3GPP R8 LTE Overview

, Bong Youl (Brian) Cho brian.cho@intel.com Intel Corporation

Contents
Technology Evolution OFDM(A) and SC-FDMA LTE Overview LTE Radio Interface Architecture LTE Downlink Transmission LTE Uplink Transmission LTE Cell Search Summary

LTE/MIMO

Technology Evolution

Worldwide Mobile Users

Number cdmaOne CDMA2000 1X CDMA2000 1xEV-DO CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rev. A Subtotal for 3GPP2 GSM WCDMA WCDMA HSPA TD-SCDMA Subtotal for 3GPP Subtotal for 3GPP except GSM TDMA PDC iDEN Total
LTE/MIMO

Percentage 0.06% 7.18% 2.83% 0.32% 10.39% 80.02% 5.93% 3.06% 0.02% 89.03% 9.02% 0.02% 0.06% 0.50%

2,512,409 309,507,900 121,821,983 13,912,386 447,754,678 3,449,010,903 255,773,412 132,079,727 825,044 3,837,689,086 388,678,183 753,411 2,752,436 21,361,981 4,310,311,592

* Data supplied by GSMA Mobile Infolink on Aug/07/2009

3GPP Standards Evolution

DL PDR: 50 kbps UL PDR: 21 kbps

GPRS

DL PDR: 236 kbps UL PDR: 118 kbps

EGPRS

SAIC PS Handover

GERAN

GERAN Evolution
MSRD Dual Carrier

Ongoing GERAN Evolution

UMTS WCDMA
DL PDR: 384 kbps UL PDR: 64 kbps

R5 HSDPA
DL PDR: 14 Mbps UL PDR: 384 kbps

(5MHz)

(5MHz)

R6 HSUPA
DL PDR: 14 Mbps UL PDR: 5.7 Mbps

(5 MHz)

R7 HSPA Evolution
DL PDR: 28.8 Mbps UL PDR: 11.5 Mbps

(5 MHz)

R8 HSPA Evolution
DL PDR: 43.2 Mbps UL PDR: 11.5 Mbps

Ongoing HSPA Evolution

(5 MHz)

(1.25-20MHz) (1.25-

R7 LTE Feasibility Study

DL PDR: 100 Mbps UL PDR: 50 Mbps

(1.4-20MHz) (1.4-

R8 LTE/SAE

R9 & LTE-Adv (R10)

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009+
5

LTE/MIMO

Technology Evolution Path

3G
2005 2006

3.5G~3.99G
2007-2009

IMT-Adv?
2010+

3G Technology Evolution WCDMA (R99) EVDO R.0 HSDPA (R5) EVDO R.A HSPA+ (R7/R8) 3GPP LTE (R8) EVDO R.B 3GPP2 UMB LTE-Adv ? ?

Wi-Fi OFDM

802.16e OFDMA

802.16e MIMO-OFDMA
(WiMAX R1.0)

802.16m ?
(WiMAX R2.0)

Broadband Wireless Technology Evolution

LTE/MIMO 6

Advancement For High Data Rate

2G, 3G
Access Scheme Modulation Link Adaptation ARQ Handover Duplexing Antenna Technology QPSK Mainly PC ARQ without soft combining SHO FDD Rx Antenna Diversity

3.5G (HSDPA,EVDO)
CDMA Up to 16QAM

4G (LTE,WiMAX)
OFDM(A) QPSK,16QAM, 64QAM

Mainly AMC with channel-aware scheduler HARQ with soft combining HHO FDD, TDD is emerging Various Antenna Diversity, MIMO, BF

LTE/MIMO

OFDM(A) and SC-FDMA

ISI Prevents High Data Rate?

In general, ISI prevents HIGH DATA RATE Symbol rate increase Symbol rate decrease Ts decrease Ts increase severe ISI less ISI

Multipath profile in the wireless channel (which is already given)

time System#1

s1 Ts

s2

System#2

s1 Ts

s2

s3

s4

s5

s6

s7

s8

s9

s10 s11 s12 s13 s14 s15 s16

System#2 achieves 10x higher data rate by using 10x more spectrum (BW) However, at the same time, system#2 suffers 10x more severe ISI due to short symbol duration compared to the multipath profile in the time domain LTE/MIMO

Multicarrier to Minimize ISI Effect

Ways to minimize inter-symbol interference:
Reduce the symbol rate, but data rate goes down too Equalizers, but equalization is processor intensive & expensive

We are talking about Broadband Wireless which requires high data rate

Solution:
Transmit data over multiple carrier frequencies in parallel
Narrow, slower channels are MUCH LESS vulnerable to ISI thanks to long symbol duration compared to the multipath delay in time domain OFDM splits data into parallel, independent, narrowband channels (subcarriers) Expensive adaptive equalizers are not required

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10

Guard Interval To Remove ISI

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11

Cyclic Prefix for Guard Interval

LTE/MIMO

12

More on CP (Cyclic Prefix)

OFDM guarantee no interference between subsequent OFDM symbols OFDM allows ISI within one OFDM symbol Then, how can we remove ISI within each OFDM symbol?

LTE/MIMO

13

Circular Convolution
Circular convolution

where DFT

is a periodic version of x[n] with period L.

The duality b/w circular convolution in the time domain and simple multiplication in the frequency domain is a property unique to DFT The above simple formula describes an ISI-free channel in the frequency domain, where each input symbol X[m] is simply scaled by a complex value H[m] It is trivial to recover the input symbol by simply computing

LTE/MIMO

14

Frequency Domain Model of OFDM Tx/Rx

One-tap EQ

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15

OFDMA: (1) Better BW Utilization

Cell center area: mostly BW-limited region Cell edge area: mostly power-limited region To better utilize the resource FDM-based access is required on top of TDM-based access Enhance uplink link budget! Active subcarriers are divided into subsets called resource block When subscriber uses very few resource blocks,
It can concentrate all transmitting power (e.g. 200mW) in the used resource blocks It will have additional gain on uplink 10*log10(Fs), where Fs is the power concentration factor

200mW 200mW

Total System BW LTE/MIMO 16

OFDMA: (2) Freq. Domain Scheduling

Loading gain by frequency selective scheduling

Localized subcarrier assignment

LTE/MIMO

Distributed subcarrier assignment

17

DL Channel Dependent Scheduling in time and frequency domains

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18

OFDMA: (3) Interference Coordination

Flexible Fractional Frequency Reuse
Cell-A
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5

weak users

good users

Cell-B

A1

A2

A3

A4

A5 B1

B2

B3

B4

B5

C1

C2

C3

C4

C5

good user

weak user

Cell-C
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5

C1

C2

C3

C4

C5

good users

weak users

LTE/MIMO

Power

19

A Brief History of OFDM*

1966: Chang shows that multicarrier modulation can solve the multipath problem without reducing data rate
R. W. Chang, Synthesis of band-limited orthogonal signals for multichannel data transmission, Bell Systems Technical Journal, 45:1775-1796, Dec. 1966

1971: Weinstein and Ebert show that multicarrier modulation can be accomplished using a DFT
S. Weinstein and P. Ebert, Data Transmission by frequency-division multiplexing using the discrete Fourier transform, IEEE Transactions on Communications, 19(5): 628-634, Oct. 1971

1985: Cimini at Bell Labs identifies many of the key issues in OFDM transmission and does a proof-of-concept design
L. J. Cimini, Analysis and simulation of a digital mobile channel using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, IEEE Transactions on Communications, 33(7): 665-675, July 1985

1993: DSL adopts OFDM 1999: IEEE 802.11 releases the 802.11a standard for OFDM
LTE/MIMO
* Jeffrey Andrews, et al., Fundamentals of WiMAX, Prentice Hall, 2007

