c h a p t e r

5
MANAGING HARDWARE ASSETS
5.1 5.1 2002 by Prentice Hall

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
IDENTIFY HARDWARE COMPONENTS DESCRIBE STORAGE, INPUT, OUTPUT TECHNOLOGIES COMPARE MAINFRAME, MIDRANGE, PERSONAL COMPUTERS, SUPER COMPUTERS *

5.2 5.2

2002 by Prentice Hall

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
COMPARE ARRANGEMENTS OF COMPUTER PROCESSING: CLIENT/SERVER, NETWORK ANALYZE TECHNOLOGY ISSUES *

5.3 5.3

2002 by Prentice Hall

MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES
INFRASTRUCTURE TECHNOLOGY SECONDARY STORAGE STORAGE INPUT & OUTPUT TECHNOLOGIES TYPES OF COMPUTERS & SYSTEMS MANAGING HARDWARE ASSETS 2002 by Prentice Hall *

5.4 5.4

MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES
1. CENTRALIZATION VERSUS DECENTRALIZATION DEBATE 2. MAKING WISE TECHNOLOGY PURCHASING DECISIONS *

5.5 5.5

2002 by Prentice Hall

COMPUTER COMPONENTS
CPU
INPUT D EVICES

SECONDARY STORAGE

BUSES
OUTPUT DEVICES
COMMUNICATIONS DEVICES

PRIMARY STORAGE

5.6 5.6

2002 by Prentice Hall

HOW COMPUTERS REPRESENT DATA

BIT: Binary Digit. On/Off, 0/1, Magnetic/Not BYTE: Group of bits for one character EBCDIC- Extended Binary Coded Decimal EBCDICInterchange Code (8 or 9 bits per byte) ASCII- American Standard Code for ASCIIInformation Exchange (7 or 8 bits per byte) PARITY BIT: extra bit added to each byte to help detect errors *

5.7 5.7

2002 by Prentice Hall

EXAMPLES OF BYTES
EBCDIC ASCII (assume even-parity system) evenC: 1100 0011 0 100 0011 1 A: 1100 0001 1 100 0001 0 T: 1110 0011 1 101 0100 1 Note how sum for each byte is an EVEN number *
5.8 5.8 2002 by Prentice Hall

CPU & PRIMARY STORAGE CPU

PRIMARY STORAGE

DATA BUS ADDRESS BUS CONTROL BUS

INPUT DEVICES

OUTPUT DEVICES

SECONDARY STORAGE

5.9 5.9

2002 by Prentice Hall

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)

CONTROL UNIT

ARITHMETIC/LOGIC UNIT

ROM

CLOCK

RAM

PRIMARY (MAIN) MEMORY

5.10 5.10 2002 by Prentice Hall

ALU & CONTROL UNIT

ARITHMETIC- LOGIC UNIT: CPU ARITHMETICcomponent performs logic and arithmetic operations CONTROL UNIT: CPU component controls, coordinates other parts of computer system *
5.11 5.11 2002 by Prentice Hall

MACHINE CYCLE

STEPS NEEDED FOR SINGLE INSTRUCTION PCs & OLDER MACHINES: Microseconds (millionth second) POWERFUL MACHINES: Nanoseconds (billionth second) *
5.12 5.12 2002 by Prentice Hall

COMPUTER TIME
# PER SECOND COMPARED TO 1 SECOND

NAME

LENGTH

Millisecond

.001 second

thousand 15min 40 sec million billion trillion 11.6 days 31.7 years 31,700 years

Microsecond .001 millisecond Nanosecond .001microsecond Picosecond .001 nanosecond *

5.13 5.13

2002 by Prentice Hall

TYPES OF MEMORY
RAM: Random Access Memory Dynamic: Changes thru processing Static: Remains constant (power on) ROM: Read Only Memory (preprogrammed) PROM: Program can be changed once EPROM: Erasable thru ultraviolet light EEPROM: Electrically erasable 5.14 5.14 2002 by Prentice Hall *

ADDRESSES IN MEMORY
Each location is a REGISTER Each location can hold data
101 201 301 102 202 302 103 203 303

5.15 5.15

2002 by Prentice Hall

MEMORY SIZE
KILOBYTE (KT): 210 bytes... 1024 bytes MEGABYTE (MB): 210 KB... million bytes GIGABYTE (GB): 210 MB... billion bytes TERABYTE (TB): 210 GB... trillion bytes *

5.16 5.16

2002 by Prentice Hall

MICROPROCESSOR
VLSI CIRCUIT WITH CPU
WORD LENGTH: Bits processed at one time MEGAHERTZ: One million cycles per second DATA BUS WIDTH: Bits moved between CPU & other devices REDUCED INSTRUCTION SET COMPUTING (RISC): Embeds most used instructions on chip to enhance speed MultiMedia eXtension (MMX): Enhanced Intel chip improves multimedia applications *
2002 by Prentice Hall

