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] FB T|k^ FD m >VaVzD
B[|D skVD Fkm \]B \] 2011 h[ 23_
x F>m. >[ 47.50 D kBV^ Bk.
. 30,000z \mk\ z k [[
kwzkm D \uD > ]> 18 x>_ 59 kBm k^
kzD kwzk>D x FBm. > ]D
_ xl_ B_D, ]K^ ]Vz _ gV
VD
c VmVA \V>V 2011z >EB gVz >m
A> 2011 h[ 23D >] >m. > \V>V k\Vuz
^ 90% \zD 50% A \zD c
kak FD. > \V>V ]BVs[ _BKD ]\
BVF B_ VD.
h 1 \mk^ ]\V |D. 1882 gD g| >
V_>V[ V. .E. VF k^ >V. \m >]_ c^
\mk^ clVzD kB sBVV\V \Vu
sV>z VD.
\]B w_ >|A trM[ >kV ]. y z\V 2011 h[
25_ WBtV. ]. .. >V\ >s sB> >Vm
k >kVV. > cB >sl_ zD k >V[ |zD
y\V_ BD kV\_ >]uV >][ gkV>]uV
VD.

>D - k d _ 2012

27

d
d

>D - k d _ 2012

28

2011 gD g| 21 A]B \mk _z VD

kwm. >uVm ]BVs_ 39785 \mk ^
c^. w \VkD \mk _l_ kVFA
VD.
>EB skVB [[ ]][ 17.14 V skVl^
Bk. > ]D skVB \z BV xl_
BVu VD.
VV_ \V>V mk m k> V>: 1969 d 2008: 1969_
\kl_ Wku| \VWkz m.
>[[ 2008 k x Wkus_. \V>V
kV xD >Vk>V zsuz | WKkl_
c^V> \kl[ VD xms|D.
_ 2011 [V Vl[ cVs>> >Vm \V>Vk
>BV Fk>uz |z sm. h[ 2011 |z
_ 16_ Bm. >\ \]BD, ]\[D ]_
kV| u> >m. h 2011 \]B \]
A>_ >m. VV_ \V>V \kl_ 2011 g
4D >] >V_ FBm. > \V>V ss_ x\BV
Wku VD.
EB \uD |> >Va_ Wk_ > 6 V
k F[. 31.03.2011 k 29,569 V\z k k
m^>V { >sm. 31.03.2011 k ]BVs[
kV|[ 305.9 _oB[ VV >m. m 15.4% >
gs cBkVzD. kV| [ z VD.
2011 c V>V Wk][ gFkl[ zw>^ A
s>D > 10 g|_ zm^m. 1990_ 12 t_oBV
> A 2011_ 7.6 t_oB[V zm^m. [D
zB VD.
]BVs_ 1.69 D V\^ [ V_B
B > A u^m. \V>D D V_ 6 D
V\^ c^. 37 glD V\z [D E
k s_. V\_ k] u|>
VD.

]BV

jiyefh;

gug;gst[

kf;fs; bjhif
Mz;fs;

- g[Jbly;yp
- 32/87/263r. fp.kP
-121/01/93/422 (2011)
-62/37/24/248 (2011)

>D - k d _ 2012

bgz;fs;


-58/64/69/174 (2011)
6-tajpw;Fl;gl;nlhh;
-15/58 nfho (2011)
0-14 tajpw;Fl;gl;nlhh; -33/79/52/466 (2001)
15-64 tajpw;Fl;gl;nlhh; -66/18/80/579 (2001)
65 tajpw;F nkw;gl;nlhh; -4/98/67/073 (2001)
Mz;/bgz; tpfpjk;
-1000-940
10 Mz;Lfspy; tsh;r;rp -17.64% (2001-11)
vGj;jwpt[

-74.04%
Mz;fs;


-82.14%
bgz;fs;

-65.46%
efh;g[w kf;fs; bjhif
-37/71/05/760
fpuhkg;g[w kf;fs; bjhif -83/30/87/662 (2011)
kf;fspdfs;

-4/635
#hjpfs;


-1/169
cah; tFg;gpdh;

-15/4%
jhH;j;jg;gl;nlhh;
-18.1%
gpw;gLj;jg;gl;nlhh;
-56.6%
gHFoapdh;

-9.5%
,e;Jf;fs;

-96 nfho (82.63%)
,!;yhkpah;fs;

-10.15 nfho (11.95%)
fpwp!;jth;fs;

-1.96 nfho (2.45%)
rPf;fpah;fs;

-2.3 nfho
g[j;jh;/ i#dh;/ ghh;rpfs;
-2.5%
bkhHpfs;

-1/652
njrpa bkhHpfs;

-18
njrpaj; jiyefh;
-1
khepyfs;

-28
a{dpad; gpunjrfs;
-6
kpfg;bghpa khepyk;
-,uh#!;jhd;
kpfr;rpwpa khepyk;
-nfhth
khtl;lfs;

-640
khefufs;

-42
1 ,yl;rk; kf;fs; cs;s efufs; -400
khefuhl;rpfs;

-384
efuhl;rpfs;

-3/949
efufs;


-5/161
jhYf;fhf;fs;

-5/564
fpuhkfs;

-7 ,yl;rj;jpw;f;Fk; nky;
ghuhSkd;w ,lfs;
-557
uh#;a rig ,lfs;
-237
rl;lrig ,lfs;
-4/175
murpay; fl;rpfs; (gjpt[ bgw;wit)-445
mryffs;

-1/53/454

29

>D - k d _ 2012

]BV s^:
d ,e;jpahtpy; Mz;ow;F kf;fs; bjhif tsh;r;rp tpfpjk;
1.8 nfho.
d ,e;jpahtpy; 50/000-f;Fk; mjpfkhd kf;fs; cs;s efufs;
784.
d ,e;jpahtpy; 2/000 ngUf;Fk; Fiwthd 6 ,yl;rk;
fpuhkfs; cs;sd.
d ,e;jpahtpy; 10/000 ngh; tiua[s;s 953 ,dkf;fs;
cs;sdh;.
d ,e;jpahtpy; 8 nfho kf;fs; bfhz;l 452 ,dkf;fs;
cs;sdh;.
d ,e;jpahtpy; Rkhh; 150 khtl;lfs; gpd;jfpa epiyapy;
cs;sd.
d ,e;jpahtpy; 2.5 ,yl;rk; fpuhkfSf;F rhiy trjpfs;
fpilahJ.
d ,e;jpahtpy; 76/000 fpuhkfSf;F jfty; bjhlh;g[ trjp
,y;iy.
d ,e;jpahtpYs;s 57 rjtPfpj fpuhkg;g[w kf;fSf;F kpd; trjp
fpilahJ.
d ,e;jpahtpYs;s kf;fs; bjhifapy; 35 rjtPfpj ngh;
vGj;jwpt[bgw;wth;fs;.
d ,e;jpahtpy; 25/000 bjhz;L epWtdfs; bray;gl;L
tUfpd;wd.
d ,e;jpahtpy; 12 ,yl;rk; jd;dhh;t bjhz;L epWtdfs;
cs;sd.
d ,e;jpahtpy; 30 nfho ngh; ,z;lh;bel;il
cgnahfpf;fpd;wdh;.
d ,e;jpahtpy; 200f;Fk; mjpfkhd bjhiyf;fhl;rp nrdy;fs;
cs;sd.
d ,e;jpahtpd; kf;fs; bjhifapy; ,!;yhkpah;fs; 2-tjhf
cs;sdh;.
d ,e;jpahtpy; ,!;yhkpah;fs; bghUshjhuj;jpy;
gpd;jfpa[s;sdh;.
d ,e;jpahtpy; Rkhh; 1.13nfho FHe;ijj; bjhHpyhsh;fs;
cs;sdh;.
30

>D - k d _ 2012

d ,e;jpahtpy; 6.2 nfho ngh; Foir thH;g;gFjpfspy;

thH;fpd;wdh;.
d ,e;jpahtpy; Rkhh; 607f;Fk; mjpfkhd efufspy;
Foirg;gFjpfs; cs;sd. ,F thGk; kf;fs; Rkhh; 5nfho
ngh;.
d ,e;jpahtpy; 7 epkplj;jpw;F xU bfh^ukhd bray;
eilbgWfpwJ.
d ,e;jpahtpy; Rkhh; 35.04 rjtPfpjk; ngh; tWikf;nfhl;ow;F
fPH; thH;fpd;wdh;. ,jpy; 31.6 rjtPfpjk; ngh; tptrhapfs;/
68.5 rjtPfpjk; ngh; tptrhaf; Typfs;.
d ,e;jpahtpy; 20 nfho ngUf;F U ntis cznt
fpilf;fpwJ.
d ,e;jpahtpy; 42nfho ngh; jpdf;Typfshf ntiy
bra;fpd;wdh;.
d ,e;jpahtpy; Mz;ow;F 1.2 ,yl;rk; ngh; jw;bfhiy bra;J
bfhs;fpd;wdh;. 12 ,yl;rk; ngh; jw;bfhiy Kaw;rpapy;
<LgLfpd;wdh;.
d ,e;jpahtpy; 24 ,yl;rk; tHpghl;L !;jyfs;/ nfhtpy;fs;
cs;sd.
d ,e;jpahtpy; Mz;ow;F Rkhh; 7.5 nfho bgz;fs;
fUf;fiyg;g[ bra;J bfhs;fpd;wdh;.
d ,e;jpahtpy; Mz;ow;F Rkhh; 7/000 bgz;fs; tujl;rizf;
bfhLikapdhy; jPf;Fspg;gjhfj; jpl;lf; fkp\d;
bjhptpj;Js;sJ.
d ,e;jpahtpy; Mz;ow;F 4 nfho bgz; rpRf;fs;
bfhy;yg;gLfpd;wd.
d ,e;jpahtpy; 24 nfho ngh; g[ifapiy/ rpfbul;/ bgho/
ghd;guhf;/ md;!; nghd;w nghijg; bghUl;fis
cgnahfpf;fpd;wdh;.
d ,e;jpahtpy; Rkhh; 60 ,yl;rk; ngh; bAuhapd;/ xg;gpak;
nghd;w nghij kUe;JfSf;F moikfshf cs;sdh;.
d ,e;jpahtpy; Rkhh; 6.25 nfho ngh; kJghd
gHf;fKilath;fs;.
d ,e;jpahtpy; 2.5 nfho ngh; Xhpdr;nrh;f;if
gHf;fKs;sth;fs;.

31

,e;jpahtpy; Rkhh; 23 ,yl;rk; ngh; tpgr;rhuj; bjhHpiyr;

bra;J tUfpd;wdh;. ,jpy; 25 rjtpfpjk; ngh; 18
tajpw;Fl;gl;lth;fs;.
d ,e;jpahtpy; Mz;ow;F 130/000 ngh; tpgj;Jfspdhy;
,wf;fpd;wdh;.
]BVs_ srD:
d cyfstpy; bray;gl;L tUk; kp\bdhp !;jhgdfspy;
_d;wpy; xU gF ,e;jpahtpy; cs;sd.
d cyfstpy; ew;bra;jp mwptpf;fg;glhj kf;fspdfspy; 25
rjtPfpjk; ngh; ,e;jpahtpy; cs;sdh;.
d ,e;jpahtpy; ,naRit mwpahj 3.5 ,yl;rk;
fpuhkfs; cs;sd. ,F 40 nfho ngUf;F Rtpnr\k;
mwptpf;fg;gltpy;iy.
d ,e;jpahtpy; thGk; ,!;yhkpah;fspy; 98 rjtPfpjk; ngUf;F
,d;Dk; Rtpnr\k; mwptpf;fg;gltpy;iy.
d ,e;jpahtpy; 30/000f;Fk; mjpfkhd kf;fs; bfhz;l 204
,dkf;fs; cs;sdh;. 2/600 ,dkf;fspilna xU rig Tl
,y;iy.
d ,e;jpahtpy; Rkhh; 3000 kp\bdhp !;jhgdfs; 20/000
kp\bdhpfSld; 2/000 gzpj;jsfspy; CHpak; bra;J
tUfpd;wd.
d ,e;jpahtpy; Rtpnr\k; mwptpf;Fk; thbdhyp epWtdk; :
FEBA, TWR
d ,e;jpahtpy; 165 bkhHpfspy; Rtpnr\ xypehlhf;fs;
cs;sJ.
d ,e;jpahtpy; 13 nfho ngUf;F nuonah/ bjhiyf;fhl;rp
_yk; mwptpf;fg;gLk; Rtpnr\ xspgug;g[
brd;wiltjpy;iy.
d ,e;jpahtpy; 21 bkhHpfspy; ,naR fpwp!;Jtpd; thH;f;if
tuyhW jpiug;glkhf btspte;Js;sJ.
d ,e;jpahtpy; Mz;ow;F 39 bkhHpfspy; 50 ,yl;rk; Jz;Lg;
gpujpfspy; njtDila bra;jpfs; mr;rplg;gLfpwJ.
d ,e;jpahtpy; 1 ,yl;rj;jpw;Fk; nky; KGneu CHpah;fs;
cs;sdh;.
d ,e;jpahtpy; fpwp!;jth;fs; 70 rjtPfpjk; bjd; khepyfs;/
25 rjtPfpjk; tlfpHf;F khepyfs; kw;Wk; 5 rjtPfpjk;
tlf;F/ nkw;F khepyfspYk; cs;sdh;.

>D - k d _ 2012

32

>D - k d _ 2012

d ,e;jpahtpYs;s tlfpHf;F khepyfshd kpnrhuk;/

ehfhyhe;J/ nkfhyah Mfpa khepyfspy; 95rjtPfpjk; ngh;
fpwp!;jth;fshf cs;sdh;.
d ,e;jpahtpy; Rkhh; 5 nfhof;Fk; mjpfkhd fpwp!;jth;fs;
cs;sdh;.
d ,e;jpahtpy; Rkhh; 1 nfho ngh; ,ufrpa fpwp!;jth;fshf
cs;sdh;.
d ,e;jpahtpy; Rkhh; 30 rjtPfpjk; fpwp!;jth;fs; efufspy;
thH;fpd;wdh;.
d ,e;jpahtpy; khjj;jpw;F 200 Mtpf;Fhpa rigfs;
cUthfpd;wd.
d ,e;jpahtpy; jpdKk; 6/000 ngh; rigfspy; nrh;f;fg;
gLfpd;wdh;.
d ,e;jpahtpy; fpwp!;jth;fspd; ciHg;g[k;/ gzKk;
90rjtPfpjk; fpwp!;jth;fspilna eilbgWk;
CHpafSf;fhf brytplg;gLfpd;wJ.
d ,e;jpahtpYs;s ntjhfkf; fy;Y]hpfspy; gof;Fk; thypg/
rnfhju rnfhjhpfspy; Rkhh; 10 rjtPfpjk; ngnu Mj;Jk
Mjha CHpaj;jpy; <Lgl;L tUfpd;wdh;.
d ,e;jpahtpYs;s 28/000 gpd;nfhLfspy; Rkhh; 18/000
gpd;nfhLfspy; fpwp!;jt CHpah; Tl ,y;iy.
d ,e;jpahtpy; kdpjh;fisf; bfhd;W rhg;gpLk; rpy gHFo
MjpthrpfSf;F Rtpnr\k; mwptpf;fg;gl;ljhy; mnefh;
kdk; khwpa[s;sdh;.
d ,e;jpahtpy; tlgPfhh; kpff; Fiwe;jst[ Rtpnr\k;
mwptpf;fg;gl;l kpf mjpfkhd kf;fs; bjhif cs;s
gFjpahFk;.
d ,e;jpahtpy; fpwp!;jth;fspd; nkk;ghl;ow;fhf
btspehl;oypUe;J tUk; cjtpfis kjthj ,af;ffs;
jil bra;J tUfpd;wJ.
d ,e;jpahtpy; rpWghd;ikapdhpd; gj;jphpf;ifr; Rje;jpuj;ij
jilbra;a[k; nehf;fj;Jld; kjthj ,af;ffs; bray;gl;L
tUfpd;wd.
d ,e;jpahtpy; #hjp/ kj mog;gilapy; gphptpidiaj;
J]z;o fpwp!;jth;fis mlf;Ftjpy; kjj;jPtputhjpfs;
bray;gLfpd;wdh;.
d ,e;jpahtpy; fpwp!;jth;fshf khwpa jypj; kw;Wk; gHFo
fpwp!;jth;fis kPz;Lk; kjk; khw;w kjj;jPtputhjpfs;
typa[Wj;Jfpd;wdh;.

33

>D - k d _ 2012

\m >mV, >][ m \V VD D
VD. xwV_ xzkVD. gk B VB
FkV.
zA^:

34

d > \^ kVD ]B kD u\BV kVw

VD.
d ]BVs_ c^ kD _s uV^ VD.
d ]BVs_ c^ kD B mk V> V
uV^ VD.
d ]BVs_ c^ Jwkw^ \V VD.
d ]BVs_ c^ m \D ms> k][
kVw VD.
1. k\:
]B >Vl_ 35% k\l_ kV|[. k\
Vuz kVk_ 70% ^. > \z k^
[ V|m _. k^ kVD ] kz [ kV
W> VV E >sV^.
d w \^ x>VB]_ x[ VD. VD
\V ] BV| ] kzm, >
] x_|mk]_ ] kD K> VD.
2. sBV]^:
sBV]V_ VV \^ V]| m VV^.
F VF:
VlV_ 25 mz ]\VV V]| c^V^.
kV g|D 9 D A]>V VBV_ V]|[.
kV g|D 4 D m s|[.
BVV_ VF:
]BVs_ 60 V \^ > VlV_ V]B
Wl_ kVV^. 250 \Vk_ kEzD \^ ]\V
V]V^.
VV:
V, V, \uz kVD, c]>D gB
\VW_ > g>V >Vu VF ]\V V|m. 2009D
g| \|D 20,478 VBV_ V]|, \V 100 m
VV^.

>D - k d _ 2012

E[zMBV:
> >Vu VF 2009D g|>V[ ]\V, kV V]
u|]Bm. 70,000zD ]\V V].
z:
m V lV_ D VF_. clz gm u|mD WD
u|km|. 2009 gD g| A^ s, 200 z k
]V.
VMB [Vo:
VlV_ kzB VB VF_ mD [. >
VF \M>B JB T Fm s|D. VF t^
[^ \uD >_ ] D zD ktm
k|m. 2009D g_ \|D 4100 V]| 650zD ]
\VV m s.
\BV:
\BV VFoV_ V]k^ ]BVs_ kmz
8 D m VV^. gVz |>BV
]BVs_ >V[ ]\VV \BVsV_ m VV^
[ c V>V WkD zA V_m. V>V
\V 5 kBmz zw>^ ]\V V]|kV^ [ >
W \V, [ Ek^, Bk^ [ s]BVD _V\_ _V
kB]D \BVsV_ m VV^.
>VVF:
> VlV_ D z 11 [ s>]_ kV
kxD V]|V^.
VVF:
V VlV_ 3 Wtmz 2 [ _ m VV^.
c V|_ V VlV_ V]k_ 5_ z ]B^
[ m.
VBVD > >V\ VFV_ V] kVkzD
D V|D, k^ Bms[ _kV [V_ >V|,
k V u V^D VD.
> V VF:
d V ck >sm, ^, _, kz _kV, m> c
k ck > Vz^V m _K[. BV
c w^ \D VD.
d 55.8% D, 24.7% gD >V VBV_
V]|^.
d VD, V, V_ 60% \^ VlV_ V]|^.
d VlV_ s_ zw> A, zkV zw>^ >_
]\V V|m.

35

>D - k d _ 2012

3. V sm^:
]BVs_ 2009D g| \|D V smV_ \\>k^
1,26,896 . V smV_ \>k^ , V_
w>k^ D .
d V sm^ zB, Vzkm s]^ V [u
VD.
4. EV^:
>EB zusB_ ml[ 31.12.2007 l[ ]BVs_ 1276
EV^ c^. (\]B E: 113, \Vk E: 309, >VKV
\ E: 769, V E: 16, ]> k E: 28, r_
(s>) E: 25, Ek E: 16).
]BVsK^ EV_ 2007D g| z 3,76,396
^ V^. uVz V\V 100
kB ]_ 136 V^. _olK^
]V EVl_ 6,250 \|D xD. gV_ 11,800
V^. ]V El_ \|D 8% ]^ F
VlV_ V]V^.
d EV_ ]z kB Vm\V k]^ Fm
> VD.
5. sV>\V B_^:
]BVs_ mz sV>\V FB|D zu^ ]m
V km. mV V Fkm, VmV
V Fkm, zkl_ V Fkm, ] k> |
V>Vm V Fkm V Fkm V>V WkV
km. k k^, \>k k^, EB_ k^
gBD [V WkV km. g>^ m>_, V> V^
m>_, >V[\ kVF> V m>_, ] VoB_
>VaKz VB|m>_, E zw> ] |zD
>Vao_ ~||m>_ V[ sV> B_V_,
kV x V>V\V V| km.
d >kVB >z sV>\V >kV sV> B_KD
>]K^ z\^ FBV> VD.
d sV>B_V_V]z>k[V]om
>FT g>D, \V>V>D VD.
6. >V> \^ W\:
>V> \z sV>\V k a|mD B_^,
m[mz^VzD sV> B_^ \VW_ kV
V|m. 2009 gD g| A^ s 5 \VW_ ]\V
>V> \^ m[mz c^V|V^.
36

g]>D : 13.4% \^
c]>D : 22.4% \^
\]B>D : 9% \^
V>V[
: 14.8% \^
V
: 11.4% \^
VD >V> \z cB VmVA
VD.
7. >V> kVD:
[ mVBV \V D (19 kBm) 4 [
m ua>m [ > cKBm. > bz z
V]_ V> \> z V|m > >V> VB> 5
D m F]V^. k^ kD _ \Vk^
[m z>m.

d sV VkD >> s| zDBV V>V| VD.
(gV> kVD _V> |zD)
8. zw>]V y\^:
d zw> \Vz>_, VoB_ >Vao_ B[|m>_,
>_, yskV>> B[|m>_ V[ E Vz |D
V|\^ \m V VD.
d cs_ 20 t_oB[ zw> >VaV^ [BV, V>i,
BV, m, V>V[, E_, ]BV, V gB V|_
c^.
d 1 t_oB[ (10 D) zw>^ VoB_ >VaKz >^|
[.
d 3 D 18 kB]uz zw>^ V]uz ]V VV|D
TV 30 V|_ B[|>|[.
d k\l[ V\V [ \uD V] u>VV_
V]|D zw>V VD.

9. xuV:
d ek;Kila mwpahikapdhNy jhd; mNef CdKw;Nwhh;
fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;. n[gpAq;fs;.
d kugZ rk;ke;jkhd neUq;fpa cwTKiw jpUkzk;>
cl;nfhs;Sk; khj;jpiu kUe;J> fUfiyg;G> kUj;Jt
ghpNrhjidf;F nry;yhky; ,Ug;gJ Nghd;w fhuzq;fshy;
CdKw;w gps;isfs; gpwf;fpwhh;fs; n[gpAq;fs;

>D - k d _ 2012

37

>D - k d _ 2012

d kUj;Jtkidapd; ftdf;Fiwthy; gpwf;Fk; Foe;ijfs;>

tpahjpapd; Neuj;jpy; rhpahd kUj;Jt trjp fpilf;fhjjhy;
Vw; g Lk; CdKw; N whhpd; vz; z pf; i f Kw; w pYk; khw
n[gpAq;fs;.
d vjph;ghuhj tpgj;Jf;fs;> Mgj;Jf;fs;> mrk;ghtpjq;fs;>
nfhba kdpjh;fshy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gfs;> mRj;j Mtpfshy;
jhf;fg;gLtjhy; Cdk; Vw;gLfpwJ. ,itnay;yhk; khw
n[gpAq;fs;.
d fUfiyg;gpy; <LgLk; ngz;fNshL fh;j;jh; Ngr Ntz;Lk;.
Kf;fpakhf jfhj KiwapNy fUfiyg;G nra;gth;fs;
kdij fh;j;jh; khw;w n[gpAq;fs;
d ,e;jpahtpy; xU Mz;Lf;F 4.2 Nfhb fUfiyg;G elf;fpwJ.
,jpy; 2.5Nfhb ghJfhg;gw;w fUfiyg;G elf;fpwJ. ,e;j
epiyik khw n[gpAq;fs;.
d ,e;jpahtpy; 2011 Mz;L fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb 3 NfhbNgh;
CdKw;wth;fs;. mth;fSf;fhf n[gpAq;fs;.
d 3>82>500 kf;fs;> Kw;wpYk; nray; ,oe;jth;fs;
d 1>05>000 ghh;itj; jpwd; Fiwe;Njhh;
d 1>12>500 Nfl;Fk; jpwd; Fiwe;Njhh;
d 75>000 NgRk; jpwd; Fiwe;Njhh;
d 75>000 rpe;jpf;Fk; jpwd; Fiwe;Njhh;
d fpuhkg; Gwq; f spy; trpg; g th; f s; 5>62>500> efh; G wq; f spy;
trpg;gth;fs; 1>87>500> ,th;fspy; gbj;jth;fs; 3>67>500>
gzpGhpgth;fs; 2>55>000 ,th;fs; xt;nthUtihAk; fh;j;jh;
MrPh;tjpf;fTk;> fpUigapdhy; jhq;fTk; n[gpAq;fs;.
d , e ; j p a h t p y ; g y e p i y f s p y ; C d K w ; w t h f s ;
fhzg;gLfpwhh;fs;: d mDjpd flikfis jhq;fNs nra;a Kbahjth;fs;
d mjpf f\;lg;gl;L jq;fs; Ntiyfis nra;gth;fs;
d kw;wth;fspd; cjtpia rpwpjsT vjph;ghh;g;gth;fs;
d kw;wth;fspd; cjtpia nghpjstpy; vjph;ghh;g;gth;fs;
d xd;Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l cWg;Gfs; nray;glhjth;fs;
d FLk;gj;jpw;Fk;> kw;wthf;Fk; ghukhf fUjg;gLgth;fs;
d ,d;Dk; gy tpjq;fspy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;fs; cz;L.
,th;fs; xt;nthUtiuAk; Njtd; ngyg;gLj;j n[gpAq;fs;
38

if fhy; CdKw;NwhUf;fhd Njrpa epWtdk;> nfhy;fj;jh

nrtpj;jpwdw;Nwhh; myp Athh; [q; Njrpa epWtdk;> Kk;ig
%isj;jpwd;Fiwe;NjhUf;fhd NjrpaepWtdk;> nrfe;juhghj;
kWtho;T gapw;rp kw;Wk; Ma;T Fwpj;j epWtdk;> fl;lhf;
cly; CdKw;Nwhh; rq;fk;> GJnly;yp

d
d
d
d
d

d Cf;fkile;Njhh; chpik jUk; Njrpa epWtdk;> nrd;id

>D - k d _ 2012

d ,e;jpa muR CdKw; N whUf; F k; kw; wth; f isg; Nghy

rk chpik> chpik ghJfhg;G> KOikahd gq;fspg;ig
cWjpnra;jpUf;fpwJ. [k;K-fh\;kPh; jtpu midj;J ,e;j
rl;lk; nray;ghl;by; ,Uf;fpwJ. n[gpAq;fs;
d CdKw;NwhUf;F murpd; cjtpj; njhif rhpahd Neuj;jpy;
fpilf;f n[gpAq;fs;;
d Xd;Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l cly; cWg;Gfs; CdKw;NwhUf;F xd;gjhk;
tFg;gpypUe;J fy;tp cjtpj;njhif toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
d &15>000f;Fk; Fiwthd FLk;g tUkhdk; ngWk; 40rtPjk;
cly; CdKw; N whh; Nkw; f z; l cjtpj; n jhif ngw
jFjpAilNahh;.
d njhopy; rhh; e ; j ,sq; f iy> KJepiy gl; l g; g bg; G
gbg;gth;fSf;F khje;NjhWk; &700k;> tpLjpapy; jq;fp
gbg;NghUf;F &1000k; cjtpj;njhif toq;fg;gLk;.
d njhopy;Jiw rhh;e;j rhd;wpjo; kw;Wk; gl;lg;gbg;GfSf;F
tPlb
; ypUe;J tUNthUf;F &400k;> tpLjpapypUe;J gapyN
; thUf;F
&700k; khj cjtpj;njhif toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
d mth;fs; Vw;fdNt nrYj;jpa fy;tp fl;lzj; njhifapypUe;J
&10>000 jpUk;g toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
d ghh;itj;jpwd; kw;Wk; nrtpjj
; pwdw;w njhopyr
; hh;ej
; ,sq;fiy>
KJfiy khzth;fSf;F khw;W nkd;nghUSld; $ba
fzpdp thq;fTk; epjpAjtp toq;fg;gLfpwJ
d %is Klf; F thjj; j hy; ghjpf; f g; g l; l khzthfSf; F
cjTk; Mjhu nkd;nghUSld; $ba fzpdp thq;f
epjpAjtp toq;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j epjpAjtpfs; midj;Jk;
Vw;w Neuj;jpy; fpilf;f n[gpAq;fs;.
d Njrpa mstpy; CdKw;Nwhhpd; chpikfs;> mjpfhuk; Fwpj;j
nray;jpl;lq;fNshL ,ire;Jk;> re;jpf;Fk; Nghuhl;lq;fis
jP h ; j ; J > mth; f Sf; F MjuthapUf; f Tk; epWtdq; f s;
epWtg;gl;Ls;sd. mit
d ghh;itj; jpwdw;wth;fSf;fhd Njrpa epWtdk;> Nluh^d;

