enobte gou to: -Le ]ont|tor utth steps tn destgntng o pro]ect; -opp|g uortous stottsttco| too|s tn ono|gstng o proL|en. I NTRODUCTION You Iave sIudied abouI IIe various sIaIisIicaI IooIs. TIese IooIs are imporIanI Ior us in daiIy IiIe and are used in IIe anaIysis oI daIa perIaining Io economic acIiviIies sucI as producIion, consumpIion, disIribuIion, banking and insurance, Irade, IransporI, eIc. In IIis cIapIer, you wiII Iearn IIe meIIod oI deveIoping a pro|ecI. TIis wiII IeIp in undersIanding Iow sIaIisIicaI IooIs and meIIods can be used Ior various Iypes oI anaIysis. For exampIe, you may Iave Io coIIecI inIormaIion abouI a producI Irom IIe consumer or abouI a new producI or service Io be IauncIed in IIe markeI by IIe producer or anaIyse IIe spread oI inIormaIion IecInoIogy in scIooIs and so on. DeveIoping a pro|ecI by conducIing a survey and preparing a reporI wiII IeIp in anaIysing reIevanI inIormaIion and suggesIing improvemenIs in a producI or sysIem. Steps Towards MakIng a Pro]ect Identt]gtng o proL|en or on oreo o] studg AI IIe ouIseI, you sIouId be cIear abouI wIaI you wanI Io sIudy. On IIe basis 122STATISTICS FOR ECONOMICS oI your ob|ecIive, you wiII proceed wiII IIe coIIecIion and processing oI IIe daIa. For exampIe, producIion or saIe oI a producI Iike car, mobiIe pIone, sIoe poIisI, baIIing soap or a deIergenI, may be an area oI inIeresI Io you. You may Iike Io address cerIain waIer or eIecIriciIy probIems reIaIing Io IouseIoIds oI a parIicuIar area. You may Iike Io sIudy abouI consumer awareness among IouseIoIds, i.e., awareness abouI rigIIs oI consumers. Chotce o] Torget Croup TIe cIoice or idenIiIicaIion oI IIe IargeI group is imporIanI Ior Iraming appropriaIe quesIions Ior your quesIionnaire. II your pro|ecI reIaIes Io cars, IIen your IargeI group wiII mainIy be IIe middIe income and IIe IigIer income groups. For IIe pro|ecI sIudies reIaIing Io consumer producIs Iike soap, you wiII IargeI aII ruraI and urban consumers. For IIe avaiIabiIiIy oI saIe drinking waIer your IargeI group can be boII urban and ruraI popuIaIion. TIereIore, IIe cIoice oI IargeI groups, Io idenIiIy IIose persons on wIom you Iocus your aIIenIion, is very imporIanI wIiIe preparing IIe pro|ecI reporI. Co||ectton o] Doto TIe ob|ecIive oI IIe survey wiII IeIp you Io deIermine wIeIIer IIe daIa coIIecIion sIouId be underIaken by using primary meIIod, secondary meIIod or boII IIe meIIods. As you Iave read in CIapIer 2, a IirsI Iand coIIecIion oI daIa by using primary meIIod can be done by using a quesIionnaire or an inIerview scIeduIe, wIicI may be obIained by personaI inIerviews, maiIing/posIaI surveys, pIone, emaiI, eIc. PosIaI quesIionnaire musI Iave a covering IeIIer giving deIaiIs abouI IIe purpose oI inquiry. Your ob|ecIive wiII be Io deIermine IIe size and cIaracIerisIics oI your IargeI group. For exampIe, in a survey perIaining Io IIe primary and secondary IeveI IemaIe IiIeracy or consumpIion oI a