5.17 5.17

SEQUENTIAL & PARALLEL PROCESSING SEQUENTIAL Program TASK 1 CPU RESULT Program TASK 2 CPU RESULT
5.18 5.18

PARALLEL Program

CPU
TASK 1

CPU
TASK 2

CPU
TASK 3

RESULT
MASSIVE PARALLEL COMPUTERS CAN HAVE THOUSANDS OF CPUs TO ATTACK LARGE COMPUTING PROBLEMS 2002 by Prentice Hall

SECONDARY STORAGE

DISK TAPE OPTICAL STORAGE *

5.19 5.19 2002 by Prentice Hall

DIRECT ACCESS STORAGE DEVICE

HARD DISK: Steel platter array for large computer systems RAID: Redundant array of Inexpensive Disks FLOPPY DISK: Removable disk for PC *
5.20 5.20 2002 by Prentice Hall

DISK PACK STORAGE

LARGE SYSTEMS RELIABLE STORAGE LARGE AMOUNTS OF DATA QUICK ACCESS & RETRIEVABLE TYPICAL: 11 2-sided disks 2CYLINDER: Same track all surfaces * DISK 1
READ/WRITE HEADS DISK 2 DISK 3 DISK 4 DISK 5

CYLINDER 10: TRACK 10 (TOP AND BOTTOM OF EACH DISK)

5.21 5.21

2002 by Prentice Hall

TRACKS AND SECTORS

TRACKS

EACH TRACK HOLDS SAME AMOUNT OF DATA

START OF TRACKS SECTOR

5.22 5.22

DIRECTORY ON TRACK 0 2002 by Prentice Hall

OPTICAL STORAGE
CD-ROM: 500-660 MEGABYTES CD500LAND: Flat parts of disk surface reflects light PITS: small scratch on surface scatters light WRITE ONCE / READ MANY (WORM): CD-R: Compact Disk - Recordable CDCD-RW: CD - Rewritable CD DIGITAL VIDEO DISK (DVD): CD size, up to 10 gigabytes of data 5.23 5.23 2002 by Prentice Hall *

MAGNETIC TAPE
STANDARD FOR SEQUENTIAL FILES SPOOL OF PLASTIC TAPE COVERED WITH FERROUS OXIDE (2400 feet per spool) RECORD GROUPS: BLOCKING FACTOR (e.g., 10 records per block) GROUPS SEPARATED BY INTER-BLOCK INTER-

GAP

RECORDS READ BLOCK AT A TIME *

HEADER IBG BLOCK 1 BLOCK 2 BLOCK 3

5.24 5.24

2002 by Prentice Hall

MAGNETIC CARTRID GE
ENCLOSED FERROUS OXIDE TAPE USED PERIODICALLY TO BACK UP RECORDS INEXPENSIVE STORED IN SAFE LOCATION CAN BE REUSED *
5.25 5.25 2002 by Prentice Hall

STORAGE AREA NETWORK (SAN) HIGH-SPEED NETWORK HIGH CONNECTS VARIOUS STORAGE DEVICES TAPE LIBRARIES DISK ARRAYS STORAGE SERVICE PROVIDER: 3rd party rents storage space 5.26 5.26 2002 by Prentice Hall *

INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICES
POINTING DEVICES SOURCE DATA AUTOMATION OUTPUT DEVICES *

5.27 5.27

2002 by Prentice Hall

POINTING DEVICES:
KEYBOARD MOUSE WIRED INFRA-RED INFRA TRACKBALL TOUCH PAD JOYSTICK TOUCH SCREEN
5.28 5.28

2002 by Prentice Hall

SOURCE DATA AUTOMATION

CAPTURES DATA IN COMPUTER FORM AT TIME & PLACE OF TRANSACTION OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION (OCR): Saves characters, format BAR CODE: Identifies products in stores, warehouses, shipments MAGNETIC INK CHARACTER RECOGNITION (MICR): Special ink identifies bank, account, amount * 2002 by Prentice Hall

5.29 5.29

SOURCE DATA AUTOMATION

PEN-BASED INPUT: Digitizes signature PEN DIGITAL SCANNER: Translates images & characters into digital form VOICE INPUT DEVICES: Converts spoken word into digital form SENSORS: Devices that collect data from environment for computer input (e.g., thermometers, pressure gauges) * 2002 by Prentice Hall

5.30 5.30

OUTPUT DEVICES:
CATHODE RAY TUBE (CRT) PRINTER PLOTTER VOICE OUTPUT DEVICE *

5.31 5.31

2002 by Prentice Hall

DATA PROCESSING
BATCH PROCESSING: Transaction data stored until convenient to process as a group. Useful for less timetime-sensitive actions. ON-LINE PROCESSING: Transaction ONdata entered directly into system, constantly updating files. Requires direct-access devices. direct* 5.32 5.32 2002 by Prentice Hall