39

>D - k d _ 2012

40

d CdKw; N whh; f spy; 1NfhbNa 26,yl; r j; J 5Mapuj; J

635Ngh; Mz;fs;> 93,yl;rj;J 1Mapuj;J 134Ngh; ngz;fs;.
,th;fs; midtUk; ,NaRfpwp];Jit fz;lilaTk;>
,th;fsJ tho;ifapy; fhzg;gLk; Cdq;fs;> ngytPdq;fs;>
tpahjpfs; > tpahFyq; f s; eP q ; f p rkhjhdj; J lDk; >
re;Njh\j;JlDk; fhzg;glTk;> rkme;j];Jld; tho;e;J
Rfpj;jpUf;f n[gpAq;fs;
d gLf;ifapy; jpkph;thjkha;f; fplg;Nghiuj; Njtd; vOg;g
n[gpAq;fs;.
d Cdkhdjpdhy; gpri
; rnaLg;NghUf;F Njtd; ,uf;fk; ghuhl;l
n[gpAq;fs;
d Cdkhdjpdhy; jw;nfhiy Kaw;rr
; papy; <LgLNthiu Njtd
tpLtpf;f n[gpAq;fs;
d Cdkhdjpdhy; vjphf
; hyk; FwpjJ
; ftiyg;gLNthiu Njtd;
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d Cdkhdjpdhy; jpUkzk; jilgl; b Ug; N ghf; F Njtd;
ey;tho;T ju n[gpAq;fs;
d Cdkhdjpdhy; mehijahfp jtpgN
; ghUf;F rKjhak; MjuT
fuk; ePl;l n[gpAq;fs;
d CdKw;NwhUf;F vjph; fhyk; Fwpjj
; ek;gpfi
; fAk;> ijhpaKk;
fpilf;f n[gpAq;fs;
d ghtg;gof;fq;fSf;F mbikaha; ,Ug;Nghh; tpLjiy mila
n[gpAq;fs;
d jq;Fk; ,ltrjpapd;wp jtpg;NghUf;F Njt ,uf;fk; fpilf;f
n[gpAq;fs;
d Cdkhdth;fSf;F Njitahd eyj;jpl;lq;fs; nghpastpy;
tpiuthf fpilf;f n[gpAq;fs;
d C d K w ; N w h h p d ; m D j p d N j i t f s ; r e ; j p f ; f g ; g l
n[gpAq;fs;
d CdKw; N whUf; F cjtpnra; N thh; Vuhsk; vOk; g
n[gpAq;fs;
d ,th;fis gpr;irnaLf;f itj;J gzk; rk;ghjpg;Nghh;> Nfyp
nra;Nthh;> kpul;b nfhiy> nfhs;is nra;Nthh; kdk; jpUk;gp
,ul;rpf;fg;gl n[gpAq;fs;
d ,th;fs; ngw;NwhUf;fhf> eilngWk; Copaq;fSf;fhf>
,th;fSf;fha; ghpe;J NgRNthUf;fhf n[gpAq;fs;

>D - k d _ 2012

d Copaj;jpy; Njtd; mw;Gjq;fisAk;> milahsq;fisAk;

nra;a n[gpAq;fs;
d ,th;fSf;F tpNuhjkha; fphpia nra;Ak; nghy;yhj Mtpapd;
fphpiafs; mopf;fg;gl n[gpAq;fs;.
10. w BV:
d ,e; j pahtpy; ehs; tUkhdk; &50f; F k; Fiwthf
,Uf;Fk; kf;fs; Rkhh; 30rhtPjk; Kjy; 40rjtPjk; tiu
fhzg;gLfpwhh;fs;. ,th;fSf;fha; n[gpAq;fs;
d ek; Njrj;jpYs;s vy;yh Vio vspNahiunay;yhk; Njtd;
mrPh;tjpj;J cah;j;Jk;gbaha; n[gpAq;fs;.
d czT> cil> tP b d; w p jtpg; N ghiu Njtd; tsKk; >
eyKkha; thor;nra;a n[gpAq;fs;.
d Neha;tha;gl;L fld; njhy;iyapy; rpff
; papUg;NghUila Neha;
FzkhfTk;> fld; gpur;ridfs; khwTk; n[gpAq;fs;.
d tWikahy; jw;nfhiy nra;a epidf;Fk; xt;nthUtUila
rpe;jidia Njtd; ghpRj;jg; gLj;jp tWikia Njtd;
khw;Wk;gb n[gpAq;fs;.
d tWikahy; vjph; f hyj; i jf; Fwpj; j jhd ftiyNahL
fhzg;gLk; xt;nthUtUila tho;tpYk; Njtd; nropg;ig
fl;lisapl n[gpAq;fs;.
d tWikahy; xJf;fg;gl;Nlhh; rKjhaj;jpd; Mjuit ngwTk;>
NjtDila fz;fspy; fpUig fpilf;fTk; n[gpAq;fs;
d tWikahy; jpUkzkhfhky; ,Uf;fpwthfSf;F Njtd;
ey;y Jizia fl;lisapl n[gpAq;fs;
d tWikahy; fld;gl;L jtpg;NghUf;F flid jpUg;gp nrYj;j
topfis Njtd; jpwf;Fk;gb n[gpAq;fs;
d tWikahy; Ntiyj;Njb miyNthUf;F Ntiytha;g;Gfs;
fpilf;f n[gpAq;fs;
d tWikahy; FLk;gq;fspy; Vw;gLk; rz;il rr;ruTfs; ePq;fp
rkhjhdk; fpilf;f n[gpAq;fs;
d tWikahy; gbf; f Kbahjgb f\; l g; g Lfpwth; f Sf; F
#o;epiyfs; khw n[gpAq;fs;
d tWikia kwf; f Ntz; L k; vd; W FbNghijf; F k; >
Gifgof; f j; j pw; F k; mbikahf ,Ug; g th; f is Njtd;
tpLfpf;f n[gpAq;fs;

41

>D - k d _ 2012

42

d tWikahy; jpUl;L> nfhiy> nfhs;isapy; <LgLNthh;

kdk;jpUk;g n[gpAq;fs;
d tWikahy; epkk
; jpapdw
; p jtpgN
; ghUf;F MWjYk;> NjWjYk;>
rfhaKk; fpilf;f n[gpAq;fs;
d ,thfSf;F tho;ifia Fwpj;jjhd ey;y ijhpaKk;> ey;y
ek;gpf;ifAk; fpilf;f n[gpAq;fs;
d murpd; %yk; nfhLf;fg;gLfpw rYiffs;> eyj;jpl;lq;fs;>
cjtpj; n jhiffs; Njitahd Neuj; j py; ,th; f Sf; F
fpilf;f n[gpAq;fs;
d Vio vspNahUf; F cjtf; $ ba mNefiu Njtd;
vOg;gpjuTk; MrPh;tjpf;fg;glTk; n[gpAq;fs;
d Vio vspNahUf; F ey; y Ntiytha; g ; G fs; fpilj; J
Njitfs; vy;yhk; re;jpf;fg;gl n[gpAq;fs;
d Vio vspNahiu Vkhw; w p gzk; gwpg; N ghiu Njtd;
njhLk;gbahfTk;> ,th;fis mbikgLj;Jk; xt;nthUtiuAk;
kdk; khwr;nra;aTk; n[gpAq;fs;
d Vio vspNahh; rfy IRthpaKk; epiwe;jtuhfpa ,NaRNt
top vd;W fz;Lnfhs;s n[gpAq;fs;
d ,th; f s; kj; j papy; ghuj; N jhL Copak; n ra; a mNef
Copah;fis Njtd; vOg;gpj;ju n[gpAq;fs;
d ,th; f Sf; f ha; ghuj; N jhL n[gpf; f pw n[gtP u h; f s; >
tPuhq;fidfs; vOk;g n[gpAq;fs;
d ,th;fSf;F vjpuhf fphpianra;Ak; je;jpukhd nghy;yhj
Mtpfs; nray; ,oe;JNghf> eph;%ykhf n[gpAq;fs;
d ,e;jpa Njrj;jpYs;s Vio vspNahhpd; vz;zpf;if Rkhh;
41Nfhbf; F k; mjpfk; vdW fzf; f pl; L $wg; g LfpwJ.
n[gpAq;fs;
d ,e;jpahtpy; khjtUkhdk; &1>035f;F fPopUg;Nghh; vz;zpfi
; f
82.5Nfhb vd Mrpa tsh;r;rp tq;fp njhptpf;fpwJ. ,jd;gb
82.5Nfhb [dq; f s; Vio vspa kf; f s; ,e; j pahtpy;
tho;fpwhh;fs;. ,th;fSf;fhf n[gpAq;fs;
d If; f pa ehLfs; kdpj mgptpUj; j p mwpf; i f xd; w py;
Mg;hpf;fhtpd; njw;NfAs;s 26 ehLfspYs;s Viofspd;
vz;zpfi
; fia tpl mjpfkhd Viofs; gPfhh;> cj;jpugpuNjrk;>
kj; j pagpuNjrk; > Nkw; F tq; f hsk; Nghd; w 8 ehLfspy;
,Ug;gjhf njhptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. n[gpAq;fs;

>D - k d _ 2012

d FLk;gj;jpy; xUtUf;F khj tUkhdk; &1>035 Kjy; &2>070

tiu ,Ue;jhy; ,th;fis fPo;epiy eLj;ju gphptpdh;.
,th; f Sila vz; z pf; i f ruhrhpahf 22.4Nfhb Mf
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cah;tilaTk; n[gpAq;fs;
d ,e;jpahtpd; nghUshjhu tsh;rr
; p 5.6rjtPjkhf ,Ue;jJ. ,J
2002> 2003y; 4.4rjtPjkhf Fiwe;Jtpl;lJ. n[gpAq;fs;
d gUtkioapd;wp twl;rpahy; tptrha cw;gj;jp ghjpf;fg;gl;L
5.7rjtPjj;jpypUe;J 3.1rjtPjkhf Fiwe;jJ. cah;tila
n[gpAq;fs;
d njhopwJ
; iw cw;gj;jp elg;ghz;by; 6.1rjtPjk; mjpfhpjJ
; s;sJ.
fle;j epjpahz;by; ,J 3.3rjtPjkhf ,Ue;jJ. Vw;Wkjp
tshr;rp 20.4rjtPjk; tiu cah;e;Js;sJ.
d c y f t W i k x o p g ; G j d k h f m f ; N l h g h ; 1 7 y ;
mDrhpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j ehl;fspy; cz;ikahd tpLjiy
fpilf;f n[gpAq;fs;.
d ,e; j pahtpy; tWik fhuzkhf gs; s pf; F r; nry; y hj
Foe;ijfs; 12Nfhbf;Fk;Nky; vd rpy Gs;sptptuq;fs;
$Wfpd;wd. cyf ehLfs; ,uhZt jsthlq;fs; thq;Fk;
nrytpy; 1rjtPjk; xJf;fpdhy;$l cyfpYs;s midj;J
Foe;ijfSf;Fk; fy;tp fpilf;f top nra;Jtplyhk; vd
$wg;gLfpwJ.
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fhuzkhFk;. td;KiwAk;> Fw;wq;fSk;> tWikAk; xopa
n[gpAq;fs;.
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thOk; 3.25,yl;rk; kf;fs; 52>000 FOf;fshf gphpjJ
; cjtpfs;
toq;fg;gl;L toq;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. cjtpj;njhifia
ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpwth;fs; cz;ikaha; Neh;ikaha; gad;gLj;j
n[gpAq;fs;. ,th;fs; tho;f;ifapy; mile;j Kd;Ndw;wk;: d tWikNfhl;bw;F fPOs;s FLk;gq;fspd; tUtha;
65rjtPjkhf cah;e;Js;sJ
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d tptrhaj;jpw;fhd ghrd gug;G 27rjtPjkhf

cah;e;Js;sJ. ,ij rpy Gs;sp tptuq;fs;

njhptpf;fpwJ. ];Njhj;jhpj;J n[gpAq;fs;.

43

>D - k d _ 2012

d ,e;jpah tsh;e;J tUk; ehlhf ,Ue;jhYk; Ngh\hf;F

Fiwthy; thLNthhpd; vz;zpfi
; f 3Nfhbahf mjpfhpjJ
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2004y; 9 Ngh;. 2010y; ,e;j vz;zpf;if 49Mf cah;eJ
; s;sJ.
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cs;sth;fs;. ,e;epiy khw n[gpAq;fs;.
11. g>ku >kV Ek^:

44

d ek; Njrj;jpYs;s vy;yh njUNthu rpWth;fisAk; Njtd;

re;jpj;J> mth;fis tpLtpj;J> MrPh;tjpf;f n[gpAq;fs;.
d ngw;Nwhh; kw;Wk; FLk;gj;jpdhpd; mutizg;Gk;> ghJfhg;Gk;>
guhkhpg; G k; fpilf; f hky; jtpf; F k; rpWth; f Sf; f hf
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rhiyNahuq; f spy; Rw; w pj; j phpAk; rpWth; f Sf; f ha;
n[gpAq;fs;
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rpWth;fSf;fhf n[gpAq;fs;
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n[gpAq;fs;
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n[gpAq;fs;
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; jhy; r%f tpNuhjpfspd; ifapy; rpff
; p
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n[gpAq;fs;
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; rd;W Ntwplj;jpy; tpwW
; gzk;
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rk;ghjpf;Fk; fath;fs;Nky; Njtfuk; ,wq;f n[gpAq;fs;

>D - k d _ 2012

d ngw; N whhpd; fz; f hzpg; G ,uhjjpdhy; jP a th; f shy;

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rpWth;fSf;fhf n[gpAq;fs;
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Vd; gpwe;Njhnkd NtjidNahL fhzg;gLk; rpWth;fSf;fhf
n[gpAq;fs;
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; g;gl
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d Adpnrg; kjpg;gPl;bd;gb ,d;W cyfk; KOtJk; Rkhh;

3 Nfhb rpWth;fs; njUf;fspy; kw;Wk; rhiyNahuq;fspy;
trpf;fpwhh;fs; n[gpAq;fs;
d Rkhh; 5 Nfhb rpWth;fs; ghJfhg;gw;w kw;Wk; Rfhjhukw;w
epiyikapy; Ntiy nra;J tUfpd;wdh; n[gpAq;fs;
d Rkhh; 10 Nfhb rpWth;fSf;F Muk;gf;fy;tp$l fpilf;ftpyi
; y
n[gpAq;fs;
d Rkh h ; 7 0 ,yl;rk; rpWth;fs;mfjpfshfcs;sdh;
n[gpAq;fs;
d Rkhh; 15 Nfhb rpWth;fs; Nghjpa Cl;lr;rj;J ,y;yhky;
f\;lg;gLfpwhh;fs; n[gpAq;fs;
d Rkhh; 75rjtPjk; rpWth;fs; jq;fs; nrhe;j tPLfspy; cly;
hPjpahf jz;bf;fg;gLfpwhh;fs; n[gpAq;fs;
d Fiwe;jJ 30 ehLfspy; rpWth;fSf;F rTf;fb my;yJ
gpuk;gb rl;lhPjpahd jz;lidahf cs;sJ. nfhLukhd
jz;lidfs; Fiwf;fg;gl n[gpAq;fs;
45

>D - k d _ 2012

46

d cyfk; KOtJk; 2.4rjtPjk; rpWth;fs; kl;LNk clyhPjpahd

jz;lidfspypUe;J rl;lhPjpahd ghJfhg;G ngw;Ws;sdh;
n[gpAq;fs;
d cyfstpy; Mz;LNjhWk; 13.3 Kjy; 27.5Nfhb rpWth;fs;
jha; je;ijaUf;F ,ilNaahd rz;il rr;ruit Nehpy;
ghh;f;fpd;wdh; n[gpAq;fs;
d tsh;e;J tUk; ehLfspy; 20 Kjy; 65rjtPjk; rpWth;fs;
clystpy; my; y J nrhy; h P j papy; jhf; f g; g Lfpd; w dh;
n[gpAq;fs;
d cyfstpy; 57,yl; r k; rpWth; f s; gyhj; f hu kw; W k;
mbikj; n jhopy; Kiwapy; Ntiythq; f g; g Lfpwhh; f s;
n[gpAq;fs;
d 18,yl;rk; rpWth;fs; ghypay; njhopypy; my;yJ ghypay;
jpiug;glq;fspy; <LgLj;jg;gLfpwhh;fs; n[gpAq;fs;
d 12,yl;rk; rpWth;fs; flj;jg;gl;Ls;sdh; n[gpAq;fs;
d fle;j 2002y; 53>000 rpWth;fs; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;Ls;sdh;.
,jpy; 22>000 Ngh; 15 Kjy; 17tajpw; F l; g l; l th; f s; .
n[gpAq;fs;
d 2002y; 18taJf;Fl;gl;l 7.3Nfhb Mz;gps;isfSk;> 15Nfhb
ngz;gps;isfSk; gyhj;fhu ghYwT my;yJ ghypay;
Jd;GWj;jYf;F MshfpapUf;fpd;wdh;. n[gpAq;fs;
d 21 ehLfspy; Nkw;f;nfhs;sg;gl;l fzf;nfLg;gpy; 3 Kjy;
29rjtPjk; Mz;fSk;> 7 Kjy; 36rjtPjk; ngz;fSk;
jhq;fs; gps;isg; gUtj;jpy; ghypay; Jd;GWj;jYf;F
MshfpapUg;gjhf gjpT nra;jpUf;fpd;wdh;. n[gpAq;fs;
d 15 tajpw;FKd; Kjw;ghYwtpy; <Lgl;l ngz;fspy; 11
Kjy; 45rjtPjk; Ngh; gyhj;fhuk; nra;ag;gl;ljhf gjpT
nra;jpUf;fpd;wdh;. n[gpAq;fs;
d jw;NghJs;s rpWth;fspy; Fiwe;jJ 8.2Nfhb ngz;fs; 10
Kjy; 17tajpYk;> gyh; mijtpl Fiwe;j tajpYk; fl;lha
jpUkzj;jpw;F Mshf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;. n[gpAq;fs;
d ,e;jpahtpy; Rkhh; 1.8Nfhb rpWthfs; njUNthuq;fspy;
trpg;gjhfTk;> Ntiy nra;J gpiog;gjhfTk; kdpj chpik
fz;fhzpg;G $wpAs;sJ. n[gpAq;fs;
d , e ; j p a h t p y ; R k h h ; 0 . 9 r j t P j k ; N g U f ; F v a ; l ; ] ;
jhf; f papUg; g jhfTk; > ngw; N whh; ghjpf; f g; g l; b Ug; g jhy;

d
d
d

12.

>D - k d _ 2012

mdhijahf;fg;gl;l Foe;ijfspd; vz;zpf;ifapy; ,e;jpah

Kjyplj;jpy; ,Ug;gjhfTk;> ,e;j vz;zpf;if mLj;j Ie;J
Mz;LfSf;Fs; ,ul;bg;ghf caUk; mghak; ,Ug;gjhfTk;
Ngrg;gLfpwJ. n[gpAq;fs;
,e;jpahtpYs;s 42,yl;rk; va;l;]; Nehahspfspy; 14rjtPjk;
Ngh; 14 tajpw;Fk; Fiwe;j Foe;ijfshk;. 55>764 ,e;jpa
rpWth; f spy; 2>112 NgUf; F va; l ; ] ; Neha; ,Ug; g jhf
fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. n[gpAq;fs;
va;l;]; Nehahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l Foe;ijfs; r%fj;jpy; kpf
mjpfkhf NtWgLj; j p ghh; f ; f g; g LtjhfTk; > ,th; f spy;
35rjtPjk; Foe;ijfs; mbg;gil trjpfs;$l ,y;yhky;
Jd;GWtjhfTk;> 17rjtPjk; rpWth;fs; tUkhdj;jpw;fhf
rpW rpW Ntiyfis nra;J tUtjhfTk; $wg;gLfpwJ.
n[gpAq;fs;
,e;jpahtpy; Rkhh; 3 ,yl;rk; rpWth;fs; ghypay; njhopypy;
<Lgl; b Ug; g jhf epfo; f hy kjpg; g P L xd; W $WfpwJ.
n[gpAq;fs;
Me;jpuh> fh;ehlfh> jkpo;ehL> Nfush> kfhuh\;buh> xhprh>
cj;jpugpuNjrk;> m];]hk; Nghd;w khepyq;fspy; Njtjhrp
Kiw Kw;wpYk; xopf;fg;gl n[gpAq;fs;
mq; F Njtjhrpfspy; 50rjtP j j; J f; F k; Nky; ghypay;
njhopyhsh;fshfp tpLfpwhh;fs; vd;Wk;> mjpy; 40rjtPjj;Jf;Fk;
Nky; efuq;fspYs;s tpgr;rhu tpLjpfspYk;> VidNahh;
fpuhkg; G wq; f spy; tpgr; r huj; j py; <LgLtjhfTk; xU
Gs;sptpguk; $WfpwJ> n[gpAq;fs;
2.5,yl;rk; ngz;fs; kfhuh\;buh> fh;ehlfh vy;iyg;
gFjpapy; Njtjhrpfshf ,Ug;gjhfTk;> fh;ehlfhtpYs;s
Njtjhrpfspy; 9rjtPjk; NgUf;F va;l;]; Neha; ,Ug;gjhf
xU Ma;T njhptpf;fpwJ. n[gpAq;fs;
,e;jpahtpy; tWikNahL njUNthuq;fspy; thOk; rpWth;fNs
mjpfstpy; ,Ug;gjhf Ma;tpy; njhpa te;Js;sJ. ek;
,e;jpahtpd; tWik epiy khwTk;> ,th;fSf;F Njtd;
mw;Gjq;fisr; nra;J MrPh;tjpf;fTk; n[gpAq;fs;.
zw> >VaV^:

d tWik fhuzkhf fy;tp gapy topapd;wp Ntiyf;Fr; nry;y

eph;ge;jpf;fg;gLk; rpWth;fSf;fhf n[gpAq;fs;.
d ngw;Nwhiu ,oe;J cjtp nra;a Mspd;wp grpf;nfhLikahy;
gpr;irnaLj;J gpiof;Fk; rpWthfSf;fhf n[gpAq;fs;
47

>D - k d _ 2012

48

d Vo; i k kw; W k; fld; gpur; r id fhuzkhf rpWrpW

NtiyfSf;Fr; nrd;W tajhd ngw;Nwhiuf; fhg;ghw;Wk;
rpWth;fSf;fhf n[gpAq;fs;
d Foe; i jfis Ntiyapy; mkh; j ; j p mbik Kiwapy;
Ntiythq;Fk; fbd kdk; gilj;Njhiu fh;j;jh; re;jpf;f
n[gpAq;fs;
d Foe;ijfis nfhj;jbikahf elj;jp Vyhskha;g; gzk;
rk;ghjpf;Fk; nfhbNahiu Njt fuk; njhl n[gpAq;fs;
d Ntiy nra;Akplj;jpy; ,iof;fg;gLk; nfhLikfspdpkpj;jk;
NtjidapYk;> fz;zPhpYKs;s rpWth;fSf;fhf
n[gpAq;fs;
d Ntiy nra;Akplj;jpy; jPath; rfthrk; fpilf;f nfl;l
gof; f tof; f q; f Sf; F mbikg; g Lk; rpWthfSf; f hf
n[gpAq;fs;
d FLk; g j; j py; tWik #o; e piyia rkhspf; f jq; f s;
jpuhzpf;F k; Nkyha; fbdkhf cioj; J rk; g hjpf; F k;
rpWthfSf;fhf n[gpAq;fs;
d Foe;ij njhopyhsh;fs; murhy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;L kPlf
; g;gl;L
mth;fSf;F ,ytrf;fy;tpAk;> cjtpfSk; toq;fg;gl
n[gpAq;fs;
d Foe;ij njhopyhsh;fis jj;njLj;J mth;fs; fy;tp
gapy nry;YQ; nryitg; nghWg;ngLf;Fk; mNefh; vOk;g
n[gpAq;fs;
d Foe;ijfSf;F chpikfs; toq;fg;gl> ey;y #o;epiyapy;
tsh; f ; f g; g l> mth; f s; vjph; f hyq; f spy; rpfuq; f is
njhLkstpy; cah;e;J epw;f n[gpAq;fs;
d Njrj;jpYs;s Vo;ik epiy khw> Foe;ij njhopyhsh;fs;
vDk; mty epiyik Njrj;ijtpl;L ePq;f n[gpAq;fs;
d Foe;ij njhopyhsh;fs; midtUk; fh;j;juhfpa fpwp];J
,NaRtpd; tpiyNawg;ngw;w ,ul;rpg;igg; ngw n[gpAq;fs;
d Foe;ij njhopyhsh;fs; kj;jpapy; ghuj;NjhL Copak; nra;a>
n[gpf;f ghuKs;s mNef gps;isfis Njtd; vOg;gpj;ju
n[gpAq;fs;
d ,th;fis fl;bitj;jpUf;Fk; mbikj;jd kw;Wk; me;jfhu
ty;yikfs; ,NaRtpd; ehkj;jpy; Kwpf;fg;gl n[gpAq;fs;
d fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb 6 Kjy; 14tajpw;Fl;gl;l 8NfhbNa
22,yl;rk; Foe;ijfs; gs;spapy; ,y;iyahk;. Ntnwq;F
,Uf;fpwhh;fs;:-










d
d

d gpNuhrhghj; fz;zhb njhopw;rhiyfspy; 180 nfhjpepiy

fyd;fspd; mUfpy;>
d rptfhrp jPg;ngl;b> gl;lhR njhopw;rhiyfspy;
d fh\;kPh; jiutphpg;G cw;gj;jp ikaq;fspy;
d cj;jpugpuNjrk; F\Puh ghid cw;gj;jp ikaq;fspy;
d nfhy;fj;jh> Kk;ig> nrd;id Nghd;w ngUefuq;fspy;
Fbir njhopy; ikaq;fspy;> cztfq;fspy;> njUNthuf;
filfspy;.
d FLk;g kuGj;njhopy;fs;
d Njhl;lj; njhopy;fs;
d gpr;irnaLj;jy;> Fg;ig nghWf;Fjy;> ghypay; njhopy;
d tPl;L Ntiy> tptrha $ypj;njhopy;
d nfhj;jbik Kiwapy; Vuhskhd rpWf;Foe;ijfs;
rpf;fpAs;sdh;
cyfpy; 24NfhbNa 60,yl;rk; Foe;ij njhopyhsh;fs;
cs;sdh;. 18Nfhb Ngh; Mgj;jhd njhopyf
; spy; <LgLgth;fs;
n[gpAq;fs;
,e; j pahtpy; j hd; Foe; i j njhopyhsh; f s; mjpfkhk; .
,e;jpahtpy; 3.5Nfhb Foe;ij njhopyhsh;fs; cs;sdh;.
14tajpw;Fl;gl;l Foe;ijfspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;ifapy;
14rjtpfpjk;. ,th;fSf;fhf n[gpAq;fs;
,e; j pahtpd; Foe; i jj; njhopyhsh; f spy; 15rjtpfpjk;
efh;Gwq;fspy; ,Ug;gjhfTk;> 85rjtpfpjk; fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy;
,Ug;gjhfTk;> ,r;rjtpfpjk; fle;j 10 Mz;Lfspy; NkYk;
mjpfhpj;J ,Uf;fpwJ. n[gpAq;fs;
Mghr glq; f Sf; F > Fz; l h; f s; $l; l j; j py; Nrh; t J>
Nghijg; n ghU flj; j ypy; <LgLjy; Nghd; w ,opthd
nray;fSf;F Mshf;fg;gLfpd;wdh; Foe;ijfs;.
n[gpAq;fs;
Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh;fis fz;Lgpbj;J mth;fis fy;tp
gapy gs;spf;F mDg;gp ,d;W rhjidahsuhf khw;wp
tUfpwJ ];iky; jpl;lk;. ,e;j jpl;lk; jkpofj;jpy; 17
khtl;lqfspy; nray;gLfpwJ. ,Jtiu 22>800 Foe;ijfs;
kPl;fg;gl;ldh;. ,e;j jpl;lk; NkYk; tsu n[gpAq;fs;
fz;Zf;F njhpahj gy ,lq;fspy; Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh;fs;
rpf;fpf; fplf;fpwhh;fs;. mth;fSk; kPl;fg;gl;L gad; mila
n[gpAq;fs;

>D - k d _ 2012

49

d 2008y; cyf njhopyhsh; rk;Nksdk; tpLj;Js;s mwpfi

; fapy;
5 d 14 taJf;Fl;gl; 16.5Nfhb Foe;ijfs; cyfshtpa hPjpapy;
Foe;ij njhopyhsh;fshfg; gzpGhptjhf njhptpj;Js;sJ.
n[gpAq;fs;
d vy;yhf; Foe;ijfSf;Fk; jq;fsJ KO Mw;wiy tsh;jJ
; f;
nfhs;tjw;Fk; tha;gg
; pid nfhLj;J> gpsi
; sfs; tpLjiyahf
nray;gl muR eltbf;if vLf;f n[gpAq;fs;
d Foe; i jfSf; F chpikfs; toq; f pdhy; mth; f s;
rpfuq;fis njhLthh;fs;. Foe;ijfs; Fkhud; ,NaRtpd;
MrPh;thjj;NjhL tho n[gpAq;fs;.
13. T| k FkV:

>D - k d _ 2012

d ek; Njrj;jpYs;s tPlL

; Ntiy nra;Ak; ngz;fs;> rpWth;fis
Njtd; MrPh;tjpj;J cah;j;j n[gpAq;fs;.
d ,e;jpahtpy; Rkhh; 3 Nfhb ngz;fs; mLj;j tPLfspy; Ntiy
nra;J tUfpwhh;fs;. jkpo;ehl;by; kl;Lk; Rkhh; 18 ,yl;rj;J
29 Mapuk; Ngh; Ntiy nra;fpwhh;fs;. nrd;idapy; 8 ,yl;rk;
Ngh; tPl;L Ntiy nra;J tUfpwhh;fs;. n[gpAq;fs;
d fzth; > gps; i sfshy; iftplg; g l; L tP l ; L Ntiy
nra;NthUf;fhf n[gpAq;fs;.
d tpjitahdjhy; gpiog;gpwf
; hf tPlL
; Ntiy nra;NthUf;fhf
n[gpAq;fs;.
d tWik fhuzkhf tPlL
; Ntiyf;F nry;Yk; rpWkpfSf;fhf
n[gpAq;fs;.
d tWik fhuzkhf tPl;L Ntiy nra;a fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gLk;
rpWkpfSf;fhf n[gpAq;fs;.
d tP l ; L Ntiy nra; A k; ngz; f spy; %d; W tifapdh;
cz;L.
d gFjp Neukhf Ntiy
d KONeukhf Ntiy
d nfhj;jbikahf ,Ue;J Ntiy ghh;g;gth;fs;. ,th;fspy;
90 rjtpfpjk; Ngh; jypj; rKjhaj;ij Nrh;e;jth;fs;. 10
rjtpfpjk; Ngh; gpw; g Lj; j g; g l; tFg; i g Nrh; e ; j th; f s; .
,th;fSf;fhf n[gpAq;fs;
d ,th;fspy; 90rjtpfpjk; Ngh; jypj; rKjhaj;ij Nrh;e;j
ngz;fs;. 10rjtpfpjk; Ngh; gpw;gLj;jg;gl;l tFg;igr; Nrh;e;j
ngz;fs;. ,th;fs; epiy khw n[gpAq;fs;
50

