thng nghin cu v pht trin quy c t c hiu qu v cc nguyn nhn sau y: Khng ch n kin thc v ngun lc ti a phng Qu tp trung vo vic nghin cu cc trm vi cc iu kin l tng. Nghin cu c trng ch ch trng nhiu vo mt loi hng ha, tri ngc vi h thng c tng tc. Qun cc khu vc canh tc nh nc tri. Qun cc nh hng ca sinh thi (c bit l h sinh thi) C thnh kin v gii u tin tp trung cho vic sn xut theo th trng. Cc k thut khuyn nng cha thch hp. Cc phng php khuyn nng ngho nn (v d nh qu hnh thc, thi gian b tr khng ph hp, nhn vin khuyn nng khng quen thuc vi cc iu kin v ngn ng a phng.

1.2 Cc nguyn tc pht trin k thut nng lm kt hp c s tham gia

Ngi dn tham gia cc hot ng nghin cu v khuyn nng (cn c gi l pht trin k thut c s tham gia hay PTD) kt hp kin thc v nng lc nghin cu ca cng ng a phng vi vic nghin cu v pht trin ca cc t chc trong qu trnh hc hi hai chiu. N lin quan n vic xc nh, to dng, kim tra v thch nghi cho cc k thut mi v gip gii quyt cc vn ca a phng. Mc ch cui cng l nhm tng cng kinh nghim v nng lc qun l k thut ca dn v cng ng a phng, do , ngi dn ng vai tr ch cht trong ton b qu trnh. Ch

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P trong PTD cng c th hiu l ly con ngi lm trung tm (people-centered) trong cc chin lc v qu trnh pht trin. Cc nguyn tc chnh thc hin PTD - Quan tm ti nhu cu ca ngi nng dn, kin thc bn a, cc ngun ti nguyn hin c v mng li ca cng ng. To iu kin pht trin cc ngun lc trn. - Tng cng lin kt hiu nhng c im chnh vi/v nhng thay i trong h sinh thi nng nghip. - H tr nng dn v cc t chc ca h tng cng s nhn thc, t tin, kin thc v k nng ca h. ng thi khuyn khch h tip tc tham gia tin trnh nghin cu v khuyn nng sau khi chm dt cc h tr t bn ngoi. - Bo m cho nng dn v nhng ngi h tr bn ngoi cng xc nh c nhng vn u tin. - Cung cp nhng kinh nghim thc tin cho nhng nng dn c chn la h c th la chn pht trin cc k thut v chuyn giao chng cho nhng ngi khc. - S dng cc u vo thp, nghin cu v m rng vic s dng cc nguyn liu sn xut ti ch. Hy ngi dn v nhng t chc ca h ph bin chng. iu ny bo m rng ngi dn t tin v s dng cc u vo hp l. - Khuyn khch cc nng dn hoc nhm nng dn trnh din trn nng tri ca h. Vic trnh din c th c cc nng dn khc nhn ln. - Thc y vai tr nghin cu v khuyn nng cho nng dn. Nng dn s thc hin cc chc nng trn theo tp qun v khng b cng vic ny nhng ngi ngoi cng ng, nhng ngi thng t hiu bit v cc iu kin ca cng ng, lm. - Cung cp thng tin v thay i hin trng to s quan tm. - Th nghim ti ng rung vi cc k thut khc nhau thu c t nng dn a phng (kin thc bn a hay cc kinh nghim khc) v t khoa hc chnh thng. ngh cc la chn k thut cho nng dn h quyt nh thc hin v kim tra trn ng rung ca h v ng thi cng khuyn khch nng dn ngh cc k thut th nghim. - T chc cc din n nng dn nh gi v m rng cc kt qu nghin cu cho nhng nng dn khc.

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2 Qu Trnh p dng v pht trin k thut nng lm kt hp c s tham gia

2.1 Qu trnh pht trin PTD
p dng v pht trin nng lm kt hp c ngha l a nhng k thut nng lm kt hp vo cho cng ng a phng v nng dn. Vic p dng k thut mi cn p ng nhu cu ca cng ng a phng, ph hp vi cc iu kin v a l, t nhin, kinh t - th trng, chnh sch - x hi - vn ho. Nh vy, p dng v pht trin nng lm kt hp c hiu qu l mt qu trnh pht hin v gii quyt vn ca cng ng a phng c s tham gia ca nhiu bn c lin quan. Cc phng php tip cn t trn xung trc y ( Top - down approaches) i vi cc hot ng nng lm kt hp coi trng vai tr ca cc chuyn gia thuc cc c quan chnh ph, cc t chc phi chnh ph v cc c quan o to khc coi nh s tham gia ca ngi dn a phng. iu ny dn n thiu ht thng tin chnh xc, trao i thng tin hai chiu gia cc nh chuyn giao, nghin cu v ngi dn a phng, gy ra s thieu hiu bit, khng tin tng v t ph hp ca cc k thut a vo p dng. Cc hot ng nng lm kt hp tin tin li cun s tham gia hp tac m thoi gia ngi dn v cc bn c lin quan vo chu trnh lp k hoch, t chc thc hin, i mi v nh gi ket qua nghin cu nhm a ra cc gii php v p ng cc l hng v kin thc. Cc giai on pht trin nng lm kt hp c s tham gia c th m t nh sau:

M t im chn on v thit k ( C,D & D)

Gim st v nh gi c s tham

Pht trin k thut v nghin cu c s tham gia

Hnh 54: S qu trnh m t, chn on v thit k M t im, chn on v thit k y l giai on m t hin trng, chn on cc vn v thit k cc hot ng nghin cu v pht trin nng lm kt hp ph hp (C,D & D).

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 Thc hin cc hot ng nghin cu v pht trin k thut nng lm kt hp c s tham gia ( PTD & PR) l giai on nhm to nhng k thut mi cho pht trin v chuyn giao cc k thut nng lm kt hp, c xem xt n vai tr ca cc t chc c quan, chnh sch. Gim st v nh gi c s tham gia phn nh mt qu trnh nh gi nng xut, tnh n nh v tnh bn vng ca cc hot ng nng lm kt hp, cc hot ng nghin cu v pht trin nng lm kt hp.

2.2 Kinh nghim ca vng ng Nam v qu trnh PTD

2.2.1 nh gi c s tham gia
Cc nh nghin cu v nhn vin khuyn nng hng dn nh gi v iu kin t nhin v kinh t x hi ca cng ng v cc yu t bn ngoi nh hng n n. Cc ch xc nh nh sau: Kin thc bn a . Cc mng li thng tin truyn thng. Tim nng v gii hn ca h thng canh tc a phng v s qun l ti nguyn t nhin cng vi thay i ca iu kin bn ngoi. Cc la chn k thut gii quyt cc gii hn .

2.2.2 Thit k nghin cu

iu khin cc cuc hp vi nng dn thit k nghin cu. Nhng ch tho lun : Nhng thay i bn ngoi Cc l chn k thut c cc nh nghin cu v khuyn nng ngh lin quan n kin thc v kinh nghim ca nng dn. Cc la chn kim tra trn ng rung. Thit k cc th nghim. Qun l cc nghin cu ( c thc hin theo nhm hay tng c nhn?) K hoch trin khai nghin cu.

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Chnh sch

Cc nh hng bn ngoi Cc th ch Th trng

Vn ho - x hi

M t im, chun on v thit k

Gim st v nh gi Gim st lin tc bn Gim st v nh gi c nh gi nh hng nh gi bn trong nh gi bn ngoi.

s tham gia trong

M t im, chun on vn Khm ph cc

cc gii php v phn tch tnh hnh hot ng v

Th nghim k thut v nh gi

nh gi cc gii php K hoch hot ng v pht

trin

Gim st v
nh gi c s tham gia

p dng cc hot ng nghin cu v pht trin nng lm kt hp c s tham gia

i mi cng ngh

Nghin cu c Pht trin k

bn thut c s tham gia

Chuyn giao cng ngh

Gii php t chc

Gii php v chnh sch

Nghin cu Lp hc ng Hi nghin
cu a phng rung ng rung

Truyn thng M hnh trnh Tp hun Cc t chc Cc c quan

pht trin ( Chnh ph, phi chnh ph) nng dn din

Vai tr ca cc Cc t chc C quan chnh C quan phi

chnh ph ph ca nng dn c quan a phng

Phn tch Chnh sch Gii quyt

cc mu thun chnh sch

2.2.3 Kim tra k thut v trnh din

Cc nh nghin cu v nhn vin khuyn nng tr gip nng dn hoc nhm nng dn thc hin cc th nghim v theo di tin . Nng dn ghi nhn cc hot ng, v d nh ngy trng, lm c v thu hoch, ngy v s lng cc nguyn liu u vo c s dng, nng sut.

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 T chc cc bui thm ving hin trng, gp g nhau cho php nng dn gii thiu cc th nghim trnh din v kt qu tm thi ca h vi cc nng dn khc.