20

OFDM in Communication Systems

3GPP LTE 3GPP2 UMB IEEE 802.16e Mobile WiMAX DAB, DVB-T, DVB-H T-DMB MediaFlo IEEE 802.11a WLAN xDSL PLC Etc
LTE/MIMO 21

SC-FDMA Transmitter
SC-FDMA is a new hybrid modulation technique combining the low PAR single carrier methods of current systems with the frequency allocation flexibility and long symbol time of OFDM SC-FDMA is sometimes referred to as Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM = DFT-SOFDM
Signal at each subcarrier is linear combination of all M symbols

Coded symbol rate= R

Spreading

DFT
Msymbols Low PAPR
LTE/MIMO

Sub-carrier Mapping

IFFT

CP insertion

Size-M High PAPR Size-N Low PAPR

22

CM of OFDMA & SC-FDMA

OFDMA

SC-FDMA 16QAM

SC-FDMA QPSK SC-FDMA pi/2-BPSK

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23

R8 LTE DL OFDMA

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24

R8 LTE UL SC-FDMA (LFDMA)

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25

Comparing OFDM and SC-FDMA*

QPSK example using N=4 subcarriers How OFDM and SC-FDMA would be used to transmit a sequence of 8 QPSK symbols

* Moray Rumney (Agilent), Concepts of 3GPP LTE, Live Webinar, Sep. 20th, 2007.

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26

Comparing OFDM and SC-FDMA

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27

Time Domain Equalizer

In general, the complexity of time-discrete equalizer with linear equalization implementation (as above) grows relatively rapidly with the bandwidth of the signal to be equalized
A more wideband signal is subject to relatively more frequency selectivity or, equivalently, more time dispersion. This implies the equalizer needs to have a larger span. A more wideband signal leads to a correspondingly higher sampling rate for the received signal. Thus, also the receiver-filter processing needs to be carried out with a correspondingly higher rate.
LTE/MIMO 28

Frequency Domain Equalizer

Frequency domain equalization basically consists of

A size-N DFT/FFT N complex multiplications (the frequency-domain filter) A size-N inverse DFT/FFT

Especially in extensive frequency selective channel, the complexity of the frequency domain equalization can be significantly less than that of time domain equalization
LTE/MIMO
* D. Falconer, et al., Frequency domain equalization for single-carrier broadband wireless systems, IEEE Communication Magazine, vol.40, no.4, April 2002

29

LTE Overview

3GPP Specifications
LTE Study Phase (Release 7)
TR 25.813, E-UTRA and E-UTRAN: Radio interface protocol aspects TR 25.814, Physical layer aspects for E-UTRA TR 25.912, Feasibility study for E-UTRA and E-UTRAN TR 25.913, Requirements for E-UTRA and E-UTRAN

LTE Specifications (Release 8)

TS 36.101, E-UTRA: UE radio transmission and reception TS 36.104, E-UTRA: BS radio transmission and reception TS 36.201, E-UTRA: LTE Physical Layer - General Description TS 36.211, E-UTRA: Physical channels and modulation TS 36.212, E-UTRA: Multiplexing and channel coding TS 36.213, E-UTRA: Physical layer procedures TS 36.214, E-UTRA: Physical layer Measurements TS 36.300, E-UTRA and E-UTRAN: Overall description; Stage 2 TS 36.302, E-UTRA: Services provided by the physical layer TS 36.306, E-UTRA: UE Radio Access Capabilities TS 35.321, E-UTRA: Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol specification TS 36.323, E-UTRA: Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) specification TS 36.331, E-UTRA: Radio Resource Control (RRC); Protocol specification TS 36.401, E-UTRAN: Architecture description TR 36.938, E-UTRAN: Improved network controlled mobility between LTE and 3GPP2/mobile WiMAX radio technologies TR 36.956, E-UTRA; Repeater planning guidelines and system analysis LTE/MIMO 31

3GPP LTE
LTE focus is on:
enhancement of the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) optimisation of the UTRAN architecture

With HSPA (downlink and uplink), UTRA will remain highly competitive for several years LTE project aims to ensure the continued competitiveness of the 3GPP technologies for the future (started at Nov. 2004) Motivations
Need for PS optimized system
Evolve UMTS towards packet only system

Need for higher data rates

Can be achieved with HSDPA/HSUPA and/or new air interface defined by 3GPP LTE

Need for high quality of services

Use of licensed frequencies to guarantee quality of services Always-on experience (reduce control plane latency significantly) Reduce round trip delay

Need for cheaper infrastructure

Simplify architecture, reduce number of network elements Most data users are less mobile

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32

Detailed Requirements*
Peak data rate
Instantaneous downlink peak data rate of 100 Mb/s within a 20 MHz downlink spectrum allocation (5 bps/Hz) Instantaneous uplink peak data rate of 50 Mb/s (2.5 bps/Hz) within a 20MHz uplink spectrum allocation)

Control-plane latency
Transition time of less than 100 ms from a camped state, such as Release 6 Idle Mode, to an active state such as Release 6 CELL_DCH Transition time of less than 50 ms between a dormant state such as Release 6 CELL_PCH and an active state such as Release 6 CELL_DCH

Control-plane capacity
At least 200 users per cell should be supported in the active state for spectrum allocations up to 5 MHz

User-plane latency
Less than 5 ms in unload condition (ie single user with single data stream) for small IP packet

LTE/MIMO

* 3GPP TR 25.913, Technical Specification Group RAN: Requirements for Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA) and Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN), Release 8, Version 8.0.0, Dec. 2008

33

Detailed Requirements
Average user throughput
Downlink: average user throughput per MHz, 3 to 4 times Release 6 HSDPA Uplink: average user throughput per MHz, 2 to 3 times Release 6 Enhanced Uplink

Cell edge user throughput

Downlink: user throughput per MHz at 5% of CDF, 2 to 3 times Release 6 HSDPA Uplink: user throughput per MHz at 5% of CDF, 2 to 3 times Release 6 Enhanced Uplink

Spectrum efficiency
Downlink: In a loaded network, target for spectrum efficiency (bits/sec/Hz/site), 3 to 4 times Release 6 HSDPA ) Uplink: In a loaded network, target for spectrum efficiency (bits/sec/Hz/site), 2 to 3 times Release 6 Enhanced Uplink

Mobility
E-UTRAN should be optimized for low mobile speed from 0 to 15 km/h Higher mobile speed between 15 and 120 km/h should be supported with high performance Mobility across the cellular network shall be maintained at speeds from 120 km/h to 350 km/h (or even up to 500 km/h depending on the frequency band)

Coverage
Throughput, spectrum efficiency and mobility targets above should be met up to 5 km cells, and with a slight degradation up to 30 km cells. Cells range up to 100 km should not be precluded.
LTE/MIMO 34

Detailed Requirements
Spectrum flexibility
E-UTRA shall operate in spectrum allocations of different sizes, including 1.25 MHz, 2.5 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz and 20 MHz in both the uplink and downlink. Operation in paired and unpaired spectrum shall be supported

Co-existence and Inter-working with 3GPP RAT (UTRAN, GERAN) Architecture and migration
Single E-UTRAN architecture The E-UTRAN architecture shall be packet based, although provision should be made to support systems supporting real-time and conversational class traffic E-UTRAN architecture shall support an end-to-end QoS Backhaul communication protocols should be optimized

Radio Resource Management requirements

Enhanced support for end to end QoS Support of load sharing and policy management across different Radio Access Technologies

Complexity
Minimize the number of options No redundant mandatory features

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35

LTE System Performance

Peak Data Rate
baseline 150.8 302.8 51.0 75.4 baseline

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36

LTE System Performance contd

Downlink Spectral Efficiency

Uplink Spectral Efficiency

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37

LTE Key Features

Downlink: OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access)
Less critical AMP efficiency in BS side Concerns on high RX complexity in terminal side