>D - k d _ 2012

d kJiu khtl;lj;jpy; &50>000 ngw;Wf;nfhz;L nfhj;jbik

Nghy; Ntiy nra;tJk;> uhkehjGuk; njhe;J}uzp gFjpapy;
350 FLk;gq;fs; Nrh;e;j ngz;fs; vy;NyhUNk tPl;L Ntiy
jhd; Kf;fpa njhopyhf nfhz;L Ntiy nra;fpwhh;fs;.
,th;fSf;fhf n[gpAq;fs;
d J}j; J f; F bapy; grp fhuzkhf eha; f ; F hpa gp]; f l; i l
jpd;Wtpl;ljhf $wp tPl;L Ntiy ghh;j;j %tiu Ntiyia
tpl;Nl ePf;fptpl;l jftYk; cz;L. n[gpAq;fs;
d tPl;L Ntiy nra;gth;fspy; 80rjtpfpjk; gbf;fhjth;fs;.
fzth; Fbfhuuhf ,Ug; g jhYk; > epiwa gps; i sfs;
,Ug; g jhYk; tWik fhuzkhf tP l ; L Ntiyf; F
tUgth;fSf;fhf n[gpAq;fs;
d ,th;fs; kPJ gop Rkj;JtJ> gioa Jzpfis Vkhw;wp GJ
Jzpahf nfhLg;gJ> tPLfspy; jPz;lhik nfhLikfis
mwq;Nfw;WtJ ,itfspy; ,Ue;J tpLjiy fpilf;f
n[gpAq;fs;;.
d tPl;L Ntiy nra;Ak; ngz;fs; clystpYk; kdjstpYk;
gy;NtW ghjpg;GfSf;F cl;gLj;jg;gLfpwhh;fs;. ,th;fSf;F
Rje;jpuk; fpilf;f n[gpAq;fs;
d ,th; f s; fld; Rik> ve; j xU rpwpa tp\aj; j pw; F k;
v[khl;bia rhh;ej
; pUf;fpw epiy> Ntiy Ngha;tpLNkh vd;w
gak; ,itnay;yhk; ePq;f n[gpAq;fs;.
d ntspehLfSf;F tPlL
; Ntiyf;fhf nry;Yk; ngz;fSf;fhf
n[gpAq;fs;
d ,th;fspd; gh];Nghl;Lfis v[khd;fs; itj;Jf;nfhz;L
mbikfisg; Nghy; elj;jg;gLfpwhh;fs;. nkhop njhpahJ>
rl;ljpl;lq;fs; njhpahJ ,th;fs; gLk; mt];ijfs; mjpfk;.
tpLjiy fpilf;f n[gpAq;fs;
d tQ;rf tPl;nl[khdpfshy; mb> cij gLk; ngz;fSf;fhf
n[gpAq;fs;.
d fhkf; n fh^u v[khd; f Sf; F ghypay; ,iuahFk;
ngz;fSf;fhf n[gpAq;fs;.
d mbik Kiwapy; tPl;L Ntiy thq;fg;gLk; ngz;fSf;fhf
n[gpAq;fs;.
d tPl;L Ntiy ghh;g;gth;fSf;F jFe;j Cjpak; juhky;
Vkhw;Wk; fath;fs; kdk; jpUe;j n[gpAq;fs;.
d ,\;lk; Nghy; Ntiy thq;Fk; nfhbNahh; kdk; khw
n[gpAq;fs;.
51

>D - k d _ 2012

d nfhj;jbikg; Nghy; elj;Jk; nfh^uh; Njtdhy; re;jpf;fg;gl

n[gpAq;fs;.
d tPlL
; Ntiy nra;gth;fSf;F ,iof;fg;gLk; mtyepiyfs;
khw;wg;gl n[gpAq;fs;.
d tPl;L Ntiy nra;gth;fSf;F Ntiy nra;Ak; ,lq;fspy;
Njt ghJfhg;G fpilf;f n[gpAq;fs;
d tPl;L Ntiy nra;Ak; ,lq;fspy; ePjpaha;> epahakhf>
gl;rkhf elj;jg;gl n[gpAq;fs;
d tPl;L Ntiy nra;Ak; ,lq;fspy; ghtg; gof;fq;fspy;
rpf;fptplhjgb Njtfuk; ghJfhf;f m[gpAq;fs;
d tPl;L Ntiy nra;Ak; ,lq;fspy; cz;ikAk; cj;jkKkha;
epjhdkha; ele;Jnfhs;s Njtd; Qhdj;ij nfhLf;f
n[gpAq;fs;
d tPlL
; Ntiy nra;NthUf;F muR eyj;jpll
; q;fis cUthf;f
n[gpAq;fs;
d ,th;fSf;F ey;ynjhU NtiyAk; tUkhdKk; fpilf;f
n[gpAq;fs;
d ,th;fsJ fz;zPhpd; tho;f;if khwp rkhjhdkhf fhzg;gl
n[gpAq;fs;
d ,th;fsJ tUik epiy khwp nropg;ig Njtd; fl;lisapl
n[gpAq;fs;
d ,th;fSf;F gzk;> nghUs; nfhLj;J cjTk; fuq;fs;
mjpfkhf vOk;g n[gpAq;fs;
d ,th;fs; fpwp];Jtz;il <h;f;fg;gl;L Njt rj;jk; Nfl;L
Njtgps;isfshf khw n[gpAq;fs;
d ,th;fsJ FLk;gj;jpYs;s xt;nthUtiuAk; Njtd; ,ul;rpff
;
n[gpAq;fs;
d ,th;fsJ FLk;gq;fis Njtd; MrPh;tjpj;J cah;j;j
n[gpAq;fs;
d ,th;fSf;F vjpuhf fphpia nra;Ak; mRj;j Mtpfspd;
nray;fs; Kwpf;fg;gl n[gpAq;fs;

14. Foe;ij ghypay; njhopyhsh;fs;:

d ,e; j pahtpy; 28 ,yl; r k; ghypay; njhopyhsh; f s;
,Ug;gjhfTk;> ,jpy; 35rjtpfpjk; Foe;ij njhopyhsh;fs;
52

d
d

d
d
d
d
d
d

>D - k d _ 2012

vd;gJk; mz;ikapy; kf;fsitapy; njhptpf;fg;gl;l jfty;.

n[gpAq;fs;
,th; f s; ghij khw; w j; J f; F fhuzk; : - kfpo; r ; r paw; w
jpUkz tho;T ngw;Nwhh;fspd; gphpT> Nghjpa ghypay;
fy; t p mwptpd; i k> tpopg; G zh; t pd; i k> Clfq; f spd;
J}z;Ljy;> fhjy;> rKjha njhlh;G Nghd;wtw;why; ghjpf;fg;
gl;lth;fSf;fhf n[gpAq;fs;.
FLk;g tWik fhuzkhf ngz;fspy; gyh; ,j;njhopYf;F
,Oj; J tug; g Lk; kpf Nkhrkhd epiy Vw; g LfpwJ.
n[gpAq;fs;
muR mq; f P f huj; J ld; ghypay; njhopy; eilngWk;
jha;yhe;J> ,e;NjhNdrpah Nghd;w ehLfSf;F Rw;Wyh
vd;w ngahpy; ntspehl;bdh; nrd;W tUtJ Nghd;w Nflhd
epiy ,e;jpahTf;Fk; Vw;gl;L tplf;$lhJ. n[gpAq;fs;
ghypay; njhopYf;F vjpuhd rl;lq;fs; fLikahf;fg;
glNtz;Lk;. mg;NghJjhd; ,j;njhopYf;F tUk; Foe;ij
njhopyhsh;fspd; tUifia XusTf;F fl;Lg;gLj;j KbAk;.
n[gpAq;fs;
,e;jpahtpYs;s xl;Lnkhj;j ghypay; njhopyhsh;fspy;
Rkhh; 71rjtpfpjk; Foe;ij njhopyhsh;fs; vd;gJk;> ,jpy;
40 rjtpfpjk; ghypay; njhopyhsh;fspd; kf;fs; vd;gJk;
mjph;r;rpA+l;Lk; jfty;. n[gpAq;fs;
ngw;Nwhuhy;> FLk;gj;jhy;> rKjhaj;jhy; iftplg;gl;L
gpiof; f topapd; w p ghypay; njhopYf; F te; J tpLk;
Foe;ijfSf;fhf n[gpAq;fs;
nghWg;gw;w jha; jfg;gdhy; fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gl;L ghypay;
njhopypy; rpf;fptpLk; Foe;ijfSf;fhf n[gpAq;fs;
tWikapYs;s Foe;ijfis Njb fz;Lgpbj;J ghypay;
njhopypy; <LgLj;jp gzk; rk;ghjpfF
; k; rKftpNuhjpfSf;fhf
n[gpAq;fs;
Foe;ijfisf; flj;jpf; nfhz;L te;J ghypay; njhopypy;
js;sp mth;fisf; rPuopf;Fk; gz Kjiyfs; jz;bf;fg;gl
n[gpAq;fs;
ghypay; njhopYf;F cle;ijahf nray;gLk; GNuhf;fh;fs;>
uTbfs; > Fz; l h; f is Njtd; gpuj; j pal; r khf re; j pf; f
n[gpAq;fs;
iftplg;gl;l rpWkpfs;> ngz;fisf; nfhz;L tpgr;rhu tpLjpfs;
elj;Jk; tpgr;rhu ehafpfs; fh;jj
; hpd; ifty;yikiaf; fhz
n[gpAq;fs;

53

>D - k d _ 2012

d g h y p a y ; n j h o p y h y ; c l y p Y k ; > c s ; s j ; j p Y k ;
ghjpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; Foe;ijfspd; Ntjidfis fh;j;jh;
Fzkhf;f n[gpAq;fs;
d ghypay; njhopypy; rpf;fpAs;s Foe;ijfis kPl;L fy;tp
kw;Wk; cjtpfs; nra;a muRk; njhz;L epWtdq;fSk;
Kd;tu n[gpAq;fs;
d ghypay; njhopyhy; rhgj;jpw;Fs;shf;fg;gl;L NtjidapYk;
tpahjpapYk; fplg; N ghh; Njtid mwpe; J Rfk; ngw
n[gpAq;fs;
d ghypay; njhopYf;F vjpuhf rl;lq;fs; kpfTk; fLikahf;fg;gl;L
,g;gbgl;l mtyq;fs; Njrj;jpypUe;J kiwa n[gpAq;fs;
d Foe; i jfis ghypay; njhopyhsh; f shf cUthf; f
rhj;jhd; NghLk; jpl;lq;fs; rh;t ty;ytuhy; Kwpabf;fg;gl
n[gpAq;fs;.
15. zw>^ _s:
2010 D g| _ 1D >] V| k ]B ][ 6 x>_
14 kBmz c _V zw>zD VD VB\V _s
u V| k|D.
V[>^ _ [ V> V ^_ \]
\Vm.
m >MBV ^D, >V> \uD k] _V>
z|D][ zw> 25% k >^ ^_ m V^
k|D.

54

BV ^ >VKD, V\V w zw>^

^z _V\ V^.
zw>^ EkB]B
s>\V kz c|>|V^. gD ^_
40_ ^D ]> klKD, VKD >|m.
_s V> _m \| ]BVs_ kV m
zw>zD ^z _ kVFA VD. ^^
> >>kV kDVm, k>> >uz c>sBV
zD.
16. wz \^ W\:
wz \z sV>\V mz ADV FB|D
zu^ 5 \VW_ ]\V V|m (2009 A^ sD)

g]V
: 15.3% \^

\]B>D: 20.9%

V>V[ : 21.8%

yV
: 10.2%

vV
: 10.2%

17.
d

18.
d
d
d
d
d
19.

VD wz \ VmV k|D. k^ m
\>>k^ _. gVKD m \>kV]^ k m \>]V
E kmz c|> _V xBuED Fm kV^.
m \>kV][ > ]D kVFV\_ V VD.
cBW ^_s:
14 kBm x>_ 18 kBm k^ \Vk \Vs^ cBW
^_ V^. 1950D g| 7416 cBW ^^
\|D > W\ \V 2006D g| 1,68,900 ^V
l_ k>m.
2006d07 z, 395 D \Vk \Vs^ cBW
_s uV^. D gD ^om \
M ^z 20%zw>^ \|\ kV^. \
M^lom cBW^z zw>^
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x _V xBuED | VD.
\^ >V:
c_ kVD 700 V \V ^.
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VD.
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VD.
V d w [ u>V^ \V _VD x[u\B
VD.
BuB >|>V\_ V Bu uV_ u|D
ak >s \^ \]l_ saA u VD.
_w _s (2010 D A^ sD):
\]B _w^:
42
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261
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73
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>D - k d _ 2012

k> kB VBD [kM_, cBW ^_

k_ V]zD zkVk \_ A zD
kVF V^. ]B _sV mzD D tD
zkVk c^m. m ] VD.
55

20. x]BV _s ]D:

d 15 kBm x>_ 35 kBm k^ ^A V>k
\B|] > ]D B_|m. ]BVs_ 35 kBmz
ck^ BVkzD > V| k|D [m
> ]][ VD. ]BVs_ > >BV>k^
_ [ W k VD.
21. kVo cD:

>D - k d _ 2012

21 gD uV_ kVo^ EB_ \uD m mKD

xB gkD V|V^. kVo^ cVsB,
s]BV\V V]_ d z|D>, >, \>>, x>VB>,
EB V gD]V^.
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V B\V ck|m, > V[ kV]V xV
>slom sBm.
cs_ kVo^ m B_|k>uz >Va_ O kE
t xB VD. E, B>D k[ JD c][ >
Jl_ kxD ]_ m \VuD Fm V^
xm.
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xlV_ [ 5000 D s]BV\V x>VB\V
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BV V>B >m V^ VD.
22. ]BVs[ 11 km n>V| ]D:
kV 5 g|zD, \]B ] sm, >
B_|mk]V_, V|z, V| \z _VD x[uD
cVzD [ sm V| km. A n>V| ]][
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V| m.
d V[ >kzD, cB ]VzD >k[ ]\V QVD
V| VD.
23. |^ (>^):
2000D g| z ]BVs_ 4000zD ]\V ^
|^m. > ^ DVKD skVBmzD, t[V
cu]zD c>sBV [. * V_ E |^
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56

>V Vk: > | >V x>VB

EB_ E^ ckV gDm s.
d x_ BV: > l[ ] >[\ \uD >
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> [D m V m. V[ k>
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24. >>_ 2012:
d > k 2012_ \, V \uD c>V \VW_
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]V^ >^ VA > V>xt[ Wku
VD.
d EB_, zukV[ om s|s k|D [
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FB|^>VD, k^ 46 >z ]V V,
V FB xBuE>_, ] _K>_, ]| \uD D >_
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d V]]l[ >sVD h 25, 2012 cD, c V]]l[
>sVD g 11, 2012 cD xkB c^m. >>_
gB][ gB> V VD.
25. s_ zw> A
d 6 D zw>^ k>VD sB m s|m.
d 1000 zw>_ 22 zw>^ 7 \V>^ ckV Wl_
sB am s|m.
d u uz V| kB V\A
VD.
26. \mk_s
\mk_sB 6.5 kD k|D [ ko]
c^m. >Vkm 5.5 kD _ xm s|, |> kD
V V\A_ FB k|D [ VB|]
c^m.

>D - k d _ 2012

57

27. ]BVs_ V> aA

>D - k d _ 2012

d
d

h[ 26 V> aA ]\V VV|[m.

nB V|[ >k_ 5 t_oB[ VX[ V>
Vz \BV c^.
d ]\V DV]zD kVoB V> wD ]\V
V|m.
d m ^[ D>>V_ V ] s_
B[|>|m.
d | z|D x^ \Vk>VKD, uV[ [_V> w_, >Fk
] zV_ wD km.
d V> w]V_ ~ L, Vi _ V[ zu^
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d 18 x>_ 35 kB]uz kVo^ >B w]uz^ E
>s[.
d \uz kVD, g]V, c]>D, BVV \VW_
35 d 60% \^ w]uz \BV c^.
d V> >_, V cu]^ >| k|D.
28. k>
d [[ V\V uV \uD csV_ uz D,
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B[|m[.
d Vs_ EB[ [D >kD, \j_ V\[
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d ]BVs_ \|D k]uz 95,000 ^ k> V|\
BV_ \[.
d V \uD c]>]_ V|\^ ] s_
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29. kVF Au

(Cervical Cancer)

kV 7 Wt]uzD ]B kVFAuV_ >[B

58

kVB wV^. kV 10 Wt]uzD \V

Au VBV_ \V^. >B VBD [k[V_, 2025_
x>Vkm 4.6 Wt]uz bD, Vk>V, 6.2 Wt]uz
bD >[ kVV wm s|kV^ [D z|^m.
d [ [ bk]_ cB kD K>D, BV
k \uV^D VD.
30. kl_V ]VD

d
d
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31.
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c^m.
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V|m.
W> k V>>V_, ] DD V>>V_, k
FBV\_ [.
>Vau_BVk\VD_V\_k^V>>V_
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D V[ _s xD \ B >Va_ mk sV>>V_,
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32. ^ \ \^
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>D - k d _ 2012

^ \ ]KD, VD xm 42 VKD
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V[kuV_ \^ W[.
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VD.
z k[ \uD k z|D] J\V w|D
y\^ k>VD 5% ]m^m. z
kB [AD, VmVAD TV]_ VD.

>D - k d _ 2012

34. V l[ zV >V

V l[ zV >V 29.12.11 xk>m. > 9km

>V kD 22 x>_ 29 k 24 V^ um.
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skV VV[z 2.05 ^sz \|D ]_ m.
m t, t zkVzD. > W \V, V VE FB >
FBk^ >^ V cm B_ VD.
35. Vs_ k[x:

> V| z]_ kEzD g]kVE \uD >

>kz 2007 m\
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>g| wkmD >V>m.

60


BV| yBVm;

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36. VV_ :

g





|
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d ,e;jpahtpy; fhzg;gLk; 800f;Fk; mjpfkhd jPtputhj

mikg;Gfis Njtd; njhLk;gb n[gpAq;fs;
d [k;K-fh\;ki
P u ghfp]j
; hDld; ,idf;f NghuhLk; midj;J
`_hpaj; $l;likf;fhf n[gpAq;fs;
d [k;K-fh\;kPh; kf;fSf;fhf ghujk; vLf;Fk; Kaw;r;rpfis
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fphpiafs; khWk;gbaha; n[gpAq;fs;
d ,e;jpah [k;K-fh\;ki
P u khw;whe;jha; Nghy elj;jg;gLfpwhh;fs;
vd;W $wp kdij nfLj;Jitj;jpUf;fpw vz;zq;fs; khw
n[gpAq;fs;
d [dq;fis fytuq;fs; nra;a J}z;LtNjhL gaq;fu
MAjq; f isAk; nfhLj; J jP t puthjpfis vOg; G fpw
vz;zq;fis Njtd; rpiwgLj;Jk;gbaha; n[gpAq;fs;

>D - k d _ 2012

yskV>D.........

61

>D - k d _ 2012

62

d `_hpaj; $l; l ikg; g pd; jiyth; f isnay; y hk; Njtd;

re;jpf;Fk;gbahf n[gpAq;fs;
d gphptpidia J}z; b td; K iwfis ifahs; t ijNa
nfhs;ifahf nfhz;Ls;s `_hpaj; $l;likgpd; vz;zq;fs;
khw n[gpAq;fs;
d `_hpaj; $l;likg;Gld; ,ize;J ifNfhh;j;J nray;gLfpw
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n[gpAq;fs;
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jpl;lq;fis fh;j;jh; eph;%ykhf;Fk;gb n[gpAq;fs;
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d [k;K-fh\;kPh; kf;fSf;F ,e;jpa murpd;kPJ ntWg;ig
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d [dq;fis jpir jpUg;Gk; Kaw;r;rp nray;glhky; Nghf
n[gpAq;fs;.
d `_hpaj; $l;likgpd; cgNjrj;jpdhy; ftug;gLk; ,isQh;fis
Njtd; ,ul;rpf;Fk;gbaha; n[gpAq;fs;.
d ,e;jpa Njrj;jpw;F neUf;fb nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w `_
hpaj; $l;likgpd; nfhs;if khw;wg;gl n[gpAq;fs;.
xD
d Kk;ig gl;lzj;jpNy nray;gLk; jPtputhj mikg;NghL
fh;j;jh; NgrNtz;Lk;.

d jPtputhjpfs; mbf;fb fhtyh;fisAk;> murpay;thjpfisAk;

jhf;Ftij epWj;j n[gpAq;fs
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n[gpAq;fs;
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rPh;NfLfs; rPh;gl n[gpAq;fs;
d gPfhhpy; jPtputhj FOf;fshy; nghpJk; ghjpf;fg;gLtJ
ngz; f s; > tajhdth; f s; > Koe; i jfs; ,th; f Sf; f ha;
n[gpAq;fs;
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MAjq;fistpl mjpf Mw;wy; kpFe;jjhf fhzg;gLfpwJ.
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d Nghuhl; l FOf; f s; fhtyh; f is jhf; f gadgLj; J k;
epyf;fz;zP ntb nray; ,oe;JNghf n[gpAq;fs;
d gPfhhpy; mjpfkhf fhzg;gLk; [hjpntwp ePq;f n[gpAq;fs;
d cah;e;j [hjp> jho;e;j [hjpapy; fhzg;gLk; epyj;jfuhW
khw n[gpAq;fs;
d khepyk; KOtJk; gug;gpapUf;Fk; jPtputhjpfspd; FOf;fs;
kdk; khw n[gpAq;fs;.
V
d gQ;rhg; khepyj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; rPff
; pa Nghuhl;l FOf;fSf;fha;
n[gpAq;fs;.
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ghfp];jhd; muR Mjuit epWj;Jk;gbahf n[gpAq;fs;

>D - k d _ 2012

d Kk; i gapy; njhlh; Fz; L ntbg; g pdhNy gypahd

FLk;gj;jpdUf;Fk;> ghjpf;fg;gl; gps;isfSf;Fk; Njtd;
ngyd; nfhLf;f n[gpAq;fs;
d nghUshjhuj;jpy; ngUk; gq;F tfpg;gJ Kk;ig. ,ij
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d , e ; j p a n g h U s h j h u k ; F d ; w p m j p d ; t y p i k A k ; >
fyhr;rhuj;ijAk; xopf;f epidf;Fk; jPtputhjj;jpd; rpe;jid
khw n[gpAq;fs;.
V

63

>D - k d _ 2012

d tpkhdj;jpy; ntbFz;Litj;J mij flj;jp nrd;W caph;

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cilf;fg;gl n[gpAq;fs;
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d ghgh; fy;rh Nghuhl;l FOtpd; jpl;lkhd gs;spf;$lk;>
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Kwpe;J Nghf n[gpAq;fs;
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ifgw;wg;gl n[gpAq;fs;
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64

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d GJnly; y papy; ,Uf; f pw murpay; fl; r p jiyth; f s; >
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ghJfhf;Fk;gbahf n[gpAq;fs;
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GJnly;ypia Njtd; ghJfhf;Fk;gb n[gpAq;fs;

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(m];]hk;> kzpg;G+h;> ehfhye;J> Nkfhyah> jphpGuh>
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; O vd;w mikg;Gf;fha;
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n[gpAq;fs;
d khNthapr jPtputhj ,af;fk; td;Kiw J}z;btpLfpwJ>
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ngUfhjgb Kw;wpYk; mopf;fg;gl n[gpAq;fs;
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65

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n[gpAq;fs;
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d Ky;lh jPtputhj mikg;Gf;fha; n[gpAq;fs;
66

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d Ky;lhTf;F MAjg; gapw;rp nfhLj;j my;nfha;jh jPtputhj

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nray;gl;LtUfpwJ. n[gpAq;fs;
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67

>D - k d _ 2012

d goq;Fbapdh; tpUk;Gfpw muR mq;fPfhuk; fpilf;fTk;>

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ghJfhf;fg;gl n[gpAq;fs;
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khw;wg;gl n[gpAq;fs;

68

>D - k d _ 2012

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69

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>D - k d _ 2012

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75

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76

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V>VD, z|D D
]. mrVVF :
V, >EB |V
]. E[:
>k_ m
]. y ViVA _:
W m

>D - k d _ 2012

m \^ (>M VA)
]. y[rV . _:
D
]\]. iV y:
\, Ek x[um
]. F \V[:
Q \uD sBV|m
VEB .s.>V\:
OkV, c, Vm kwz>_ m
]. pV V:
A^B_, ] B_V|^, VBD,

cD
]\]. B] V[:
uAsB_, V|^
]. V[E Vk:
kwzV]Bx[uD,

VV\[ skVm
]. . \:
km, \M>k gVFE
]. x_^ V\][: c^m
]. s.VVBVt:
\M>kD, zy>_, {F]BD

79

]. E:
]. s[[ VV:
]. y l[:
]. ikM z\V:

]. kbVV_:
]. y VVBV:
_s. >V \V:
]. >V \:
]. >]E:
]. to[ ]BVV:

VoBD, Bu kV
kD, EV[\m
V\A kE
]t|>_, sB_, >Va_ OD,
AslB_ m
gu_ m
V>VD, z|D D
V\A kE
skVBD, c >M|D >Va_
c^m
>k_m

>D - k d _ 2012

xB\V Kk[ >k^

]B zB >k:
]\]. yV _
]B zB m>k: ]. x\ * [V
>\ \]:
V. \[\V[E
>\ ]]:
]]. S.H. VBV
VV\[ VVB:
*V z\V
VV\[ m VVB: B xV
\VWk >k:
x\ * [V
]z >k:
V. \[\V[E
VM _:
G.E. kV[ kV
VoE _:
V[[ V\[
z > >k:
sV VF
> gB>k:
V. S .Y. z
> gB^:
V.S. D, H.S. D\V
>\[ x>[\ B: AV
>EB VmVA gV:
Ek \[
sB_ x>[\ gV: V. g. E>DD
]m >k / \^

|A >k: V E. ]\o
VmVA \[
sB_ gV:
s.g. k
VV\[ VmB: .. skV>[
\VWk VmB: V. s.. MV
]B kl[ g: V. . VV
\] B:
..
c^m B:
Vz\VE
W]m B:
E V r\V
>\[ VV>V gV

zs[ >k:
V. E. V[
]B VmW kBV: k VV
80w_ VA x>[\ gB: y z\V

>D - k d _ 2012

>EB z\][ >k:

VD VV
V V]l[ >k:
]\]. tV_ V
\]B aB >
gB][ >k:
.. kV_
b gu_ z\][ >k:
V. z\V V
>k, \]B W_s
kVBD:
s V
>k. \]B WkV yVBD:
]]. s.. Vo
xkl[ kVB >k:
D.E. V
V_km >k:
.. \D>V
] >z >k:
TV VD[
>EB V\A skVB k>k: Vi
>k, ABC:
sF VV
>k, \]B t[V \A
kVBD:
\V ABV
]B cw >k:
EV [
>k, [MB x>| kE wD: s. Vs>V[
]BV >k:
VN >[
]B sk gVFE \B>k:V. . V>Vi[
tr[ >k:
]] .s.
>k, ]B gC|
VmVAwD:
.. \VV
>EB A> >k:
[ ]V
>k, >EB skVlV
tr[:
V. M.S. kVtV>[
>k, wzlV tr[: V. P.L. AMBV
>k, u|> kzV
tr[:
M.N. V
>EB \M> c\^ gBD:
]]. .. Vi[
>k, x>|wD:
>[ VV
>k, ]B ] [E_:
]]. G.W.
>k, Press Trust of India:
M.P. T]z\V
z k>m >k:
U.K. E[V
]B V> k >k:
]
_w \VMB tr[ >k: Prof. k Vi
F Bk kV tr[ >k:A.K. VV
IRDA >k:
. VVB[
Kk > gBD >k:
Dr. N.K. z]
VV c [E_ >k:
Dr. [E
ICHR - >k:
V>
J sB_ gF wD, >k: VEB > >V

81

>D - k d _ 2012

>k, VD zk>D:
\m [
l_k m, >k:
sF t_
l kVBD >k:
s.. sBVk[
kVBD d >k:
UV >V\
>EB z kVBD, >k:
E.. k\V
> V Vt, >k:
V VD[
>EB AV\V:
\_ _VV
\]B x>VB kVBD:
\V BV
KVIC:
zx V
]B Ek ] D:
]>V >V
>EB \ kVBD:
\\>V r\V
IDBI:
R.M. \_V
VV bt[ wD:
V. g. . E[V
\]B AVFm:
.. E
VSSC:
P.S. TVk[
cm (IB):
N. Vm
cm:
]]
_ V \A WkD:
Lt. Gen. S.s
_ VmVA:
V\[ pkkV
V VmVA:
M_ VV
CRPF:
K. sBz\V
CSIR:
* . D\V
]B \mk gVFE WkD:
V. sk\V[ V
]B >V_sB_ WkD:
V. >D z>V
>EB \Vk :
Lt. Gen. .. _V
ASSOCHAM:
AF \V
]B :
MkV[
FICCI:
i \VkVV
NASSOCOM:
V]V VkV
]B ] D:
z>[ g. sBV
UPASI:
C.N. V
(10.08.2011 >]l[BV BB_)
b#gf;Fwpg;g[fs;:
d >]_ t xB\V V_ zD >EB >k^ B
mk V> V uV^ VD.
d njtDf;F gae;J Qhdj;Jld; bray;gl b#gpg;nghk;.
d jfSila gzpfis neh;ikahf bra;a b#gpg;nghk;.
d ,th;fs; yrk; thfhjpUf;f b#gpg;nghk;
d kf;fSf;F ed;ik bra;a b#gpg;nghk;.
82d ,th;fs; FLk;gk; ghJfhf;fg;gl b#gpg;nghk;.