2.2.4 Lin kt nh gi
Cc nh nghin cu, cc nhn vin khuyn nng, v nng dn cng tham gia trong vic nh gi cc th nghim v xy dng k hoch cho nhng nghin cu mi. Cc cu hi tho lun : Kt qu ca th nghim l g? Tch cc hay tiu cc? Chng ta hc hi c g t nhng th nghim ? Cc th nghim tip theo nn c thit k nh th no? Cc th nghim tip theo nn c qun l nh th no?

2.2.5 M rng cc kt qu v kinh nghim ca nng dn

Tp hun, hi hp, i thm quan hc v thm hin trng. Sn xut a phng, cung cp v th trng nguyn vt liu sn xut.

2.2.6 Nng dn nh l ngi hun luyn

u im - Ci thin nhng kh nng c bit ca ngi nng dn ph bin cc b quyt, kinh nghim sn xut. - Trnh c cc tr ngi do ngn ng. - Vic tp hun din ra a im v thi gian thch hp, thng ti ni ca hc vin. - Cc ch c iu chnh cho thch hp vi bi cnh ca ngi dn, tng v ngun lc ca a phng. - Khng kh thoi mi cho php trao i cc tng. - Tng cng mng li thng tin a phng. Cc mi quan tm - Nng dn tp hun phi c tin tng v kinh nghim, n lc v o c. Vic tp hun khng nn l mt gnh nng cho h. - Nhng chuyn gia cn tr, khng c kinh nghim trong vic trnh by nn lm vic nh mt ngi tr l tp hun trc. - Vic la chn nng dn lm ngi tp hun l mt vn t nh, c th gy ra cc mu thun trong dn lng hay cc lng. - Vic tp hun nn t chc trong tng nhm nh vi cc k thut hin trng. Mi nhm nn c mt ngi tr l tr li cc cu hi v hng dn k thut. - Nng dn thng sn sng tr tin bi dng cho nhng ngi nng dn tp hun. Gp g

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Cc cuc gp g trong lng v gia cc lng vi nhau cng nh nhng chuyn i hc tp kinh nghim thc t v thm hin trng l nhng cch nng dn trao i kinh nghim, kin v cch lm trong sn xut. Nhng chuyn i hc tp kinh nghim thc t v thm hin trng cho php nng dn nhn thy cc kinh nghim thc t trong nhng iu kin c th. N kch thch tho lun v nhng vn m h c th p dng trong iu kin ca h. Thm ving cng tng cng mng li thng tin v h tr v k thut. Nhng iu quan tm - nhiu ni, nhng bui thm ving trong lng v gia cc lng c t chc kt hp theo lut lng hay cc l hi truyn thng. - Nhng chuyn i hc tp kinh nghim thc t cc lng khc nhau nn t chc gia nhng ngi cng dn tc d dng trao i bng mt ngn ng. - Nng dn lun lun quan tm vi vic nhn thy (khng ch nghe) nhng g din ra trn ng rung. Thm ving hin trng l mt phng tin hiu qu trao i kin thc v kin./.

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Bi 12. M t im, chn on v thit k k thut nng lm kt hp c s tham gia

Mc tiu: Sau khi hc xong bi ny, sinh vin c kh nng p dng c phng php C&D, D trong pht trin k thut NLKH ti mt a im c th. La chn v p dng cc cng c trong m t im chn on v thit k

3 Cc bc tin hnh m t im, chn on v thit k

c c mt k hoch nghin cu v pht trin nng lm kt hp c tnh kh thi cn phi m t, chn on cc vn , c lin quan cng ng v h gia nh. M t im l m t v phn tch cc h thng sinh thi nng nghip nhm pht hin ra nhng im ging v khc nhau v khng gian v thi gian trong cc h thng sinh thi nng lm nghip. Mt h thng sinh thi nng nghip l mt tp hp cc yu t vt l, mi trng, kinh t v x hi c nh hng n canh tc. Qu trnh m t, chn on v thit k c th chia ra theo th t 4 bc

3.1 Thu thp v phn tch thng tin a ra cc gi nh ( nhn nh)

Nhng thng tin cn thu thp: - Thng tin lin quan n mi trng - vt l - Sinh vt - t ai, a hnh v dng t - dc v cao, hng phi v hng gi v nh hng. - Kh hu - thu vn - Sinh vt - cy trng, vt nui, vi sinh vt, thu sn - Cc hot ng s dng t v h thng canh tc. - Nhng thng tin v kinh t x hi v vn ho - Cc thng tin v dn tc hc: Dn s, phn nhm h, cc nhm dn tc, cc thnh phn dn c - Kt cu h gia nh v kh nng lao ng - Thu nhp ca h gia nh v phn loi kinh t h - Tn ngng, tp tc, truyn thng - Cc yu t kinh t: C s h tng, th trng, dch v h tr ( tn dng, cung cp vt t, nghin cu/ khuyn nng). - H thng cy trng v lch ma v - S hu v tnh trng t ai, cc vn tranh chp - Cc vn x hi ( y t, gio dc, kh nng tip cn) ho bnh v an ninh, vi phm php lut, canh tc nng ry - Cc t chc, c quan a phng. S dng cc cng c chn on c s tham gia chn on cc vn . Nhng cu hi trong canh tc h gia nh:

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1. Phng vn bn cu trc 2. Cc s 2.1 Cc bn a) Bn hin trng s dng t b) Bn v gii 2.2 Lt ct a) Lt ct v a hnh khng gian b) Lt ct v lch s s dng t 2.3 Nng lch a). Lch thi v b) Kh nng v thc phm c) Kh nng v thc n gia sc. d) Cc hot ng ma v theo gii v la tui. 2.4 Biu v lao ng v cc ngun a/ Phn chia lao ng theo gii v tui b/ Gin tuyn phn tch li ch 2.5 S nguyn l gi nh a/ Kiu h thng canh tc b/ H sinh thI nng nghip ca nng h 3. Phn cp 4. Cc cng c khc Thu thp thng tin v s liu v h thng canh tc nhm tm ra cc vn v cn tr trong canh tc h gia nh v xc nh cc gii php gi nh gii quyt cc vn . S dng phng vn bn nh hng ph hp v cc cng c chn on khc thu c nhng thng tin v s liu ph hp v h thng canh tc v tng hp thng tin. Thng tin, s liu cung cp phi r rng v thch hp vi mc tiu, chin lc, ngun, kinh doanh, qun l cc vn v nhng ri ro.

3.2

Xc nh cc gi nh v th nghim cc gi nh
a ra cc gi nh c lin quan n cc b phn then cht ca h thng canh tc nh: - Cc vn v cn tr ca nng dn - Cc chin lc qun l ca nng dn - Cc tc ng gip cho nng dn t c mc tiu ca h.

Cc gi nh v bin php tc ng v nng lm kt hp cng c th khng phi nng lm kt hp cn c xp th t u tin theo mc quan trng. Cc tiu ch xp th t u tin cho cc gi nh v cc bin php tc ng cn c tho lun cng ngi dn.

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- Kim tra cc gi nh v cc vn v cn tr ca nng dn v nhng gii php nng lm kt hp c tim nng pht trin c a ra v thu thp cc ti liu thng tin b xung cn thit cho vic xc nh cc bin php tc ng nng lm kt hp c u tin . Vic kim tra tp trung vo phng vn, i thoi trc tip ngoi ng rung vi nng dn, trc ht l kim chng cc gi thit cng vi ngi dn sau l xp th t u tin cc vn v cn tr theo mc quan trng (s ngi dn chu nh hng v cc u tin ca ngi dn).

3.3 Thit k cc bin php tc ng v xp th t u tin cc hot ng nghin cu v pht trin nng lm kt hp.
Da vo s liu v thng tin phn hi t nng dn v cc bin php tc ng nng lm kt hp. - Tm ra cc l hng v kin thc v cc vn c lin quan n nhng bin php tc ng. - Xp th t u tin cc nhu cu nghin cu p ng cc l hng v kin thc. - Xc nh v xp th t u tin cc nhu cu pht trin, xem xt tt c nhng thng tin, ti liu c th c, phn tch nhng g bit r v bin php tc ng trong bi cnh c th, xc nh cc l hng v kin thc, cc dng nghin cu ( sinh hc, kinh t - x hi, chnh sch..) cn c gii quyt vn , xy dng v xp th t u tin cc mc tiu nghin cu.

3.4 Thit k nghin cu v pht trin nng lm kt hp

Cn c vo cc vn v nhng hn ch pht hin, thit k cc hot ng nghin cu v pht trin nng lm kt hp nhm gii quyt cc vn v hn ch trong pht trin NLKH ca cng ng v h gia nh. Bc 3 chng ta xc nh v xp th t u tin cc hot ng nghin cu v pht trin NLKH . bc ny cn b nghin cu v cn b khuyn nng cn thc y v tham gia cng ngi dn thit k cc hot ng nghin cu

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Hnh 55 : S dng " Khung t duy cho thit k k thut nng lm kt hp

Tc ng mong mun Khng C l hng v kin thc ? C

Ci tin cc h thng Khuyn nng

M t v tc ng

Lin kt khuyn nng v Cc m hnh trnh din Tp hun Cc vn pht trin Vn m K hoch khuyn nng Khuyn nng quy m
rng im nghin cu

a ra cc yu t cn iu Xp hng cc yu t theo Cc c im sinh thi Ci tin bi nng dn Kh khn cho p dng? Mi quan h gia cc yu nh hng n kinh doanh Kh nng nghin cu nh La chn cc yu t u
tin. cu c th. th no ( thi gian, ngun, tc ng ? ) ca trang tri khc t mc quan trng tra