Uplink: SC-FDMA (Single Carrier-FDMA)

Less critical RX complexity in BS side Critical AMP complexity in terminal side (Cost, power Consumption, UL coverage)

Making MS cheap as much as possible by moving all the burdens from MS to BS

Single node RAN (eNB) Support FDD (frame type 1) & TDD (frame type 2 for TD-SCDMA) <cf> H-FDD MS User data rates
DL (baseline): 150.8 Mbps @ 20 MHz BW w/ 2x2 SU-MIMO UL (baseline): 75.4 Mbps @ 20 MHz BW w/ non-MIMO or 1x2 MU-MIMO

Radio frame: 10 ms (= 20 slots) Sub-frame: 1 ms (= 2 slots) Slot: 0.5 ms TTI: 1 ms HARQ

Incremental redundancy is used as the soft combining strategy Retransmission time: 8 ms

Modulation
DL/UL data channel = QPSK/16QAM/64QAM

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38

LTE Key Features contd

MIMO SM (Spatial Multiplexing), Beamforming, Antenna Diversity Min requirement: 2 eNB antennas & 2 UE rx antennas
DL: Single-User MIMO up to 4x4 supportable UL: 1x2 MU-MIMO, Optional 2x2 SU-MIMO

Resource block
12 subcarriers with subcarrier BW of 15kHz 180kHz 24 subcarriers with subcarrier BW of 7.5kHz (only for MBMS)

Subcarrier operation
Frequency selective by localized subcarrier Frequency diversity by distributed subcarrier & frequency hopping

Frequency hopping
Intra-TTI: UL (once per 0.5ms slot), DL (once per 66us symbol) Inter-TTI: across retransmissions

Bearer services
Packet only no circuit switched voice or data services are supported Voice must use VoIP

MBSFN
Multicast/Broadcast over a Single Frequency Network To support a Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast System (MBMS) Time-synchronized common waveform is transmitted from multiple cells for a given duration The signal at MS will appear exactly as a signal transmitted from a single cell site and subject to multi-path Not only improve the received signal strength but also eliminate inter-cell interference

LTE/MIMO

39

E-UTRAN Architecture*

LTE/MIMO

* 3GPP TS 36.300, E-UTRA and E-UTRAN; Overall description; Stage 2, Release 9, V9.0.0, June 2009

40

Functional Split b/w E-UTRAN and EPC*

LTE/MIMO

* 3GPP TS 36.300, E-UTRA and E-UTRAN; Overall description; Stage 2, Release 9, V9.0.0, June 2009

41

3GPP Architecture Evolution Towards Flat Architecture

LTE/MIMO

42

E-UTRA Frequency Band*

Japan, Korea?

Korea? Europe Korea? US US

China?

LTE/MIMO

* 3GPP TS 36.101, E-UTRA: UE radio transmission and reception, Release 9, V9.0.0, June 2009

43

E-UTRA Channel Bandwidth*

1RB = 180kHz 6RBs = 1.08MHz, 100RBs = 18MHz 6RBs (72 subcarriers) with 128 FFT, 100RBs (1200 subcarriers) with 2048 FFT

LTE/MIMO

* 3GPP TS 36.101, E-UTRA: UE radio transmission and reception, Release 9, V9.0.0, June 2009

44

TS 36.101 for UE, 36.104 for eNB

Transmitter characteristics
Transmit power Output power dynamics Transmit signal quality Output RF spectrum emissions Transmit intermodulation

Receiver characteristics
Reference sensitivity power level Maximum input level Adjacent Channel Selectivity (ACS) Blocking characteristics Intermodulation characteristics Spurious emissions

Performance requirement (below is examples for UE)

Dual-antenna receiver capability Simultaneous unicast and MBMS operations Demodulation of PDSCH (Cell-Specific Reference Symbols) Minimum Requirement QPSK/16QAM/64QAM Transmit diversity performance Open-loop spatial multiplexing performance Closed-loop spatial multiplexing performance MU-MIMO

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45

Conformance Test
TS 36.141 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Base Station (BS) conformance testing TS 36.143 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); FDD repeater conformance testing TS 36.508 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Packet Core (EPC); Common test environments for User Equipment (UE) conformance testing TS 36.509 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Packet Core (EPC); Special conformance testing functions for User Equipment (UE) TS 36.521-1 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); User Equipment (UE) conformance specification; Radio transmission and reception; Part 1: Conformance testing TS 36.521-2 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); User Equipment (UE) conformance specification; Radio transmission and reception; Part 2: Implementation Conformance Statement (ICS) TS 36.521-3 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); User Equipment (UE) conformance specification; Radio transmission and reception; Part 3: Radio Resource Management (RRM) conformance testing TS 36.523-1 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Packet Core (EPC); User Equipment (UE) conformance specification; Part 1: Protocol conformance specification TS 36.523-2 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Packet Core (EPC); User Equipment (UE) conformance specification; Part 2: ICS TS 36.523-3 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Packet Core (EPC); User Equipment (UE) conformance specification; Part 3: Test suites

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46

LTE Radio Interface Architecture

LTE Protocol Architecture (DL)

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48

Logical Channels: type of information it carries

Control Channels Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) used for transmission of system information from the network to all UEs in a cell Paging Control Channel (PCCH) used for paging of UEs whose location on cell level is not known to the network Common Control Channel (CCCH) used for transmission of control information in conjunction with random access, i.e., used for UEs having no RRC connection Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH) used for transmission of control information to/from a UE, i.e., used for UEs having RRC connection (e.g. handover messages) Multicast Control Channel (MCCH) used for transmission of control information required for reception of MTCH Traffic Channels Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH) used for transmission of user data to/from a UE Multicast Traffic Channel (MTCH) used for transmission of MBMS services
* 3GPP TS 36.300, E-UTRA and E-UTRAN; Overall description; Stage 2, Release 9, V9.0.0, June 2009

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49

Transport Channels: how, with what characteristics

Downlink Broadcast Channel (BCH)
A fixed TF Used for transmission of parts of BCCH, so called MIB

Paging Channel (PCH)

Used for transmission of paging information from PCCH Supports discontinuous reception (DRX)

Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH)

Main transport channel used for transmission of downlink data in LTE Used also for transmission of parts of BCCH, so called SIB Supports discontinuous reception (DRX)

Multicast Channel (MCH)

Used to support MBMS

Uplink Uplink Shared Channel (UL-SCH)

Uplink counterpart to the DL-SCH

Random Access Channel(s) (RACH)

Transport channel which doesnt carry transport blocks Collision risk

LTE/MIMO

* 3GPP TS 36.300, E-UTRA and E-UTRAN; Overall description; Stage 2, Release 9, V9.0.0, June 2009

50

DL Physical Channels
Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
downlink user data transport channel DL-SCH paging transport channel PCH SI (System Information) RRC DL-SCH PDSCH

Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)

UE cell search , MIB (Master Information Block) transport channel BCH

Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH)

transport channel MCH

Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH)

subframe , only one PCFICH in each cell Informs UE about CFI which indicates the number of OFDM symbols used for PDCCHs transmission

Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)

Informs UE about resource allocation of PCH and DL-SCH HARQ information related to DL-SCH UL scheduling grant

Physical HARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH)

Carries HARQ ACK/NACKs in response to UL transmission LTE/MIMO 51

UL Physical Channels
Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
Uplink counterpart of PDSCH Carries UL-SCH

Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)

Carries HARQ ACK/NAKs in response to DL transmission Carries Scheduling Request (SR) Carries channel status reports such as CQI, PMI and RI At most one PUCCH per UE

Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)

Carries the random access preamble

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52

LTE Channel Mapping

Downlink

Uplink

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53

Terminal States

RRC_CONNECTED
Active state where UE is connected to a specific cell One or several IP addresses as well as an identity of the terminal, Cell Radio-Network Temporary Identifier (C-RNTI), used for signaling purposes b/w UE and network, have been assigned Two substates: IN_SYNC & OUT_OF_SYNC whether or not uplink is synchronized to the network

RRC_IDLE
Low activity state where US sleeps most of the time to reduce battery consumption Uplink synchronization is not maintained and hence only uplink transmission that may take place is random access In downlink, US can periodically wake up to be paged for incoming calls UE keeps its IP address(es) and other internal info to rapidly move to RRC_CONNECTED LTE/MIMO 54

Example of LTE Data Flow

LTE/MIMO

55

LTE Downlink Transmission

Frame Structure: Type 1 for FDD

One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts=10 ms One slot, Tslot = 15360Ts = 0.5 ms #0 #1 #2 #3 #18 #19

One subframe

where, Ts = 1/(15000 x 2048) seconds Tf = 307200 x Ts = 10 ms

the smallest time unit in LTE

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57

Frame Structure: Type 2 for TDD

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58

Frame Structure: FDD/TDD

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59

DL Slot Structure
DL N RB : Downlink bandwidth configuration, RB expressed in units of N sc
DL N symb

Tslot

RB N sc : Resource block size in the

DL RB k = N RB N sc 1

frequency domain, expressed as a number of subcarriers

DL N symb: Number of OFDM symbols in an
DL RB N symb N sc

downlink slot
DL RB N RB N sc

(k , l )
RB N sc

The minimum RB the eNB uses for LTE scheduling is 1ms (1subframe) x 180kHz (12subcarriers @ 15kHz spacing)
k =0

LTE/MIMO

l=0

l=

DL N symb

60

Definitions
Resource Grid
DL Defined as N RB N sc subcarriers in frequency domain and N symb OFDM symbols in time domain
DL The quantity N RB depends on the DL transmission BW configured in the cell and shall fulfill

DL

RB

DL 6 N RB 110

DL The set of allowed values for N RB is given by TS 36.101, TS 36.104

Resource Block (1 RB = 180 kHz)

DL RB Defined as N sc consecutive subcarriers in frequency domain and N symb consecutive OFDM symbols in time domain

Corresponding to one slot in the time domain and 180 kHz in the frequency domain

Resource Element
DL RB DL Uniquely defined by the index pair (k, l ) in a slot where k = 0,..., N RB N sc 1 and l = 0,..., N symb 1 are the indices in the frequency and time domain, respectively

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61

Normal CP & Extended CP

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62

PRB and VRB (LVRB, DVRB)

DL Physical resource blocks are numbered from 0 to N RB 1 in the frequency domain.

The relation between the physical resource block number nPRB in the frequency domain and resource elements (k , l ) in a slot is given by
k nPRB = RB N sc

A virtual resource block is of the same size as a physical resource block. Two types of virtual resource blocks are defined: LVRB and DVRB Virtual resource blocks of localized type are mapped directly to PRBs such that virtual resource block nVRB corresponds to physical resource block nPRB = nVRB . DL DL DL Virtual resource blocks are numbered from 0 to N VRB 1 , where N VRB = N RB .

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63

DVRB
Virtual resource blocks of distributed type are mapped to PRBs as follows
Consecutive VRBs are not mapped to PRBs that are consecutive in the frequency domain Even a single VRB pair is distributed in the frequency domain

The exact size of the frequency gap depends on the overall downlink cell BW

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64

Resource-element groups (REG)

Basic unit for mapping of PCFICH, PHICH, and PDCCH Resource-element groups are used for defining the mapping of control channels to resource elements. Mapping of a symbol-quadruplet z (i), z (i + 1), z (i + 2), z (i + 3) onto a resource -element group is defined such that elements z (i) are mapped to resource elements (k , l ) of the resource-element group not used for cell-specific reference signals in increasing order of l and k
n+5 n+6 n+7 n+0 n+1 n+2 n+3 n+4 n+5 n+6 n+0 n+1 n+2 n+3 n+4

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65

DL Physical Channel Processing

code words Modulation Mapper Layer Mapper Scrambling Modulation Mapper Precoding
Resource element mapper

layers
Resource element mapper

antenna ports OFDM signal generation

Scrambling

OFDM signal generation

scrambling of coded bits in each of the code words to be transmitted on a physical channel modulation of scrambled bits to generate complex-valued modulation symbols mapping of the complex-valued modulation symbols onto one or several transmission layers precoding of the complex-valued modulation symbols on each layer for transmission on the antenna ports mapping of complex-valued modulation symbols for each antenna port to resource elements generation of complex-valued time-domain OFDM signal for each antenna port
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66

Channel Coding

Turbo code
PCCC (exactly the same as in WCDMA/HSPA) QPP (quadratic polynomial permutation) interleaver
LTE/MIMO 67

Modulation

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68

DL Layer Mapping and Precoding

Explained in MIMO session

LTE/MIMO

69

DL OFDM Signal Generation

OFDM Parameters
0 t < (N CP ,l + N ) Ts
N = 2048 for f=15kHz N = 4096 for f=7.5kHz

Check with resource block parameters

(160+2048) x Ts = 71.88us (144+2048) x Ts = 71.35us 71.88us + 71.35us x 6 = 0.5ms

Normal Cyclic Prefix = 160 Ts = 5.2 us Normal Cyclic Prefix = 144 Ts = 4.7 us Extended Cyclic Prefix = 512 Ts = 16.7 us Extended Cyclic Prefix for MBMS = 1024 Ts = 33.3 us
LTE/MIMO 70

DL Physical Channels & Signals

Physical channels
Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH) Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH) Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) Physical HARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH)

Physical signals
Reference Signals
Cell-specific RS, associated with non-MBSFN transmission Aid coherent detection (pilot) Reference channel for CQI from UE to eNB MBSFN RS, associated with MBSFN transmission UE-specific RS

Synchronization Signals
Carries frequency and symbol timing synchronization PSS (Primary SS) and SSS (Secondary SS)

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71

DL Reference Signals
Cell-specific reference signals
Are transmitted in every downlink subframe, and span entire cell BW Can be used for coherent demodulation of any downlink transmission except when so-called non-codebook-based beamforming is used Using antenna ports {0, 1, 2, 3}

MBSFN reference signals

Are used for channel estimation for coherent demodulation of signals being transmitted by means of MBSFN Using antenna port 4

UE-specific reference signals

Is specifically intended for channel estimation for coherent demodulation of DL-SCH when non-codebook-based beamforming is used. Are transmitted only within the RB assigned for DL-SCH to that specific UE Using antenna port 5

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72

Cell-Specific Reference Signals

When estimating the channel for a certain RB, UE may not only use the reference symbols within that RB but also, in frequency domain, neighbor RBs, as well as reference symbols of previously received slots/subframes Pseudo-random sequence generation 1 (1 2 c(2m)) + j 1 (1 2 c(2m + 1)), rl ,ns (m) = 2 2
is the slot number within a radio frame. is the OFDM symbol number within the slot. The pseudo-random sequence c(i) is a length-31 Gold sequence.

max, m = 0,1,...,2 N RB DL 1

The complex values of reference symbols will vary b/w different referencesymbol position and also b/w different cells. Thus, RS of a cell can be seen as a cell-specific two-dimensional sequence with the period of one frame. Regardless of cell BW, the reference signal sequence is defined assuming the maximum possible LTE cell BW corresponding to 110 RBs in frequency domain
LTE/MIMO 73

