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ITA Week1 Lecture 1
ITA Week1 Lecture 1
ITA Week1 Lecture 1
COMPUTER BASICS
Objectives
To understand :
Importance of Computers Characteristics of Computers Evolution of Computers Advancement of Computers Application of Computers
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Importance of Computers
Industries
Agriculture
Research
Construction
Electronics
Entertainment
3 Artificial Intelligence
Computer
Accepts inputs Performs mathematical and logical operations Uses stored programs for processing Generates outputs
Characteristics
SPEED
Processes millions of instructions per second Accurate results when given correct instructions and data Very little human intervention required
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ACCURACY
Automation
Characteristics contd
Diligence
Reliability
Storage capability
Characteristics contd
Versatility
Resource sharing
Limitations
Can perform only what it is programmed to do Needs well defined instructions Limited use in areas where qualitative considerations are important
Evolution Of Computers
Evolution contd
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Evolution contd
MARK I (1944)
ENIAC (1946)
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Computers Now
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Generations Of Computers
A GENERATION is described as
Stage of technological development or innovation Electronic components Internal memory components I/O and storage devices Programming languages
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Characterized by advances in
Vacuum tubes or thermionic valves Magnetic drum memory Input on punched cards, paper tapes Output as printouts Machine language for programming Used mainly for scientific purposes ENIAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC
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Vacuum Tube
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Limitations
Required lot of space for installation Consumed large amount of electricity Vacuum tubes generated tremendous heat Cooling was essential Non-portable, very slow Unreliable, prone to frequent hardware failures Difficult to program and lacked versatility
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Transistors Magnetic cores as internal memory Magnetic tapes as secondary storage I/O with punched cards and printouts Assembly language COBOL and FORTRAN introduced PDP-8, IBM 1401, IBM 7090
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Transistors
Smaller compared to 1st generation computers Computational time reduced from milliseconds to microseconds. More reliable, needed less maintenance More portable Programming was easier with Assembly language Generated less heat but still required air conditioning Manual assembly of individual components into a functioning unit was still required
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PDP-8
IBM 1401
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Integrated circuits - ICs Keyboards and monitors Development of operating systems Multitasking became possible Extensive use of high level languages Became accessible to people NCR 395, B6500
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Integrated Circuits
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Computational time reduced from microseconds to nanoseconds Smaller in size and easily portable Consumed less power and generated less heat, sometimes needed air conditioning Maintenance cost low as hardware rarely failed Manual assembling of components not needed Commercial production easier and cheaper
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Microprocessors
Semiconductor internal memory Storage devices are smaller & cheaper Graphical User Interface, pointing devices
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Computers are more powerful, compact, reliable and affordable Personal computers (PCs) introduced Interconnection of computers has enabled
Artificial Intelligence
Mega chips
Computers will use SLSI or Mega chips They will have memory capacity of human mind
Parallel Processing
Use multiple CPUs Access and execute several instructions at the same
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Artificial Intelligence
related technologies that try to simulate and reproduce human behavior like thinking, speaking and reasoning
AI comprises of Expert Systems(chess and medical assistance), Natural Language Processing, Speech Recognition, Vision Recognition and Robotics
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Classification
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Microcomputers
Small, low cost computers
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Desktop Computers
System unit Display monitor Keyboard Internal hard disk storage Other peripheral devices
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Laptop Computers
Portable
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Use electronic stylus for input Also known as palmtops Use small cards as storage Have limited memory
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Minicomputers
Mainframes
Provide large storage capacity at a centralized location Better processing capabilities
Used by large businesses and for scientific purposes IBM's ES000, VAX 8000, and CDC 6600
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Supercomputers
Fastest, costliest and most powerful computers
Parallel processing
Used in aerodynamics, plasma physics, simulations, animations etc CRAY-3, Cyber 205 PARAM, PARAM Padma
developed by C- DAC
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Application of Computers
Summary
Evolution of computing devices Stages in computer development Classification of computers Importance and application of computers
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