M t v chn on Nghin cu chnh nh gi kinh t Cc vn v gi iu tra v lao ng

Thun ho cy g - Xc nh hng mong mun Cc loi v xc nh xut s Cc loi v l lch xut x Ging Vn qun l Cng sinh r. sch

Ph hp v nh hng

Nghin cu s thch nghi Cc vn thch ng nh gi nh hng Cc vn nghin cu mi

Xc nh gi nh nghin Thit k chng trnh cc Thc hin nghin cu nh gi

hot ng nghin cu th nghim

Mi quan h ca cc hp phn

Nghin cu v cnh
tranh Tng cng mu m t Chu trnh dinh dng Qun l su bnh Cht lng sinh khi Kim sot xi mn Qun l cht hu c

Tc ng ci tin

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Bi 13. Thc hin cc hot ng nghin cu v pht trin nng lm kt hp

Mc tiu: Sau khi hc bi ny, sinh vin c kh nng: Phn bit, la chn kin thc bn a cho nghin cu v pht trin NLKH Gii thch c s pht trin k thut k thut NLKH c s tham gia Gii thch c qu trnh t chc gim st v nh gi k thut NLKH c s tham gia Phn bit, la chn cc tiu ch trong gim st v nh gi k thut NLKH c s tham gia

4 Cc bc pht trin k thut NLKH c s tham gia

Tin trnh nghin cu v nng lm kt hp gm 5 giai on nh sau:
Nhn rng

Phn tch tnh hnh

Gim st v nh gi

Xc nh ch nghin cu

T chc thc hin

Lp k hoch nghin cu

Hnh 56: Cc giai on trong tin trnh nghin cu NLKH

4.1 Phn tch tnh hnh

Cc nh nghin cu v nhn vin khuyn nng, cng ngi dn, cng ng a phng phn tch tnh hnh v iu kin t nhin, kinh t, x hi v cc yu t ngoi cnh c nh hng : Nhng tim nng, thun li cho pht trin nng lm nghip Nhng vn v nhng cn tr, nguyn nhn hn ch pht trin nng lm kt hp Cc tng v cc k thut nng lm kt hp d kin gii quyt vn v nhng cn tr. Mc tiu ngn hn v di hn ca nng tri.

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4.2 Xc nh ch nghin cu
Cc tng, cc ch nghin cu c ngi dn a phng cng cn b nghin cu, khuyn nng a ra trong giai on phn tch tnh hnh cn c phn tch k hn v cc mt sau: Mc tiu ca cc ch nghin cu Cc la chn k thut nng lm kt hp lin quan n kin thc, kinh nghim ca nng dn. Cc la chn kim tra trn ng rung Cc kt qu mong i ca ch nghin cu. Xp th t u tin cc ch nghin cu

4.3 Lp k hoch nghin cu

Cc nh nghin cu v khuyn nng ng vai tr thc y, h tr nng dn lp k hoch, trin khai cc hot ng nghin cu trn ng rung. Giai on lp k hoch rt quan trng, n khuyn khch nng dn suy ngh su hn v ch nghin cu, trch nhim ca h trong cc hot ng, khai thc kinh nghim kin thc bn a cng nh tim nng khc ca a phng. Trnh t lp k hoch: - Thit k th nghim: + Phn khu th nghim + Xc nh loi cy trng, vt nui + Cc k thut + Cc ngun u t cn thit. - Xc nh cc hot ng ca ch nghin cu: Sp xp theo trt t logic, c tham kho nng lch, cc vn v gii, ti chnh. - Xc nh thi gian tin hnh cc hot ng th nghim: Tr li cu hi lm khi no? Xc nh ngun u t cho hot ng nghin cu: c gng tn dng ngun c a phng, khi phi s dng cc ngun lc t bn ngoi cn phi ch r ngun ly u, trch nhim l ai, kh nng cung cp.