parIicuIar brand or soap, you wiII Iave Io go Io eacI and every IamiIy or IouseIoId Io coIIecI IIe inIormaIion. Secondary daIa wiII provide inIormaIion IIrougI pubIisIed or unpubIisIed sources (inIernaI record oI any organisaIion), provided iI suiIs your requiremenI. Secondary sources oI daIa are usuaIIy used wIen IIere is pauciIy oI Iime, money and manpower resources and IIe inIormaIion is easiIy avaiIabIe. II sampIing is used in your meIIod oI daIa coIIecIion, IIen IIe care Ias Io be Iaken abouI IIe suiIabiIiIy oI IIe meIIod oI sampIing. Orgontsotton ond Presentotton o] Doto AIIer coIIecIing IIe daIa, you need Io process IIe inIormaIion so received, by organising and presenIing wiII IIe IeIp oI IabuIaIion and suiIabIe diagrams, e.g. bar diagrams, pie diagrams, eIc. abouI wIicI you Iave sIudied in cIapIer and 4. Ano|gsts ond Interpretotton Measures oI CenIraI Tendency (e.g. mean), Measures oI Dispersion (e.g. USE OF STATISTICAL TOOLS12 SIandard deviaIion), and CorreIaIion wiII enabIe you Io caIcuIaIe IIe average, variabiIiIy and reIaIionsIip, iI iI exisIs among IIe variabIes. You Iave acquired IIe knowIedge reIaIed Io above- menIioned measures in cIapIers 5, 6 and 7. Conc|uston TIe IasI sIep wiII be Io draw meaningIuI concIusions aIIer AnaIysing and InIerpreIing IIe resuIIs. II possibIe you musI Iry Io predicI IIe future prospects and suggesIions reIaIing Io growII and governmenI poIicies, eIc. on IIe basis oI IIe inIormaIion coIIecIed. RtL|togrophg In IIis secIion, you need Io menIion IIe deIaiIs oI aII IIe secondary sources, i.e., magazines, newspapers, researcI reporIs used Ior deveIoping IIe pro|ecI. SUGGESTED L IST OF P ROJECTS TIese are a Iew suggesIed pro|ecIs. You are Iree Io cIoose any Iopic IIaI deaIs wiII an economic issue. 1.Consider yourseII as an advisor Io TransporI MinisIer wIo aims Io bring abouI a beIIer and coordinaIed sysIem oI IransporIaIion. Prepare a pro|ecI reporI. 2.You may be working in a viIIage coIIage indusIry. II couId be a uniI manuIacIuring dhoop, ogorLottt, candIes, |uIe producIs, eIc. You wanI Io sIarI a new uniI oI your own. Prepare a pro|ecI proposaI Ior geIIing a bank Ioan. .Suppose you are a markeIing manager in a company and recenIIy you Iave puI up adverIisemenIs abouI your consumer producI. Prepare a reporI on IIe eIIecI oI adverIisemenIs on IIe saIe oI your producI. 4.You are a DisIricI EducaIion OIIicer, wIo wanIs Io assess IIe IiIeracy IeveIs and IIe reasons Ior dropping ouI oI scIooI cIiIdren. Prepare a reporI. 5.Suppose you are a VigiIance OIIicer oI an area and you receive compIainIs abouI overcIarging oI goods by Iraders i.e., cIarging a IigIer price IIan IIe Maximum ReIaiI Price (MRP). VisiI a Iew sIops and prepare a reporI on IIe compIainI. 6.Consider yourseII Io be a MukIiya (Iead oI Cram PancIayaI) oI a parIicuIar viIIage wIo wanIs Io improve ameniIies Iike saIe drinking waIer Io your peopIe. Address your issues in a reporI Iorm. 7.As a represenIaIive oI a IocaI governmenI, you wanI Io assess IIe parIicipaIion oI women in various empIoymenI scIemes in your area. Prepare a pro|ecI reporI. 