MECH3005 Building Services g http://www.hku.

hk/bse/mech3005/

Electrical Supply Load Assessment and Regulations

Dr. Sam C M Hui
Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of Hong Kong E mail: cmhui@hku hk E-mail: cmhui@hku.hk
Sep 2010

Basic Terms
Active power (useful or real power)
Time average of instantaneous power when the average i taken over a complete cycle of an A/C is k l l f waveform, expressed in Watt (W) For single phase, P = V I cos For balanced three-phase, P = 3 Vph-ph I cos three phase

Apparent power pp p
For single phase, AP = V I For three phase, AP = 3 Vph-ph I h h

Basic Terms
Connected load
Sum of all the loads connected to the electrical system, usually expressed in watts ll di

Demand factor
= Maximum demand / Connection load

Load factor: ratio of the average demand to the maximum demand over a defined interval
In commercial buildings, between the hours 9:00 to 18:00 the load factor is usually close to unity

Typical load profile for an office building Max.

Average

Min.

Basic Terms
Power factor
The ratio of the apparent power in a circuit (V.A) to the useful power (W) if the voltage and current h f l h l d are sinusoidal Power factor = kW/ kV.A

Load Evaluation
Tenant supply energy consumed by each pp y gy y tenant; monitored by separate energy meter L dl d supply: Landlord l
Non-essential supply: plumbing and drainage, pp y p g g passenger lifts, air-conditioning plant, public g g lighting Essential supply: fire protection/detection system, fireman s firemans lifts, essential lighting, PABX system, building management system, important computer room

Load Evaluation
Objectives
Ensure loading demands are estimated accurately
What happens if they are under-estimated? What happens if they are over-estimated?

Important factors
Load research data (from power company) Design margin Checking & monitoring at each design stage Obtain info from the client (e.g. by questionnaire)

Load Evaluation
Preliminary stage
Estimate total loading so as to:
Plan the transformer (Tx) & main switch room Apply to power company for supply

Based on rough info or past experience I Important to know the loads of other BSE systems t tt k th l d f th t

Detail design stage g g

Update the estimate w/ more accurate info Detail design e.g. protective device & circuiting

Load Evaluation
Load evaluation by power company
Architect/Engineer/Developer submit application For typical categories, planning engineer of power p y g company assesses the load estimation using the database Load Assessment Programme (LAST) Compare the declared load with assessed load
If declared load > assessed load, justification is needed

After finalising the total load, determine the nos. of transformer and transformer bays

Assessment Guidelines
General
Usable floor area (UFA)
Follow Building (Planning) Regulations

Development information p
Floor area usage, public services, any special loads Standard load estimation sheet (see handouts)

Public services
Assessed independently Public lighting, lift, water pump, fire services, lobby air g g, , p p, , y conditioning

Minimum design load capacities for lighting and small p g p g g power requirement for various types of building

Building type Office School Residential building Hospital Hotel Church

Minimum load capacity (W/m2) 60 30 30 25 25 15

Assessment Guidelines
After diversity maximum demand (ADMD)
Load densities derived by dividing the aggregate load b h l d by the corresponding UFA or fl nos. di flat yp ; p , Cover most typical cases; for special situation, designer/planning engineer may exercise his own discretion to adjust the load estimates ADMD is for planning supply Tx capacity, it may not be suitable for designing customer raising mains and lateral mains

Assessment Guidelines
Load assessment data (see handouts) ( )
Residential development Commercial development Industrial development Municipal development Mixed development diversity factor (MDDF) Central air conditioning load Other special loads

Reference (from CLP Power)

Code of Practice 215: Load Assessment Procedure

ADMD figures for Residential Development

60.0 ADMD for UFA < 50m2 50.0 40.0 kVA A/Flat 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 00 1 6 11 16 21 26 No. of Flats 31 36 41 46 51 ADMD for UFA 50-80 m2 ADMD for UFA > 80m2

What is the effect of load diversity on the kVA/flat data?

(Source: CLPs COP 215 Load Assessment Procedure)

Assessment Guidelines
Load assessment forms
For central air conditioning load For general development

Example of electrical load estimation

Estimation of total electrical loading Estimation of essential loads Electrical supply arrangement

Assessment Guidelines
Electrical load within most commercial buildings can be arranged into the following broad b d categories: i
Lighting Small power and special user equipment HVAC equipment Lifts and escalators

Legal Framework
Typical legal system in Hong Kong (statutory) yp g y g g( y)
Ordinance (Laws of Hong Kong) Regulations Code of Practice

Supporting documents (non-statutory)

Technical Guidelines Technical Notes or Technical Memoranda Circular letters Reference standards (usually from other countries) Rules (from utilities companies)

Legal Framework
Electricity Ordinance & subsidiary regulations
Electricity Ordinance (Cap. 406) *
Electricity (Exemption) Regulations Electricity (Registration) Regulations Electricity Supply Regulations Most important Electricity (Wiring) Regulations Electricity Supply (Special Areas) Regulations Electrical P d t (S f t ) R l ti El t i l Products (Safety) Regulation Electricity Supply Lines (Protection) Regulation

(* can be read from the website www.justice.gov.hk)

Legal Framework
Relevant codes and guides to statutory regulations g y g
Code of Practice for the Electricity (Wring) Regulations Code of Practice for Minimum Fire Services Installations and Equipments

N Non-statutory regulations/standards l i / d d
IEE Regulations for Electrical Installation, 15th edition and/or 16th edition * Supply Rules ( pp y (from p power companies) p ) British Standards Specifications & Codes of Practice or ot e equivalent at o a standards and publications other equ va e t national sta da ds a d pub cat o s (* IEE = Institution of Electrical Engineers, now IET)

Legal Framework
Electrical Contractors and Workers
Registered Electrical Contractors (REC) Registered Electrical Workers (REW)
Grade A Electrical Work ( 400 A) Grade B Electrical Work ( 2500 A) Grade C Electrical Work (any capacity) Grade H Electrical Work (high voltage) Grade R Electrical Work (special, e.g. neon sign)
NS: neon light; WH = water heaters; AC = air-conditioners

In 2006, about 8,500 REC and 68,000 REW

Legal Framework
Registered Electrical Workers (REW)
Permitted work: code
0 = any categories 1 = only issue design certificate 2 = only perform installation & repair works 3 = only perform repair works

Example:
B0 means REW grade B ( 2500 A) who can design, install and repair electrical works

Legal Framework
Certification (new work, alteration or addition) ( , )
Completion of an installation
Certification on the design Certification on the installation

W k completion certificates Work l i ifi

Form WR1 a complete installation Form WR1(A) Part of an installation (e.g. for a repair)

Periodic test certificates

Form WR2 a complete installation (e g Form WR2(A) Part of an installation (e.g. for a repair)

(Available from www.emsd.gov.hk)