]B EB\A
^..........
,e;jpa kf;fshfpa ehk;/ ,e;jpa ehl;oid ,iwahz;ika[k;
rkeyr; rKjhaKk; rkar;rhh;gpd;ika[k; kf;fshl;rp Kiwa[k;
mike;jbjhU Foaurhf epWtt[k;/ mjd; Fokf;fs; midtUk; rKjha bghUspay;/ murpay; ePjp vz;zk;/ mjd;
btspaPL/ nfhl;ghL/ rka ek;gpf;if/ tHpghL ,tw;wpy;
jd;Dhpik/ rKjha ek;gpf;if/ tHpghL ,tw;wpy; rkd;ik
Mfpatw;iw va;jplr; bra;at[k;/ mth;fs; midthpilnaa[k;
jdp kdpjdpd; khz;g[/ ehl;L kf;fspd; xw;Wik/ xUikg;ghL
,tw;iw cWjpgLj;Jk; cld; gpwg;g[hpikapid tsh;f;ft[k;/
cs;shh;e;j cWjpa[ilajhk; ek;Kila murikg;g[g;
nguitapy;/ 1949 etk;gh; ,Ugj;jhwhk; ehspy; ,e;j
murikg;gpid Vw;W ,aw;wp/ ekf;F ehnk tHfpf;
bfhs;Sfpnwhk;.
mog;gil chpikfs;

d ,e;jpa murpayikg;g[/ njrpa fPjk;/ njrpaf; bfho

nghd;wtw;iw kjpg;gJ.
d Rje;jpug; nghuhl;;lj;jpw;F cj;ntf_l;oa cah;e;j
bfhs;iffisg;gpd; bjhlh;jy;.
d ,e;jpahtpd; xw;Wik/ xUikg;ghL/ ,iwahz;ik rpwf;f
ghLgLjy;.
d ehl;Lg;ghJfhg;g[/ ehl;Lf;F nrit Mfpatw;Wf;F
jahuhtJ.
d kjk;/ bkhHp/ gpunjrk;/ ,dk; vd;Dk; ntWghLfspd;wp
vy;nyhhplKk; rnfhjuj;Jtj;Jld; elj;jy;.
d kfj;Jtk; kpf;f ,e;jpahtpd; fyhr;rhu brGikia kjpj;jy;.
d Rw;Wr;NHiy kjpj;jy;/ tdk;/ Vhpfs;/ ejpfs;/ td caphpfs;
nghd;wtw;iw ghJfhj;jy;.

>D - k d _ 2012

rkj;Jt chpik/ Rje;jpu chpik/ rka chpik/ Ruz;lYf;F

vjpuhd chpik/ fy;tp kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu chpikfs;/
murpayikg;g[f;F cl;gl;L jPh;t[ bgWk; chpikfs; Mfpa
itahFk;. ekJ mog;gil chpikfs; fhf;fg;gl b#gpg;nghk;.

mog;gil flikfs;

83

d kdpj neak;/ mwptpay; tsh;;r;rp/ gFj;jwpt[/ etPdj;Jtk;

Mfpatw;iw Cf;Ftpj;jy;.
d bghJr; brhj;Jf;fis ghJfhj;J jPtputhjj;ij mfw;Wjy;.
d xt;bthU JiwapYk; rpwe;J ehl;L Kd;ndw;wj;jpw;F
ghLgLjy;.
d ,e;jpahtpd; ey;y Fokfdhdtd; ,e;j mog;gil
flikfis filgpof;f b#gpg;nghk;.
ghuhSkd;w fkpl;ofs;
,e;jpahtpy; ,uz;L tpjkhd ghuhSkd;wf; fkpl;ofs; cs;sd.
1. epiyahd fkpl;o/ 2. jw;fhypf fkpl;o
1. epiyahd fkpl;ofs;:
epjpf;fkpl;ofs;: v!;onkl; fkpl;o/ gg;spf; mf;ft[z;l;!; fkpl;o/
bghJj;Jiw epWtdfisf; Fwpj;j fkpl;ofs; nghd;wit
,jpy; mlFk;.
At[!; fkpl;ofs;: md;whlr; bray;ghLfis xGFg;gLj;Jk;
fkpl;o.

>D - k d _ 2012

tprhuizf; fkpl;ofs;: g[fhh;fnshL bjhlh;g[ila fkpl;ofs;/

chpikr;rpf;fy;fnshL bjhlh;g[ila fkpl;ofs; nghd;wit
,jpy; mlFfpd;wd.

84

ghpnrhjidf; fkpl;ofs;: muR ey;Fk; cWjpbkhHpfnshL

bjhlh;g[ila fkpl;ofs;/ Jizr;rl;lfisf; Fwpj;j
fkpl;ofs;/ rigapy; jhf;fy; bra;a[k; Fwpg;g[fisg; gw;wpa
fkpl;ofs;/ jhH;j;jg;gl;nlhh;/ gHFoapdh; nkk;ghL Fwpj;j
fkpl;ofs;.
rh;tP!; fkpl;ofs;: cWg;gpdh;fSf;F tHfg;gl;L tUk;
rYiffs;/ gpw rpf;fy;fisf; Fwpj;j fkpl;o.
2. jw;fhypf fkpl;ofs;:
* VjhtJ knrhjhitg; gw;wp Muha;e;J mwpf;if jhf;fy; bra;a
epakpf;fg;gLk; bryl; fkpl;o/ Tl;Lf; fkpl;o.
* ,U mitfSk; mt;tnghJ epiwntw;wp tUk; VjhtbjhU
jPh;khdj;jpd; mog;gilapnyh/ rghehafh;/ mitj;jiyth;/

rpghhpRg;go xU tp\aj;ij Fwpj;J Muha;e;J mwpf;if

junth epakpf;fg;gLk; fkpl;ofs; ePjp neh;ika[ld; bray;gl
b#gpg;nghk;. ghuSkd;w fkpl;ofSf;fhf b#gpg;nghk;.
FoauR jiyth;:
,e;jpa a{dpadpd; kpf cah;e;j eph;thf mjpfhufs;
gilj;jth; FoauRj; jiytnu. ,e;jpa murpayikg;g[r;
rl;lj;jpd; 52Mk; gphptpy; FoauR jiiyth;
gjtpia Fwpj;J Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. Kg;gilfSf;Fk;
mtnu jiyth; vdpDk; gpujkh; jiyikapyhd kj;jpa
mikr;ruitapd;Mnyhridapd; gona FoauRj;jiyth;
bray;gLthh;. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ghpe;Jiufis kPz;Lk;
jpUg;gp mDg;gt[k;/ kWghprPyid bra;a cj;jputplt[k; FoauR
jiytUf;F mjpfhuKz;L.
jw;nghjia FoauR jiyth; jpUkjp. gpujPgh ghl;Oy;
neh;ikahf Ml;rpbra;a b#gpg;nghk;. ,tUila gjtp fhyk;
,e;j tUlj;Jld; KotilfpwJ. g[jpa FoauR jiyth;
njh;t[f;fhf tpnr\khf b#gpg;nghk;.
Jiz FoauRj; jiyth;:
,e;jpa murpyikg;gpd; 63 MtJ gphpt[ FoauR jiytUf;F
mLj;jg;goahf xU JizFoauRj; jiyth; ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;
vd;W TWfpwJ.
Jiz FoauR jiytiu ghuhSkd;wjpd; ,U mit
cWg;gpdh;fSk; nrh;e;J njh;e;bjLf;fpwhh;fs;. gjtp fhyk; 5
Mz;Lfs; vd;whYk; mtuJ gjtp fhyk; Koe;j gpd;dUk;
mtUf;F gpwF me;j bghWg;g[f;F njh;e;bjLf;fg;gLgth;
gjtpnaw;Fk; tiuapy; Jizj;jiytnu mg;gjtpapy; ePog;ghh;.
,e;jpahtpy; Kjy; FoauR jiyth; lhf;lh; v!;. uhjh
fpU\;zd; (1962)/ Jiz FoauR jiytuhf ,Uf;Fk; nghnj
,tUf;F ghuj uj;dh tpUJ tHfg;gl;lJ. ghuj uj;dh tpUJ
bgw;w Kjy; egh;fspy; ,tUk; xUth;.

jw;nghija Jiz FoauR jiyth; jpU. KfkJ AkPj;
md;rhhp - ,tUf;fhf b#gpg;nghk;. ,tUila gjtp fhyk; ,e;j
tUlj;Jld; KotilfpwJ. g[jpa Jiz FoauRjiyth;
njh;t[f;fhf tpnr\khf b#gpg;nghk;.

>D - k d _ 2012

rpwg;g[ jfty;fs;

85

gpujkh;
,e;jpa murpd; jiyth; gpujknu. mikr;ruitj;
jiyth; TWk; Mnyhridg; gona FoauR jiyth; ,af
ntz;oapUg;gjhy;/ cz;ikapy; gpujkh; jhd; murpay; rhrdk;
tHfpa mjpfhufis ifahz;L ehl;il tHpelj;Jfpwhh;
vdyhk;.
Ml;rp tp\afspy; gpujkUf;F fhgpdl; mikr;rh;fs;/ Jiz
mikr;rh;fs; Mfpnahh; mlfpa mikr;ruit cjtp bra;fpwJ.
nyhf; rigapnyh/ uh#;rigapnyh cWg;gpduhf ,Uf;Fk;
xUtUf;nf gpujkuhf Koa[k;.

kj;jpa jpl;l FGtpd; jiyth; njrpa tsh;r;rp ft[d;rpy;/
njrpa xUikghl;L ft[d;rpy;/ khepyfspilna ft[d;rpy;
nghd;wtw;wpd; jiyth; (Ex-officio) gpujknu nyhf;rigapd;
fhymst[ Koa[k; Kd;ng mij fiyf;f ghpe;Jiuf;Fk;
mjpfhuk; bfhz;lth;. mitj;jiytUk; gpujkh;jhd;.

jw;nghija gpujkh; jpU. kd;nkhfd; rp mth;fSf;fhf
b#gpg;nghk;. ,th; ePjp neh;ika[ld; bray;gl b#gpg;nghk;.

>D - k d _ 2012

ghuhSkd;wk;
,e;jpahtpy; rl;lkpaw;Wk; mjpfhuk; ghuhSkd;wj;jplnk
xg;gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. murpayikg;g[r; rl;lg;go FoauRj;
jiyth;/ nyhf;rgh kw;Wk; uh#;argh nghd;wit mlfpanj
ghuhSkd;wk;.

nyhf;rgh tUlj;jpw;F _d;W Kiw TLtJz;L. 1 gl;b#l;
Tl;lj; bjhlh; (gpg;uthp-nk) 2. gUtfhy Tl;lj; bjhlh; (#Piy
- Mf!;l;) 3. Fsph;fhy Tl;lj; bjhlh; (etk;gh;- ork;gh;)
gl;b#l; Tl;likg;g[f;fhf b#gpg;nghk;.
ghuSkd;wj;jpy; cWg;gpdh; MFk; jFjp:

,e;jpa Fokfdhf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;. uh#;a rigf;F nghl;oapl
30 taJk;/ nyhf; rigf;F nghl;oapl 25 taJk; g{h;j;jpahf
,Uf;f ntz;Lk;. ,tw;Wld; ghuhSkd;wk; epiwntw;Wk;
rl;lfs; nfhUk; gpwjFjpfSk; gilj;jtuhf ,Uf;f
ntz;Lk;.

86

gl;b#l; jhf;fy; bra;jy;:

guhSkd;wj;jpy; ,uz;L gFjpfshf gl;b#l; (,uapy;nt
kw;Wk; bghJ gl;b#l;) jhf;fy; bra;ag;gLfpwJ. gpg;uthp
_d;whk; thuj;jpy; uapy;nt gl;b#l;Lk; gpg;uthp khjj;jpd;
filrp ntiy ehl;fspy; khiy 5 kzpf;F bghJ gl;b#l;Lk;
jhf;Fjy; bra;ag;gLfpd;wd. vdnt gl;b#l; jhf;fYf;fhf
b#gpg;nghk;.

rghehafh;
nyhf;rigapd; jiyth; rghehafnu. nyhf;rig
cWg;gpdh;fshy; njh;e;bjLf;fgLk; rghehafh; nyhf;rig
cWg;gpduhf ,Uj;jy; mtrpak;.
rghehafh; njh;t[:
rghehafh; gjtp tpUk;g[k; xUthpd; bgaiu mthpd; mDkjpnahL xU cWg;gpdu; ghpe;Jiu bra;a ntz;Lk;. ,e;j
ghpe;Jiuia kw;bwhU cWg;gpdh; tHp bkhHpa ntz;Lk;.
,t;thW rkh;g;gpf;fg;gLk; jPh;khdfs; mit rkh;gpf;fg;gl;l
Kd;Dhpikg;go mitapy; thf;bfLg;g[ tplg;gLk;. ,e;j
jPh;khdk; epiwntWk; tiu thf;bfLg;g[ eilbgWk;.

jw;nghija rghehafh; jpUkjp;. kPuh Fkhh; - ,tUf;fhf
b#gpg;nghk;.

cr;rePjpkd;wk;
xU jiyik ePjpgjpa[k; (Chief Justice) 25 ePjpgjpfSk; bfhz;l
mikg;ng cr;r ePjpkd;wk;. FoauR jiytnu ePjpgjpfis
epakzk; bra;fpwhh;. cah; ePjpkd;wfspy; ePjpgjpahf 5
Mz;Lfs; nrit my;yJ cah; ePjpkd;wfspy; 10 Mz;Lfs;
tHf;fwpQuhf jpwik kpf;f nrit my;yJ kpf cah;e;j
tHf;fwpQh; vd;W bgah; bgw;W FoauR jiytuhy; mfPfhuk;
bgw;wtnu cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjp gjtpf;F jFjp bgWfpwhh;.

>D - k d _ 2012

b#gf;Fwpg;g[fs;:

* mthpd; Qhdj;jpw;fhf b#gpg;nghk;.

* cWg;gpdh;fs; xj;JiHg;g[f;fhf b#gpg;nghk;.

* xt;bthUtUk; ePjpaha; bray;gl b#gpg;nghk;.

* mth;fspd; ghJfhg;gpw;fhf b#gpg;nghk;.

jw;nghjia cr;rePjpkd;w jiyik ePjpgjp v!;.bAr;. fghoah

,tUf;fhf b#gpg;nghk;.
87

b#gf;Fwpg;g[fs;:

* flt[Sf;F gae;J Qhdj;Jld; bray;gl b#gpg;nghk;.

* ePjpaha; epahak; bra;a b#gpg;nghk;.

* murpay; cs;s mGj;jpdhy; Vw;gLk; gpur;ridfSf;fhf

b#gpg;nghk;.

* mtuJ FLk;gk; ghJfhf;fg;gl b#gpg;nghk;.

* mth; yrk; thfhjpUf;f b#gpg;nghk;
ml;lh;dp b#duy;
ml;lh;dp b#duy;/ FoauR jiytuhy; epakpf;fg;gLfpwhh;.
(murikg;g[r;rl;lj;jpd; VHhk; gphpt[)/ rl;lj;bjhlh;ghd tp\
afspy; ,e;jpa muRf;F mwpt[iu jUtJk;/ FoauRj;
jiytuhy; jdf;F mDg;gg;gLk;/ mspf;fg;gLk; rl;lk;
bjhlh;ghd ve;jg; gzpiaa[k; epiwntw;WtJk; ,tuJ
flikahFk;.

* ,tnu ehl;od; kpf cah;e;j rl;l mYtyh;. vdnt
gzp epkpj;jk; ,e;jpa ePjpkd;wk; vjd; Kd;g[k; jd; fUj;Jf;fis
rkh;g;gpf;Fk; chpik ,tUf;F cz;L.

* ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfspYk; ngRk; chpikia
(thf;fspf;Fk; chpikay;y) 88k; gphpt[ ,tUf;F tHFfpwJ.

* murikg;g[r; rl;lj;jpd; 143Mk; gphptpd; fPH; FoauR
jiyth; cr;rePjpkd;wj;Jf;F mDg;g[k; ve;j tp\aj;jpYk;
,th; fUj;ija[k; nfl;lwpa ntz;Lk;.

* jw;nghija ml;lh;dp b#duy; #p. ,. tAd;tjp
,tUf;fhf b#gpg;nghk;.

>D - k d _ 2012

fk;g;l;nuhyh; b#duy;
kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepyfspd; tut[-bryt[ fzf;Ffis
rhpghh;g;gJ/ ghuhSkd;wk; my;yJ rl;lg;nguit mDkjpj;j
mstPl;od; gona bryt[fs; bra;ag;gl;Ls;sdth vd;W
ghpnrhjpg;gJ. ,e;j ghpnrhjid Kot[fis FoauRj;jiyth;
my;yJ khepy fth;dh;fSf;F bjhptpg;gJ nghd;witna
,t;tikg;gpd; Kf;fpa nehf;fk;.

FoauR jiytnu fk;g;l;nuhyh; mz;l; Mol;lh; b#duiy

epakpf;fpwhh;. jw;nghjia fk;g;l;nuhyh; b#duy; jpU. tpndhj;
uha; ,tUf;fhf b#gpg;nghk;.

88

njh;jy; Mizak;:
ghuhSkd;wk;/ rl;lg;nguit njh;jy;fs; kl;Lky;yhJ FoauRj; jiyth;/ Jiz FoauR jiyth; njh;jy;fisa[k;
fz;fhzpf;Fk; jd;dpr;irahd mikg;g[.
jiyikj; njh;jy; Mizah; kw;Wk; njit Vw;ghod; gpw
Mizah;fisa[k; FoauR jiytnu epakdk; bra;fpwhh;.
jw;nghija njh;jy; Mizah; jpU. v!;. Xa;. Fnu\p
mth;fSf;fhf b#gpg;nghk;.
ghJfhg;g[:
murpay;rl;lj;jpd; 53k; gphptpd;go Kg;gilfspd; jiyth; FoauRj; jiytnu. vdpDk; ehl;Lg; ghJfhg;gpd; bghWg;g[ kj;jpa
mikr;ruitf;Fjhd;. gpujkhpd; jiyikapyhd ghJfhg;g[
,yhf;fhnt Kf;fpa jPh;khdfis vLf;fpwJ. ghJfhg;g[
mikr;rh; jdJ Jiw gw;wp midj;J tp;\afs; Fwpj;Jk;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F gjpy; Tw ntz;oa bghWg;g[ bfhz;lth;.
gilfspd; fl;Lg;ghL/ bray;ghL Fwpj;j midj;J
eltof;iffisa[k; nkw;bfhs;tJ ghJfhg;g[ mikr;rfKk;
_d;W gil gphpt[fSnk. ghJfhg;g[ mikr;rh; jd;Dila
flikia jpwk;gl bra;a b#gpg;nghk;.
jiug;gil

,e;jpa jiug;gil fkhz;lh;-,d;-rP~g; gjtpnaw;w Kjy;

,e;jpah;/ b#duy; nf. vk; fhpag;gh. ,th; jdf;F Kd;dhy;
mg;gjtpapypUe;j b#duy; rh;.uha; gpr; rhplkpUe;J 1949/ #dthp
15k; njjp ,g;bghWg;ig Vw;Wf; bfhz;lhh;.
2010,y; xypia tpl _d;W klF mjpfntfj;jpy; bry;Yk;
Ng;gh;rhdpf; gpuA;kh!; Vt[fiz btw;wpfukhf bra;ag;gl;lJ.
jw;nghjia jiug;gil jiyth; jpU. tp. nf. rp ,tUf;fhf
b#gpg;nghk;. ,th; gzpapy; cz;ika[lDk; cj;jkj;JlDk;
bray;gl b#gpg;nghk;.

>D - k d _ 2012

jiug;gilapy; cs;s b#duy;/ byg;. b#duy;/ nk#h; b#duy;/

gphpnfoah;/ fh;dy;/ byg;. fh;dy;/ nk#h;/ fhg;ld;/ byg;odd;l;
Mfpa gjtpfSf;fhft[k;/ gjptpapy; cs;sth;fSf;fhft[k;
b#gpg;nghk;.

89

flw;gil
ml;kpuy;/ it!; ml;kpuy;/ hpah; ml;kpuy;/ fk;knlhh;/ fhg;ld;/
fkhz;lh;/ byg; fhkhz;lh;/ byl;odd;l;/ rg; byl;odd;l;
Mfpa gjtpfSf;fhf/ gjptpapy; cs;sth;fSf;fhft[k;
b#gpg;nghk;.
Rje;jpuj;Jf;F Kd;g[ flw;gil gk;gha; kiud;/ ,e;jpad; netp/
,e;jpah kiud; vd;Dk; bgah;fspy; miHf;fg;gl;lJ. 1934-,y;
uhay; ,e;jpad; netp cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. jw;nghija flw;gil
jiyth; jpU. eph;ky; Fkhh; th;kh; ,tUf;fhf b#gpg;nghk;.

tpkhdg;gil

Vh; rP~g; khh;\y;/ Vh; khh;\y;/ Vh; it!; khh;\y;/ Vh;
fk;knlhh;/ F%g; fhg;ld;/ tp fkhz;lh;/ !;Fthl;ud; yPlh;/
~g;sap byg;odd;l;/ ~g;sap MgPrh; Mfpa gjtpfspy;
cs;sth;fSf;fhft[k; b#gpg;nghk;.

uhay; ,e;jpad; Vh;nghh;!; vd;Dk; bgahpy; ,e;jpa tpkhdg;gil
1932 mf;nlhgh; vl;lhk; njjp cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J 1950
#dthp 26y; ,e;jpa tpkhdg;gil vd;W bgah; khw;wk;
bgw;wJ. ,e;jpa tpkhdg;gil/ cyfpd; ehd;fhtJ kpfg;bghpa
tpkhdg;gil. jw;nghija ,jd; gilgyk; 1/20/000 ngh;.
jw;nghija tpkhdg;gil jiyth; jpU. gp.tp. ehaf; ,tUf;fhf
b#gpg;nghk;.
cs;ehl;Lg;ghJfhg;g[

>D - k d _ 2012

kj;jpa murpd; cs;Jiw mikr;rfj;jpd; fPH; cs;s VG fhty;

gilfs; tUkhW:

1. ,e;jpad; nghyP!; rh;tP!;(IPS)

2. mrhk; iu~gps;!;
3. vy;iy ghJfhg;g[ gil(BSP)
4. kj;jpa bjhHpw;rhiy ghJfhg;g[ gil(CISP)
5. kj;jpa hprh;t; nghyP!; gil(CRPF)
6. ,e;njh - jpbgf; ghh;lh; nghyP!;
7. njrpa ghJfhg;g[ gil(NSG)

ghJfhg;g[ fHffs;:

90

1. cs;Jiw mikr;rfk;
2. brd;l;uy; gPnuh M~g; ,d;bt!;onf\d;(CBI)


3. hprh;r; md;l; mdhyrp!; tp (RAN)

4. ne\dy; fpiuk; buf;fhh;l;!; gPnuh(NCRB)

5. lauf;l;lnul; M~g; nghyP!; hprh;r; md;l;
bltyg;bkd;kl; (BPRD)

6. lauf;l;lnul; M~g; nfh-Mh;ond\d; nghyP!;
xah;by!; (DCPW)

7. ne\dy; ,d;!;oa{l; M~g; fhpkpdhy#p md;l;
~ghud;rpf; rapd;r!; (NICFS)

8. ne\dy; ~ghuhd;rpf; rapd;!; yhgul;lhp (CPSC)

9. rh;jhh; ty;ygha; gnly; ne\dy; nghyP!; mfhjkp
(SUPNPA)
kj;jpa nghyP!; gilfs;
mtru fhyfspy; ehl;od; cs;ehl;Lg; ghJfhg;g[f;fhf/
mjpKf;fpa bjhHpy; JiwfSf;F ghJfhg;g[ tHFk;
nghyP!;gilna kj;jpa bjhHpw;rhiy ghJfhg;g[ gil. ehl;oy;
Vw;gLk; jPtputhj bray;ghLfis eph;_ykhf;FtJ njrpa
ghJfhg;g[g; gil. ehl;od; vy;iyiag; ghJfhf;Fk; nghyP!;
gilna kj;jpa vy;iyg; ghJfhg;g[ gilahFk;. nghyP!;
gilf;fhf b#gpg;nghk;. mth;fs; ePjp neh;ika[ld; bray;gl
b#gpg;nghk;. yrk; thfhjpUf;f b#gpg;nghk;.
njrpa g[ydha;t[ epWtdk;:
,e;jpahtpy; jPtputhj bray;fis vjph; bfhs;s kj;jpa muR
cUthf;fpa g[ydha;t[ epWtdk;/ ,e;jpah KGtJk; ,e;j
mikg;gpd; mjpfhu tuk;g[f;F cl;gl;lj; jPtputhjj;njhL
bjhlh;g[ila midj;J tpj bray;ghLfisa[k; tprhhpf;Fk;
mjpfhuk; bgw;wJ.
1948 #&iy 15 Mk; njjp cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
jdpj;Jtgz;g[fis tsh;j;bjLj;jy;/ Ra fl;Lg;ghL/
jiyikg;gz;g[/ rhfr kndhghtk;/ mh;g;gzpg;g[ld;
filikahw;Wjy; nghd;w Fz eyd;fis ,sk;
jiyKiwapdhplk; tsh;j;bjLg;gnj vd;. rp.rp cUthf;fj;jpd;
mog;gil nehf;ffs;.

>D - k d _ 2012

ne\dy; nfll; fhh;g;!; (NCC)

* vd;.rp.rpapd; iluf;lh; b#duy; mYtyfk; jpy;ypapy;

cs;sJ.
* ehl;oy; bkhj;jk; 16 vd;.rp.rp lauf;lnul;Lfs;


bray;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
91

,e;jpah- ghfp!;jhd; bjhlUk; cwt[r; rpf;fy;:

,e;jpaht[k; ghfp!;jhDk; Mrpahtpd; ,UKf;fpakhd ehLfs;
vd;w tifapy; vg;nghJk; cyfpd; ftdj;ij <h;j;J tUgit. ,U ehLfSf;Fkpilna mikjpiaa[k; ey;Ywita[k;
Vw;gLj;j tpUk;g[k; ,e;jpahtpd; Kaw;rpfSf;F ghfp!;jhdpd;
cst[ mikg;ghd I.v!;.I(ISI)a[k;/ me;ehl;L ,uhQtKk;
bjhlh;e;J Kl;Lf;fl;il nghl;L tUfpd;wd. mz;il ehlhd
ghfp!;jhDld; ey;Ywt[ ntz;Lk; vd;w tpUg;gk; ,e;jpaht[f;F
,Ue;jhYk; ghfp!;jhDf;F me;j vz;zk; ,y;yhky; ,Ug;gJ
Jujp\;lnk. ghfp!;jhdpy; cs;s cst[ mikg;g[fspy;
cs;sth;fs; kdk; khwt[k;/ xw;Wik epyt[k; ghuj;njhL
b#gpg;nghk;.
,e;jpa btspa[wt[j;Jiw mikr;rh; v!;.vk;. fpU\;zh
kw;Wk; ghfp!;jhd; btspa[wt[j;Jiw mikr;rh; Apdh
ug;ghdp MfpnahUf;F njt Qhdk; btspg;glt[k;/ ,U
ehLfSf;fpilna rkhjhdk; epyt b#gpg;nghk;.
MWfs;
(2/480 fp. kP):

>D - k d _ 2012

,khyaj;jpd; fnfhj;jphp fpnsrpahpy; cw;gj;jpahfpwJ.

fnfhj;jphp fpnsrpahpd; ciwtplk; nfhKf; vdg;gLfpwJ.
,e;jpahtpy; kpf ePskhd ejp.

92

* fifapd; ngh\f ejpfshd ghfPujpa[k;
(fnfhj;jphpapy; cw;gj;jpahfpwJ)



myfee;jht[k;(gj;jphpehj;jpy; cw;gj;jpahfpwJ)
njtg;gpuahifapy; rfkpf;fpd;wd.


fnfhj;hpapy; cw;gj;jpahdhYk; njtg;gpuahifapy; jhd; ,J
fif vdg; bgah; bgWfpwJ.

* myfghj;jpy; fif ejp aKida[ld; fyf;Fkplnk
jphpntdp rfkk;.

* tUz/ m!p vDk; ,U ngh\f ejpfs; fifnahL
fyf;Fkplnk thuzhrp (fhrp/ gdhu!;) vDk; g[z;zpaj;jyk;.

* cj;jh;fhz;l;/ cj;jpug;gpunjrk;/ gPfhh;/ nkw;F tfhsk;/
kj;jpag;gpunjrk;/ uh#!;jhd;/ rl;O!;fhh;/ #hh;fz;l; khepyfs;
tHpahf fif fle;J bry;fpwJ.

* myfhghj;/ fhd;g{h;/ thuzhrp/ ghl;dh fif ejpfiu
efufs;.


aKid(1/375 fp.kP):
aKndhj;hpapy; cw;gj;jpahfpwJ. jpy;yp Mf;uh aKid ejpf;fiu
efufs; rk;gy;/ rpe;J/ nfd; ,jd; Kf;fpa Jiz ejpfs;.
gpuk;kg[j;jpuh(2/900 fp.kP):
ifyhr kiyapd; khdrnuhth; Vhpapy; cw;gj;jpahfpd;wJ.
,e;jpa ejpfspy; mjpf ePh; bgUf;FilaJ. jpbgj;/ ,e;jpah/
tfhs njr ehLfspy; gha;fpwJ.

nkYk; rpe;J(2/900fp.kP)/ rl;by#;(1/440fp.kP)/ eh;kij(1/290fp.
kP)/ jg;jp(720fp.kP)/ kfhejp(890fp.kP)/ jhnkhjh;(530fp.kP)/
nfhjhthp(1/450fp.kP)/ fpU\;zh(1/290fp.kP)/ fhtphp(760fp.kP)
Mfpa ejpfs; cs;sd.
b#gf;Fwpg;g[fs;:

* ejpfs; ,izf;fg;gl b#gpg;nghk;

* ejpfs; midj;Jk; njrpakakhf;fg;gl b#gpg;nghk;.

* ejp ePh; nrkpj;J itf;fg;gl;L tptrhak;/ kpd;rhuk;


nghd;witfSf;F gad;gl b#gpg;nghk;

* ejpfis g[z;zpa!;jyfshf fUjp mjpy; mRj;jk;
(gpzfis vhpj;jy;) bra;a[k; kf;fs; kdk; khw


b#gpg;nghk;.

