Centrifugal pumps

Impellers

Multistage impellers

Cross section of high speed water injection pump

Source: www.framo.no

Water injection unit 4 MW

Source: www.framo.no

Specific speed that is used to classify pumps

nq ! n Q H
34

nq is the specific speed for a unit machine that

is geometric similar to a machine with the head Hq = 1 m and flow rate Q = 1 m3/s

n s ! 51,55 n q

Affinity laws
Q1 n1 ! Q2 n 2
H1 u 1 n 1 ! ! u n H2 2 2 P1 n1 ! n P2 2
3 2 2

Assumptions: Geometrical similarity Velocity triangles are the same

Exercise
Find the flow rate, head and power for a centrifugal pump that has increased its speed Given data:
Lh = 80 % n1 = 1000 rpm n2 = 1100 rpm P1 = 123 kW H1 = 100 m Q1 = 1 m3/s

n2 1100 Q 2 ! Q1 ! 1 ! 1,1 m 3 s n1 1000 n2 1100 H 2 ! H1 ! 100 ! 121 m n 1000 1 n2 1100 P2 ! P1 ! 123 ! 164 kW n 1000 1
3 3 2 2

Exercise
Find the flow rate, head and power for a centrifugal pump impeller that has reduced its diameter Given data:
Lh = 80 % D1 = 0,5 m D2 = 0,45 m P1 = 123 kW H1 = 100 m Q1 = 1 m3/s

Q1 4 D1 B1 c m1 D1 n1 ! ! ! Q 2 4 D 2 B2 c m 2 D 2 n 2 D2 0,45 Q2 ! Q1 ! 1 ! 0,9 m 3 s D1 0,5 D2 0,45 H2 ! D H1 ! 0,5 100 ! 81 m 1 D2 0,45 P2 ! D P1 ! 0,5 123 ! 90 kW 1

3 3 2 2

Velocity triangles

Reduced cu2 Slip angle

Slip angle

Friction loss Impulse loss

Slip

Best efficiency point

Power
P ! M[
Where: M = torque [Nm] [ = angular velocity [rad/s]

P ! V Q r2 c 2 cos E 2  r1 c1 cos E1 [ ! V Q u 2 c u 2  u1 c u1 [ ! V Q g Ht

In order to get a better understanding of the different velocities that represent the head we rewrite the Eulers pump equation

u 2 c u 2  u 1 c u1 Ht ! g

2 2 2 2 2 w 1 ! c1  u1  2 u1 c1 cos E1 ! c1  u1  2 u1 c u1

w 2 ! c 2  u 2  2 u 2 c 2 cos E 2 ! c 2  u 2  2 u 2 c u 2 2 2 2 2 2

u u c c w w Ht !   2g 2g 2g
2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2

2 1

Eulers pump equation

u 2 c u 2  u 1 c u1 Ht ! g
2 2 2 u 2  u1 c 2  c1 w 2  w 1 Ht ! 2  2  2 2g 2g 2g 2 Pressure head due to change of u 2  u1 2 ! peripheral velocity 2g

2 Pressure head due to change of c 2  c1 2 ! absolute velocity 2g

w w Pressure head due to change of ! relative velocity 2g

2 2 2 1

Rothalpy
Using the Bernoullis equation upstream and downstream a pump one can express the theoretical head:
2 2 p p c c Ht !   z    z Vg 2g Vg 2g 2 1

The theoretical head can also be expressed as:

u u c c w w Ht !   2g 2g 2g
2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2

2 1

Setting these two expression for the theoretical head together we can rewrite the equation:

p2 w u p1 w u   !   Vg 2g 2g Vg 2g 2g

2 2

2 2

2 1

2 1

Rothalpy
The rothalpy can be written as:

[ r w p   I! ! cons tan t Vg 2g 2g
2

This equation is called the Bernoullis equation for incompressible flow in a rotating coordinate system, or the rothalpy equation.

Stepanoff
We will show how a centrifugal pump is designed using Stepanoffs empirical coefficients. Example: H = 100 m Q = 0,5 m3/s n = 1000 rpm F2 = 22,5 o

Specific speed:
nq ! n Q H
34

0,5 ! 1000 ! 22,4 34 100

n s ! 51,55 n q ! 1153

This is a radial pump

K u ! 1,0

u2 Ku ! 2g H

u 2 ! K u 2 g H ! 44,3 m s

24 n [! ! 104,7 rad s 60
We choose:

D hub ! 0,5 D1 ! 0,17 m u2 2 D2 ! ! 0,85 m [

D2 u2 ! [ 2

K m 2 ! 0,11

Km2

cm2 ! 2gH

c m 2 ! K m 2 2 g H ! 4,87 m s

cm2

Q Q ! ! A 4 D2 d 2
u2

w2 cm2

c2

Q d2 ! ! 0,038 m 4 D2 cm2

cu2

Thickness of the blade

Until now, we have not considered the thickness of the blade. The meridonial velocity will change because of this thickness. We choose: s2 = 0,005 m z = 5

s2 0,005 su ! ! ! 0,013 m o sin F 2 sin 22,5

cm2

Q Q ! ! A 4 D 2  z s u d 2

Q ! 0,039 m d2 ! 4 D 2  z s u c m 2

K m1 ! 0,145

c m1 K m1 ! 2g H

c m1 ! K m1 2 g H ! 6,4 m s

w1 c1= cm1 u1

Dhub

D1 ! 0,405 D2
D1 ! 0,405 D1 ! 0,405 D 2 ! 0,34 m D2

We choose:
D1m !
c m1 !

D hub ! 0,5 D1 ! 0,17 m

2 D1  D 2 hub ! 0,27 m 2

Q Q ! A1 4 D1m d1

d1 !

Q ! 0,09 m 4 D1m c m1

Without thickness

Thickness of the blade at the inlet

w1 F1 u1
u1 ! [ D1 0,34 ! 104,7 ! 17,8 m s 2 2

Cm1=6,4 m/s

c m1 6,4 ! a tan F1 ! a tan ! 19,8o 17,8 u1

s1 0,005 s u1 ! ! ! 0,015 m o sin F1 sin 19,8

Q d1 ! ! 0,10 m 4 D1m  z s u1 c m1

w2
F2=22,5o u2=44,3 m/s
cm2 tan F 2 ! u 2  cu 2 cu 2

c2
cm2=4,87m/s

cu2
cm 2 ! u2  ! 32,5 m s tan F 2

u 2 c u 2  u1 c u1 44,3 32,5 H! ! ! 153 m Lh g 0,96 9,81

w2

c2
cm2=4,87m/s

u2=44,3 m/s
H! u 2 cu 2 Lh g cu 2 !

cu2
H Lh g 100 0,96 9,81 ! ! 21,3 m s u2 44,3

cm2 4,87 o ' F 2 ! a tan ! a tan ! 11,9 u 2  cu 2 44,3  21,3

Fslip ! Fslip ' F 2 ! 22,5  11,9 ! 10,6

o o