i hc quc qia TP.

HCM
Trng i hc Khoa hc t nhin
Khoa in t vin thng
Tm hiu ti:
MIMO (Multi Input Multi Output)
Ging vin hng dn: Thy ng L Khoa
Thc hin:
1. Nguyn Th Minh Chu 0620003
2. Trn Quc Cng 0620006
3.Nguyn Xun Nguyn 0620047
4.Nguyn Hunh Thanh Tho 0620072
1
Ni dung
H thng MIMO
H thng MIMO OFDM
DEMO dung lng knh truyn
2
H thng MIMO
3
Ni dung
1. Tng quan v cc m hnh h thng thng tin
khng dy
2. K thut phn tp
3. Cc li trong h thng MIMO
4. M hnh h thng MIMO
5. Dung lng h thng MIMO
6. M ha khng gian thi gian STC
4
1. Tng quan v cc m hnh h thng
thng tin khng dy
C th chia thnh 4 h thng c bn :
SISO (Single Input Single Output)
SIMO (Single Input Multi Output)
MISO (Mutli Input Single Output)
MIMO (Multi Input Multi Output)
5
SISO
L h thng thng tin khng dy truyn thng ch s
dng 1 anten pht v 1 anten thu
C 1 b cao tn v 1 b iu ch, gii iu ch
Thng dng trong pht thanh, pht hnh, Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth
Dung lng h thng :
C = log
2
(1+SNR) bit/s/Hz
6
SIMO
H thng s dng 1 anten pht v nhiu anten thu.
My thu c th la chn hoc kt hp tn hiu t cc
anten thu nhm ti a t s tn hiu trn nhiu thng
qua cc gii thut Beamforming hoc MMRC
(Maximal-Ratio Receive Combining)
Dung lng knh truyn :
C = log
2
(1+N.SNR)
7
MISO
H thng s dng nhiu anten pht v 1 anten thu
Cung cp phn tp pht thng qua k thut Alamouti
ci thin lng tn hiu hoc dng Beamforming
tng hiu sut pht v vng bao ph
Dung lng h thng:
C = log
2
(1+N.SNR)
8
MIMO
H thng s dng a anten c u pht v u thu
Cung cp phn tp pht v phn tp thu nhm tng
cht lng h thng, thc hin Beamforming tng
hiu sut, trit can nhiu.
Dung lng h thng c ci thin ng k bi k
thut m ha khng gian thi gian
C = log
2
(1+N
T
.N
R
.SNR)
9
Lch s pht trin
1996 : Mt nhm nghin cu t i hc Stanford
gii thiu m hnh MIMO.
9 1998: Bell Labs New Jersey cng b thnh cng
ca MIMO trong phng th nghim
6 1999: Gigabit Wireless, inc v i hc Stanford
chng minh thnh cng m hnh MIMO ngai tri.
2003: Airgo tung ra chip MIMO u tin
2004: IEEE nghin cu chun 802.11 da trn MIMO
kt hp vi OFDM.
2006: a ra bn nhp u tin tho lun ci tin
v sa i.
10
u im v nhc im ca MIMO
u im : tng ng k tc truyn d liu,
gim BER, tng vng bao ph h thng v
tuyn m khng cn tng cng sut hay bng
thng h thng.
Nhc im: chi ph trin khai h thng anten
cao, khng gian cn thit cho h thng cng
tng ln, h thng x l s tn hiu phc tp.
11
M hnh trc quan
12
2. K thut phn tp
c s dng lm gim nh hng ca fading a
ng v ci tin tin cy ca knh truyn.
Khng yu cu tng cng sut pht hoc bng tn
Yu cu nhiu bn sao tn hiu pht ti ni thu, tt c
mang cng thng tin nhng c s tng quan rt nh
trong mi trng fading.
C nhiu cch phn tp: phn tp thi gian, phn tp
khng gian, phn tp tn s
13
Phn tp khng gian
Hay cn gi l phn tp anten, s dng ph
bin trong truyn thng khng dy dng sng
viba
S dng nhiu anten c sp xp trong khng
gian ti pha pht hoc pha thu
14
Phn tp tn s
S dng cc thnh phn tn s khc nhau
pht cng mt thng tin
Cc tn s c phn chia m bo b nh
hng ca fading 1 cch c lp
Phn tp tn s gy ra s tn hao hiu sut
bng thng ty thuc vo s d tha thng tin
trong cng bng tn s
15
Phn tp thi gian
C th thu c qua m ha v xen knh