4.4 T chc thc hin cc hot ng nghin cu

5 T chc gim st v nh gi
5.1 H thng gim st v nh gi c s tham gia ca ngi dn (PMOE)
PMOE l mt phng php c p dng ghi nhn v phn tch thng tin nh k m nhng nh thc hin d n v ngi hng li lin kt quyt nh cho vic pht trin bn vng (SD) v nng nghip bn vng (SA). S gim st c tham gia (PM) l vic ghi nhn cc thng tin c ch nhm theo kp cc hot ng v/hay cc tin trnh hng n cc mc tiu mt cch lin tc. Mi mt cng tc vin ca d n ti a phng phi c k hoch thu thp tt c cc thng tin v hot ng ca d n xuyn sut cc giai on thc hin. PMOE thch ng vi ton b qu trnh nh gi c s tham gia, gim st v nh gi (PAME) tng ca d n mt cch xuyn sut, n ch ra cc thng tin phn hi t cc hot ng v mc tiu lin h vi nhng phng php khc ca PAME (Phn tch cc vn cng

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ng, Participatory Baselines, v nh gi s kin). Ti mi im d n c nhiu th im nh gi s thay i. C th lc khi u khng c g l bt thng, theo k hoch, nhng sau khi c kim tra c nhng vn cn thay i.

5.2 Phng php thc hin PMOE mt a im

Sau y l cc bc lm vic cho PMOE. Cc bc ny c thc hin b ngi hng li. Cn b hin trng nn thc y v gip h thc hin:

5.2.1 Mc ch ca PMOE:
Mc ch ca PMOE rt khc nhau ty thuc vo cc hot ng ca d n. N cung cp cc thng tin gip thc hin cc quyt nh nh: Chng ta c tha mn v tin trnh hng n mc ch? Chng ta c nn thay i chin lc hay hot ng ?" Chng ta c nn nh gi li mc tiu ? PMOE c thc hin cho bt c hay tt c nhng mc ch di y: Xem xt tt c cc k hoch hot ng c tip tc dn n vic t c mc tiu pht trin bn vng v nng nghip bn vng. nh gi hng n vic t c mc tiu, k hoch lm vic v cc hot ng Xc nh thi gian c cn hon thnh cc hnh ng Bo m cc tiu chun tt c duy tr Cung cp cc thng tin v phn hi v nhng k thut mi Bo m vic s dng phng tin v nhn lc mt cch hiu qu o lng cc tc ng mi trng. Cung cp mt h thng bo ng sm c th xc nh cc vn giai on u c th thc hin cc thay i khi cn thit (c hay khng c thng tin b sung t vic nh gi s kin ) Cung cp h thng phn hi lin tc trong sut qu trnh thc hin d n. B sung v cung cp d liu cho cng ng nh gi s kin cng nh cc nh gi ca ngi ngoi.

5.2.2 Ci g c gim st:

C nhiu nhn t v cc thay i c th c gim st mi im d n. PMOE s c thc hin ch yu 2 mc : mc nng h v mc cng ng. c hai mc , c hai d liu v iu kin t nhin v kinh t - x hi u cn thit. Cc yu t ny s c phn loi v xc nh nhng nhn t ch cht v m t trong cc bng di y.

5.2.3 Gim st nh th no
Cc ch tiu gim st rt khc nhau t a im ny n a im khc, v thm ch trong tng cng ng.

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5.2.4 Ai s gim st:

Vic gim st c thc hin bi nhng nhn vin hin trng ca d n trong nhng cuc thm ving c nhng nhn vin ca im d n, ngi m trch nhng hot ng c th (v d nh ngi qun l vn m, k ton vin, khuyn nng vin...) v cc nng dn chn t mt vi ngi ch cht v nhng i din cho cng ng. S chc chn ca thng tin trong gim st c th c khuyn khch bi nhng nhn vin ng tin cy ca mi a im.

5.2.5 Vic gim st c thc hin khi no?

Mt ln na, iu ny s rt khc nhau trong nhng cng ng, gia a im ny v a im khc v ty theo cc iu kin t nhin. Sau khi quyt nh lc no s tin hnh vic gim st, thi im nh gi tin trin c th c lp k hoch. Vic gim st nh gi c th thc hin hng qu, hng thng. Vic nh gi tin trnh i hi mt b sung thng tin, thu thp, phn tch v trnh by cho ngi dn, ngi s ra cc quyt nh. Vic nh gi tin trnh c th c thc hin bi cc nhm nh, nhng ngi c giao trch nhim thc hin vic ny (v d mt nhm ngi ngoi)

5.2.6 Cc cng c gim st v nh gi tin trnh:

Cc cng c phi c nhm nghin cu ngh da trn da trn yu cu pht trin bn vng ca mi im. Tt c cc yu t sinh hc vt l, kinh t x hi, k thut v vn ha u c ch .