,e;jpa kf;fspd; vGj;jwpt[ tpfpjk; 74.04 rjtpfpjk;.
,jpy; Mz;fs; 82.14 rjtpfpjk;/ bgz;fs; 65.46 rjtpfpjk;.

* kpf cah;e;j vGj;jwpt[ bgw;w khepyk; nfusk;. 93.91
rjtpfpjk;.(Mz;fs; 96.02rjtpfpjk;/ bgz;fs; 91.98rjtpfpjk;)

* kpf cah;e;j vGj;jwpt[ bgw;w kj;jpa Ml;rpg;gFjp/
,yl;rj;jPt[-92.28 rjtpfpjk; (Mz;fs; 96.11 rjtpfpjk;/
bgz;fs; 88.25rjtpfpjk;)

* kpf Fiwe;j vGj;jwpt[ bgw;w khepyk; gPfhh; 63.82 rj
tpfpjk;. (Mz;fs; 73.39rjtpfpjk;/ bgz;fs; 53.33rjtpfpjk; )

* kpff; Fiwe;j vGj;jwpt[ bgw;w kj;jpa Ml;rp gFjp/
jhj;uh efh; Antyp 77.65 (Mz;fs; 86.46rjtpfpjk;/ bgz;fs;
65.93rjtpfpjk;)

>D - k d _ 2012

vGj;jwpt[

93

\VWV
^.........
V >D

13,82,611 V
16
4065
>
: 66.95%
wzl : 79%
m^
: 34.6%
>k^ : 25%
>^ : 13%
x\]B^ : 1.9%
\>>k : 26%
\^ : 303
g, s>D: 920 / 1000 g^
x>\ : ]. VD VDo[
V> kE

>D - k d _ 2012

m]zA^:
80% skVBD F[. xB l^: E, VD,
DA, Vm\ \uD |z. > >s g, [VE, Kt,
E, g^, D, , V[ w kD s[.
u sV^ \uD FD \BD, |>
>VauVD, E\, w^ >|mD gD c^.
d Bu k^ \uD >Va_ kEV >k m]VD.

94

zA^:
D\VW]_ kEBVm ]> Wl_ c^m. VVm
\uD kwz ]BVsom ]B tr^ km z
x[V B Wku^. \^ \s_ ]xz
[. WE, kV[V, , V \uD V gB \^
^ \]l_ u ^ c^.
d kEV, skVEV >k m]VD. > D
>k^ \]l_ u\ Wk VD.
d >kV \VBk^ c]k]uz^V[.
z \> \Vu >D xo_ c^m. gm\V
g>VBD FD l_ ~||k^ >B\VF B_D,
> D \[\BVD, \BV kalKD B_D
VD. \>\Vu >D u VD.

g[z;zpa !;jyfs;:
g[j;jh; nfhtpy;/ jth g[j;jj;Jwtp klk;/ g[j;j klhyafs;/
fhfhn\f;fpnyf; Fe;j; nfhtpy;/ gunk!;tuk; Fe;j;nfhtpy;/
uhkfpU\;zh nfhtpy;/ ee;jp nfhtpy;/ Nh;a nfhtpy;/
tpntfhde;jh; kp\d;/ fhh;j;jpfh njtp nfhtpy;.

vVD

3,11,69,272 ]
27
26247
>
: 73.18%
m^
: 65%
x\]B^ : 30.9%
>k^ : 3.7%
>^ : 0.2%
g, s>D : 1000 / 954
.. VB x>_k : ].> VVF
\V> \^ : 357

>D - k d _ 2012

d AB >z AM> BV]BV kD \^ c\ >FkD

B mk m V^ VD.
d > Vs__ zD sB> Vr^ (V[) su|
>]_ c^ k\l_ kV|D \z B[ VD.
d z^ m D, t ]D \]D
VD.
d AB >_ AM> BV]BV \^ ]D kD _
c^ _V x>VB y\^ (V, sVD, z) >|m W>
VD.
]V> \^ ^:
\uz z]lK^ > \z sr> E>k
kVFA c^m. k^ \]l_ E gB^ \uD skVE
c^. ]]B A> \>]om \Vk^ m k|,
|D c]k ][. gs kD FD V[,
t[BV, t, V \uD VV gBV [D sr>V_
]s_. D\VW]K^ 7 V]B_ 0.1%zD
zkV >k c^.
d sr>V_ ]V> > \^ kD sr>V_
], >kD, aBD VEBV kVw VD.
d \m B][ JD z >^ ]VD.

95

m], zA^:

>D - k d _ 2012

74% skVBD F[. E >s, >l, _, ], F

sm^, w k^ l|[. 850 >l >V^ c^.
4 F ]A WB^ c^. c>VauV, , _
, V>D, gB >Vau V^ c^. JV [ kBV |
cB z \|D>V[ >BV|m. 6 s\V WB^ c^.
6 _w^, 3 \mk \uD 3 VlB_ _^,
5 >B V^, 18 ksz V^ c^.
d > m gkV>V >k m]VD.
d D\VW]K^ xB ^ V]|, K>[, k
]B ] \uD >Vo . >k^ t z>
k zD > \VW][ A>KV, srD z>
k s|^ D\VW]uV \s_
#^ |, x>VB]_ D \VuD cV \uD
Kt[, zt[ V|D [ cl*EV
VD.
g|zD \V sr u k>VKD, E
V]m, >, \ D, E aB >VD
\V]\ D^. k^ wz \ sr>V_
]]_ ]D B_|[. gV_ m^ \uD x\]B
]]_ z> k\ Km[.
d ]sK^ m^ \uD x\]B ]]_ ys\VD,
\VD B_ VD.
d > \^ \uD \>] >V_ u|D
k^ \uD ^ W>D, >k cz^
WD m kV|^ \m u\[ B_D
VD.
xB AB >^:
V\VBV Vs_, VkV \V, E>V Vs_, s Vs_, V
VBV Vs_, ]k Vs_, _ Vs>V Vs_, xV
Vs_, BVkV \V>kV Vs_, kV Vs_, k
>kV Vs_, k Vs_, \V Vs_, \V\BV >VD
Vs_, kV Vs_, Ek[ Vs_, V Vs_, k
Vs_, EkV_, k Vs_, cV VV Vs_, c\V >V
Vs_.
d > Vs_K^ s^ mD V amV
VD.
d z kD \[ \^ ] VD.
96

d aB]uz >BV zD V\iV tr[, g,,.

V[ B[ B_V|^ kKswm V VD.
]V> \^ ^:
d vVt D \_ DVV m^. k^
V\^, MBV, V, V\V, \NBV, B>V \^
\]l_ >k z BVm.
d kV \Va D rVF x\]B^ (\V 90 D)
\]l_ E >k c^. vVt[ 6 \Vk_
x\]B^ ] l_ c^.
d >l >V BV^: _ c^ k^
sr> kV[ [. gV_ k^ \]l_
sr> s E c^.
d t, V[E, BV, V V[ wzl \]l_ 1%zD
zkV >k c^.
d \VkD \uD 25 \Vk_ 0.1%zD zkV
>k c^. 11 \^ ^ \]l_ srD uD
[Bs_.
d sr>V_ ]V> k^ \]l_ srD s
[ \V g k V^kVD.
vVt_ \m aBD.......
552 1
12
4
] V\^
: 90
vVtK^ 26247 V\KD sr]uV ]> kV_
VD, ]V^ Bms[ _kV [V_
>VD VD.

g]>D

8,46,65,533 >VV
23
28123
>
: 67.66%
m^
: 89%
x\]B^ : 9.2%
>k^ : 1.6% (3%)
E.S.L. ED\[ x>_k : ]. z\V
g, s>D: 1000 / 922
\V> \^: 556

>D - k d _ 2012

97

>D - k d _ 2012

m], zA^:
d B]V^, \m^, t[b V>^, cD, E\,
s\V s^, VB V^, V cu], \V,
VDA_, \V cu], V >Va_, _ |D
m, gV cu]l_ ]BVs_ x>oD, V
>Va_ \BD, >[M]BV xk>uzD E W
]om W |m. 3 s\V WB^, >k_
>Va_O]_ x kE, 30 _w^, > m
kV >k >V]VD.
d V |[ >k[ s>D 4.2%om
1.6% \V zm c^>V [. gV_ sr
aB^ J\VD, _k aB >V[ aB^
J\VD kD kEB VzDVm,
9%zD ]\V >k^ >V >k^
\uD mkV EBV^ [. kD
kEV >k m]VD.
d >o \ >k \>]uz \VuD, >kV \VB >o
\ mVD ys xBuE^ u k[. >o
>k^ >^ skV]_ c]BVl, kz
kB K^ x VD.
d >k aB^ \s_ [ xB D
>VV. z 200zD \u >k >V[
]VD c^m. ku[ kEVD, ys B_VuVD,
ku[ JD g]VsKD, x >]KD \VD gszB
>VD cVD VD.
d VD \>][ xB \B\VD >VV D szm.
z \V 40% x\]B^ c^. Vt[ kE s>D
1% ]m^m. k^ \]l_ t z> k aBD
m. > > mV g>VB|> aB^
D VD.
d ]] ]\ VV d c_ kV[ > |m ]
kkVF cB D ]], VD V\ Vs_, pD
\_oVh Vs_, V \D, [V l_ \m^
D\V A> E, kV_ Vs_,Ek[ Vs_, sib
Vs_, mV Vs_, V> Vs_, \VkV Vs_,
[kVt Vs_, VVBVkVt Vs_, glD
#^ Vs_, V\V Vs_, TV Vs_ \uD
]>^.
d s ka|[ \[ \^ ]D,
Vs_K^ V^, \> z^, VtBV^ ED
VD.
98

]V> \^ ^:
d cBV] \^
d 3 \VkKD, 107 \VkKD 0.1%zD zkV
>k c^.
d D >VzD ]x^ 16 kBV \^ ^
\]l_ srD s_.
d ]BV Ktm z \s_ D Bm km^
\^.
d ]]z k V \^.
d k^ \]l_ srD sD, Bs[ _kV
[V_ k^ >VD VD.

m], zA^:
d xV l_k z >VauV, F ]A
>VauV, m>V[ c cu] >VauV, V
\uD VB V^ cu] V, V^, 28
>BVA g^, >V_ >M|D >VauV, _ g^,
E\ cu] >VauV, \m^ >BVA, k] \uD
c >|m>_, V[ >Va_ kEV >k
m]VD.
d >uVm V_ mk uV^D \[
]m kk>uV >k m]VD. z aBD FD
4 gl]uzD ]\V ]B trV, _k
tr >VV >k m]VD. \^ ^,
V]^, \>^ \uD >k uB>V A^ sk^
|, ]uV B[|k>uV >k m]VD.
d ]BVs[ \ \VWD, wKz B u \VWD, A>
\>xD, \>xD gD> \VWD, D, x>VB
zwD tz> \VWD. s|szD, EzD, clzD
k_\t ms[ sr\Vm, VK^
V \[ mB m VD.

>D - k d _ 2012

10,38,04,637
VV
38

45,098
>:
63.82%
m^:
83.2%
x\]B^: 16.5%
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>D - k d _ 2012

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>D - k d _ 2012

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29. rpWth; tpLjp; : Ynlf; rpWth; tpLjp/ rj;jP!;fhh;

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>D - k d _ 2012

kp\bdupfs;:
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>D - k d _ 2012

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>D - k d _ 2012

31. gzpj;jsk;: hpfhk;gpnah/ Apkhr;ry; gpunjrk;

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Mz;ltiu Jjpg;nghk;.
d hpfhk;gpnah gzpj;jsj;jpy; g[jpa Muhjidf;Tlk;
fpilj;jjw;fhf njtid Jjpg;nghk;

b#gf;Fwpg;g[fs;:

d hpfhk;gpnah gzpj;jsj;jpy; Myak; fl;l epyk; fpilf;f

b#gpg;nghk;.
d CHpahpd; kidtp jpUkjp. bfnlhtp Rkpapd;
Rfg;gpurtj;jpw;fhf b#gpg;nghk;.
d Mz;lth; kp\bdhpfs; kw;Wk; Rnjr CHpah;fis
vjph;g;ghsh;fspd; fuj;jpdpd;Wk;/ gdpg;bghHptpd;nghJ
Vw;gLk; fLikahd FsphpypUe;Jk; ghJfhf;Fk;go
b#gpg;nghk;.

>D - k d _ 2012

32. gzpj;jsk;: jhk;jkpah/ #hh;f;fz;l;

kp\bdupfs;:
jpU. Rfe;njhFkhh;rp FLk;gk;
Rnjr CHpah;fs;: jpU. fhgphpnay; Kh;K FLk;gk;/
jpU. rhKnty; bAk;g;nuhk; FLk;gk;/
jpU. yhh;l;rd; Kh;K FLk;gk;/ jpU. hpr;rh;l; A!;lf; FLk;gk; /
jpU. kj;nja[ fp!;F FLk;gk;
bkhj;j tpRthrpfs; : 2760
Muhjidf;FGf;fs;: 22
fl;lg;gl;lMyak; : 7
kf;fs; Tl;lk;
: re;jhy;

Jjpf;Fwpg;g[fs;:

d rhKnty; LL/; bjurh nrhud; FLk;gj;jhUf;F Mz;lth;

8 Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF FHe;ijg; ghf;fpaj;ijf;
fl;lisapl;ljw;fhf Mz;ltiu Jjpg;nghk;.
148

d rhnyhpfyp fpuhkj;jpy; Rtpnr\j;jpw;fhd jpwe;j thriy

Mz;lth; fl;lisapl;ljw;fhf Mz;ltiu Jjpg;nghk;.
d ekJ rig _g;gh; njnkrhh; fp!;Ftpw;F Mz;lth; 9
Mz;LfSf;Fg;gpd; Mz; FHe;ijiaf; bfhLj;jjw;fhf
Mz;ltiu Jjpg;nghk;.

b#gf;Fwpg;g[fs;:
d tUfpd;w ehl;fspy; eilbgwt[s;s bgz;fs;
TLif/ thypgh; TLif/ rpWth; TLif Mfpatw;wpd;
MrPh;thjj;jpw;fhf b#gpg;nghk;.
d ,e;j Mz;od; ,yf;if milat[k;/ 150 fpuhkfspy;
Rtpnr\k; mwptpf;ft[k; b#gpg;nghk;.

33. gzpj;jsk;: rpy;thrh/ a{dpad; gpunjrk;

bkhj;j tpRthrpfs;:
10931
Muhjidf;FGf;fs;:
40
,ut[f;Tl;lfs;:
13
Myafs;:

25
rpWth; tpLjp:

1
kf;fs; ,dfs;: Ff;dh/ thh;yp/ nfhyp
Jjpf;Fwpg;g[fs;:
d tpRthrp jpU. Rnu\;gha;/ ,e;Jbgd; kw;Wk; CHpah; jpU. #p.
rhKnty; Mfpnahiu tpgj;jpypUe;J mw;g[jkhf ghJfhj;j
njtid Jjpg;nghk;.

>D - k d _ 2012

kp\bdhpfs;: jpU. #p. rhKnty; FLk;gk;/ Ms.mh;r;rdh ehaf;/

Ms.re;jphpfhbgd;
Rnjr CHpah;fs;: jpU. bks#& gha;/ jpU. rhy;Y gha;/
jpU. re;J gha; thy;tp/ jpU. fkd; gha;/ jpU. yF gha;/
jpU. re;J gha; Alhy;/ jpU. ghh;#&y; gha;/ jpU.guhf; gha;/
jpU. m!;tpd; gha;/ jpU. uj;jd; gha;/ jpU. Ah;#p gha;/
jpU. b#a;uhk; gha;/ jpU. kd;R gha;

149

d uj;jd; gha;/ jpypg; gha; Mfpnahh; kuj;jpypUe;J tpGe;jnghJ

Mz;lth; ve;jj; jPFkpd;wp ghJfhj;jgoahy; Mz;ltiu
Jjpg;nghk;.
d fle;j Mz;oy; Jj;dp/ nghd;lh/ khy; fhh;brse;j;
Mfpa fpuhkfspy; eilbgw;w Myaf;fl;Lkhdg;gzp
Kotile;jjw;fhf njtid Jjpg;nghk;.
b#gf;Fwpg;g[fs;:
d gf;fthjj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l jpU. yypj;gha;/ jpU. gpufh\;
gha;/ jpUkjp. yypjhbgd;/ jpU. utpah gha; MfpnahUf;F
Mz;lth; mw;g[j Rfk; ju b#gpg;nghk;.
d vYk;g[Uf;fp nehahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l yPyhbgd;/ uhkpbgd;/
tp\hy;/ Rnu\;gha; MfpnahUf;Fk;/ M!;Jkhthy;
ghjpf;fg;gl;l unk\;gha;/ khf;ypbgd;/ m\;kpjhbgd;
MfpnahUf;Fk;/ bjhGnehahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l jPgf;gha;f;Fk;/
nfd;ruhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ghh;tjpbgd;/ fhf;ypbgd;
MfpnahUf;Fk;/ bjhz;ilapy; fl;oahy; f\;lg;gLk;
fp\hd;gha;/ uh#&gha; MfpnahUf;Fk; Mz;lth; ghpg{uz
Rfk; ju b#gpg;nghk;.
d Ulhdh/ #pUay; Myak;/ jiyikj;Jt gapw;rp ikak;
kw;Wk; rpWth; tpLjp Mfpatw;wpd; fl;Lkhdg;gzp
tpiutpy; bjhlfg;gl b#gpg;nghk;.

34. gzpj;jsk;: Ahbyk;/ m!;!hk;

kp\bdhpfs;:

jpU. b#Uay; ghdp FLk;gk;

>D - k d _ 2012

Jjpf;Fwpg;g[fs;:
d jpUKGf;F vLf;f thiraha[s;s 10 FLk;gfSf;fhf
Mz;ltiu Jjpg;nghk;.
d vjph;g;gpd; kj;jpapYk; fle;j khjj;jpy; jpUKGf;F vLj;J
njtdpd; ke;ijapy; ,ize;j 4 FLk;gfSf;fhf
njtid Jjpg;nghk;.
b#gf;Fwpg;g[fs;:
d jpUKGf;F vLf;f thiraha[s;s 10 FLk;gfisa[k;
gaKWj;jp/ fpuhkj;ij tpl;L btspnaWk;go Twp/ vjph;g;g[
150 bjhptpf;fpw kf;fs; kde;jpUk;g b#gpg;;nghk;.

d vjph;g;ghsh;fshd jpU. eph;nkha; fhh;lh/ jpU. Ahpyhy; kpyp/

jpU. knfe;jpuh ghff; Mfpnahh; ,naRfpwp!;Jtpd; fy;thhp
md;gpdhy; bjhlg;gl b#gpg;nghk;.
d jpUkjp. rPkh ghj;fphp vd;w tpRthrpf;F Vw;gl;l thfd
tpgj;jpy; xU fhbyYk;g[ cile;J rpfpr;ir bgw;W
tUfpwhh;fs;. Mz;lth; ghpg{uz Rfk; ju b#gpg;nghk;.

35. gzpj;jsk;: ght;efh;;/ F#uhj;

kp\bdhpfs;: jpU. gp!;turd; fuhlh FLk;gk;/ jpU. rhk;g[ehj;
ehaf; FLk;gk;/ jpU. Fkud; FLk;gk;
jd;dhh;t CHpah;: jpU. fpn\hh;
Jjpf;Fwpg;g[fs;:
d kf;fs; Rtpnr\j;jpw;F fhl;o tUfpw Mh;tj;jpw;fhf
njtid Jjpg;nghk;.
d fle;j ork;ghpy; eilbgw;w Rtpnr\f; TLifapy; fye;J
bfhz;l 400 ngUf;fhf njtid Jjpg;nghk;.

d Muhjid elj;j bghpa ,lk; fpilf;f b#gpg;nghk;.

d ,ut[f;Tl;lk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl b#gpg;nghk;.
d Fog;gHf;fk;/ ntrpj;jdk;/ FU tzf;fk; kiwa
b#gpg;nghk;.
d bgz;fs;/ thypgh;/ rpWth; kj;jpapy; CHpak; Muk;gpf;fg;gl
b#gpg;nghk;.
d FU tHpghL bra;gth;fs;/ g[jpjhf tpRthrj;jpw;Fs;
tUgtu;fis jpir jpUg;g[k; braypy; <LgLfpd;wdh;.
Fwpg;ghf fpU\;z re;jpuh vd;gtUf;fhf/ mtnuhL
,ize;J ,r;braypy; <LgLgth;fs; kde;jpUk;g
b#gpg;nghk;.

>D - k d _ 2012

b#gf;Fwpg;g[fs;:

151

36, TjR[m:

L]o. LoSPL

`]Ls
: , R]VkRo SVd
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BWR]ddLs : 3
dlLs:
d dR Gu\ NLRd BiPYo TdLYRjok Lm
RkRTVp BiPYW lTm,
d LPkR Bip 10m Ylj Rop SU YLu
s[Lp 3 To RoPjp Rof Tt\RtLL RY]
lTm,
d Golu Ujp BiPYo FVjR BoYj Y\
RtLL BiPYW lTm,
d LPkR AdPTp 2 FVoL[ URYLs Rds[]o,
Gu]m R YkRTm. BiPYo AYoLu Ld
eLXd Ljd LiPo,

>D - k d _ 2012

_TdlLs:
d SU FVjR Goj Y\ SLx GuTYo U]kmT
_lTm,
d N`jt YgN Lh\ Al BiPYW HtdLs[
_lTm,
d NRVjRl TtV TVm YLs Ujok eLm.
A]m YNjp Y[Wm _lTm,

37, TjR[m:

TeLWThP. LoSPL

`]Ls:
, Wuv WN mTm
RN FVo:
, _Nl
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UdLs C]eLs: YhPo. YdLoL. SVd. To. ToTo. Roj

152

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d plT Gu\ WUjs[ J Y BXVm LhYRtLL
R] XjR LdL uYkRRtLL BiPYW
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d UX lhs[ A]j UdLs C]eLm BiPYW
Ak Ls[m. NkR CWhNLWL HtdLs[m
_lTm,
d NUNkW WUjp d GdL BVjRUs[
YLd LQlTm A]j RPLm eL
_lTm,

38, TjR[m:

LuYp. RjW SLo aYo

dlLs:
d LPkR YPjp d Gj RYu UkRp CQkR
107 TdLL BiPYW lTm,
d YLs ReLs YUu Ujm FVjR
ERWjYUL Re YYRtLL BiPYW lTm,
d BiPYo SU YLu Xjp SpX AYPVd
LhP[hPRtLL BiPYW lTm,

>D - k d _ 2012

`]Ls:
, vUo SVd mTm
RN FVoLs: 6
UjR YLs: 2318
BWR]ddLs: 21
BXVeLs:
8
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Yoo. d]

_TdlLs:
d 2012 d 13m Biu CXdlT. BiPYo 210 BjUdL[j
RmTVL _lTm,
153

d U]AjRj]p TdLlThP NkTuXdVd BiPYo

AtR RXVj RW _lTm,
d BWR]p YoToLs EtNLUn TeT\ _lTm,
d TiLs Ujp RYTVf NnV FVoL[ BiPYo
RmT _lTm,

39, TjR[m: Tp. UjVlWRNm. UaWxW

`]Ls:
RN FVoLs:
UjR YLs:
UdLs C]eLs:

, HLXYu _mv mTm

, NWTn
100
BWR]ddLs: 5
T[W. TWX. p. TgNW

dlLs:
d LPkR YPjp d Gj RYu UkRp CQkR
50 TdLL BiPYW lTm,
d 3 YPeL[L U]X TdLlThP Td BiPYo
LjR LjtLL BiPYW lTm,

>D - k d _ 2012

_TdlLs:
d [T Gu\ WUjp BXVm LhYRtLL GdLlTm
VtLs Yt T\m. EV SToLPm AU PdLm.
CkR YPjXV BXVm Lh dLlTPm _lTm,

154

40, TjR[m:

_Xh. _Wj

`]Ls:
, YNY pUo mTm
RN FVoLs: , To ]xTn. , TLW
YpeTn. , TLW UnTn.
, AUoVo omTTn. , To LdVTn. , TPp
S]dWmTn
BWR]ddLs : 13 UdLs C]eLs
: X

dlLs:
d LPkR YPjp d Gj RYu UkRp
CQkR 40 TdLLm. 45 V WUeL[ N`jRp
NkdL T NnRRtLLm BiPYW lTm,
d LPkR Bip 3000 Td N`lW Xm StNn
AdL RYu T NnRo,
d UXp GuTYd U]Sk BiPYo LjR
RXdLL BiPYW lTm,
_TdlLs:
d WUTnd BiPYo t Sok Lm RW _lTm,
d eLo Gu\ WUjp BXVm LhP Xm PdL _lTm,
d LoV. YdP. LV BV WUeLp BXVm LhPlTP
_lTm,
d UXY Gu\ URY BiPYu Au]p RPlTP
_lTm,
d TpY Gu\ V WUjp BiPYW HtdLiP
3 mTeLs Es[], URYR AUlTf NokRYoLs
AYoL[ AdL TVj RkRW Nnu\]o, 3 YN
mTeLm ReLs YNjp EVdLm. GolTo
CVvu LpY Au] k Ls[m
_lTm,

EUoLm. _Wj

`]Ls:
, NUTn mTm
RN FVoLs: , v Tn. , WUuTn. , TnWhTn.
, Pv oY.
, LvTn mTm
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1200
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Yoo. R. lX. UnYu
dlLs:

>D - k d _ 2012

41, TjR[m:

155

d LPkR YPjp d Gj RYu UkRp CQkR

40 TdLL BiPYW lTm,
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CQkR V RN FVo , LvTn mTjtLL
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lTm,
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XjtLL BiPYW lTm,
_TdlLs:
d ml. L. UiP. LpYh. ElXh. L]. Pyo.
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_lTm,
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CVdLm EYL (LQdLt\ UdLs RYu UkRp
NodLlTP) _lTm,
d JqY WUjm FVjRj RP Nnm NhPUu\
El]oLs CWhdLlTP _lTm,
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LQlTm GolLs eL _lTm,
d UiP. LoUtm PyoWUeLp BXVdLhU]jt
LQlTm GolLs U\V _lTm,

42, TjR[m:

Lo]p. aV]

>D - k d _ 2012

`]Ls:
, UeYn. , WuNu
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, AWkj
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500
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WwjWo. NUo. Tp
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d LPkR YPjp d Gj RYu UkRp
156 82 TdLL BiPYW lTm,

_TdlLs:
d 2012 d 2013m Bits 800 BjUdLs RYu UkRp
NodLlTPm. 15 BWR]ddLs EYLm _lTm,

43, TjR[m:

TLV. _odLih

`]Ls:
RN FVoLs:
UdLs C]eLs:

, _TUo mTm
, Ap UpP. , Wx UpP
JWYu

>D - k d _ 2012

dlLs:
d LPkR YPm TlWY URjp BWmdLlThP CkR
TjR[jtLL BiPYW lTm,
d JWYu UdLs N`jt Lh Ym BoYjtLL
RY] lTm,
d O BWR]p LXk Lsm TLj. Rv. UiPp
BV UdLs hPeLdLLm RY] lTm,
d LPkR AdPTo URm SPjV LUdm Ld Uo
3000 To YkR]o, AYoLp ASLo CVvY NkR
CWhNLWL HtdLiP]o,
_TdlLs:
d ASL WUeLp CV WlTPm Xm N`jRd
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d Gj RYu UkRp CQV _lTm,
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RPlTh. RYu UkRp CQV _lTm,
d ANd Rv Gu\ YeL[ STo CVvY HtdLiP
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>D - k d _ 2012

- Nfhyhk; goq;Fb kf;fs; Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;

kw;Wk; k`huh\;buh Mfpa khepyq;fspy; mjpfkhf
cs;sdh;.
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#o;epiyiaAk; Mjhukhff; nfhz;L Nkl;y Nfhyhk;> kl;f
Nfhyhk; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wdh;.
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rkG+kp vd;W mh;j;jk;.
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rKjhaj;jpypUe;J gphpj;JtpLk; vd;W ek;Gfpd;wdh;.
tWikapd; fhuzkhf gps;isfis gs;spf;F
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fOij> ehp Nghd;w kpUfq;fspd; ,iwr;rpiaAk; tpUk;gp
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>D - k d _ 2012

d fhh;gfhhp goq;Fb kf;fs; kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;> k`huh\;buh

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>D - k d _ 2012

d fhj;Njhb goq;Fb kf;fs; k`huh\;buh> uh[];jhd; kw;Wk;

F[uhj; Mfpa khepyq;fspy; mjpfkhf cs;sdh;.
d ,th;fs; ,z;Nlh-Mhpa ,dj;jth;fs;. ,th;fSf;F
d vOj;J tbtkpy;yhj jq;fspd; jha;nkhopahd
fj;fhhpiaAk;> kuhj;jpiaAk; NgRfpd;wdh;.
d ,th;fs; fy;tpawptpy; Fiwe;J fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;. MfNt>
nghUshjhuj;jpy; kpfTk; gpd;jq;fpa epiyikapy; cs;sdh;.
d ,th;fspy; ntFrpyUf;F khj;jpuNk nrhe;jkhd epyq;fs;
cz;L. kw;wth;fs; cah; Fyj;jthpd; tay;fspy;
$ypNtiy nra;J md;whl tho;tpw;fhd tUkhdj;ijg;
ngWfpd;wdh;.
d mhprp> NfhJik kw;Wk; jhdpaq;fs; ,th;fsJ Kf;fpa
czT.
d ghy;a tpthfk; eilKiwapYs;sJ.
d ,t;tpdj;jpy; Mz;fs; gy ngz;fis jpUkzk;
nra;Jnfhs;fpd;wdh;.
d rg;igNjtp> krhy;fhhp Nghd;w nja;tq;fs; ,th;fspd;
Fynja;tq;fshFk;.
d ,th;fs; jq;fs; %jhijah;fspd; Mtpfis
tzq;Ffpd;wdh;.
d nfhba Fbg;gof;fj;jpw;F mbikfshf cs;sdh;.
d gpy;yp#dpak;> khe;jphPfk; Nghd;witfspy; mjpf ek;gpf;if
cilath;fs;.
d ke;jputhjpfis nja;tq;fshf epidj;J nghpJk;
ek;Gfpd;wdh;.
zA^:
d > \^ \]l_ V|D k\ \uD \ W^
\V VD.
d > \z >kBV _V k]D Fm
V|D, _s u V|D VD.
d > \^ \]l_ V|D VDB J D^ \V,
160 BV\ ^ E VD.

d k^ \]l_ srD s| kD V
VB ]V \V VD.

d kdPthh; goq;Fb kf;fs; gPfhh;> F[uhj; kw;Wk;

kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; Mfpa khepyq;fspYs;s fhLfspYk;>
kiyabthuq;fspYk; mjpfkhf cs;sdh;.
d ,th;fs; ehd;F> Ie;J> MW nja;tq;fis tzq;Fk;
Fhp`hh;> yNfuh> fN`uh Mfpa %d;W gphpTfis
cilath;fs;.
d Kf;fpa czT mhprp kw;Wk; jhdpaq;fs;. khl;biwr;rp jtpu
vy;yh kpUfq;fspd; khkprj;ijAk; rhg;gpLfpd;wdh;.
d rlq;Ffs; kw;Wk; rFdk; ghh;f;Fk; gof;fKilath;fs;.
d jpUkzk; nra;Ak;NghJ kzg;ngz; Cdkhf ,Ue;jhy;
mtSila rNfhjhpiaAk; jpUkzk; nra;J
nfhLf;fpd;wdh;.
d fztd; tpthfuj;J Nfhhpdhy; kidtpf;F mjpf gzKk;>
kidtp tpthfuj;J Nfhhpdhy; fztDf;F nfhQ;r gzk;
nfhLf;Fk; tof;fKk; cs;sJ.
d ,we;jth;fspd; Mtpia tzq;Fk; gof;fk; cilath;fs;.
zA^:
d > \^ \]l_ V|D k\ \uD \ W^
\V VD.
d > \z >kBV _V k]D Fm
V|D, _s u V|D VD.
d > \^ \]l_ V|D VDB J D^ \V,
BV\ ^ E VD.
d k^ \]l_ srD s| kD V
VB ]V \V VD.