Relationship with Cell Identity

504 unique Cell ID:
168(N1) Cell ID groups, 3 (N2) Cell ID within each group Cell ID = 3xN1+N2 = 0 ~ 503 index

504 pseudo-random sequences One to one mapping between the Cell ID and Pseudo-random sequences Cell-specific Frequency Shift (N1 mod 6)
1 RE shift from current RS position in case of next Cell ID index Each shift corresponds to 84 different cell identities, that is 6 shifts jointly cover all 504 cell identities. Effective with RS boosting to enhance reference signal SIR by avoiding the collision of boosted RSs from neighboring cells (assuming time synchronization)

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74

Cell-Specific RS Mapping
R0

R0

One antenna port

R0

R0

R0

R0

R0

R0 l =6 l=0 l=6

l=0

Resource element (k,l)

R0

R0

R1

R1

Two antenna ports

R0

R0

R1

R1

Not used for transmission on this antenan port

R0

R0

R1

R1

Reference symbols on this antenna port

R0 l =0

R0 l=6 l =0 l =6 l =0

R1 l =6 l =0

R1 l =6

R0
Four antenna ports

R0

R1

R1

R2

R3

R3

R0

R0

R1

R1

R2

R0

R0

R1

R1

R2

R3

R3

R0 l =0

R0 l =6 l =0 l =6 l=0

R1 l =6 l=0

R1 l=6 l=0

R2 l =6 l=0 l=6 l =0 l=6 l =0 l=6

even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots LTE/MIMO Antenna port 0

even-numbered slots

odd-numbered slots

even-numbered slots

odd-numbered slots

even-numbered slots

odd-numbered slots

75

Antenna port 1

Antenna port 2

Antenna port 3

MBSFN RS Mapping

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76

MBSFN RS Mapping

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77

UE-specific RS on top of Cell-specific RS

UE-specific RS (antenna port 5)
12 symbols per RB pair

DL CQI estimation is always based on cell-specific RS (common RS)

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78

PCFICH
The number of OFDM symbols used for control channel can be varying per TTI CFI (Control Format Indication)
Information about the number of OFDM symbols (1~4) used for transmission of PDCCHs in a subframe

PCFICH carries CFI

2 bits

32 bits (block coding)

32 bits (cell specific scrambling)

16 symbols (QPSK)

Mapping to resource elements: 4 REG (16 RE excluding RS) in the 1st OFDM symbol
Spread over the whole system bandwidth To avoid the collisions in neighboring cells, the location depends on cell identity

Transmit diversity is applied which is identical to the scheme applied to BCH LTE/MIMO

79

PCFICH REG Mapping

Cell ID

Example for 5 MHz BW LTE

DL N RB = 25 (number of REGs = 50)

RB N sc = 12

REG

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80

PCFICH Processing

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81

PHICH
HARQ ACK/NAK in response to UL transmission HI codewords with length of 12 REs = 4 (Walsh spreading) x 3 (repetition)
3 groups of 4 contiguous REs (not used for RS and PCFICH) BPSK modulation with I/Q multiplexing SF4 x 2 (I/Q) = 8 PHICHs in normal CP

Cell-specific scrambling Tx diversity, the same antenna ports as PBCH Typically, PHICH is transmitted in the first OFDM symbol only For FDD, an uplink transport block received in subframe n should be acknowledged on the PHICH in subframe n+4
LTE/MIMO 82

PHICH REG Mapping

ni =

Cell ID

(N (N (N

cell ID cell ID cell ID

nli n1 + m' mod nli nli nli

i

) n1 + m'+ nl 3)mod nl n1 + m'+ 2 nl 3)mod nl

i i i

i=0 i =1 i=2
DL N RB

Example for 5 MHz BW LTE

DL N RB = 25 (number of REGs = 50) RB N sc = 12

REG

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83

PHICH Processing

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84

symbol

PCFICH/PHICH RE Mapping
Example for 5 MHz BW LTE

Subcarrier

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85

PDCCH DCI Format

PDCCH is used to carry DCI where DCI includes;
Downlink scheduling assignments, including PDSCH resource indication, transport format, HARQrelated information, and control information related to SM (if applicable). Uplink scheduling grants, including PUSCH resource indication, transport format, and HARQrelated information. Uplink power control commands
DCI Formats 0 1 1A 1B 1C 1D 2 2A 3 3A Power control DL assignment Usage UL grant For scheduling of PUSCH For scheduling of one PDSCH codeword (SIMO, TxD) For compact scheduling of one PDSCH codeword (SIMO, TxD) and random access procedure initiated by a PDCCH order For compact scheduling of one PDSCH codeword with precoding information (CL single-rank) For very compact scheduling of one PDSCH codeword (paging, RACH response and dynamic BCCH scheduling) For compact scheduling of one PDSCH codeword with precoding & power offset information For scheduling PDSCH to UEs configured in CL SM For scheduling PDSCH to UEs configured in OL SM For transmission of TPC commands for PUCCH/PUSCH with 2-bit power adjustment For transmission of TPC commands for PUCCH/PUSCH with single bit power adjustment Details

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86

Downlink Assignment
Major contents of different DCI formats: not exhaustive
DCI format 0/1A indication [1 bit] Distributed transmission flag [1 bit] Resource-block allocation [variable] For the first (or only) transport block
MCS [5 bit] New-data indicator [1 bit] Redundancy version [2 bit]

For the second transport block (present in DCI format 2 only)

MCS [5 bit] New-data indicator [1 bit] Redundancy version [2 bit]

HARQ process number [3 bit for FDD] Information related to SM (present in DCI format 2 only)
Pre-coding information [3 bit for 2 antennas, 6 bit for 4 antennas in CL-SM] Number of transmission layer HARQ swap flag [1 bit]

Transmit power control (TPC) for PUCCH [2 bit] Identity (RNTI) of the terminal for which the PDCCH transmission is intended [16 bit]
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87

Uplink Grants
Major contents of DCI format 0 for UL grants: not exhaustive
DCI format 0/1A indication [1 bit] Hopping flag [1 bit] Resource-block allocation [variable] MCS [5 bit] New-data indicator [1 bit] Phase rotation of UL demodulation reference signal [3 bit] Channel-status request flag [1 bit] Transmit power control (TPC) for PUSCH [2 bit] Identity (RNTI) of the terminal for which the PDCCH transmission is intended [16 bit]

The time b/w reception of an UL scheduling grant on a PDCCH and the corresponding transmission on UL-SCH are fixed
For FDD, the time relation is the same as for PHICH Uplink grant received in downlink subframe n applies to uplink subframe n+4

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88

PDCCH Processing
First n OFDM symbols
< 10RB: 2~4 OFDMA symbols > 10RB: 1~3 OFDMA symbols 1/14~3/14 (10~20%) overhead

PDCCH format based on # of CCE (Control Channel Element, = 9 REGs)

Depending on the payload size of control information (DCI payload) & coding rate Number of CCEs for each of PDCCH may vary and is not signaled, so UE has to blindly determine this search space: a set of candidate control channels formed by CCEs on a given aggregation level {1, 2, 4, 8}, which UE is supposed to attempt to decode

User identification is based on UE specific CRC (normal CRC with UE ID masking)

Cell-specific scrambling, QPSK with tail-biting Conv. Code Tx diversity, the same antenna ports as PBCH Mapped to REG not assigned to PCFICH or PHICH
LTE/MIMO 89

PDCCH Processing

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90

System Information
Master information block (MIB) includes the following information:
Downlink cell bandwidth [4 bit] PHICH duration [1 bit] PHICH resource [2 bit] System Frame Number (SFN) except two LBSs Etc

LTE defines different SIBs:

SIB1 includes info mainly related to whether an UE is allowed to camp on the cell. This includes info about the operator(s) and about the cell (e.g. PLMN identity list, tracking area code, cell identity, minimum required Rx level in the cell, etc), DL-UL subframe configuration in TDD case, and the scheduling of the remaining SIBs. SIB1 is transmitted every 80ms. SIB2 includes info that UEs need in order to be able to access the cell. This includes info about the UL cell BW, random access parameters, and UL power control parameters. SIBs also includes radio resource configuration of common channels (RACH, BCCH, PCCH, PRACH, PDSCH, PUSCH, PUCCH, and SRS). SIB3 mainly includes info related to cell-reselection. SIB4-8 include neighbor-cell-related info. (E-UTRAN, UTRAN, GERAN, cdma2000) SIB9 contains a home eNB identifier SIB10/11 contains ETWS (Earthquake and Tsunami Warning System) notification More to be added

MIB mapped to PBCH Other SIBs mapped to PDSCH LTE/MIMO 91

BCH on PBCH
To broadcast a certain set of cell and/or system-specific information Requirement to be broadcast in the entire coverage area of the cell BCH transmission
The coded BCH transport block is mapped to four subframes (slot #1 in subframe #0) within a 40ms interval 40ms timing is blindly detected (no explicit signaling indicating 40ms timing) Each subframe is assumed to be self-decodable, i.e. the BCH can be decoded from a single reception, assuming sufficiently good channel conditions

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92

BCH on PBCH contd

Single (fixed-size) transport block per TTI (40 ms)
No HARQ Cell-specific scrambling, BPSK with tail-biting Conv. Code, Tx diversity(1,2,4)

BCH mapped to 4 OFDM symbols within a subframe in time-domain at 6 RBs (72 subcarriers) excluding DC in freq-domain PBCH is mapped into RE assuming RS from 4 antennas are used at eNB, irrespective of the actual number of TX antenna Different transmit diversity schemes per # of antennas
# of ant=2: SFBC # of ant=4: SFBC + FSTD (Frequency Switching Transmit Diversity)

No explicit bits in the PBCH to signal the number of TX antennas at eNB

PBCH encoding chain includes CRC masking dependent on the number of configured TX antennas at eNB Blind detection of the number of TX antenna using CRC masking by UE

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93

PBCH Processing

LTE/MIMO

94

PDSCH Processing

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)

RS PSS & SSS and BCH PCFICH PHICH PDCCH PDSCH

LTE/MIMO

95

DL constellation & frame summary

LTE/MIMO

96

LTE Uplink Transmission

LTE Uplink Key Features

SC-FDMA
PAPR DFT size is limited to products of the integers 2, 3, and 5 (e.g. DFT sizes of 60, 72, and 96 are allowed but a DFT size of 84 is not allowed.) No unused DC-subcarrier is defined

CAZAC (Constant Amplitude Zero Autocorrelation) sequence

Reference signal CDM CAZAC sequence CAZAC sequence / amplitude PAPR

MU-MIMO QPSK/16QAM/64QAM modulation

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98

UL Slot Structure
UL N RB : Uplink bandwidth configuration,
RB expressed in units of N sc
UL N symb

Tslot

RB N sc : Resource block size in the

UL RB k = N RB N sc 1

frequency domain, expressed as a number of subcarriers

UL N symb : Number of SC-FDMA symbols in
UL RB N symb N sc

an uplink slot
UL RB N RB N sc

(k , l )
RB N sc

LTE/MIMO

k =0
l=0

l=

UL N symb

99

Definitions
Resource Grid
UL UL RB Defined as N RB N sc subcarriers in frequency domain and N symb SC-FDMA symbols in time domain
UL The quantity N RB depends on the UL transmission BW configured in the cell and shall fulfill

UL 6 N RB 110
UL The set of allowed values for N RB is given by TS 36.101, TS 36.104

Resource Block
RB UL Defined as N sc consecutive subcarriers in frequency domain and N symb consecutive SC-

FDMA symbols in time domain Corresponding to one slot in the time domain and 180 kHz in the frequency domain

Resource Element
UL RB Uniquely defined by the index pair (k, l ) in a slot where k = 0,..., N RB N sc 1 and
UL l = 0,..., N symb 1

are the indices in the frequency and time domain, respectively

LTE/MIMO 100

UL Physical Channels & Signals

UL physical channels
Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)

UL physical signals
An uplink physical signal is used by the physical layer but does not carry information originating from higher layers Two types of reference signals
UL demodulation reference signal (DRS) for PUSCH, PUCCH UL sounding reference signal (SRS) not associated with PUSCH, PUCCH transmission

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101

UL Reference Signals
UL RS should preferably have the following properties:
Favorable auto- and cross-correlation properties Limited power variation in freq-domain to allow for similar channel-estimation quality for all frequencies Limited power variation in time-domain (low cubic metric) for high PA efficiency Sufficiently many RS sequences of the same length to avoid an unreasonable planning effort

Zadoff-Chu Sequence
Appeared in IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory in 1972 Poly-phase sequence Constant amplitude zero auto correlation (CAZAC) sequence
Cyclic autocorrelations are zero for all non-zero lags, Non-zero cross-correlations Constant power in both the frequency and the time domain

No restriction on code length N

j 2N pn 2 , e g p ( n) = 2 e j N pn ( n +1) ,

when N is even when N is odd

- Sequence number p is relatively prime to N - Sequence length: N - Number of sequences: N-1

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102

DRS
DRS is made from Z-C sequence*, and the DRS sequence length is the same with the number of subcarriers in an assigned RBs DRS is defined with the following parameters
Sequence group (30 options): cell specific parameter Sequence (2 options for sequence lengths of 6PRBs or longer): cell specific parameter Cyclic shift (12 options): both terminal and cell specific components Sequence length: given by the UL allocation

Typically, Cyclic shifts are used to multiplex RSs from different UEs within a cell. Different sequence groups are used in neighboring cells.

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103

DRS Location within a Subframe

DM RS for PUSCH
Normal CP PUSCH RS SC-FDMA Extended CP PUSCH RS 3 SC-FDMA

DM RS for PUCCH
Format 1x

Format 2x

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104

SRS
RS Reference for channel quality information
CQ measurement for frequency/time aware scheduling CQ measurement for link adaptation CQ measurement for power control CQ measurement for MIMO Timing measurement

Reference signal sequence is defined by a cyclic shift of a base sequence (ZC)

r SRS (n ) = ru(, ) (n ) v

RS ru(, ) (n) = e jn ru ,v (n), 0 n < M sc v

SRS /
From as often as once in every 2ms to as infrequently as once in every 160ms (320ms) At least 4 RBs

SRS SC-FDMA SRS multiplexing by

Time, Frequency, Cyclic shifts, and transmission comb (2 combs distributed SC-FDMA)

To avoid the collision b/w SRS and PUSCH transmission from other UEs, SRS transmissions should not extend into the frequency band reserved for PUCCH.
LTE/MIMO 105

SRS contd
Non-frequency-hopping (wideband) SRS and frequency-hopping SRS

Multiplexing of SRS transmissions from different UEs

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106

Uplink L1/L2 Control Signaling

Uplink L1/L2 control signaling consists of:
HARQ acknowledgements for received DL-SCH transport blocks UE reports downlink channel conditions including CQI, PMI, and RI Scheduling requests

Two different methods for transmission of UL L1/L2 control signaling

No simultaneous transmission of UL-SCH
UE doesnt have a valid scheduling grant, that is, no resources have been assigned for UL-SCH in the current subframe PUCCH is used for transmission of UL L1/L2 control signaling