5.2.7 Ai c th c tr li trong khi thc hin cc bc trn y.

Khi thc hin PMOE n s mang li, trong sut qu trnh ca d n cc im sau y: Nhng yu t ch th ch cht s gim st cc hot ng/ mc tiu da trn cc nn tng vng chc; nhng cng c m cng ng c s dng gim st. Mt k hoch nh k phn tch bnh thng v tho lun thng tin c thu thp trong sut qu trnh gim st;Thng tin hng dn d n. N s ch ra cc thng tin nu nh d n nn thay i, t chc li, suy ngh li hy b mt hot ng, hay tip tc duy tr.

6 Cc tiu ch, ch bo trong gim st v nh gi k thut nng lm kt hp

6.1 Cc ch tiu nh ga
Mt iu quan trng ca qu trnh thm nh l phi xc nh cc ch tiu thch hp, ng ch, xc minh c, nh lng c c th o lng c cc nh mc ni bt nht. Khi ph phn cc ch tiu v sa mc ha, Krugmann (1996) ghi ch rng cc ch tiu phi c xy dng theo cp vi m n v m, phn nh cc suy ngh, kinh nghim, tin trnh v cc hnh ng (cu hi) cc tm mc khc nhau. Cc ch tiu c th nh lng hay nh tnh: cc ch tiu nh lng th d o lng v tng hp, trong khi cc ch tiu nh tnh th u vit hn v nm bt s phc tp ca cc tnh trng thay i. Cc ch tiu c th trc tip hay gin tip, m t (tnh trng ca hon cnh), hay da vo kt qu thc hin (o lng vi im chun). Ch tiu cng c khung thi gian ca n, mt vi ch tiu c gi tr trc mt, trung hn hay di hn. Ty theo loi d n. chng trnh, theo di vi ch tiu no c th l cn thit ngay t khi khi u d n cho n khi d n chm dt mt thi gian cn thit c th nh gi nh hng y ca d n. Cc ch tiu cng c th phn nh s thay i hay cc du hiu thay i ca cc bin s.

6.2 Cc ch tiu t nng dn.

Cc cng ng thng c hng lat cc ch tiu m h dng theo di v nh ga cht lng ca mi trng h ang sng v tin an cc thay i v sinh thi. Thng thng, cc

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cng ng nh cc gi tr khc nhau vi cc ch tiu thay i; h dng cc ch tiu m h cho l ni bt nht lp k hach v thi kha biu ca cc hot ng sn xut cng nh gip h quyt nh vt qua cc kh khn sng cn. Mwadime (1996) ghi nhn rng mt cng ng Kenya, ngi dn phi hp cc ch tiu nh hng k hach v quyt nh ca h. Mt vi th d v cc ch tiu ca nng dn l s xut hin v tp tnh ca thc vt v ng vt (chng hn, s ra hoa hay m chi ca vi loi cy chnh v s xut hin v hot ng ca chim, cn trng, ch nhi), c im ca go v s thay i hng gi, v v tr ca vi chm sao. Chnh cc ch tiu ny gip ngi dn pht hin cc thay i theo ma, tin on ma hay chm dt ma, xc nh ph ca t, v theo di tnh trng ca mi trng (Oduol 1996). Tp tnh ca gia sc v ng vt rng c th ch th cho s hu hiu ca thc n hay cht lng ca n. Nhp phi ging ca sc vt, thnh phn v mu sc ca phn, hay tnh trng ca lng th c th phn nh cht lng ca mi trng (Kipuri). Cc ch tiu ca nng dn thng ring bit cho mt iu kin c nh hng bi cc yu t sinh thi, vn ha, x hi, kinh t v nh hng ca gii tnh v tui tc (Krugmann 1996). S xc nh cc ch tiu ca nng dn thng k tha mt qu trnh hp tc lu di. S chn la cc ch tiu ca ngi bn trong v bn ngoi s ty thuc vo mc r rng ca cc ch tiu th hin cc nh mc trong ni dng ca cu hi lm th no cc d kin c thu thp. Qu trnh thm nh c th phi hp c hai lai ch tiu ca ngi bn trong v bn ngoi.

6.3 Mt s im chnh xc nh ch tiu cho h sinh thi NLKH

H sinh thi nng lm kt hp
S a dng a dng ca ng vt rng S him hoi ca ng vt qu him S phong ph lai a dng ca thc vt t nhin a dng ca hoa mu S dn nhp ca cc lai ngoi li ( nu c th iu ny c nh hng m (-). t ai Mi trng cho ng vt hoang d Thm thc b Cu to t Hin tng ti sinh dng cht ph ca t Cu tng ca t S n inh ca t dc ( th d xi mn) Cc nhu cu ca con ngi Cc xut liu khc nhau (sc sn xut) An ton lng thc Nng sut (hiu qu) Ri ro Thu nhp v phn b thu nhp Cc i hi v vn Quay hi vn, li tc bin t Cc i hi v lao ng Cc i hi v gi gn / hun luyn T tin (dng cc nguyn liu ti ch) Kim sat trn xut liu v tin trnh Nc Kh nng tip cn vi nc Ngun nc Lng nc S thot nc Cht lng Khng kh Cht lng khng kh S s dng ti nguyn S dng t Bo tn ti nguyn thin nhin S dng ti nguyn