5. igufp goq;Fb kf;fs;

d igufp goq;Fb kf;fs; kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;> ,uh[];jhd;>
xhp];]h kw;Wk; gPfhh; Mfpa khepyq;fspy; mjpfkhf
cs;sdh;.
d ,th;fSf;F ghgh[p> ituth> NahfP];tuk; MjPj;> gthdp
Mfpa NtW ngah;fSk; cz;L.

>D - k d _ 2012

4. kdPthh; goq;Fb kf;fs;

161

>D - k d _ 2012

d `pe;jp> ,uh[];jhdp nkhopfspy; NgRfpd;wdh;.

d igufp vDk; thh;j;ij ituf; vDk; rk];fpUj
nrhy;ypUe;J te;jJ. mjhtJ> kdpj czh;r;rpfis
Kw;wpYkhfj; Jwe;j Jwtpfis ,t;thW miog;ghh;fs;.
d ,th;fs; ePz;l jiyKbAld;> Kul;L cilfis
mzpe;jpUf;fpd;wdh;. vg;nghOJk; ifapy; xU tise;j
jbia itj;jpUf;fpd;wdh;.
d jq;fis #o;e;Js;s kf;fSf;F FUf;fshfg;
gzpGhpfpd;wdh;.
d ,th;fNs rikj;J rhg;gpLfpd;wdh;. ngz;fis
cld; itj;jpUg;gjpy;iy. mg;gb ahuhtJ nra;jhy;
rKjhaj;jpypUe;J tpyf;fp itf;fpd;wdh;.
d nra;Ak; jtWfs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lhy;> tpgr;rhukhf
,Ue;jhYk; $l jz;lid rpy kdpjh;fSf;F tpUe;J
nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj.
d rpyh; jpUkzk; nra;Jnfhs;tjhy; jho;j;jg;gl;l xU jdp
gphptpduhf xJf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;.
d tp\;Z> uhkh> fpU\;zh Mfpa nja;tq;fis
tzq;Ffpd;wdh;.
zA^:
d > \^ \]l_ V|D k\ \uD \ W^
\V VD.
d > \z >kBV _V k]D Fm
V|D, _s u V|D VD.
d > \^ \]l_ V|D VDB J D^ \V,
BV\ ^ E VD.
d k^ \]l_ srD s| kD V
VB ]V \V VD.

6. Fap goq;Fb kf;fs;

d Fap goq;Fb kf;fs; xhp];]h khepyj;jpYs;s Gy;ghdp

khtl;lj;jpy; mjpfkhf cs;sdh;.
d ,k;kf;fs; ngUk;ghYk; kiyfspYk;> Fd;WfspYk;
trpf;fpd;wdh;. Fap vd;w nkhop NgRk; ,th;fsJ nkhopf;F
vOj;J tbtk; fpilahJ.
d Viofshf ,Ug;gjhy; fy;tpawptpy; kpfTk;
162 gpd;jq;fpAs;sdh;.

d Kf;fpa Ntiy tptrhak;. ,th;fs; czT mhprp>

Ntl;ilahbg; gpbj;j kpUfq;fspd; khkprj;ij tpUk;gp
rhg;gpLfpd;wdh;.
d ngz;fs; Mz;fsplkpUe;J jg;gpj;Jf; nfhs;s jq;fs;
Kfq;fspy; NfhLfs; tiue;J moiff; Fiwj;Jf;
nfhs;fpd;wdh;.
d ,th;fs; Fiwe;jsT Mil mzpe;jpUg;gjhy; jq;fs;
fpuhkj;ij tpl;L NtW ,lq;fSf;Fr; nry;tjpy;iy.
d jq;fs; jiyapy; ,uz;L my;yJ %d;W rPg;Gfisr; nrhUfp
itj;jpUf;fpd;wdh;. MdhYk;> jiyia rPtpf;nfhs;tjpy;iy.
d ghy;a tpthfKk;> gyjhu kzKk; tof;fj;jpYs;sJ.
d tpjit kWkzKk;> tpthfuj;Jk; mDkjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
d #hpad;> el;rj;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk; kiyfs;> kuq;fs; Nghd;w
,aw;ifia nja;;tq;fshf topgLfpd;wdh;.
zA^:
d > \^ \]l_ V|D k\ \uD \ W^
\V VD.
d > \z >kBV _V k]D Fm
V|D, _s u V|D VD.
d > \^ \]l_ V|D VDB J D^ \V,
BV\ ^ E VD.
d k^ \]l_ srD s| kD V
VB ]V \V VD.

d XL goq;Fb kf;fs; `pkhr;ryg;gpuNjrk;> rpf;fpk;> `hpahdh

kw;Wk; gQ;rhg; Mfpa khepyq;fspy; mjpfkhf cs;;sdh;.
d ,th;fs; `pe;jp> `hpahdp Mfpa nkhopfspy; NgRfpd;wdh;.
d ,th;fsplk; fy;tp mwptpd;ikAk;> nghUshjhug;
gw;whf;FiwTk; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
d ML> khL thq;fp tpw;gJ> Ml;biwr;rp tpahghuk; nra;tJ>
rhuhak; tpw;gJ kw;Wk; jpdf;$yp Nghd;w Ntiyfisr;
nra;fpd;wdh;.
d gpwiu cgrhpg;gjpy; Mh;tk; fhl;Lk; ,th;fs; Rj;jj;jpy;
kpfTk; gpd;jq;fpAs;sdh;.

>D - k d _ 2012

7. XL goq;Fb kf;fs;

163

d rpWtajpNyNa jpUkzk; nra;Ak; gof;fk; ,th;fs; kj;jpapy;

fhzg;gLfpwJ.
d kWgpwg;gpd; kPJ ek;gpf;if nfhz;l ,th;fs;> ,we;jth;
mLj;j gpwtpapy; vd;dthf gpwg;ghh; vd;gij mwpa mjpf
Mh;tk; fhl;Lfpd;wdh;.
d ,k;kf;fs; vy;yh ,e;J nja;tq;fisAk; tzq;Ffpd;wdh;.
gPh; vd;W nrhy;yg;gLfpd;w (,we;JNghd K];yPk;
kdpjdpd;) Mtpia tzq;Ffpd;wdh;.
d khjh vd;W nrhy;yg;gLfpd;w fhspNjtpiaAk; kw;Wk;
jq;fs; FLk;gj;jpy; ,we;J Nghdth;fspd; MtpfisAk;
tzq;Ffpd;wdh;.
zA^:
d > \^ \]l_ V|D k\ \uD \ W^
\V VD.
d > \z >kBV _V k]D Fm
V|D, _s u V|D VD.
d > \^ \]l_ V|D VDB J D^ \V,
BV\ ^ E VD.
d k^ \]l_ srD s| kD V
VB ]V \V VD.

8. rfhhpah goq;Fb kf;fs;

>D - k d _ 2012

d rfhhpah goq;Fb kf;fs; kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;> ,uh[];jhd;

kw;Wk; cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; Mfpa khepyq;fspy; mjpfkhf
cs;sdh;.
d ,th;fSf;F nrfhpah> nrf;hpah> rfhpah> Nrhrpah Mfpa
NtW ngah;fSk; cz;L. ,th;fs; `pe;jp nkhopapy;
NgRfpd;wdh;.
d ,th;fspd; tho;f;ifj; juk; kpfTk; Nkhrkhd epiyikapy;
cs;sJ.
d nghUshjhuj;jpYk;> njhopy; hPjpapYk;> rKjhaj;jpYk;
kpfTk; gpd;jq;fpAs;sdh;.
d eil> cil> ghtizfspy; kw;w goq;Fb kf;fsplkpUe;J
,th;fs; kpfTk; NtWgl;Ls;sdh;.
d kw;w kf;fspdj;jpypUe;J ,th;fs; xJf;fg;gl;L tho;e;J
tUfpd;wdh;.
164d jz;zPh;> kUj;Jtk; Nghd;w mbg;gil trjpfs;

,th;fSf;Ff; fpilg;gjpy;iy.
d ,th;fs; epiyaw;wth;fshf Xhplj;jpypUe;J NtnwhU
,lj;jpw;F $l;lk; $l;lkhf> FLk;gkhf miye;J
jphpfpd;wdh;.
d ,t;tpd kf;fsplj;jpy; Foe;ijj; jpUkzk; ,d;Wk;
tof;fj;jpYs;sJ.
d ,th;fSf;nfd;W fpuhkj; jiyth;fs; cz;L. fpuhkj;
jiytiu khj;Nj vd;wiof;fpd;wdh;. fpuhkj; jiyth;fs;
nrhy;tijNa nja;t thf;fhf vLj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wdh;.
d kUj;Jtkidf;Fr; nry;yNth> kUj;Jtk; ghh;f;fNth
Nghjpa gz trjpaw;wth;fshf ,Uf;fpd;wdh;.
d ahuhtJ tpahjpg;gl;lhy; VjhtJ ke;jpuk; nra;jhy;
FzkhfptpLk; vd;W ek;Gfpd;wdh;.
zA^:
d > \^ \]l_ V|D k\ \uD \ W^
\V VD.
d > \z >kBV _V k]D Fm
V|D, _s u V|D VD.
d > \^ \]l_ V|D VDB J D^ \V,
BV\ ^ E VD.
d k^ \]l_ srD s| kD V
VB ]V \V VD.

9. jhDf; goq;Fb kf;fs;

>D - k d _ 2012

d jhDf; goq;Fb kf;fs; gPfhh;> `hpahdh kw;Wk; ,uh[];jhd;

Mfpa khepyq;fspy; mjpfkhf cs;sdh;.
d ,th;fs; mq;fp`h> `hpahd;tp Mfpa nkhopfspy;
NgRfpd;wdh;.
d jho;j;g;gl;l tptrhapfshff; fUjg;gLfpd;wdh;.
d ,th;fs; fpuhkf;fhtyh;fshfTk;> jpUkzj;jpd;NghJ Nksk;
nfhl;Lfpwth;fshfTk; Ntiy nra;J gpiof;fpd;wdh;.
d ,th;fsJ %jhijah; rkhh; ,dj; je;ijf;Fk;> re;jhy;
,dj; jha;f;Fk; gpwe;jth;fshff; fUjg;gLfpd;wdh;.
d xUth; ,U ngz;fisj; jpUkzk; nra;Jnfhs;s
mDkjpapy;iy.
d tpjit kWkzKk;> tpthfuj;Jk; tof;fj;jpYs;sJ.
165

d jpUkzkhfhj ngz;Zf;F NtnwhUtUld; jfhj cwT

,Ue;jhy; mguhjk; tpjpf;fpd;wdh;.
d ,th;fSf;F kJ mUe;Jk; gof;fKz;L.
d ,e;J nja;tkhd Njtpia topgLfpd;wdh;.
d jq;fSf;F Vw;gLk; tpahjpfs; mRj;j Mtpapdhy; tUfpwJ
vd;W ek;Gfpd;wdh;.
zA^:
d > \^ \]l_ V|D k\ \uD \ W^
\V VD.
d > \z >kBV _V k]D Fm
V|D, _s u V|D VD.
d > \^ \]l_ V|D VDB J D^ \V,
BV\ ^ E VD.
d k^ \]l_ srD s| kD V
VB ]V \V VD.

10. Nfhah goq;Fb kf;fs;

>D - k d _ 2012

d Nfhah goq;Fb kf;fs; Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> fh;ehlfh>

k`huh\;buh kw;Wk; xhp];]h Mfpa khepyq;fspy;
mjpfkhf cs;sdh;.
d ,th;fs; Nfhz;L vdg;gLk; goq;Fb kf;fspd; xU
gphptpduhth;.
d gQ;rj;jpd; fhuzkhf ,UE}W Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G gRjh;
gFjpapypUe;J Me;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy; FbNawpath;fs;.
d jq;fspd; goik khwhky; ,d;Wk; fhl;Lg; gFjpfspNyNa
tho;e;J tUfpd;wdh;.
d ,th;fspd; Kf;fpa czT Gspaq;nfhl;il khTf; fQ;rp>
mhprpf; fQ;rp> Nth;j;jz;Lfs; kw;Wk; kug;gl;ilfSkhFk;.
d ,th;fs; jiyapy; nghpa Kz;lhR fl;bf;nfhz;L>
rpwFfshy; myq;fhpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wdh;.
d epiyahf Xhplj;jpy; trpf;fhky; ehNlhbfshf Rw;wpj;
jphpfpd;wdh;.
d tujl;rizg; gof;fk; ,th;fsplk; ,y;iy. kzkfdpd;
ngw;Nwhh;jhd; ngz;Zf;F XusT gzk; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
d #hpa gfthd;> kfhyl;Rkp Nghd;w nja;tq;fis
166 tzq;Ffpd;wdh;.

d mWtil tpohtpy; taJtpj;jpahrkpd;wp midtUk;

Fbj;Jtpl;L Mbg;ghLfpd;wdh;.
zA^:
d > \^ \]l_ V|D k\ \uD \ W^
\V VD.
d > \z >kBV _V k]D Fm
V|D, _s u V|D VD.
d > \^ \]l_ V|D VDB J D^ \V,
BV\ ^ E VD.
d k^ \]l_ srD s| kD V
VB ]V \V VD.

d Nfhz;L goq;Fb kf;fs; Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> gPfhh;> F[uhj;

kw;Wk; fh;ehlfh Mfpa khepyq;fspy; mjpfkhf cs;sdh;.
d ,e;jpag; goq;FbfSf;Fs; mjpfkhd kf;fs; njhifiaf;
nfhz;lth;fs; ,th;fNs. ,th;fs; Nfhz;b vd;w nkhopapy;
NgRfpd;wdh;.
d ey;y Njff;fl;Lld;> jl;ilahd %f;F> jbj;j cjL>
fUikahd epwj;Jld; fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;.
d Nfhz;L vd;Dk; nrhy;ypw;F khl;biwr;rpia cz;gth;fs;
vd;Wk;> gRkhl;ilf; nfhy;gth;fs; vd;Wk; nghUs;gLk;.
d Mz;fs; jiyia nkhl;ilabj;J> eLtpy; xU rpy Kbia
tpl;LtpLfpd;wdh;. rpyh; jiyg;ghifAld; xU fhjpy; kl;Lk;
fhjzp mzpfpd;wdh;.
d ngz;fs; ePz;l Jzpahy; cliyr; Rw;wp> Koq;fhy; tiu
mzpe;J nfhs;fpd;wdh;. Kfj;jpYk;> njhilapYk; gr;ir
Fj;jpf; nfhs;fpd;wdh;.
d ,t;tpdj;jpYs;s Mz;fSk;> ngz;fSk;; kJ mUe;JtJk;>
Gifg;gpbg;gJk; kpfr;rhjhuzk;.
d ,th;fs; jq;fs; nja;tq;fisAk;> MtpfisAk; mjpfkhf
ek;Gfpd;wdh;.
d ,th;fs; jq;fs; ghuk;ghpa gof;ftof;fq;fis ,d;Wk;
filg;gpbj;J tUfpd;wdh;.
zA^:
d > \^ \]l_ V|D k\ \uD \ W^
\V VD.

>D - k d _ 2012

11. Nfhz;L goq;Fb kf;fs;

167

d > \z >kBV _V k]D Fm

V|D, _s u V|D VD.
d > \^ \]l_ V|D VDB J D^ \V,
BV\ ^ E VD.
d k^ \]l_ srD s| kD V
VB ]V \V VD.

12. vUf;Fyh goq;Fb kf;fs;

>D - k d _ 2012

d vUf;Fyh goq;Fb kf;fs; Me;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy; mjpfkhf

cs;sdh;. ,th;fs; vUf;Fy nkhopapy; NgRfpd;wdh;.
d ,th;fs; jq;fis Fh;W ,dj;jth; vd;W
nrhy;ypf;nfhs;fpd;wdh;. Fh;W vd;gJ Fwth; ,dj;ijf;
Fwpf;Fk;.
d ,th;fs; njhopy; Kiwfshy; Kr;Rf;FW> Xuq;FW> ehL
jphpfpwFW> jg;gyhaFW kw;Wk; FQ;RFW vd Ie;J
gphpTfshfg; gphpe;Js;sdh;. ,th;fs; fWg;G epwKilath;fs;.
d Kr;Rf;FW gphptpdhpd; Kf;fpa Ntiy Fwp nrhy;tJ.
,th;fs; xU rpwpaNfhy;> Kwk;> $il> Nrhopfs; Mfpa
,tw;Wld; nrd;W kw;wth;fSf;F Fwpr; nrhy;yp gzKk;>
czTk; ngWfpd;wdh;.
d Xuq;FW gphptpdh; fpuhkq;fis fhty; fhj;Jk;> Xa;T
Neuj;jpy; <r;rk;gha;> $il gpd;dpAk; tUtha; ngWfpd;wdh;.
d ehL jphpfpwFW gphptpdh; mbf;fb ntspA+h; nrd;W Ntiy
NjLfpd;wdh;.
d jg;gyhaFW gphptpdh; jg;igia (%q;fpiy) gpse;J mjdhy;
Kwk;> $il> jl;b Kilfpd;wdh;.
d FQ;RFW gphptpdh; jq;fspd; njhopiyf; nfhz;Nl
FQ;rk; nra;gth;fs;> cwp nra;gth;fs;> Fuq;fhl;bfs; vd
gphpf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;.
d rFdq;fspy; mjpf ek;gpf;if itj;Js;s ,th;fs; Nga;>
gprhR> kWgpwg;G Nghd;wtw;iwAk; ek;Gfpd;wdh;.
zA^:
d > \^ \]l_ V|D k\ \uD \ W^
\V VD.
d > \z >kBV _V k]D Fm
V|D, _s u V|D VD.
168d > \^ \]l_ V|D VDB J D^ \V,

BV\ ^ E VD.
d k^ \]l_ srD s| kD V
VB ]V \V VD.

13. Nghz;Nlh goq;Fb kf;fs;

>D - k d _ 2012

d Nghz;Nlh goq;Fb kf;fs; xhp];]h khepyj;jpYs;s

khq;Fz;L ejpapd; tlNkw;Fg; gFjpapy; mjpfkhf cs;sdh;.
d ,th;fs; M];bupr; nkhopapy; NgRfpd;wdh;. ,ay;ghfNt
Kul;Lj; jd;ik cilath;fs;.
d ,th;fs; trpf;Fk; fpuhkq;fs; nrq;Fj;jhd
kiyr;rhpTfSf;F ,ilNa cs;sd. ,th;fs; %q;fpyhy;
nra;ag;gl;l tPLfspy; tho;fpd;wdh;.
d Mz;fs; fhLfspy; Nfhtzj;Jld; jphpfpd;wdh;.
Njhl;lq;fspy; gzpahw;Wfpwth;fs; kl;LNk rl;il
mzpfpd;wdh;.
d fzth; jd; kidtpapd; jiyia nkhl;ilabj;J
tpLfpd;whh;.
d Mz;fs; Gifgpbj;Jk;> kJghdq;fis mUe;jpAk; Neuj;ij
nrytpLfpd;wdh;.
d ,t;tpdg; ngz;fs; nea;jy;> ,iyfisj; ijj;jy; Nghd;w
Ntiyfisr; nra;fpd;wdh;.
d jq;fSf;nfd;W jdp tPL fl;bagpwF vUikia thq;fp
myq;fhpj;J mijr; Rw;wp eldkhLfpd;wdh;. gpd;G mij
gphpahzpahf rikf;fpd;wdh;.
d ngz;fs; mjpfkhd tisay;fis mzpe;jhy; gps;isg;NgW
fpilf;Fk; vd;W ek;Gfpd;wdh;.
d ,we;jth;fSf;F epidTr; rpd;dk; itj;J gilay;fisg;
gilg;gjpdhy; ,we;jthpd; Mtp njhy;iy nfhLf;fhky;
,Uf;Fnkd;W ek;Gfpd;wdh;.
zA^:
d > \^ \]l_ V|D k\ \uD \ W^
\V VD.
d > \z >kBV _V k]D Fm
V|D, _s u V|D VD.
d > \^ \]l_ V|D VDB J D^ \V,
169

BV\ ^ E VD.
d k^ \]l_ srD s| kD V
VB ]V \V VD.

14. fhrp goq;Fb kf;fs;

>D - k d _ 2012

d fhrp goq;Fb kf;fs; m];]hk;> Nkfhyah> kpNrhuk; kw;Wk;

ehfyhe;J Mfpa khepyq;fspy; mjpfkhf cs;sdh;.
d khd;fhkh;f;> fhrp Mfpa nkhopfspy; NgRfpd;wdh;
d kiyKfLfSf;F rw;Wj; js;sp fw;fs; my;yJ
kuf;fl;ilfshy; ePs;tl;l tbtpy; tPLfisf; fl;Lfpd;wdh;.
d xU FLk;gj;jpd; tPLk;> eiffSk; thhpR chpikg;gb
mf;FLk;gj;jpd; filrpg; ngz;Zf;Nf te;JNrUfpd;wJ.
d FLk;gj;jpd; vy;yhr; rlq;FfisAk; Kd;dpd;W elj;JtJk;
filrpg; ngz;jhd;. ghl;b> kfs;> Ngj;jp vd;W FLk;gkhf
trpf;fpd;wdh;.
d Gdpjkhd epfo;r;rpfisAk;> rlq;FfisAk; ngz;fNs
Kd;dpd;W elj;Jfpd;wdh;. fztd; fye;Jnfhs;s mDkjp
,y;iy. ghh;itahsuhf ,Uf;fyhk;.
d FLk;gj;jpy; cs;s Mz;fSf;F khpahij nfhLf;fpd;wdh;.
Mdhy; KO chpikiaf; nfhLg;gjpy;iy.
d jpUkzj;jpy; kzkf;fs; xNu jl;by; czT cz;gJ
Kf;fpa rlq;fhFk;. fztd; kidtpapd; tPl;by; te;J
jq;FtJ tof;fkhFk;. ,itfspdhy; Mz;fSf;F
jpUkzkhdJk; jq;fs; FLk;gj;Jld; cwNt
mw;Wg;Ngha;tpLfpwJ.
d ,th;fs; Cgpnya; ehq;F vd;w gilg;G nja;tj;ijAk;>
Cnya; yhq;Rgh vd;w nry;t NjtijiaAk;> Cnya;
ck;lhq;F vd;w jz;zPh; NjtijiaAk; tzq;Ffpd;wdh;.
zA^:
d > \^ \]l_ V|D k\ \uD \ W^
\V VD.
d > \z >kBV _V k]D Fm
V|D, _s u V|D VD.
d > \^ \]l_ V|D VDB J D^ \V,
BV\ ^ E VD.
170

d k^ \]l_ srD s| kD V
VB ]V \V VD.

d [{thq; goq;Fb kf;fs; xhp];]h khepyj;jpYs;s khy;afphp

vd;Dk;; kiyr;rhuypy; mjpfkhf cs;sdh;.
d ,th;fspd; jha;nkhop xhpah.
d Mz;fs; fhLfspy; tpwF ntl;b mij efh;g;Gwj;jpw;F
vLj;Jr;nrd;W tpw;fpd;wdh;.
d ngz;fs; %q;fpy; $ilfs; nra;Jk;> fhl;by; fpilf;Fk;
fha;fdpfis tpw;Wk; gpiof;fpd;wdh;. ,th;fs;
kw;wth;fSld; neUq;;fpg; goFtjpy;iy.
d ,th;fspd; Fbirfs; kpfTk; FWfyhdit. G+i[fs; elj;j
jdpf;Fbirfs; cz;L.
d ,iwtd; xsp tbtkhdtd; vd;W ek;Gfpd;wdh;.
d rq;F flTspd; Kf;fpa ifg;nghUs; vd;Wk;> rq;fpd; xyp
flTspd; Kof;fk; vd;Wk; fUJtjhy;> ,uz;ilAk; kpfg;
Gdpjkhfg; Nghw;Wfpd;wdh;.
d G+i[apd;NghJ caph;gyp nfhLf;Fk; tof;fk; cz;L.
d gQ;rj;ijg; Nghf;Ftjw;fhfg; gs;sk; Njhz;b mjpy; jP
tsh;f;fpd;wdh;. ,iyfisf; nfhz;L mfy; tpsf;F nra;J
mjpy; vz;nzapl;Lj; jPgk; Vw;wp itf;fpd;wdh;. ,t;tpohit
xU thuk; tiu nfhz;lhLfpd;wdh;. ,g;gbr; nra;tjhy;
kio nga;Ak; vd;W ek;Gfpd;wdh;.
d ,th;fs; G+i[fspy; mjpf Neuj;ij nryT nra;fpd;wdh;.
zA^:
d > \^ \]l_ V|D k\ \uD \ W^
\V VD.
d > \z >kBV _V k]D Fm
V|D, _s u V|D VD.
d > \^ \]l_ V|D VDB J D^ \V,
BV\ ^ E VD.
d k^ \]l_ srD s| kD V
VB ]V \V VD.

>D - k d _ 2012

15. [{thq; goq;Fb kf;fs;

171

>D - k d _ 2012

16. Vdhjp goq;Fb kf;fs;

d Vdhjp goq;Fb kf;fs; Me;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy; mjpfkhf
cs;sdh;. ,th;fs; njYq;F nkhopapy; NgRfpd;wdh;.
d ,th;fspy; cah;e;j [hjp> jho;e;j [hjp vd;W ,U gphpTfs;
cs;sJ.
d cah;e;j [hjp vd;W $wg;gLk; nul;b Vdhjp kf;fs;
tPLfspy; Ntiy nra;fpd;wdh;. jPz;lj;jfhjth;fshff;
fUjg;gLk; fug;g Vdhjp kf;fs; tptrhaf; $yp Ntiy
nra;fpd;wdh;.
d fhl;by; Ntl;ilahb czT Nrfhpg;gJ ,th;fsJ Kf;fpa
Ntiy. ,th;fspy; rpyh; kPd; gpbf;Fk; njhopiyAk;
nra;fpd;wdh;.
d Mz;fs; mjpfkhd ngz;fis jpUkzk; nra;J
nfhs;fpd;wdh;.
d tpthfuj;Jk;> tpjit kWkzKk; gof;fj;jpYs;sJ.
d ,th;fs; nrQ;R NjtU vd;Dk; FLk;g nja;tj;ijAk;>
eurpk;kd; vd;Dk; ,e;J nja;tj;ijAk; tzq;Ffpd;wdh;.
zA^:
d > \^ \]l_ V|D k\ \uD \ W^
\V VD.
d > \z >kBV _V k]D
Fm V|D, _s u V|D VD.
d > \^ \]l_ V|D VDB J D^ \V,
BV\ ^ E VD.
d k^ \]l_ srD s| kD V
VB ]V \V VD.