t
h
t
Phn tp thi gian c th t c bng cch
truyn d liu ging nhau qua nhng khe thi
gian khc nhau
16
3. Cc li trong h thng MIMO
li Beamforming
li ghp knh
li phn tp khng gian
17
li Beamforming
Gip h thng tp trung nng lng bc x
theo hng mong mun gip tng hiu qu
cng sut, gim can nhiu.
Gip ci thin cht lng knh truyn v tng
bao ph ca h thng.
Thc hin trong mi trng t tn x.
18
li ghp knh khng gian
Tn dng cc knh truyn song song c c
t a anten ti pha pht v pha thu, cc tn
hiu s c pht c lp v ng thi ra cc
anten
Tng dung lng knh truyn m khng cn
tng cng sut pht hay bng thng h thng
19
li phn tp
Cung cp cho cc b thu cc bn sao tn hiu
ging nhau qua cc knh truyn fading khc
nhau
B thu c th la chn hay kt hp cc bn sao
tn hiu ny gim BER, chng Fading, tng
tin cy ca h thng
20
Mt h thng thng tin im im a anten gm c
N
T
anten pht v N
R
anten thu
y = Hx + n
y: tn hiu nhn c t N
R
chiu
x: tn hiu nhn c t N
T
n: nhiu Gauss trng
H l ma trn knh truyn cha cc h s phc
4. M hnh h thng MIMO

T T T R R R
T
T
R
N N N N N N
N
N
N
n
n
n
x
x
x
h h h
h h h
h h h
y
y
y
.
.
.
.
.
.
. . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . .
. . .
.
.
.
2
1
2
1
2 1
2 22 21
1 12 11
2
1
21
5.Dung lng h thng MIMO
Dung lng h thng l tc truyn dn cc i vi xc xut li
nh nht nh.
Gia s rang chung ta co N kenh truyen 1 chieu
song song b cac nguon nhieu Gauss co phng sai
co tac ong. Dung lng moi kenh n c tnh
theo nh ly Shanon, dung lng cua he cac kenh
song song la tong dung lng cua cac kenh n.
2 2
1
,...,
N
o o
22
Cng thc dung lng knh truyn:
Vi
la he so nhan Lagrange c chon sao cho
tong cong suat phat la:
P: tong cong suat phat tn hieu t N
T
anten phat
v n pha thu c gi khong oi.
N: s knh truyn mt chiu song song

!
!
N
n
n
P P
1
) ( log ) ( log ) 1 ( log
1 1 1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
! ! !
!

! !
N
n
N
n
N
n
n n
n n
n
n
B
P
B
P
B C
o

o
o
o
23
Dung lng h thng MIMO
Tuy thuoc ve thong tin trang thai kenh
truyen kenh truyen CSI (Channel State
Information) ma dung lng kenh truyen co
the khac nhau.
Trng hp CSI c biet tai ca pha phat
va pha thu.
Trng hp CSI ch c biet tai pha thu
24
Trng hp CSI c biet tai ca pha phat va
pha thu
Cng sut phn b khng u
Cng sut phn b u (khi SNR cao)
bit/s/Hz
SNR thp
bit/s/Hz
Hz s bit
P
C
N
n
n n n
N
n
/ / ) ( log ) 1 ( log
1
2
2
2
*
1
2
! !
! !
o