Con ngi Cc ranh gii vn ha ca cng ng Cc hot ng gii tr ca cng ng Tnh trng t ang s dng Cng bng Ai l ngi hng li? n b n ng Con gi Con trai Gi Tr Ngho Giu Khng hc C hc Cu hi (C: nh hng dng +) K thut h thng c gai quyt cc kh khn v vng mc do dn lng vch ra khng?

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 iu kin sng (th d ch tr ng) Sc khe (th d v sinh, c hi) Ngun nng lng (ci, du vv) T xc nh v mt x hi Thnh phn cu to gia nh Cc vai tr v gii Pht trin dn s Gio dc Cc t chc ti a phng Vn ha ti ch Cc quyn hn ca cng ng Sc khe ca cng ng Kinh t ca a phng/ cc lung vn u t v ti u t ca a phng C s h tng ca a phng (ng x) Thu hach ca cng ng Kh nng tip cn ca cng ng n cc ti nguyn t nhin (nc, ng c, rng vv)

Dn lng c tham gia hon ton vo cc giai an lp k hach / pht trin ca d n khng? H thng hay k thut c lin h vi cc k thut c sn, kinh nghim v ng c ca dn khng? H thng hay k thut c pht trin da trn cc kin thc bn a v hiu bit ca dn khng? K thut hay h thng c c h tr bi cc chnh sch hay chng trnh khc khng? (th d : quyn t ai, tn dng, vv)

Bng 6 : Biu sng lc tiu ch cho s vng bn ca cc k thut NLKH

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TI LIU THAM KHO

TING VIT Bi Th Dt- V Khc Nhng, 1998. K thut gieo trng ch bin ch v c ph. NBX NN H ni Ci, H.H. 1999. Lm nghip x hi Vit Nam di gc nhn ca cn b o to. Trong Chng trnh H tr Lm nghip X hi: Chuyn v o to lm nghip x hi S 1. Nh xut bn Nng nghip, H Ni. Trang 9 - 11. Cc Khuyn Nng v Khuyn Lm. 1996. S dng t tng hp v bn vng. Nh xut bn Nng nghip, H Ni. 151 trang. Cc khuyn nng v khuyn lm, 1998. Tp bi ging khuyn nng cho nhm tn dng v qu tit kim thn bn u Quc Anh, 2000. S tay lu gi kin thc bn a. NXB NN H Ni on Th Thanh Nhn- Cc tc gi, 1996. Gio trnh cy cng nghip. NXB NN H Ni FAO, 1994. Lm nghip v an ton lng thc. NXB NN H Ni Hong Trng - Cao Vnh Hi, 1998. K thut trng iu, NXB NN TP. HCM L Thc Cn, Nguyn Quang M, 1982. Quan st v xi mn t Vit Nam - Bo co khoa hc L Thanh Phong- cc tc gi, 1999. Cy su ring NXB NN, Tp HCM L Thanh Phong- V Thanh Hong, 1999. Cy Xoi. NXB NN, Tp HCM Nguyn Hu Vnh-Nguyn Xun Qut, 2000. Vn m h gia nh. NXBNN- H Ni Nguyn Quang M. nh hng ca yu t a hnh n xi mn t Vit Nam Nguyn Vn Trng, 1983. Kin to cc m hnh nng lm kt hp NXBNN H Ni Nguyn Xun Qut, 1994. S dng t dc bn vng - kinh t h gia nh min ni NXBNN Nhiu tc gi, 1999. Nng nghip v mi trng NXB gio dc H ni Nhiu tc gi, 1999. Nhng iu nng dn min ni cn bit NXB NN Tng c Khang-Nguyn Tun Anh, 1996. Mt s bin php thu li cho vng i ni NXB NN Thi Phin, Nguyn T Sim, 1998. Canh tc bn vng trn t dc Vit Nam NXBNN H Ni Trn Vn Tng- cc tc gi. Gio trnh chn nui chuyn khoa Vin quy hoch v thit k nng nghip, 1993. NN trung du v min ni hin trng v trin vng NXB NN V Cng Hu, 1996. Trng cy n qu Vit Nam NXB NN V Triu Mn-L Lng T, 1998. Gio trnh bnh cy Nng nghip NXBNN H Ni

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