17. X goq;Fb kf;fs;

d X goq;Fb kf;fs; gPfhh;> xhp];]h> Nkw;F tq;fhsk;

Mfpa khepyq;fspy; mjpfkhf cs;sdh;.
d ,th;fSf;F yhh;fhNfhy; goq;Fb kf;fs; vd;w NtW
ngaUk; cz;L. ,th;fs; Kz;lhhp nkhopiag; NgRfpd;wdh;.
Kz;lhhp nkhopapy; X vd;why; kdpjd; vd;W nghUs;.
172d Kd;G ,th;fs; fhLfis vhpj;J tptrhak;

18. gdpah; goq;Fb kf;fs;

d gdpah; goq;Fb kf;fs; Nfush> fh;ehlfh> jkpo;ehL Mfpa
khepyq;fspy; mjpfkhf cs;sdh;.
d ,th;fs; kiyahs nkhopapy; NgRfpd;wdh;.
rhiyNahuq;fspy; tho;e;J tUfpd;wdh;.
d ,th;fs; ,d;Dk; ehfhPfg; gof;ftof;fq;fspypUe;J
xJq;fpNa cs;sdh;.
d $yp Ntiy nra;Jk;> fhLfspy; kuk; ntl;bAk;

>D - k d _ 2012

nra;Jnfhz;bUe;jdh;. jw;NghJ fhLfspypUe;J nghUl;fis

Nrfhpj;Jk;> fhy; eilfis tsh;j;Jk; tUfpd;wdh;. NkYk;
gl;Lg; GOf;fis rhy; vd;Dk; kuq;fspy; ghJfhg;ghf
tsh;j;J gl;L E}iy tpw;Wk; gpiof;fpd;wdh;.
d fhLfspy; ,Ue;J Nrfhpf;fg;gl;l %ypiffs; Kjypatw;iw
re;ijapy; tpw;Wk; gzk; rk;ghjpf;fpd;wdh;. ,th;fs; NtW
,dj;jpypUe;J tpUk;gpa ngz;iz kze;Jnfhs;fpd;wdh;.
d ,th;fSf;Fs; ngz;fis flj;jpf; nfhz;L Ngha; jpUkzk;
nra;Jnfhs;Sk; gof;fk; cs;sJ.
d ,th;fs; Mtpfis topgLfpd;wdh;. ,jw;F nghq;fh
vd;W ngah;. nghq;fh Mtp G+kpapy; cs;s kuq;fs;>
ePNuhilfs; vd midj;jpYk; Fb nfhz;Ls;sjhf ,th;fs;
ek;Gfpd;wdh;.
d Fy nja;tq;fSf;Fg; gypapLfpd;wdh;. #dpak;> Fwpg;ghh;j;jy;
%yk; jq;fSf;F ve;j Neha; kw;Wk; jPq;Ffs; tug;NghfpwJ
vd;gij Kd;$l;bNa mwpe;J nfhz;L Fwpg;gpl;l Mtpf;F
rka rlq;Ffis nra;jhy; Nehapdpd;Wk;> jPq;Ffspdpd;Wk;
jg;gpj;Jf; nfhs;syhk; vd;W ek;Gfpd;wdh;.
zA^:
d > \^ \]l_ V|D k\ \uD \ W^
\V VD.
d > \z >kBV _V k]D Fm
V|D, _s u V|D VD.
d > \^ \]l_ V|D VDB J D^ \V,
BV\ ^ E VD.
d k^ \]l_ srD s| kD V
VB ]V \V VD.

173

gpiof;fpd;wdh;. NtW rpyh; nghpa tpahghhpfsplj;jpYk;>

gzf;fhuh;fspd; tPLfspYk; Ntiy nra;fpd;wdh;.
d ,th;fs; FLk;gj;jpy; ahNuDk; ,we;Jtpl;lhy; vspa
Kiwapy; gpzj;ij mlf;fk; nra;JtpLfpd;wdh;.
%d;whz;Lfs; fopj;J fUk fhhpaj;ijr; nra;tJ
tof;fj;jpYs;sJ.
d kuj;jpd; fPNo $b khrhdp mk;kd; nja;tj;ij epWj;jp
topgLfpd;wdh;. mj;Jld; neUg;G topghLk; eilngWk;.
,ijj; jtph;j;J rdP];tud; vd;w nja;tj;ijAk;
topgLfpd;wdh;.
d ,th;fs; Xzk;> tp\h> cfhjp> rq;fuhe;jp Nghd;w
gz;biffisf; nfhz;lhLfpd;wdh;.
zA^:
d > \^ \]l_ V|D k\ \uD \ W^
\V VD.
d > \z >kBV _V k]D Fm
V|D, _s u V|D VD.
d > \^ \]l_ V|D VDB J D^ \V,
BV\ ^ E VD.
d k^ \]l_ srD s| kD V
VB ]V \V VD.

19. kd;dp goq;Fb kf;fs;

>D - k d _ 2012

d kd;dp goq;Fb kf;fs; Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> k`huh\;buh

kw;Wk; fh;ehlfhtpy; mjpfkhf cs;sdh;.
d ,th;fs; njYq;F nkhopapy; NgRfpd;wdh;. ,th;fSf;Fs;
td;fh ky;yh> #uk;> Nuhlh kw;Wk; uha;g;Gs;sp Mfpa gy
cl;gphpTfs; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
d ,th;fspy; ngUk;ghNyhh; tptrhapfs;. NkYk; guk;giuahf
rpyh; tptrhaf; $ypNtiy nra;fpwth;fshfTk;> fpuhkf;
fhtyh;fshfTk; cs;sdh;.
d ,th;fs; fy;tpawptpy; kpfTk; gpd;jq;fpa epiyikapy;
cs;sdh;.
d ,th;fSf;nfd;W nrhe;j tPLfNsh> epyq;fNsh fpilahJ.
d ,th;fSf;F mbg;gil trjpfs; kpfTk; FiwT.
d kJghdk;> fs; mUe;Jk; gof;fKilath;fs;.
174

d xUjhu kzk; ,th;fs; tof;fj;jpYs;sJ.

d %jhijah;fspd; gof;ftof;fq;fisAk;> kjr;rlq;FfisAk;
gpd;gw;Wfpd;wdh;.
d Xt;nthU fpuhkj;jpYk; ,th;fSf;nfd;W fpuhkj;jiyth;fs;
cz;L. jq;fSf;Fs; Vw;gLk; gpur;rpid> gphptpidfis
,th;fs; %yk; jPh;j;Jf;nfhs;fpd;wdh;.
d ,th;fs; kpfTk; Viofshf ,Ug;gjhy; fld; thq;fp
gpiog;G elj;Jfpd;wdh;.
d ,e;Jf;fspd; Kf;fpa gz;biffshd cfhjp> rq;fuhe;jpia
nfhz;lhfpd;wdh;.
zA^:
d > \^ \]l_ V|D k\ \uD \ W^
\V VD.
d > \z >kBV _V k]D Fm
V|D, _s u V|D VD.
d > \^ \]l_ V|D VDB J D^ \V,
BV\ ^ E VD.
d k^ \]l_ srD s| kD V
VB ]V \V VD.

d nfhz;lh goq;Fb kf;fs; Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> Nfush>

jkpo;ehL kw;Wk; xhp];]h Mfpa khepyq;fspy; mjpfkhf
cs;sdh;.
d ,th;fSf;Fs; nfhz;lh Njhuh> nfhz;lh nul;b> nfhz;lh
fG+ Mfpa %d;W ngUk; gphpTfs; cs;sJ.
d $a; vd;Dk; jpuhtpl nkhopiag; NgRfpd;wdh;.
d Kd;G ,iy> jiofshyhd Milia cLj;jp te;jdh;.
jw;NghJ> Fiwe;j mstpyhd Jzp Milfis mzpag;
gofpAs;sdh;.
d ngz;fs; iftisay;fisAk;> FifNghzp vd;w
jiyazpiaAk; mzpfpd;wdh;.
d ,th;fsJ Kf;fpa Ntiy Ntl;ilahLtJ kw;Wk; tptrhak;
nra;tJ.
d jq;fSf;F czTk;> jz;zPUk; gw;whf;Fiw Vw;gLk;NghJ
,lk; tpl;L ,lk; khwpr; nry;fpd;wdh;.

>D - k d _ 2012

20. nfhz;lh goq;Fb kf;fs;

175

d ,th;fs; jpUkzj;ij rpy rFdq;fisg; ghh;j;J KbT

nra;fpd;wdh;. kzkfd; tPl;by; kzg;ngz;zpd; ngauhy;
nghq;fypLfpd;wdh;. mhprp nghq;fpdhNyh my;yJ ghk;igg;
ghh;j;jhNyh jpUkzj;ij epWj;jptpLfpd;wdh;.
d ,th;fspilNa tpthfuj;Jk;> tpjit kWkzKk;
tof;fj;jpYs;sJ.
d kidtp kWkzk; nra;jhy;> ,uz;lhtJ fztd;> Kjy;
fztDf;Fg; ghprg; gzj;ijf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
d ,we;jth;fis vhpg;gJk;> Foe;ijfs;> fh;g;gpzpfs;
KjypNahiug; Gijg;gJk; tof;fj;jpYs;sJ. ,we;jthpd;
clypYs;s Mguzq;fis mfw;Wtjpy;iy. ,uz;lhtJ
ehsd;W czit RLfhl;bw;F vLj;Jr; nrd;W
gilf;fpd;wdh;. %d;whk; ehs; kj;jh vdg;gLk; <kr; rlq;fpy;
,we;jtUf;F cUtk; nra;J tPl;bd; $iuapy; njhq;f
tpLfpd;wdh;. mg;nghOJ cwtpdh; midtUk; Gyk;gp
mOfpd;wdh;. ,we;j VohtJ ehs; gyp G+i[ elj;jp> jPl;L
fopf;fpd;wd.
zA^:
d > \^ \]l_ V|D k\ \uD \ W^
\V VD.
d > \z >kBV _V k]D Fm
V|D, _s u V|D VD.
d > \^ \]l_ V|D VDB J D^ \V,
BV\ ^ E VD.
d k^ \]l_ srD s| kD V
VB ]V \V VD.

21. ,Ush; goq;Fbfs;

>D - k d _ 2012

d ,Ush; goq;Fb kf;fs; Nfush> fh;ehlfh> jkpo;ehL Mfpa

khepyq;fspy; mjpfkhf cs;sdh;.
d ,th;fs; fhLfspYk;> kiyr;rhuypYk; trpf;fpd;wdh;.
d ,th;fSf;nfd;W xU jdpnkhop cz;L. ,th;fsJ Ngr;rpy;
jkpo; mjpfkhff; fye;jpUf;fpd;wJ.
d ,th;fsplk; kw;wth;fs; tPl;by; rhg;gpLk; gof;fk; ,y;iy.
,th;fs; kpfTk; fbdkhd ciog;ghspfs;.
d fzth; ,we;Jtpl;lhYk;> fztuhy; js;sp itf;fg;gl;lhYk;
ngz;fs; kWkzk; nra;Jnfhs;tjpy;iy.
176

d ,wg;G rlq;Ffspy; jtwhky; vy;NyhUk; fye;J nfhs;s

Ntz;Lk; vd;w kuigf; filgpbj;J tUfpd;wdh;.
d gpzj;ij vhpj;J rhk;giyg; Gijf;fpd;wdh;. rhk;giyg;
Gijj;j ,lj;jpy; Nfhapy; vOg;Gfpd;wdh;.
d khtds;s vd;w ngahpy; khrp tpohit elj;Jfpd;wdh;.
,t;tpohtpy; fhiy Ntisapy; Mz;fs; jP kpjpf;fpd;wdh;.

zA^:
d > \^ \]l_ V|D k\ \uD \ W^
\V VD.
d > \z >kBV _V k]D Fm
V|D, _s u V|D VD.
d > \^ \]l_ V|D VDB J D^ \V,
BV\ ^ E VD.
d k^ \]l_ srD s| kD V
VB ]V \V VD.

d re;jhy; goq;Fb kf;fs; gPfhh;> xhp];]h> jphpGuh kw;Wk;

Nkw;F tq;fhsk; Mfpa khepyq;fspy; mjpfkhf cs;sdh;.
d ,th;fs; re;jhyp nkhopapy; NgRfpd;wdh;. xhpah nkhopapy;
vOJfpd;wdh;.
d ,th;fs; Fs;skhd cUtKk;> fWj;j epwKk;> ePz;l
jiyAlDk; fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;.
d ,th;fsJ Kf;fpaj; njhopy; tptrhak;. ehNlhbfshd
,th;fs; $l;Lf; FLk;gkhfNt tho;fpd;wdh;.
d Ie;J cWg;gpdh;fs; nfhz;l gQ;rhaj;J Kiwiag;
gpd;gw;Wfpd;wdh;.
d jpUkzk;> jpUtpoh Nghd;w vy;yh rlq;FfisAk; mWtil
Kbe;j gpwNf itj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wdh;.
d ngah; #l;L tpoh> ,e;j r%fj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth; vd;w chpik
ngWk; tpohit epiwNtw;wpa gpd;Ng jpUkzr; rlq;Ffis
Nkw;nfhs;s chpikAz;L. ,tw;iwr; nra;ahj xUtd;
,t;tpdg; ngz;iz jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;s KbahJ.
mtd; ,we;jhy; mlf;fKk; nra;a khl;lhh;fs;.

>D - k d _ 2012

22. re;jhy; goq;Fb kf;fs;

177

d kzkfd; kzkfspd; new;wpapy; jpyfkpl;lTld; jk;gjpfshfp

tpLfpd;wdh;.
d tpjitfs; kw;Wk; tpthfuj;J ngw;wth;fs; kWkzk;
nra;Jnfhs;Sk; gof;fk; ,th;fsplj;jpy; cz;L.
d ,we;jthpd; Mtpf;Fg; gilay; NghLfpd;wdh;.
d kWgpwg;gpy; ,th;fSf;F jPtpu ek;gpf;ifAz;L.
zA^:
d > \^ \]l_ V|D k\ \uD \ W^
\V VD.
d > \z >kBV _V k]D Fm
V|D, _s u V|D VD.
d > \^ \]l_ V|D VDB J D^ \V,
BV\ ^ E VD.
d k^ \]l_ srD s| kD V
VB ]V \V VD.

23. frth; goq;Fb kf;fs;

>D - k d _ 2012

d frth; goq;Fb kf;fs; Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> gPfhh;> Nfhth

kw;Wk; xhp];]h Mfpa khepyq;fspy; mjpfkhf cs;sdh;.
d ,th;fSf;F [hnkuh> fhnruh Mfpa NtW ngah;fSk;
cz;L. ,th;fs; jbj;j cjLk;> RUz;l jiyKbAk;> fWg;G
epwKk; cilath;fs;.
d ,th;fs; NgRk; nkhop fd;dl nkhopNahL neUq;fpa
njhlh;GilaJ.
d jq;fs; ,dj;jpYs;s ngz; kw;w ,dj;jtUld;
tho;e;jhy; mg;ngz;iz jq;fs; ,dj;jpypUe;J tpyf;fp
itj;JtpLfpd;wdh;.
d tpthfuj;J nra;jth;fSk;> fztid ,oe;j tpjitfSk;
kWkzk; nra;Jnfhs;syhk;.
d ,we;j mz;zdpd; kidtpiaj; jk;gp jpUkzk;
nra;Jnfhs;sf;$lhJ. Mdhy; ,we;j jk;gpapd; kidtpia
mz;zd; jpUkzk; nra;Jnfhs;syhk;.
d ,th;fs; ,we;jth;fisg; Gijf;fpd;wdh;. me;j ,lj;jpy;
%d;whtJ ehs; Nfhl;ilf;fy; vd;w fy; xd;iw
el;L itj;J> Mz;bw;F xUKiw mt;tplj;jpy; G+i[
elj;Jfpd;wdh;.
178

d kpff;Fiwe;J fhzg;gl;l ,k;kf;fspd; vz;zpf;if

rkPgfhykhf mjpfhpj;J tUfpwJ.
zA^:
d > \^ \]l_ V|D k\ \uD \ W^
\V VD.
d > \z >kBV _V k]D Fm
V|D, _s u V|D VD.
d > \^ \]l_ V|D VDB J D^ \V,
BV\ ^ E VD.
d k^ \]l_ srD s| kD V
VB ]V \V VD.

24. Nglh; goq;Fb kf;fs;

>D - k d _ 2012

d Nglh; goq;Fb kf;fs; k`huh\;buh> fh;ehlfh> gQ;rhg;

kw;Wk; Nfhth Mfpa khepyq;fspy; mjpfkhf cs;sdh;.
d ,th;fs; jpuhtplg; goq;Fbfshd Ngl; my;yJ NglU
vdg;gLk; Ntlh;fshFk;. ,e;Jf;fs; Nglh vdTk;>
K];yPk;fs; Ngul; vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wdh;.
d ,th;fs; fpuhkf; fhtyh;fshf Ntiy nra;tjhy;
eha;f;fthb my;yJ eha;f;fkf;fS vd;Wk;
miof;fg;gLfpd;wdh;. ,th;fs; fd;dlKk;> kuhj;jpAk; fye;J
NgRfpd;wdh;.
d ,th;fs; jpdf;$yp Ntiyf;fhuh;fshfTk;> jfty;
nrhy;fpwth;fshfTk; ,Uf;fpd;wdh;.
d jq;fs; epyq;fspy; Fiwe;j ciog;gpy; mjpf tpisr;ry;
ngw rptdplk; tuj;ij ngw;Wf;nfhz;ljhf ek;Gfpd;wdh;.
d ghy;a tpthfKk;> tpjit kWkzKk;> tpthfuj;Jk;
tof;fj;jpYs;sJ.
d new;wpapd; kPJk;> fz;fspd; mUfpYk; gr;irf; Fj;jpf;
nfhs;fpd;wdh;.
d fd;dpg; ngz;fspy; rpyiu ,th;fsJ kjFU NfhapYf;F
mioj;Jr; nrd;W flTspd; ngauhy; ghrhy vdg;gLk;
jhrpfshf mwptpf;fpd;wdh;.
d gpy;yp #dpak;> N[hjplk; Nghd;wtw;iw ek;Gfpd;wdh;.
d G+Ndapy; [dha;> N[hf;fha; vd;Dk; nja;tq;fisAk;>
Nrhyhg;g+hpy; mk;gh gha;> N[hjpgh vd;Dk; nja;tq;fisAk;>179

jhh;thby; `Dg;gh vd;Dk; nja;tj;ijAk;;> gP[g;G+hpy; Jh;fh>

khUjp vd;Dk; nja;tq;fisAk; tzq;Ffpd;wdh;.
zA^:
d > \^ \]l_ V|D k\ \uD \ W^
\V VD.
d > \z >kBV _V k]D Fm
V|D, _s u V|D VD.
d > \^ \]l_ V|D VDB J D^ \V,
BV\ ^ E VD.
d k^ \]l_ srD s| kD V
VB ]V \V VD.

25. flgh goq;Fb kf;fs;

>D - k d _ 2012

d flgh goq;Fb kf;fs; Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;

kw;Wk; xhp];]h Mfpa khepyq;fspy; mjpfkhf cs;sdh;.
d ,th;fSf;F fl;gh vd;w NtW ngaUk; cz;L. ,th;fs;
kuhj;jp nkhopapy; NgRfpd;wdh;.
d kiyf;Fd;WfspYk;> kiyNahuq;fspYk;> fhLfspYk;
xJq;fpNa tho;fpd;wdh;.
d Mz;fspy; ngUk;ghNyhh; kpUfq;fspd; Njhiy ,Lg;gpy;
fl;bf;nfhs;fpd;wdh;. ngz;fs; nrb> nfhb kw;Wk; ,iy>
jiofshYk; cliy kiwj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wdh;.
d `hy;b> fhz;Lyh vd;Dk; xUtif jhdpaq;fisg; gaph;
nra;J re;ijfspy; tpw;gid nra;fpd;wdh;.
d kpfTk; fbdkhf ciof;Fk; ,th;fs; fy;tpawpTk;> cyf
mDgtKk; ,y;yhj mg;ghtpfshf cs;sdh;.
d Xhplj;jpy; epiyahfj; jq;fp tptrhak; nra;ahky; mbf;fb
Ntwplk; nry;fpd;wdh;.
d efh;g;Gw kf;fisf; fz;lhy; Xb xspe;Jnfhs;fpd;wdh;.
,jdhy;> ,th;fsJ rKjha Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;fhfg;
ghLgLk; murhq;f mjpfhhpfs; jq;fs; flikfisr; rhptu
nra;aKbahky; rpukg;gLfpd;wdh;.
d ,t;tpdj;jpYs;s Mz;fSk;> ngz;fSk; k#yh> ryl;gh
vd;Dk; ehl;L kJtiffis mUe;Jfpd;wdh;.
d ,th;fs; ,aw;ifiaAk;> kpUfq;fisAk; tzq;Ffpd;wdh;.
180d Nga;> gprhRfis kpfTk; ek;Gfpd;wdh;.

zA^:
d > \^ \]l_ V|D k\ \uD \ W^
\V VD.
d > \z >kBV _V k]D Fm
V|D, _s u V|D VD.
d > \^ \]l_ V|D VDB J D^ \V,
BV\ ^ E VD.
d k^ \]l_ srD s| kD V
VB ]V \V VD.

26. ehfh; goq;Fb kf;fs;

>D - k d _ 2012

d ehfh; goq;Fb kf;fs; ehfyhe;J> xhp];]h> ,uh[];jhd;

kw;Wk; jphpGuh Mfpa khepyq;fspy; mjpfkhf cs;sdh;;.
d ,th;fSf;F ehfuh vd;w NtW ngaUk; cz;L. ,th;fs;
mq;fpfh vd;w nkhopapy; NgRfpd;wdh;.
d ,k;kf;fspy; mq;fhkp> Nrkh> rhq;f; Mfpa kiytho; kf;fs;
Kf;fpag; gphptpdh;.
d jr;R Ntiy> %q;fpy; nghUl;fs; jahhpj;jy;> kz;ghz;lq;fs;
nra;jy;> fUkhh;j;njhopy; nra;jy; Mfpatw;wpy; mjpfkhf
<LgLfpd;wdh;.
d ,k;kf;fsplj;jpy; FLk;gr; rz;ilfSk;> rhjpr; rz;ilfSk;
jtph;f;f Kbahjit. ,th;fs; nfhiy nra;aTk;
jaq;Ftjpy;iy.
d ,jdhy; jq;fs; fpuhkq;fisr; Rw;wpYk; fw;Rth;fis
vOg;gpAs;sdh;. ghJfhg;G FopfisAk; Njhz;b
itj;Js;sdh;.
d rpW gpur;rpidfSf;Ff;$l kw;wth;fspd; jiyia
ntl;Ltij ,th;fs; ifte;j fiyahff; nfhz;Ls;sdh;.
Fwpg;ghf ngz;fs;> Foe;ijfisf; nfhd;W rk;ge;jg;gl;l
FLk;gk; jiy vLf;fhky; ghh;j;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wdh;.
d ntl;lg;gl;l jiyfis mLf;fp itj;J> moF ghh;f;fpd;wdh;.
mj;Jld; mJ tPu tpisahl;lhfTk; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
d ,th;fspy; mbikfs; mjpfk; cs;sdh;. ngz; mbikfs;
jpUkzk; nra;Jnfhs;sf; $lhJ.
d Gyp> kdpjd;>Mtp %d;Wk; rNfhjuh;fs; vd;W ek;Gfpd;wdh;
181

d rpyh; jpUkzkhFk; tiu ,sk; ngz;fSf;F

nkhl;ilabj;J tpLfpd;wdh;. moFj; Njhw;wj;jpdhy; Mgj;J
Vw;gLk; vd;W gag;gLfpd;wdh;.
zA^:
d > \^ \]l_ V|D k\ \uD \ W^
\V VD.
d > \z >kBV _V k]D Fm
V|D, _s u V|D VD.
d > \^ \]l_ V|D VDB J D^ \V,
BV\ ^ E VD.
d k^ \]l_ srD s| kD V
VB ]V \V VD.

27. gPy; goq;Fb kf;fs;

>D - k d _ 2012

d gPy; goq;Fb kf;fs; ,uh[];jhd;> F[uhj;> k`huh\;buh

Mfpa khepyq;fspy; mjpfkhf cs;sdh;.
d ,th;fSf;F Njhyp gPy;> Nkthrp gPy;> uhty; gPy; Mfpa
NtW ngah;fSk; cz;L. gPy; vd;w nrhy; jkpo;r;
nrhy;yhfpa tpy;ypypUe;J te;jjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
d ,th;fs; fhL kw;Wk; kiyabthuq;fspy; tho;fpd;wdh;.
F[uhj;jp nkhopia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L NgRfpd;wdh;.
d ,k;kf;fs; typikAk;> ijhpaKk; kpFe;jth;fs;.
ghuk;ghpakhf tpy;tpj;ijapy; ifNjh;e;jth;fs;;.
d kpff;Fiwe;jsT fy;tpwpTilath;fs;. ,th;fs; Ntiy
nra;ahky; rhg;gpl Ntz;Lnkd;W tpUk;gp jpUlTk;>
nfhs;isabf;fTk; nra;fpd;wdh;.
d ghy;a tpthfj;ij mDkjpf;fpd;wdh;.
d rpwpNahh; Kjy; nghpNahh; tiu Fbg;gof;fj;jpw;F
mbikahf cs;sdh;.
d ,th;fs; ghk;igAk;> gytpjkhd Fynja;tq;fisAk;
kw;Wk; khk;gok;> thiog;gok;> kuq;fs;> tay;> MW> kiy
Kjypatw;iwAk; Njtijfshf tzq;Ffpd;wdh;.
d ,we;jth;fspd; Mtpia tzq;Ffpd;wdh;.
d #dpaj;jhYk;> fz;jpU\;bahYk;jhd; xUtUf;F Neha;
tUfpwJ vd;W ek;Gfpd;wdh;.
182

d jq;fs; tpahjpfisf; Fzkhf;f> gpur;rpidfisj; jPh;f;f

ke;jpuq;fs; nra;J> gyp nfhLg;gJ ,th;fsJ tof;fk;.
zA^:
d > \^ \]l_ V|D k\ \uD \ W^
\V VD.
d > \z >kBV _V k]D Fm
V|D, _s u V|D VD.
d > \^ \]l_ V|D VDB J D^ \V,
BV\ ^ E VD.
d k^ \]l_ srD s| kD V
VB ]V \V VD.

d nrUkh; goq;Fb kf;fs; jkpo;ehL kw;Wk; Nfush Mfpa

khepyq;fspy; mjpfkhf cs;sdh;. ,th;fs; fhLfspYk;>
kiyfspYk; tho;fpd;wdh;.
d ,th;fs; kiyahs nkhopapy; NgRfpd;wdh;.
d fy;tpawptpy; kpfTk; Fiwe;jth;fs;.
d rKjhaj;jpy; kpfTk; gpd;jq;fpAs;sdh;.
d ngz;fs; ghrpkzpfisf; nfhj;jhf mzpe;J nfhs;fpd;wdh;.
Mz;fs; gul;ilj; jiyAld; fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;.
d ey;y Njff;fl;Lld; cs;s ,th;fspy; Mz;fSk;>
ngz;fSk; xNu khjphpahf Ntl;b fl;Lfpd;wdh;.
d ,th;fs; guk;giuahf tptrhaf; $ypNtiy kw;Wk;
fhty; fhf;Fk; gzpiar; nra;fpd;wdh;. Ntl;ilahLtjpy;
ifj;Njh;e;jth;fs;.
d ngz;fs; taypy; Ntiy nra;Ak;nghOJ jq;fs;
Foe;ijia KJfpy; fl;bf;nfhs;fpd;wdh;.
d kzg;ngz; khg;gps;isapd; tPl;L thrypy; Nghlg;gl;bUf;Fk;
cyf;ifia ,lJ fhyhy; kpjpj;Jf;nfhz;L cs;Ns nry;y
Ntz;Lk;. tPl;Lf;Fs; Eioe;jJk; fjwp moNtz;Lk;.
d jpUkzk; ele;j md;W kzkf;fSf;F kJ
nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ.
d fUTw;w ngz;fs; gyj;Jld; ,Uf;fTk;> tpahjpapypUe;J
tpLglTk; fUq;Fuq;F ,iwr;rpia rhg;gpLfpd;wdh;.

>D - k d _ 2012

28. nrUkh; goq;Fb kf;fs;

183

d FLk;gj;jpy; gpur;rpid Vw;gl;lhy; fpuhkj;jiyth; clNd

tpthfuj;J Vw;ghL nra;fpwhh;.
d khe;jphPfj;jpy; mjpf ek;gpf;if itj;Js;sdh;.
d rptd;> fhsp> Jh;f;if Nghd;w nja;tq;fis topgLfpd;wdh;.
zA^:
d > \^ \]l_ V|D k\ \uD \ W^
\V VD.
d > \z >kBV _V k]D Fm
V|D, _s u V|D VD.
d > \^ \]l_ V|D VDB J D^ \V,
BV\ ^ E VD.
d k^ \]l_ srD s| kD V
VB ]V \V VD.

29. ehk#j;uh goq;Fb kf;fs;

>D - k d _ 2012

d ehk#j;uh goq;Fb kf;fs; Nkw;F tq;fhsk;> m];]hk;>

jphpGuh kw;Wk; xhp];]h Mfpa khepyq;fspy; mjpfkhf
cs;sdh;.
d ,th;fSf;F rpfhhp> fj;;J}hpah> Nghlhh;> gh;dlh]; Mfpa
NtW ngah;fSk; cz;L.
d ,th;fs; tptrhaf; $ypNtiy> kPd; gpbj;jy;> glNfhl;Ljy;
Nghd;w Ntiyfisr; nra;J gpiog;G elj;Jfpd;wdh;.
d fy;tpawptpYk;> nghUshjhuj;jpYk; kpfTk; gpd;jq;fpAs;sdh;.
d xUjhukzk; tof;fj;jpYs;sJ. tpthfuj;Jk;> tpjit
kWkzKk; mDkjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
d jpUkzr;rlq;Ffs; kw;;Wk; vy;yh tpNr\q;fisAk;
gpuhkzh;fis itj;J elj;Jfpd;wdh;.
d ,th;fs; midtUk; ,e;J kjr;rlq;FfisAk;>
gof;ftof;fq;fisAk; gpd;gw;wp tUfpd;wdh;.
d gftjp> gpghjhuzp Nghd;w Fynja;tq;fisAk; kw;Wk;
rpj;jhyh> Nkhdhrh rpth> ru];tjp> gre;jp Nghd;w fpuhk
nja;tq;fisAk; tzq;Ffpd;wdh;.
zA^:
d > \^ \]l_ V|D k\ \uD \ W^
184 \V VD.

d > \z >kBV _V k]D Fm

V|D, _s u V|D VD.
d > \^ \]l_ V|D VDB J D^ \V,
BV\ ^ E VD.
d k^ \]l_ srD s| kD V
VB ]V \V VD.