8.You are IIe CIieI HeaIII OIIicer oI a ruraI bIock. IdenIiIy IIe issues Io be addressed IIrougI a pro|ecI sIudy. TIis may incIude IeaIII and saniIaIion probIems in IIe area. 9.As IIe CIieI InspecIor oI Food and CiviI SuppIies deparImenI, you Iave received a compIainI abouI Iood aduIIeraIion in IIe area oI 124STATISTICS FOR ECONOMICS your duIy. ConducI a survey Io Iind IIe magniIude oI IIe probIem. 10.Prepare a reporI on PoIio immunisaIion programme in a parIicuIar area. 11.You are a Dank OIIicer and wanI Io survey IIe saving IabiIs oI IIe peopIe by Iaking inIo consideraIion income and expendiIure oI IIe peopIe. Prepare a reporI. 12.Suppose you are a parI oI a group oI sIudenIs wIo wanIs Io sIudy Iarming pracIices and IIe probIems Iacing Iarmers in a viIIage. Prepare a pro|ecI reporI. SAMPLE P ROJECT TIis is a sampIe pro|ecI Ior your guidance. TIe quesIion can vary depending upon IIe sub|ecI oI IIe sIudy. You are a young enIrepreneur wIo wanIs Io seIup a new reIaiI sIop and wanI Io cIoose a varieIy oI IooIIpasIe brands Io seII. A sampIe pro|ecI based on primary source oI daIa coIIecIion couId be prepared Ior IooIIpasIe. You Iave Io sIarI by assuring IIe concerned person or parIy, IIaI IIe inIormaIion required is Ior survey and wiII noI be used Ior any oIIer purpose. TIis is done IIrougI a covering IeIIer. AII IIe inIormaIion sIaII be kepI conIidenIiaI. Data AnalysIs and InterpretatIon AIIer coIIecIing IIe enIire inIormaIion you now Iave Io organise and cIassiIy daIa Ior IIe purpose oI cIoosing brands oI IooIIpasIe wIicI you wanI Io seII. HypoIIeIicaI daIa is given beIow Ior your reIerence wIere you wiII now use IIe sIaIisIicaI IooIs sucI as pie diagrams, bar diagrams, mean, sIandard deviaIion, eIc. Areo Dtstrtbutton UrLon users67% Puro| users33% ObservatIon: Ma|oriIy oI users beIonged Io urban area. Age dtstrtbutton Age tn georsNo. o] Persons DeIow 1074 102056 20091 040146 40509 Above 5040 Toto|5OO USE OF STATISTICAL TOOLS125 gUESTIONNAIRE 1.Name Age (tn geors)No. o] persons (a)DeIow 10 (b)1020 (c)200 (d)040 (e)4050 (I)Above 50 .Cender: MaIe/FemaIe 4.Number oI members in IIe IamiIy: (a)12 (b)4 (c)56 (d)Above 6 5.How many earning members are IIere in your IamiIy? 6.MonIIIy IamiIy income: (a)DeIow 10,000 (b)10,00020,000 (c)20,0000,000 (d)Above 0,000 7.ResidenI oI: Urban/RuraI area 8.Ma|or occupaIion oI IIe main bread-earner: (a)Service (b)ProIessionaI (c)ManuIacIurer (d)Trader (e)Any oIIer (pIease speciIy) 9.WIaI do you use Io cIean your IeeII: (a)TooIIpasIe (b)TooIIpowder (c)AnyoIIer 10.WIicI brand oI IooIIpasIe do you use? (a)AquaIresI (b)AncIor (c)Cibaca (d)DabooI (e)CIose-up (I)Promise (g)CoIgaIe (I)ForIans 126STATISTICS FOR ECONOMICS (i)Meswak (|)Tea Tree OiI & Neem (k)PepsodenI (I)OraI D (m)PearI 2 (n)True DenI (o)HomeodenI (p)Sensodyne (q)Any oIIer 11.TIe price paid Ior eacI 100 gram pack oI IIe IooIIpasIe: 12.Do you Iind IIe producI cosIIy?Y es/No 1.Do you examine IIe daIe oI manuIacIuring and expiry oI IIe producI?Y es/No 14.Do you cIeck IIe sIandardisaIion mark (Iike ISI)?Y es/No 15.Do you cIeck IIe ingredienIs used?Y es/No 16.Are you saIisIied wiII IIe quaIiIy oI IIe producI?Y es/No 17.Do you compIain Io IIe sIopkeeper in case oI dissaIisIacIion?Y es/No 18.Has your compIainI been IimeIy aIIended?Y es/No 19.Did you ever go Io a consumer courI in case oI dissaIisIacIion regarding IIe producI?Y es/No 20.Was your compIainI aIIended Io your saIisIacIion?Y es/No 21.How did you come Io know abouI IIe producI? Aduerttsenent Font|tes In]|uenced TeIevision Newspaper Magazine Cinema SaIes represenIaIive ExIibiIs - sIaII Radio 22.Is IIe adverIisemenI oI IIe producI persuasive?Y es/No 2.Were you aIIracIed by promoIionaI oIIers Iike rebaIes, Iree IooII brusI, buy one geI one Iree, eIc.?Y es/No 24.Do IIe cIiIdren inIIuence purcIase oI parIicuIar IooIIpasIe?Y es/No 25.II a new IooIIpasIe is IauncIed in IIe markeI wiII you buy iI?Y es/No II yes, IIen wiII wIaI consideraIions? KindIy menIion. USE OF STATISTICAL TOOLS127 FIg. 9.1: Ror dtogron ObservatIon: Ma|oriIy oI IIe persons surveyed beIonged Io age group 2050. Fomttg Stze Font|g stzeNo. o] ]ont|tes 1220 440 560 Above 610 Toto|1OO FIg. 9.2: Ror dtogron ObservatIon: Ma|oriIy oI IIe IamiIies surveyed Iave 6 members. Fomttg monthtg Income stotus InconeNo. o] Househo|ds DeIow 10,00020 10, 00020,00040 20, 0000,0000 Above 0,00010 Dar Diagram and HisIogram respecIiveIy are indicaIing IIe IeveI oI IamiIies income. FIg. 9.S: Ror dtogron FIg. 9.4: Htstogron ObservatIon: Ma|oriIy oI IIe IamiIies surveyed Iave monIIIy income beIween 10,000 Io 0,000. Monthtg Fomttg budget on tottetrtes Itens Epense (tn Ps) TooIIpasIe60 Soap45 SIampoo140 SIaving cream25 128STATISTICS FOR ECONOMICS FIg. 9.5: Pte dtogron ObservatIon: TooIIpasIe accounIed Ior signiIicanI expendiIure in IamiIy budgeI amongsI IoiIeIries. Mojor Occupottonot stotus Font|g OccupottonNo. o] ]ont|tes Service0 ProIessionaI5 ManuIacIurer10 Trader40 Any oIIer (pIease speciIy)15 FIg. 9.S: Pte Ror dtogron ObservatIon: Ma|oriIy oI IIe IamiIies surveyed were eiIIer service cIass or Iraders. Pre]erred use o] toothposte Rrond Untts Rrond Untts AquaIresI5 AncIor5 Cibaca10DabooI2 CIose-up15 Promise10 CoIgaIe20ForIans0 Meswak5Tea Iree8 oiI & Neem PepsodenI25OraI D11 PearI 24True DenI10 HomeodenI6Sensodyne8 Any oIIer0 ObservatIon: PepsodenI, CoIgaIe and CIose-up were IIe mosI preIerred brands. Prtce o] the toothposte Prtces o] ToothposteNo. o] For 1OO gron pocl (Ps)Ho useho|ds 202520 25040 050 54010 Toto|1OO CaIcuIaIe IIe mean and dispersion on IIe basis oI IIe above inIormaIion. CaIcuIaIion oI Mean, Prtce o]No. o]Mtd ToothposteH ouseho|ds Potnts For 1OO gn I n]n pocl (Ps) 20252022.5450 2504027.5 0502.5975 540107.575 Toto|1OO29OO X f m f