Simultaneous transmission of UL-SCH

UE has a valid scheduling grant, that is, resources have been assigned for UL-SCH in the current subframe UL L1/L2 control signaling is time multiplexed with the coded UL-SCH onto PUSCH prior to SCFDMA modulation Only HARQ acknowledgement and channel-status reports are transmitted No need to request a SR. Instead, in-band buffer status reports are sent in MAC headers The basis for channel-status reports on PUSCH is aperiodic reports If a periodic report is configured to be transmitted on PUCCH in a frame when US is scheduled to transmit PUSCH, then the periodic report is rerouted to PUSCH resources

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107

Periodic/Aperiodic Channel Info Feedback

Periodic reporting
When to send Where to send Payload size of the reports Channel coding CRC protection RI Periodically every 2-160 ms Normally on PUCCH, PUSCH used when multiplexed with data 4-11 bits Linear block codes No Sent in separate subframes at lower periodicity Only very limited amount of frequency info Only wideband PMI

Aperiodic reporting
When requested by eNB Always on PUSCH Up to 64 bits RM coding or tail-biting CC Yes, 8 bit CRC Sent separately encoded in the same subframe Detailed frequency selective reports are possible Frequency selective PMI reports are possible

Freq. selectivity of CQI

Freq. selectivity of PMI

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108

UL L1/L2 control signaling on PUCCH

The reasons for locating PUCCH resources at the edges of the spectrum
To maximize frequency diversity To retain single-carrier property

Multiple UEs can share the same PUCCH resource block

Format 1: length-12 orthogonal phase rotation sequence + length-4 orthogonal cover Format 2: length-12 orthogonal phase rotation sequence

PUCCH is never transmitted simultaneously with PUSCH from the same UE 2 consecutive PUCCH slots in Time-Frequency Hopping at the slot boundary

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109

Changing UL System BW Via PUCCH Config

LTE/MIMO

110

PUCCH Formats
PUCCH format 1 1a 1b 2 2a 2b Modulation scheme N/A BPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK+BPSK QPSK+QPSK Number of bits per subframe N/A 1 2 20 21 22 Usage SR ACK/NACK ACK/NACK CQI CQI + ACK/NACK CQI + ACK/NACK Multiplexing capacity (UE/RB) 36, 18*, 12 36, 18*, 12 36, 18*, 12 12, 6*, 4 12, 6*, 4 12, 6*, 4

* Typical value with 6 different rotations (choosing every second cyclic shift)

PUCCH Format 2/2a/2b is located at the outermost RBs of system BW ACK/NACK for persistently scheduled PDSCH and SRI are located next ACK/NACK for dynamically scheduled PDSCH are located innermost RBs
LTE/MIMO 111

PUCCH Resource Mapping

Format 1

4 symbols are modulated by BPSK/QPSK BPSK/QPSK symbol is multiplied by a length-4 orthogonal cover sequence (a length-3 orthogonal cover when there is SRS), and then it modulates the rotated length-12 sequence.
Reference signals also employ one orthogonal cover sequence PUCCH capacity: up to 3 x 12 = 36 different UEs per each cell-specific sequence (assuming all 12 rotations being available Practically, only 6 rotations.)

Format 2

5 symbols are modulated by QPSK after being multiplied by a phase rotated length-12 cell specific sequence. Resource consumption of one channel-status report is 3x of HARQ acknowledgement
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112

More on PUCCH Multiplexing

CDM and FDM Two ways for CDM
CDM by means of cyclic shifts of a CAZAC sequence CDM by means of block-wise spreading with the orthogonal cover sequences

Two main issues with CDM

Channel delay spread limits the orthogonality between cyclically shifted CAZAC sequences Channel Doppler spread limits the orthogonality between block-wise spread sequences

LTE/MIMO

113

PUCCH Format1 Processing

LTE/MIMO

114

PUCCH Format2 Processing

LTE/MIMO

115

UL L1/L2 control signaling on PUSCH

LTE/MIMO

116

More on Control Signalling on PUSCH

CQI/PMI transmitted on PUSCH uses the same modulation scheme as data. ACK/NACK and RI are transmitted so that the coding/scrambling/ modulation maximize the Euclidean distance at the symbol level. The outermost constellation points are used to signal these for 16QAM and 64QAM. Different channel coding
1-bit ACK/NACK: repetition coding 2-bit ACK/NACK/RI: simplex coding CQI/PMI < 11bits: (32,N) Reed-Muller coding CQI/PMI > 11bits: tail-biting CC (1/3)

How to keep the performance of control signaling on PUSCH?

Different power offset? Variable coding rate? No! Because SC properties are partially destroyed. Yes! The size of physical resources for control is scaled.

LTE/MIMO

117

PUSCH Processing (1)

LTE/MIMO

118

UL SC-FDMA Signal Generation

This section applies to all uplink physical signals and physical channels except the physical random access channel SC-FDMA parameters
0 t < (N CP ,l + N ) Ts where N = 2048

Check with numbers in Table 5.2.3-1.

{(160+2048) x Ts} + 6 x {(144+2048) x Ts} = 0.5 ms 6 x {(512+2048) x Ts} = 0.5 ms
LTE/MIMO

119

PUSCH Frequency Hopping

PUSCH transmission
Localized transmission w/o frequency hopping Frequency Selective Scheduling Gain Localized transmission with frequency hopping Frequency Diversity Gain, Inter-cell Interference Randomization

Two types of PUSCH frequency hopping

Subband-based hopping according to cell-specific hopping patterns Hopping based on explicit hopping information in the scheduling grant

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120

Hopping based on cell-specific patterns

Subbands are defined
In 10 MHz BW case, the overall UL BW corresponds to 50 RBs and there are a total of 4 subbands, each consisting of 11 RBs. The remaining 6 RBs are used for PUCCH transmission.

The resource defined by a scheduling grant (VRBs) is not the actual set of RBs for transmission. The resource to use for transmission (PRBs) is the resource provided in the scheduling grant shifted a number of subbands according to a cell-specific hopping pattern.

LTE/MIMO

121

More on hopping w/ cell-specific patterns

Example for predefined hopping for PUSCH with 20 RBs and M=4 (subband hopping + mirroring)

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122

Hopping based on explicit information

Explicit hopping information provided in the scheduling grant is about the offset of the resource in the second slot, relative to the resource in the first slot Selection b/w hopping based on cell-specific hopping patterns or hopping based on explicit information can be done dynamically.
Cell BW less than 50 RBs
1 bit in scheduling grant indicating to specify which scheme is to be used When hopping based on explicit information is selected, the offset is always half of BW

Cell BS equal or larger than 50 RBs

2 bits in scheduling grant One of the combinations indicate that hopping should be based on cell-specific hopping patterns Three remaining combinations indicate hopping of 1/2, +1/4, and -1/4 of BW

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123

PRACH
PRACH RA preamble 6RB 1.25kHz (format #4 7.5kHz) 64 preamble sequences for each cell 64 random access opportunities per PRACH resource Sequence 839 Z-C sequence (format #4 139)
Phase modulation: Due to the ideal auto-correlation property, there is no intra-cell interference from multiple random access attempt using preambles derived from the same Z-C root sequence.