30. nrl;b goq;Fb kf;fs;

>D - k d _ 2012

d nrl;b goq;Fb kf;fs; Nfush> ghz;br;Nrhp kw;Wk; jkpo;ehL

Mfpa khepyq;fspy; mjpfkhf cs;sdh;. ,th;fSf;F
mfuk; Ntyd;> nrl;L> fq;if Mfpa NtW ngah;fSk;
cz;L.
d ,th;fs; kiyg; gFjpfspy; tho;e;JtUfpd;wdh;. fd;dlk;>
kiyahsk; fye;j nkhopapy; NgRfpd;wdh;.
d fy;tpawptpy; kpfTk; gpd;jq;fpAs;sdh;.
d ,th;fs; gue;j KfKilath;fs;. Mz;fs; Kd;new;wpapy;
nfhz;iliag; NghLfpd;wdh;.
d ,th;fsJ Kf;fpa Ntiy tptrhak;. kpUfq;fis
Ntl;ilahLtjpy; jpwikrhypfs;.
d FLk;gj;jpYs;s nghpath;fs Ngrp jpUkzk; nra;J
itf;fpd;wdh;. jpUkzj;Jf;F Kd;G kzkfDk;>
kzg;ngz;Zk; ghh;j;Jf; nfhs;s mDkjpapy;iy.
d ,th;fs; Nfhtpiy khlk; vd;wiof;fpd;wdh;. ngz;fs;
NfhtpYf;Fs; nry;yf;$lhJ. ntspapy; epd;Nw topgl
Ntz;Lk;.
d ,we;jth;fis xU ehs; itj;jpUe;J> gpd;G vhpj;J ,Wjpr;
rlq;Ffisr; nra;fpd;wdh;. kUkfd; khkdhUf;Fk;> kUkfs;
khkpahUf;Fk; <kr; nryT nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
zA^:
d > \^ \]l_ V|D k\ \uD \ W^
\V VD.
d > \z >kBV _V k]D Fm
V|D, _s u V|D VD.
d > \^ \]l_ V|D VDB J D^ \V,
BV\ ^ E VD.
185

d k^ \]l_ srD s| kD V
VB ]V \V VD.

31. ehab goq;Fb kf;fs;

>D - k d _ 2012

d ehab goq;Fb kf;fs; F[uhj;> Nfush> fh;ehlfh kw;Wk;

ghz;br;Nrhp Mfpa khepyq;fspy; mjpfkhf cs;sdh;.
d ,th;fs; F[uhj;jp nkhopapy; NgRfpd;wdh;.
d gy E}w;whz;Lfshf gpw kf;fsplkpUe;J kiwe;Nj
tho;fpd;wdh;.
d ,th;fs; kiyfspd; cr;rpapYk;> Xilfspd; mUfpYk;
rpWFbirfisf; fl;b tho;e;J tUfpd;wdh;.
d ,th;fs; gul;ilj; jiyAlDk;> Nfhlhp Kbr;Rf;
nfhz;ilAlDk; fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;.
d Mz;fs; mOf;F ciliaAk;> fhjpy; nts;spf; fLf;fd;
my;yJ tisaj;ij mzpfpd;wdh;. ngz;fs; rpwpa
ciliaAk;> fOj;jpy; nts;spr; rq;fpyp> %f;Fj;jpia
mzpfpd;wdh;.
d nghpa ngz;fis ehabr;rp vd;Wk;> ,sk; ngz;fis
nkhyhak; vd;Wk;> rpWkpfis kzpr;rp vd;Wk;
miof;fpd;wdh;.
d Njd;> kl;bg;ghy;> muf;F Nghd;wtw;iw tpw;gid
nra;fpd;wdh;. Fbirj; njhopy; kw;Wk; Njhl;lq;fspy;
jpdf;$yp NtiyAk; nra;J tUfpd;wdh;.
d tpthfuj;Jk;> tpjit kWkzKk; tof;fj;jpYs;sJ.
d ahuhtJ tpahjpg;gl;lhy; fWg;Gf; fk;gsp xd;wpd; ehd;F
%iyfspYk; fLF> ,Q;rp> kQ;rs;> jhk;G+yk;> Njq;fha;
,tw;iw itj;Jf; fl;b> me;jf; fk;gspahy; Nehahspia
%d;W Kiw fl;Lfpd;wdh;. gpd;G me;j fk;gspiaAk;
Xiyf;Fil> jb> nts;shpf;fha; Nghd;witfisAk;
xU ehabf;F jhdkhff; nfhLf;fpd;wdh;. ,J vkDf;F
nfhLf;Fk; jhdk; vd;Wk;> vkDk; Nehahspia
tpl;LtpLthd; vd;Wk; ek;Gfpd;wdh;.
d ,th;fs; ky;yd;> kiythop> Njtp> gwf;Fl;b> khld;>
kUjd;> Kj;J tPuhap kw;Wk; nts;shQ;Nrhp Mfpa
Fynja;tq;fis tzq;Ffpd;wdh;.
d Njtp G+i[f;F rpf;fpKf;fp fy;ypdhy; neUg;ig cz;lhf;fp
186

gyp nrYj;jp tzq;Ffpd;wdh;.

zA^:
d > \^ \]l_ V|D k\ \uD \ W^
\V VD.
d > \z >kBV _V k]D Fm
V|D, _s u V|D VD.
d > \^ \]l_ V|D VDB J D^ \V,
BV\ ^ E VD.
d k^ \]l_ srD s| kD V
VB ]V \V VD.

32. m`ph; goq;Fb kf;fs;

>D - k d _ 2012

d m`ph; goq;Fb kf;fs; cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;> gPfhh; kw;Wk;

kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; khepyq;fspy; mjpfkhf cs;sdh;.
d ,th;fSf;F mgph;> mah;> Nfhyh Mfpa NtW ngah;fSk;
cz;L.
d ,th;fs; `pe;jp> njYq;F Mfpa nkhopfspy; NgRfpd;wdh;.
d ,th;fs; kj;jpa MrpahtpYs;s Guhjd fy;ntl;Lfspy;
mgpuh vd;wiof;fg;gl;L> ,q;F ghy;fhuh;fshf
Fbngah;e;jth;fs;.
d ,th;fs; gbg;gwptpy; kpfTk; gpd;jq;fpAs;sdh;.
d ,th;fs; kpFe;j Nfhgf;fhuh;fshfTk;> Fbntwpah;fshfTk;
cs;sdh;.
d ,th;fsJ Kf;fpa Ntiy ML Nka;j;jy;> ghy; tpw;gid
nra;jy; kw;Wk; jr;R Ntiy nra;jy;.
d gyjhukzk; ,th;fs; tof;fj;jpYs;sJ. Mz;fs;
xNu FLk;gj;jpYs;s ,uz;L ngz;fisAk; jpUkzk;
nra;Jnfhs;fpd;wdh;.
d Foe;ij gpwe;jhy; 6 ehl;fs; tiu kidtpia> gps;isiag;
ghh;f;f fztDf;F mDkjpapy;iy.
d tpjit kWkzKk;> tpthfuj;Jk; tof;fj;jpYs;sJ.
d ,th;fs; rpth> rh`hNlh> yl;Rkp Mfpa ,e;J nja;tq;fis
tzq;Ffpd;wdh;. NkYk;> fhh;f; bNah> khlh; bNah> Fuhah
bNah Nghd;w rhJf;fisAk; topgLfpd;wdh;.
d fhy;eilfis Neha;fspypUe;J ghJfhf;f rpq;fh[p vd;w
187

rhJtpw;F goq;fs; kw;Wk; rh;f;fiuiaf; nfhLf;fpd;wdh;.

d %lg;gof;ftof;fq;fspy; mjpf ek;gpf;if itj;Js;sdh;.
zA^:
d > \^ \]l_ V|D k\ \uD \ W^
\V VD.
d > \z >kBV _V k]D Fm
V|D, _s u V|D VD.
d > \^ \]l_ V|D VDB J D^ \V,
BV\ ^ E VD.
d k^ \]l_ srD s| kD V
VB ]V \V VD.

33. md;rhhp goq;Fb kf;fs;

>D - k d _ 2012

d md;rhhp goq;Fb kf;fs; cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;> F[uhj;> gPfhh;

kw;Wk; Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; Mfpa khepyq;fspy; mjpfkhf
cs;sdh;.
d ,th;fSf;F [_ypah> fgph;ge;jp Mfpa NtW ngah;fSk;
cz;L.
d ,th;fs; cUJ nkhopapy; NgRfpd;wdh;.
d ,th;fsJ guk;giuj; njhopy; nerT nea;jy;. tiy
nea;jy;> rhak; ,Ljy;> ijay; Nghd;w NtiyfisAk;
nra;fpd;wdh;.
d jq;fis Mjhkpd; topte;jth;fnsd;W nrhy;ypf;
nfhs;fpd;wdh;.
d Muk;gj;jpy; ,e;Jf;fshf ,Ue;j ,th;fs; Rkhh; Ke;E}W
tUlq;fspy; nghUshjhu fhuzq;fSf;fhf K];yPk;fshf
khwpAs;sjhf tuyhw;Wr; rpe;jidahsh;fs; $Wfpd;wdh;.
d ,e;Jf;fs; ,];yhkpah;fshf kjk; khwpdjhy; ,e;J>
,];yhkpa Kiwfis ,izj;J tzq;Ffpd;wdh;.
d rpy md;rhhpfsplk; khe;jphPfk;> #dpak;> nra;tpid
nra;tJk; gof;fj;jpy; ,Uf;fpwJ.
d ,th;fspy; ngUk;ghNyhh; jPghtspiaAk;> uk;[hidAk;
kpfTk; rpwg;ghff; nfhz;lhLfpd;wdh;.
zA^:
188d > \^ \]l_ V|D k\ \uD \ W^

\V VD.
d > \z >kBV _V k]D Fm
V|D, _s u V|D VD.
d > \^ \]l_ V|D VDB J D^ \V,
BV\ ^ E VD.
d k^ \]l_ srD s| kD V
VB ]V \V VD.

d ghh;G+Q;rh goq;Fb kf;fs; cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;> kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;

kw;Wk; k`huh\;buh Mfpa khepyq;fspy; mjpfkhf
cs;sdh;.
d ,th;fSf;F ghh;G+[h> G+[hthyh> g+h;[;> g+Q;rpah Mfpa
NtW ngah;fSk; cz;L.
d ,th;fs; Ngh[;g+hp> `pe;jp Mfpa nkhopiag; NgRfpd;wdh;.
d ,th;fs; guk;giuahf jhdpaq;fis tWf;Fk; njhopiy
nra;JtUtjhy; ghh;G+Q;rh vd;w ngah; te;jJ.
d ngz;fs; kQ;rs; epw Milfis mzptjpy;iy. %f;Fj;jp
kw;Wk; jq;f eiffis mzptjpy;iy.
d Mz;fs; $ypNtiy> Gifapiy tpw;gJ> jPg;ngl;b
jahhpg;gJ Nghd;w Ntiyfis nra;fpd;wdh;.
d ,th;fs; Mz;fSf;F Ie;J tajpypUe;J gjpide;J
tajpw;Fs;Sk;> ngz;fSf;F gjpndhd;W tajpw;Fs;Sk;;
jpUkzk; nra;fpd;wdh;.
d jpUkzk; Kbe;J ,uz;L Foe;ij gpwe;j gpd;Ng
tujl;riziaf; nfhLf;fpd;wdh;.
d tpthfuj;J nra;a mDkjpapy;iy. tpjit kWkzk;
tof;fj;jpYs;sJ.
d kJghdk; mUe;Jk; gof;fk; cz;L.
d ,th;fs; Gdpj ahj;jpiu nry;fpd;wdh;
d ,th;fs; gR> fUehfk;> kuk; Nghd;wtw;iw nja;tkhf
tzq;Ffpd;wdh;.
d %jhijah;fspd; MtpfisAk;> hp\p> Kdpth; MfpNahhpd;
glq;fis itj;Jk; tzq;Ffpd;wdh;.

>D - k d _ 2012

34. ghh;G+Q;rh goq;Fb kf;fs;

189

zA^:
d > \^ \]l_ V|D k\ \uD \ W^
\V VD.
d > \z >kBV _V k]D Fm
V|D, _s u V|D VD.
d > \^ \]l_ V|D VDB J D^ \V,
BV\ ^ E VD.
d k^ \]l_ srD s| kD V
VB ]V \V VD.

35. gh`;dh goq;Fb kf;fs;

>D - k d _ 2012

d gh`;dh goq;Fb kf;fs; cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;> gPfhh;>

kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; kw;Wk; fh;ehlfh Mfpa khepyq;fspy;
mjpfkhf cs;sdh;.
d ,th;fSf;F Jdpah> gpd;[huh> ejhg; Mfpa NtW
ngah;fSk; cz;L.
d ,th;fs; cUJ nkhopapy; NgRfpd;wdh;.
d ,th;fspy; K];yPk;fs; 96 % kw;Wk; ,e;Jf;fs; 4 %
cs;sdh;.
d ,th;fsJ guk;giuj; njhopy; gUj;jp gQ;rpypUe;J
E}ypiofs; vLg;gJk;> mitfis Rj;jg;gLj;JtJk; MFk;.
jw;rkak; gQ;rhiyfspd; ngUf;fj;jhy; ngUk;ghNyhh;
ngl;bf;fil itg;gJ> nrq;fy; RLtJ> vz;nza; vLg;gJ
kw;Wk; js;S tz;bapy; jphpe;J rpy;yiw tpahghuk; nra;tJ
Nghd;w gy Ntiyfisr; nra;J tUfpd;wdh;.
d ,e;j njhopy; fhuzkhf mNefh; ,e;J kjj;jpypUe;J
K];yPk;fshf khwpAs;sdh;.
d ,th;fs; ,e;Jf;fisg; NghyTk;> K];yPk;fisg; NghyTk;
jpUkzj;ij elj;Jfpd;wdh;.
d ,th;fs; KfkJ> igh;]; Nghd;w Jwtpfis
tzq;Ffpd;wdh;.
d Mtp tzf;fKilath;fs;. mRj;j MtpfSf;Fg;
gag;gLfpd;wdh;.
d mRj;j Mtpfis tpul;l ,th;fs; Fuhd; njhFg;Gfis
xU jhspy; vOjp ghjpf;fg;gl;lthpd; Kd;dhy; vhpf;fpd;wdh;.
190 ,jdhy; mitfs; ePq;Fk; vd;W ek;Gfpd;wdh;.

d jq;fs; FUf;fis fh]p vd;wiof;fpd;wdh;.

zA^:
d > \^ \]l_ V|D k\ \uD \ W^
\V VD.
d > \z >kBV _V k]D Fm
V|D, _s u V|D VD.
d > \^ \]l_ V|D VDB J D^ \V,
BV\ ^ E VD.
d k^ \]l_ srD s| kD V
VB ]V \V VD.
d gyha; goq;Fb kf;fs; kj;jpag;gpuNrjk;> ,uh[];jhd;>
nly;yp kw;Wk; k`huh\;buh Mfpa khepyq;fspy; mjpfkhf
cs;sdh;.
d ,th;fs; `pe;jp> Nkthhp Mfpa nkhopfspy; NgRfpd;wdh;.
d ,th;fs; tptrhaf; $yp> jpdf;$yp> nerT nea;jy; kw;Wk;
fhty; fhg;gJ Nghd;w Ntiyfisr; nra;Ak; jho;j;jg;gl;l
xU gphptpduhth;.
d ,k;kf;fs; fy;tpawptpy; kpfTk; Fiwe;J fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;.
d jq;fisj; jho;j;Jfpw> Nftykhfg; NgRfpw cah;[hjp
,e;Jf;fspd; nra;ifapypUe;J tpLgl;L> jq;fspd;
tho;f;ifj; juj;ijAk;> rKjha Kd;Ndw;wj;ijAk;
cah;j;Jk; nghUl;L 1897 Mk; Mz;by; ,th;fspy; mNefh;
fpwp];jth;fshf khwpdh;.
d tpjit kWkzk; mDkjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
d jq;fs; Fynja;tq;fSf;F gyp nrYj;jp tzq;Ffpd;wdh;.
d MtpfSf;Fg; gilf;fpd;wdh;.
d ,th;fs; gz;bif ehl;fspy; eldkhbAk; Fbj;Jk;
kfpo;fpd;wdh;.
d ,th;fs; jruh> jPghtsp kw;Wk; N`hyp gz;biffisf;
nfhz;lhLfpd;wdh;.
zA^:
d > \^ \]l_ V|D k\ \uD \ W^
\V VD.
d > \z >kBV _V k]D Fm
V|D, _s u V|D VD.

>D - k d _ 2012

36. gyha; goq;Fb kf;fs;

191

d > \^ \]l_ V|D VDB J D^ \V,

BV\ ^ E VD.
d k^ \]l_ srD s| kD V
VB ]V \V VD.

37. Ngha; goq;Fb kf;fs;

>D - k d _ 2012

d Ngha; goq;Fb kf;fs; cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;> kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;>

gPfhh; kw;Wk; Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; Mfpa khepyq;fspy; mjpfkhf
cs;sdh;.
d ,th;fSf;F Nfthj;> jpkhh;> f`h; Mfpa NtW ngah;fSk;
cz;L.
d gy;yf;F J}f;Ffpwth;fis nfsutkhf mioj;j Nfhz;l;];
vd;w ngahpypUe;J Ngha; vd;w nrhy; te;jJ.
d ,th;fs; `pe;jp> mq;fpfh Mfpa nkhopfspy; NgRfpd;wdh;.
d gbg;gwptpy; kpfTk; Fiwe;jth;fs;
d ,th;fsJ Kf;fpa Ntiy kPd; gpbj;jy;> glF Xl;Ljy;>
tptrhak; nra;jy; MFk;.
d ,th;fs; Vo;ikapYk;> kpfTk; gpd;jq;fpa epiyikapYk;
tho;fpd;wdh;.
d xUtDf;F xUj;jp vd;w Kiw ,Ue;jhYk; kidtp gps;is
ngwhjpUe;jhNyh my;yJ jPuhj tpahjpapy; ,Ue;jhNyh
NtW ngz;id kze;Jnfhs;syhk;.
d tpthfuj;Jk;> tpjit kWkzKk; tof;fj;jpYs;sJ.
d kzkhfhj Mz; xU tpjitia kzf;f tpUk;gpdhy; Gdpj
kukhff; fUjg;gLk; kuj;jpw;F rlq;if nra;j gpd;G kzf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
d jq;fis tpl fPohdtUld; czT cz;gjpy;iy.
d jhq;fNs tPLfspy; kJghdj;ijj; jahhpf;fpd;wdh;.
d gpy;yp#dpak;> Vty; Nghd;wtw;wpy; ek;gpf;iff;
nfhz;Ls;sdh;.
zA^:
d > \^ \]l_ V|D k\ \uD \ W^
\V VD.
d > \z >kBV _V k]D Fm
192 V|D, _s u V|D VD.

d > \^ \]l_ V|D VDB J D^ \V,

BV\ ^ E VD.
d k^ \]l_ srD s| kD V
VB ]V \V VD.

38. ghh; goq;Fb kf;fs;

>D - k d _ 2012

d ghh; goq;Fb kf;fs; cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;> gPfhh;> Nkw;F

tq;fhsk; Mfpa khepyq;fspy; mjpfkhf cs;sdh;.
d ,th;fSf;F uh[;ghh;> guj;> ghh;gj;th vd;w NtW ngah;fSk;
cz;L.
d ,th;fs; `pe;jp> ngq;fhyp Mfpa nkhopfspy; NgRfpd;wdh;.
d ,th;fsJ Kf;fpa Ntiy jpdf;$yp> tptrhaf; $yp Ntiy
MFk;
d rpy rkaq;fspy; topg;gwp kw;Wk; ney;> jhdpaq;fisf;
nfhs;isapLfpd;wdh;.
d ,th;fs; kJghdj;ij mjpfkhf Fbf;fpd;wdh;
d Mz;fSk;> ngz;fSk; Gif gpbf;fpd;wdh;.
d ,th;fsplj;jpy; tpgr;rhuk; gutyhf cs;sJ
d ,th;fs; ghypd xOq;fPdj;ijg; gw;wp ftiyg;gLtjpy;iy.
d ngz;fis Ie;J my;yJ VO tajpw;Fs; jpUkzk;
nra;JtpLfpd;wdh;.
d gj;J taJf;F Nky; jpUkzkhfhj ngz;fis uh[h];top
vd;W mtkhdkhf miof;fpd;wdh;.
d kfg;NgW fhyj;jpy; %jhl;bfs; ngz;zpd; jiy kPJ
fhRfisAk;> jhdpaq;fisAk; J}Tfpd;wdh;. Rfg;gpurtk;
Vw;gl;lhy; gd;wpfisg; gypapLfpd;wdh;.
d tpthfuj;Jk;> tpjit kWkzKk; tof;fj;jpYs;sJ.
d jq;fs; nja;tq;fSf;Fk;> MtpfSf;Fk; kpUfq;fisg;
gypapLfpd;wdh;.
zA^:
d > \^ \]l_ V|D k\ \uD \ W^
\V VD.
d > \z >kBV _V k]D Fm
V|D, _s u V|D VD.
193

d > \^ \]l_ V|D VDB J D^ \V,

BV\ ^ E VD.
d k^ \]l_ srD s| kD V
VB ]V \V VD.

39. ky;yh goq;Fb kf;fs;

>D - k d _ 2012

d ky;yh goq;Fb kf;fs; gPfhh;> cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; kw;Wk; Nkw;F

tq;fhsk; Mfpa khepyq;fspy; mjpfkhf cs;sdh;.
d ngUk;ghYk; ejpNahuq;fspYk;> gs;sj;jhf;FfspYk;
trpf;fpd;wdh;.
d ,th;fs; glF Xl;Lk; ghyp vd;w re;jjpapypUe;J
te;jth;fshf $wg;gLfpwJ.
d Khpahhp> Khpahp Mfpa NtW ngah;fSk; cz;L.
d ngq;fhyp nkhopapy; NgRfpd;wdh;.
d ,th;fs; jho;j;jg;gl;l ,dkhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wdh;. ,th;fs;
jq;fSf;F K];yPk; ngah;fis itj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wdh;.
d glF Xl;Ljy;> jpdf;$yp kw;Wk; hpf;\h ,Og;gJ Nghd;w
Ntiyfisr; nra;fpd;wdh;.
d ,th;fs; kpfTk; Viofshf ,Ug;gjhy; rhpahd cilfis
mzptjpy;iy.
d ,th;fs; guk;giuahf ngz;fis gd;dpuz;L tajpw;F
Kd;ghfNt jpUkzk; nra;J nfhLj;JtpLfpd;wdh;.
d jq;fSf;Fs; Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfs; kw;Wk; [hjpg;
gpur;rpidfis gQ;rhaj;J %yk; jPh;j;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wdh;.
d ,e;Jf;fspd; Kf;fpa nja;tq;fshd fhsp> gftjp> kfhgPh;>
gph;jpahgPh;> fq;fhkha;> rpgyhkha;> ghUd;> k`hyl;Rkpia
tzq;Ffpd;wdh;.
d ,th;fs; Jh;Njtijfis rkhjhdg;gLj;j gypfisr;
nrYj;Jfpd;wdh;.
zA^:
d > \^ \]l_ V|D k\ \uD \ W^
\V VD.
d > \z >kBV _V k]D Fm
V|D, _s u V|D VD.
194

d > \^ \]l_ V|D VDB J D^ \V,

BV\ ^ E VD.
d k^ \]l_ srD s| kD V
VB ]V \V VD.

d jhq;fh; goq;Fb kf;fs; F[uhj;> k`huh\;buh> fh;ehlfh

kw;Wk; xhp];]h Mfpa khepyq;fspy; mjpfkhf cs;sdh;.
d ,th;fs; Ml;bilah; ,dj;ijr; rhh;e;jth;fs;.
d k`h;fs; vd;wiof;fl;l ,th;fs; fpU\;zd; vd;w
flTshy; Ngh\pf;fg;gl;L tsh;e;j je;ijapd; re;jjpapduhf
fUJfpd;wdh;.
d ,th;fs; kuhj;jp> fd;dlk;> F[uhj;jp kw;Wk; kyha; Nghd;w
nkhopfisg; NgRfpd;wdh;.
d Mz;fs;; jiyapy; Kz;lhR fl;bf;nfhz;Lk;> ,Lg;gpypUe;J
%l;Ltiu xU Nghh;itiaAk; Nghh;j;jpf;nfhs;fpd;wdh;.
d ngz;fs;ghthilazpe;J rptg;G my;yJ kQ;rs; Gs;spfs;
nfhz;l fk;gspj; Jz;il jiyapy; Rw;wpf;nfhs;fpd;wdh;.
d ,th;fsplk; ,d;Wk; Foe;ijj; jpUkzk; eilKiwapy;
cs;sJ.
d gy kidtpfs; itj;Jf;nfhs;tij fsq;fkhf ,th;fis
fUJtjpy;iy.
d kWkzKk;> tpthfuj;Jk; tof;fj;jpYs;sJ.
d ,we;jth;fis vhpj;Jtpl;L> Jf;fk; mDrhpf;f Fbf;fpd;wdh;.
d [hjpf; fl;Lg;ghl;il kPWfpwth;fSf;F mguhjk;
tpjpf;fpd;wdh;.
d jPtpukhf kPWgth;fis [hjpia tpl;L tpyf;fp itf;fpd;wdh;.
d ke;jpuk;> gpy;yp#dpak; Nghd;witfis ek;Gfpd;wdh;.
d khjh> k`hNjt; kw;Wk; [yghg;[p vd;Dk; nja;tq;fis
tzq;Ffpd;wdh;.
zA^:

d > \^ \]l_ V|D k\ \uD \ W^

\V VD.

>D - k d _ 2012

40. jhq;fh; goq;Fb kf;fs;

195

d > \z >kBV _V k]D Fm

V|D, _s u V|D VD.
d > \^ \]l_ V|D VDB J D^ \V,
BV\ ^ E VD.
d k^ \]l_ srD s| kD V
VB ]V \V VD.

>D - k d _ 2012

41. gahfuh goq;Fb kf;fs;

d gahfuh goq;Fb kf;fs; Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> fh;ehlfh>
k`huh\;buh Mfpa khepyq;fspy; mjpfkhf cs;sdh;.
d ,th;fs; njYq;F> fd;dlk; Mfpa nkhopfisg;
NgRfpd;wdh;.
d ,th;fs; Ngfhhp> Ngfhuh> NgfhNuhY Mfpa NtW
ngah;fshYk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wdh;.
d kpff;Fiwe;jsT fy;tpawpitg; ngw;Ws;sdh;.
d fl;blk; fl;Ljy;> tptrhak; nra;jy;> ML khL Nka;j;jy;>
rtf;Fop ntl;Ljy; Nghd;w Ntiyfis nra;fpd;wdh;.
d ,t;tpdj;jpYs;s rpWgps;isfs; kw;wth;fSila
gz;izfspYs;s ML> khLfis Nka;f;fpd;wdh;.
d ViofshfTk;> rKjhaj;jpy; kpfTk; gpd;jq;fpath;fshfTk;
cs;sdh;.
d ,th;fs; trpf;Fk; gFjpapy; kUj;Jtk; Nghd;w mbg;gil
trjpfs; ,y;iy.
d NghJkhd FbePh; trjpapy;yhj gbapdhy;> Fsq;fspYk;>
fpzWfspYk; jz;zPh; vLj;J tUfpd;wd.
d tl;bf;Ff fld; nfhLf;Fk; nry;te;jh;fisAk;>
tpahghhpfisAk; ek;gp jq;fs; tho;f;ifia elj;Jfpd;wdh;.
d ,th;fs; rKjhaj;jpy; ve;jtpj Kd;Ndw;wKk; ,y;yhky;
tho;fpd;wdh;.
zA^:

d > \^ \]l_ V|D k\ \uD \ W^ \V

VD.
d > \z >kBV _V k]D Fm
V|D, _s u V|D VD.
196

d > \^ \]l_ V|D VDB J D^ \V,

BV\ ^ E VD.
d k^ \]l_ srD s| kD V
VB ]V \V VD.

d Nglh [q;fk; goq;Fb kf;fs; k`huh\;buh> fh;ehlfh

kw;Wk; Me;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpd; flNyhuj;jpYs;s uhay; rPkh
kw;Wk; njYq;fhdh Mfpa gFjpfspy; mjpfkhf cs;sdh;.
d ,th;fSf;F Gl;fh [q;fk;> [q;fk; Mfpa NtW ngah;fSk;
cz;L.
d k`huh\;buh khepyj;jpy; Nglh vd;why; gpr;irf;fhud;
vd;Wk;> [q;fk; vd;why; tzq;Ffpwth;fs; vd;Wk; mh;j;jk;.
d njYq;F nkhopiag; NgRfpd;wdh;.
d ,th;fSf;Fg; NghJkhd fy;tp trjpapy;iy.
d kpfTk; Fiwe;jth;fNs fy;tp gapd;Ws;sdh;.
d mbg;gil trjpfs; kpfTk; FiwT.
d tptrhak; Kf;fpa Ntiy MFk;.
d Mz;fSf;F ,UgJ tajpNyNaAk;> ngz;fSf;F gjpdhd;F
tajpNyAk; jpUkzk; nra;Jitg;gJ eilKiwapy;
cs;sJ.
d ngUk;ghyhd Mz;fs; mjpfkhd ngz;fis jpUkzk;
nra;Jnfhs;fpd;wdh;.
d kJ mUe;Jk; gof;fKilath;fs;.
d ngl;lF\hap> gpwd;lhY vd;w nja;tq;fisAk; kw;Wk;
jq;fs; %jhijah;fspd; MtpfisAk; tzq;Ffpd;wdh;.
d jq;fs; FLk;gj;jpy; elf;Fk; vy;yh rlq;FfSf;Fk;>
jq;fSf;F tUk; vy;yh tpahjpfSf;Fk; ke;jputhjpaplk;
fye;jhNyhrpf;fpd;wdh;.
d mRj;j Mtpfis tpul;l ke;jputhjpfis mioj;J
gpy;y#dpak; nra;fpd;wdh;.

>D - k d _ 2012

42. Nglh [q;fk; goq;Fb kf;fs;

197

43. fhrpah goq;Fb kf;fs;

>D - k d _ 2012

d fhrpah goq;Fb kf;fs; jphpGuh> Nkw;F tq;fhsk;> xhp];]h

kw;Wk; kj;jpag;gpuNjrk; Mfpa khepyq;fspy; mjpfkhf
cs;sdh;.
d ,th;fSf;F `l;b> nuy;yp Mfpa ngah;fSk; cz;L.
d ,th;fs; ehf;G+hpah nkhopapy; NgRfpd;wdh;.
d fy;tpawptpy; kpfTk; gpd;jq;fpAs;sdh;.
d ,jdhy; rKjha tsh;r;rpapy; ve;jtpj Kd;Ndw;wKk;
,y;yhky; kpfTk; Viofshf tho;fpd;wdh;.
d Jg;GuT gzpiar; nra;fpd;wdh;.
d Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpNyNa jpUkzk; nra;JtpLfpd;wdh;.
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