o

! !
! !
k
n
n
k
n
n
k
SNR k
k
P
C
1
2 2
1
2
2
) ( log log ) 1 ( log

o

) e
P
C
i 2
2
log max
o
<
25
Trng hp CSI ch c biet tai
pha thu
=
bit/s/Hz

! !
! !
N
n
N
n
T
n n n
N
P P
C
1 1
2
2
2
2
) 1 ( log ) 1 ( log
o

|
!
!
N
n
T
N
T
n
W
N
P
I
N
P
1
2
2
2
2
) det( log ) 1 ( log
o o

26
6.M khng gian thi gian STC
(Space-Time Codes)
Do Tarokh v cc ng s pht minh nm 1998 ti
AT&T : l mt phng php mang li hiu qu truyn
tin trong vic phn tp pht trong mi trng fading
s dng nhiu anten.
27
Cc loai ma hoa khong gian thi
gian
Ma hoa khong gian thi gian khoi STBC
(Space-Time Block Code)
Ma hoa khong gian thi gian li STTC
(Space-Time Trellis Code)
Ma hoa khong gian thi gian lp BLAST
(Bell-Laboratories Layered Space-Time).
28
M ha khng gian thi gian khi
STBC
STBC (Space Time Block Coding)
STBC thc hien ma hoa mot khoi cac ky t
au vao thanh mot ma tran au ra vi cac
hang tng ng cac anten phat (khong gian) va
cot tng ng th t phat (thi gian), STBC cho
phep phan tap ay u va co o li nho tuy
thuoc vao toc o ma cua bo ma.
STBC c ma hoa va giai ma n gian nh
vao cac giai thuat x ly tuyen tnh, nen STBC
phu hp vi cac ng dung thc te trong he
thong MIMO.
29
M ha STBC
Gi s c N anten pht v M anten thu
Vi mi k hiu sl u vo, b m ha to ra N k hiu m c
pht ng thi t N anten pht : cl,1; cl,2; cl,3;;cl,N
Vector m cl= [cl,1; cl,2; cl,3;;cl,N]
T
Pht dy vector m C = {C1, C2,, CL}
Li xy ra khi b gii m quyt nh sai rng ta pht 1l1 dy
vector m khc C = {C1, C2,, CL}
Xt khung d liu c u vo l L
Ma trn li A : A(C, C) = (Cl Cl)(Cl Cl)*
vi * l k hiu lin hp phc
30
M ha khng gian thi gian li STTC
STTC (Space Time Trellis Coding)
STTC cho phep phan tap ay u va o li ma
cao, STTC la loai ma chap c m rong cho
trng hp MIMO.
Neu nh STBC x ly oc lap tng khoi k t
au vao e tao ra mot chuoi cac vevtor ma
oc lap, th STTC x ly tng chuoi ky t au
vao e tao ra tng chuoi vector ma phu thuoc
vao trang thai ma trc o cua bo ma hoa.
STTC cung cap o li ma tot hn nhieu STBC
o li ma cua STTC tang len khi tang so trang
thai cua li ma.
31
M ha STTC
Bo ma hoa tao cac vector ma bang cach dch chuyen
cac bit d lieu qua thanh ghi dch qua K tang moi tang co k
bit. Mot bo n phep cong nh phan vi au vao la K tang
se tao ra vector ma n bit cho moi k bit au vao. Tai mot
thi iem, k bit d lieu au vao se c dch vao tang
au tien cua thanh ghi dch, k bit cua tang au se c
dch vao k bit cua tang ke. Moi lan dch k bit d lieu vao
se tao ra mot vector ma n bit.
Toc o ma la R
c
= k/n
32
K la so tang cua thanh ghi dch c goi la
constraint length cua bo ma
Moi lan dch k bit d lieu vao se tao ra mot vector
ma n bit.
33
Gii m STTC
M STTC c thit k sao cho b gii m, thut ton Viterbi thut
ton gii m hp l cc i (Maximum Likelihood) c s dng tnh
ng hp l nht chy qua li c s o tch ly nh nht
S o tch ly c xc nh :
rt,m - s1 - s2
m , 1 E m , 2 E