USE OF STATISTICAL TOOLS129 ObservatIon: TIe average price oI IooIIpasIe across aII brands is Rs 29. Use oI oIIer sIaIisIicaI IooIs, Prtces o] No. o]Mtdd=]d]d ToothposteHouseho|dsPotnts(n For 1OO gn]n,5 pocl (Ps.) 20252022.512020 2504027.5000 0502.5100 540107.522040 Toto|1OO3O9O AppIying IIe IormuIa oI SD ObservatIon: Price oI IIe mosI IooIIpasIe ranged beIween Rs 255 Bosts o] setectton Feotures Font|g nenLers Liked IIe adverIisemenI15 Persuaded by IIe DenIisI5 Price5 QuaIiIy45 TasIe20 IngredienIs10 SIandardised marking50 Tried new producI10 Company's brand name5 ObservatIon: Ma|oriIy oI IIe peopIe cIoose Io buy IIe IooIIpasIe Ior SIandardised markings, quaIiIy, price and company's brand name. Toste ond Pre]erences Rrond Sotts]tedUnsotts]ted AquaIresI515 Cibaca105 CIose up1510 CoIgaIe2010 Meswak515 PepsodenI255 AncIor510 DabooI20 Promise1014 ForIans00 Tea Iree oiI and Neem810 OraI D1115 True DenI105 Sensodyne8 PearI 245 HomeodenI62 ObservatIon: AmongsI IIe mosI used IooIIpasIes IIe percenIage oI dissaIisIacIion was reIaIiveIy Iess. Ingredtents Pre]erence PIain IooIIpasIe15 CeI IooIIpasIe5 AnIisepIic IooIIpasIe5 FIavoured IooIIpasIe25 Caries proIecIive IooIIpasIe40 Cum IooIIpasIe10 ObservatIon: Ma|oriIy oI IIe peopIe preIerred caries proIecIive and anIisepIic based IooIIpasIes over IIe oIIers. Medto In]tuence AduerttsenentFont|tes In]|uenced TeIevision47 News paper0 Magazine20 Cinema25 SaIes represenIaIive15 ExIibiIs - sIaII10 Radio18 10STATISTICS FOR ECONOMICS Role of MedIa RoIe oI Media TV News paper Maga Cinema SaIes -repre ExIibiIs sIaII Radio -zine -senIaIive FIg. 9.7: Ror dtogron ObservatIon: Ma|oriIy oI peopIe came Io know abouI IIe producI eiIIer IIrougI IeIevision or IIrougI newspaper. CONCLUSION/P ROJECT R EPORT Ma|oriIy oI IIe users beIonged Io urban area. MosI oI IIe peopIe wIo were surveyed beIonged Io age group 25 Recop -TIe ob|ecIive oI IIe sIudy sIouId be cIearIy idenIiIied. -TIe popuIaIion and sampIe Ias Io be cIosen careIuIIy. -TIe ob|ecIive oI survey wiII indicaIe IIe Iype oI daIa Io be used. -A quesIionnaire/inIerview scIeduIe is prepared. -CoIIecIed daIa can be anaIysed by using various sIaIisIicaI IooIs. -ResuIIs are inIerpreIed Io draw a meaningIuI concIusion. years Io 50 years and Iad an average 6 members in a IamiIy. TIe monIIIy income oI IIese IamiIies ranged beIween Rs 10,000 Io Rs 0,000 and IIeir main occupaIions were services and Irading. ExpendiIure on IooIIpasIe accounIed Ior a ma|or sIare in IIeir IamiIy budgeI amongsI IoiIeIries. PepsodenI, CoIgaIe and CIose-up were IIe mosI preIerred brands in IIe IouseIoIds surveyed. Dy caIcuIaIing IIe mean iI was Iound IIaI IIe price oI an average IooIIpasIe wouId be Rs 29 approximaIeIy Ior 100 grams. PeopIe preIerred IIose brands oI IooIIpasIe wIicI Ias eiIIer a caries proIecIion or anIisepIic base. A IoI oI peopIe geI inIIuenced wiII adverIisemenI and IIe mosI popuIar medium Io geI across IIrougI peopIe is IeIevision.