Five types of preamble formats to accommodate a wide range of scenarios

Higher layers control the preamble format

SINR sequence repetition SINR sequence repetition TDD

LTE/MIMO

124

Different Preamble Formats

LTE/MIMO

125

PRACH Location

LTE/MIMO

126

UL 16QAM SC-FDMA

LTE/MIMO

127

LTE Cell Search

Synchronization Signals
504 unique physical-layer cell identities
168 unique physical-layer cell-identity groups (0~167) 3 physical-layer identity within physical-layer cell-identity group (0~2)

SS is using single antenna port However, SS can be with UE-transparent transmit antenna scheme (e.g. PVS, TSTD, CDD) Primary SS (PSS) and Secondary SS (SSS)

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129

Primary Synchronization Signal

The sequence used for the primary synchronization signal is generated from a frequencydomain Zadoff-Chu sequence (Length-62)
j un ( n +1) 63 e d u (n) = u ( n +1)( n + 2) e j 63 n = 0,1,...,30 n = 31,32,...,61

For frame structure type 1, PSS is mapped to the last OFDM symbol in slots 0 and 10
No need to know CP length

The sequence is mapped to REs (6 RBs) according to

ak ,l = d (n ),
DL RB N RB N sc k = n 31 + , 2 DL l = N symb 1,

n = 0,...,61

Cell ID detection within a cell ID group (3 hypotheses) Half-frame timing detection (Repeat the same sequence twice)
LTE/MIMO 130

Secondary Synchronization Signal

The sequence used for the second synchronization signal is an interleaved concatenation of two length-31 binary sequences (X and Y) The concatenated sequence is scrambled with a scrambling sequence given by PSS The combination of two length-31 sequences defining SSS differs between slot 0 (SSS1) and slot 10 (SSS2) according to
( s0m0 ) (n)c0 (n ) in subframe 0 d ( 2 n) = ( m ) s1 1 (n)c0 (n ) in subframe 5 ( ( s1 m1 ) (n)c1 (n )z1 m0 ) (n ) in subframe 0 d (2n + 1) = ( m ) (m ) s0 0 (n)c1 (n )z1 1 (n ) in subframe 5

where 0 n 30 Blind detection of CP-length (2 FFT operations are needed) The same antenna port as for the primary sync signal Mapped to 6 RBs

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131

Structure of SSS

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132

Synchronization Signals contd

Cell ID group detection (the set of valid combination of X and Y for SSS are 168) Frame boundary detection (the m-sequences X and Y are swapped b/w SSS1 and SSS2)

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133

LTE Cell Search

Primary SS Symbol timing acquisition Frequency synchronization Cell ID detection within a cell group ID (3 hypotheses) Half-frame boundary detection Secondary SS Cell group ID detection (168 hypotheses) Frame boundary detection (2 hypotheses) CP-length detection (2 hypotheses) Check Cell ID with cell-specific RS BCH 40ms BCH period timing detection eNB # of tx antenna detection MIB acquisition (Operation BW, SFN, etc) PDCCH reception
LTE/MIMO

SIB acquisition within PDSCH

134

(cf) WCDMA Cell Search Procedure

Terminal power on Detect strongest PSCH

Get slot synch from P-SCH

Get PICH code group info from S-SCH

8 PN codes per group. 64 code groups have 512 PN codes in total.

Get PN code info by evaluating all 8 PN codes in code group Get system info from PCCPCH

Wait while monitoring SCCPCH

LTE/MIMO 135

LTE Cell Search contd*

PSS/SSS, BCH

1.4

LTE/MIMO

136

Summary

LTE Frame & Slot Structure

LTE/MIMO

* (), 3GPP LTE & LTE-Advanced System, 5 , Aug. 2008

138

DL Frame Structure Type 1*

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UL Frame Structure Type 1*

1 RB

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E-UTRA UE Capabilities*

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* 3GPP TS 36.306, E-UTRA; UE Radio Access Capabilities, Release 8, V8.4.0, June 2009

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LTE with Voice?

Long-term
Maybe through IMS

Near-term
CS Fallback
NTT DoCoMo pushed the industry to include CS Fallback as part of the 3GPP standard. With CS Fallback the operator accepts the notion that its brand new LTE network wont support voice and SMS services. Instead, a control signal is sent to the LTE device indicating an incoming voice call/SMS message at which point the device falls back to the legacy 2G/3G network to receive the call/message. Largely comparable to 1xEV-DO/1X Wont work for 3GPP2 operators (e.g. Verizon, KDDI, and LGT)

VoLGA
Leverage the operators existing circuit switched CN to carry voice calls and SMS messages over the LTE air interface. In many respects VoLGA is comparable to GAN/UMA, which is how operators like Orange UK and T-Mobile USA leverage Wi-Fi access points to offload voice traffic from their macro cellular networks. In other words VoLGA = GAN/UMA Wi-Fi. Has been ruled out as from Release 8 or Release 9 of 3GPP

The driver for LTE is the rapid acceleration of mobile data traffic, thus it would be counter productive to use LTE for voice services. What about SR-VCC (Single Radio Voice Call Continuity) to GSM/WCDMA/CDMA? What about coverage?
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CS Fallback
Mobile terminated call

Mobile originated call

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Evolution Beyond Release 8

LTE MBMS SON enhancements Further improvements for enhanced VoIP support in LTE The requirements for the multi-bandwidth and multi-radio access technology base station Enhanced mobility support for LTE Enhanced positioning support for LTE Dual layer beam forming for Rel.9 Enhanced DL transmission for LTE Home-(e)NB And LTE-Advanced with Release 10

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LTE and WiMAX

What is 4G (through LTE and WiMAX)?
New Technology: OFDM + MIMO New Biz Model: Mobile Broadband

LTE is justifying WiMAX and WiMAX is justifying LTE

They are using the same fundamental technologies They are targeting the same market

Convergence??
In technical area: 3GPP LTE-Adv & IEEE 802.16m are getting more and more similar In biz area: Ecosystem??

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Final Message*

* Signals Ahead

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References
[1] 3GPP homepage: www.3gpp.org [2] Hannes Ekstrm, Anders Furuskr, Jonas Karlsson, Michael Meyer, Stefan Parkvall, Johan Torsner, and Mattias Wahlqvist (Ericsson), Technical Solutions for the 3G Long-Term Evolution, IEEE Communications Magazine, March 2006 [3] Erik Dahlman, Hannes Ekstrom, Anders Furuskar, Ylva Jading, Jonas Karlsson, Magnus Lundevall, and Stefan Parkvall (Ericsson), The 3G Long-Term Evolution - Radio Interface Concepts and Performance Evaluation, IEEE VTC 2006 [4] Leonard J. Cimini Jr. and Ye (Geoffrey) Li, Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing for wireless channels, AT&T Labs Research [5] Richard van Nee and Ramjee Prasad, OFDM for Wireless Multimedia Communications, Artech House Publishers [6] D. Falconer, et al., Frequency domain equialization for single-carrier broadband wireless systems, IEEE Communication Magazine, vol.40, no.4, April 2002 [7] Hyung G. Myung, Junsung Lim, and David J. Goodman, Single Carrier FDMA for Uplink Wireless Transmission, IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine, Sep. 2006 [8] (LGE), 3GPP LTE, KRnet 2007, June 29 2007 [9] (LGE), 3GPP LTE PHY Layer Specification and Technology, 4 , Feb. 2008 [10] Moray Rumney (Agilent), Concepts of 3GPP LTE, Live Webinar, Sep. 2007 [11] , , , 3G/4G (2nd edition), , 2009 [12] Erik Dahlman, et al, 3G Evolution: HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband (2nd edition), Academic Press, 2008 [13] Harri Holma and Antti Toskala, LTE for UMTS: OFDMA and SC-FDMA Based Radio Access, Wiley, 2009 [14] Stefania Sesia, Issam Toufik, and Matthew Baker, LTE, The UMTS Long Term Evolution: From Theory to Practice, Wiley, 2009 [15] David Astly, et al, LTE: The Evolution of Mobile Broadband, IEEE Commun. Mag. April 2009 [16] Anna Larmo, et al, The LTE Link-Layer Design, IEEE Commun. Mag. April 2009 [17] LSTI, Latest Results from the LSTI, Feb. 2009; http://www.lstiforum.com/file/news/Latest_LSTI_Results_Feb09_v1.pdf

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