!
M
m 1
2
tng ch ng
truyn t anten pht
1 n anten thu m
tng ch ng truyn
t anten pht 2 n anten
thu m
Tn hiu thu
c anten m
ti thi im t
M STTC c tm bng h thng my tnh cho cht lng tt hn hn
cc m STTC trn (c thit k bng phng php tnh ton th cng)
34
M ha khng gian thi gian lp
BLAST
BLAST (Bell-Laboratories Layered Space-Time)
Nam 1996 Wolniansky cung vi Foschini, Golden
va Valenzuela a a ra kien truc V-BLAST, kien
truc nay a thc hien thc thi gian thc trong
phong th nghiem Bell vi hieu suat bang thong
lan au tien len ti 20-40 bps/Hz tai mc t so
tn hieu tren nhieu SNR t 24 en 34 dB.
Bo x ly V-Blast pha thu se giai ma tn hieu
theo mot tieu ch nao o nh MMSE (minimum
mean-squared error) hay ZF (zero-forcing).
35
M ha V BLAST
V-BLAST s dung N
T
anten phat va N
R
anten thu vi N
T
N
R
. pha phat, vector
coder se sap xep cac bit cua chuoi d
lieu goc thanh cac symbol va chia thanh
N
T
luong d lieu con. Trong V-BLAST
khong can ma hoa lien luong v tng
luong con co the c ma hoa theo cac
kieu ma hoa truyen thong rieng. Cac
luong d lieu con nay se c N
T
bo
phat ieu che theo cung mot chom sao
QAM va phat ong thi tren N
T
anten
pha tren cung mot tan so vi toc o
1/T
S
symbol/s, moi lan bo phat se phat
36
Bo thu V-Blast Zero-Forcing
37
r
1
~
x
2
~
x
3
~
x
T
N
x
~
Bo thu V-Blast Minimum Mean-
Squared Error
S my thu:
38
r
1
~
x
2
~
x
3
~
x
T
N
x
~
H THNG MIMO-OFDM
39
OFDM
Do cc vn v nhiu (interference) v cc
vn v a ng (multi path), mt s cng ngh
trc y cng a ra gii php iu ch sng
mang n dng cho cc ng dng NLOS (non line of
sight) nhng cng cha mang li hiu qu cao.
S ra i ca k thut ghp knh phn chia theo
tn s trc giao OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplexing) : l mt bc t ph trong th
trng truy cp v tuyn bng rng.
40
OFDM
Cng ngh OFDM nm trong mt lp cc k thut iu ch a sng mang
(FDM) trong thng tin v tuyn
iu ch a song mang (ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao):
u im (so vi C n mang):
Gim nh hung ca nhiu lin tn
hiu ISI (inter synbol interference)
phc tp ca b cn bng knh
v lc nhiu gim
Nhc im :
Gim hiu qu s dng ph do cc
knh ph c phn cch nhau
mt khong nht nh
41
OFDM
tng hiu qu s dng ph v k tha u im ca iu ch a sng
mang phng php iu ch a sng mang trc giao OFDM (Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiplexing) ra i:
Chia lng d liu trc khi pht i thnh N lung d liu song song c
tc thp hn v pht mi lung d liu trn mt sng mang con
khc nhau.
Cc sng mang ny l trc giao vi nhau, iu ny c thc hin bng
cch chn dn cch tn s gia chng mt cch hp l.
Khi nm v s trc giao ca 2 tn hiu
{ !

) ( * ) ( t q t p
a
b
] ]
) (t p ]
) ( * t q ]
k , p = q
0 , p q
l lin hp phc ca
a, b l chu k ca tn hiu
k : const
42
B IU CH OFDM
Nguyn tc :
Ph tn hiu c dch vo sng mang ph th p thng qua php nhn
vi hm phc
e
vi ws = 2 f
s
= 2 1/T
s
: khong cch tn s gia 2 sng mang
Ta c :
T
jpwst
e
jqwst *
( e ) dt =
j(p q)wst
e dt
1
j(p q)ws
j(p q)wst
e
t = (k+1)Ts
t = kTs =
0 , p q
Ts, p = q

Ts k
kTs
) 1 (

Ts k
kTs
) 1 (
=
{
Theo nh ngha, 2 sng mang ph p , q trc giao vi nhau
jpwst
43
T
B IU CH OFDM
Bng tn ca h thng c chia lm Nc knh con vi ch s
ca cc knh con l n :
n {1,2,3,,Nc}
u vo ca b iu ch l dng d liu {a} c chia thnh
Nc dng d liu song song thng qua b phn chia ni
tip/song song
Dng bit trn mi lung song song {ai,n} li c iu ch
thnh mu tn hiu a mc {dk,n} vi :
i: ch s khe thi gian tng ng vi Nc bit song song sau
khi qua b bin i ni tip/song song
k: ch s khe thi gian tng ng vi mu tn hiu phc

44
B IU CH OFDM
Tn hiu mk(t) sau khi c nhn vi xung c s v dch tn
c cng li qua b tng
Mu tn hiu OFDM th k :
mk(t) = dk,n S(t - kTs) e
Tn hiu OFDM tng qut l :
m(t) = mk(t) = dk,n S(t - kTs) e