BATCH PROCESSING
KEYBOARD INPUT BATCH OF TRANSACTIONS SORTED TRANSACTION FILE VALIDATE AND UPDATE OLD MASTER FILE

ERROR REPORTS 5.33 5.33

NEW MASTER FILE REPORTS 2002 by Prentice Hall

ONON-LINE PROCESSING
TRANSACTIONS
PROCESS / UPDATE MASTER FILE

KEYBOARD

MASTER FILE

IMMEDIATE INPUT
5.34 5.34

IMMEDIATE PROCESSING

IMMEDIATE FILE UPDATE

2002 by Prentice Hall

INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA
INTEGRATES TWO OR MORE MEDIA TEXT, GRAPHICS, SOUND, VOICE, VIDEO, ANIMATION STREAMING TECHNOLOGY MP3: Audio compression standard *

5.35 5.35

2002 by Prentice Hall

CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS MAINFRAME MIDRANGE & MINICOMPUTER SERVER PERSONAL COMPUTER (PC) WORKSTATION SUPERCOMPUTER *
2002 by Prentice Hall

5.36 5.36

MAINFRAME
MIPS: Millions of Instructions per second

LARGEST ENTERPRISE COMPUTER 5O MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE GIGABYTE RAM COMMERCIAL, SCIENTIFIC, MILITARY APPLICATIONS MASSIVE DATA COMPLICATED COMPUTATIONS *
5.37 5.37 2002 by Prentice Hall

MIDRANGE/MINICOMPUTER MIDDLE-RANGE MIDDLE 10 MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE GIGABYTE RAM UNIVERSITIES, FACTORIES, LABS USED AS FRONT-END PROCESSOR FRONTFOR MAINFRAME *
5.38 5.38 2002 by Prentice Hall

MICROCOMPUTER
DESKTOP OR PORTABLE 64 KILOBYTES TO OVER 128 MEGABYTES RAM PERSONAL OR BUSINESS COMPUTERS AFFORDABLE MANY AVAILABLE COMPONENTS CAN BE NETWORKED * 5.39 5.39 2002 by Prentice Hall

CLIENT / SERVER
NETWORKED COMPUTERS CLIENT: User (PC, workstation, laptop) requires data, application, communications it does not have SERVER: Component (computer) having desired data, application, communications *
5.40 5.40 2002 by Prentice Hall

CLIENT / SERVER
CLIENT REQUESTS SERVER

DATA, SERVICE USER INTERFACE APPLICATION FUNCTION

5.41 5.41

DATA APPLICATION FUNCTION NETWORK RESOURCES

2002 by Prentice Hall

WORKSTATION
DESKTOP COMPUTER POWERFUL GRAPHICS EXTENSIVE MATH CAPABILITIES MULTIMULTI-TASKING USUALLY CONFIGURED TO SPECIAL FUNCTION: e.g.; CAD, engineering, graphics *
2002 by Prentice Hall

5.42 5.42

SUPERCOMPUTER
TERAFLOP: TRILLION CALCULATIONS/SECOND

HIGHLY SOPHISTICATED COMPLEX COMPUTATIONS FASTEST CPUs LARGE SIMULATIONS STATE-OF-THESTATE-OF-THE-ART COMPONENTS EXPENSIVE 5.43 5.43 2002 by Prentice Hall *

CENTRALIZED / DISTRIBUTED CENTRALIZED: PROCESSING BY CENTRAL COMPUTER SITE ONE STANDARD GREATER CONTROL DISTRIBUTED: PROCESSING BY SEVERAL COMPUTER SITES LINKED BY NETWORKS MORE FLEXIBILITY FASTER RESPONSE 5.44 5.44 2002 by Prentice Hall *

DOWNSIZING
TRANSFER APPLICATIONS FROM LARGE COMPUTERS TO SMALL REDUCES COST SPEEDS RESULTS TO USER COMPUTER ASSIGNED TASK IT DOES BEST COOPERATIVE PROCESSING *
5.45 5.45 2002 by Prentice Hall

SHARING COMPUTERS
NETWORK COMPUTER: Simplified desktop computer stores minimum data to function (uses server) PEER-TO-PEER COMPUTING: PEER-TONetworked computers share data, disk space, processing. Parallel processing on a smaller scale *
5.46 5.46 2002 by Prentice Hall

MANAGING HARDWARE ASSETS

UNDERSTAND TECHNOLOGY REQUIREMENTS DETERMINE TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP: OWNERSHIP: Hardware, software, installation, training, support, maintenance, infrastructure PLAN CAPACITY & SCALABILITY IDENTIFY TRENDS

*
5.47 5.47 2002 by Prentice Hall

c h a p t e r

5
MANAGING HARDWARE ASSETS
5.48 5.48 2002 by Prentice Hall