!
Nc
n 1
jnwst
jnwst

! k

!
Nc
n 1

! k
45
B IU CH OFDM
B iu ch dng thut ton bin i ngc Fourier :
{a}
ai,n
Chuyn
i
Ni
Tip
/song
song
M
ha
IDFT
Chuyn
i
song
song
/ ni
tip
Chn
khong
bo v
Bin
i
s
/tng
t
ai,Nc
ai,1
dk,Nc
dk,n
dk,1
m(lta) m(lta) m(t)
46
B GII IU CH OFDM
S khi b gii iu ch OFDM dng DFT :
Bin
i
tng
t/
s
Tch
khong
bo
v
Bin
i
ni
tip/
song
song
DFT
Gii
m
Bin
i
song
song
/ ni
tip
u (t) u (lta) u(lta)
dk,1
dk,Nc
dk,n
ak,1
ak,Nc
ak,n
{a}
47
H THNG MIMO
MIMO(Multiple Input Multiple Output ) : h thng vi nhiu
anten pht v nhiu anten thu
Ci thin hiu qu s dng tn s cng
nh dung lng ca h thng thng tin
hn so vi h thng
1 anten pht 1 anten thu SISO
Vic nng cao hiu qu thu pht
ph thuc vo s lng anten thu pht
v tn x ca mi trng truyn dn
48
H THNG MIMO-OFDM
49
H THNG MIMO-OFDM ( B PHT)
Kt hp u im ca h thng MIMO v h thng OFDM
Cu trc my pht MIMO-OFDM :
M khng
gian /thi
gian
(space/time
coding)
iu ch bng
tn c s
iu ch bng
tn c s
IDFT
IDFT
Chn chui
bo v
Chn chui
bo v
Dng
bit

Cc b pht tn hiu OFDM c kt hp vi nhau thng qua b m ha

thi gian/ khng gian
B m ha ny nhm to to ra cc lung bit khc nhau cho anten pht, tn
dng s phn tp v khng gian ca cc tn hiu pht qua cc anten khc nhau
sa li ng truyn
50
H THNG MIMO-OFDM ( B THU)
B thu OFDM c chc nng ngc li so vi b pht
Tch
chui
bo v
FFT
Gii iu
ch bng
tn c s
Gii m
khng
gian/
thi gian
(space/ti
me
coding)
Gii iu
ch bng
tn c s
Tch
chui
bo v
FFT
Dng
bit
51
KNH TRUYN CA H THNG
MIMO-OFDM
C th m t thng qua ma trn H nh sau :
Trong l li knh truyn t anten pht
th j ti anten thu th i ti sng mang ph th n
52

!
) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
) (
2 1
2 22 21
1 12 11
k k k
k k k
k k k
k H
T R R R
T
T
N N N N
N
N



.
/ 1 / /
.
.
) (k
ij

MA TRN KNH TRUYN

53
) (
11
N ) (
12
N
) (
1
N
T
N

) (
22
N
) (N
T R
N N

) (
2
N
T
N

) 2 (
1
T
N

) 2 (
2
T
N

) 2 (
T R
N N

) 2 (
11
) 2 (
12

) 2 (
1
R
N
) 2 (
2
R
N

) 1 (
12
) 1 (
11

) 1 (
1
T
N

) 1 (
2
T
N

) 1 (
1
R
N

) 1 (
21

) 1 (
21

) 1 (
2
R
N
) 1 (
T R
N N

T
N
R
N
KNH TRUYN CA H THNG
MIMO-OFDM
Symbol thu c t anten thu th i, tai sng
mang phu th k ca symbol OFDM c th c
biu din nh sau
+ X
j
(k) l symbol pht trn sng mang th k trong symbol OFDM
+ V
i
(k) l nhiu Gauss ti anten thu th i trong min tn s
54
N k
k V k X k k X k k X k k Y
k V k X k k X k k X k k Y
k V k X k k X k k X k k Y
R T T R R R R
T T
T T
N N N N N N N
N N
N N
, , 3 , 2 , 1
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2 2 1 1
2 2 2 22 1 21 2
1 1 2 12 1 11 1
.
.
/
.
.
!
!
!
!



Thank
you!
55