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STUDIES IN PATHI HISTORY

armfv0DyoDausmfOD;

(uefUowfapmifa&)

rmwdum
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Studies in Pathy History

pum;OD; . . . . . .
omoemjyKc&D;xGufawmfrlMuaom qG[mA[fom0uBuD;rsm;
(ta&SYawmiftm&SodkYtpvmrfomoema&muf&Sdjcif;) . . . . .
yk*HjynfydwfoHkrif;acwf (c&pfESpf 652-660) . . . . .
{&m0wDjrpf0uRef;ay:a'oodkh rGwfpvifrsm; pwiftajccsjcif; . . . . .
acwfOD;ydkif;jrefrmhordkif;twGuf ta&;ygonfhrefSL;usrf; . . . . .
c&pfESpf(864)ESpfu a&;aom refSL;usrf;vmyoDtaMumif; . . . . .
ynm&Sifrsm; wdwdyy rodonfh ]yoD} a'o . . . . .
pmwrf;&Sif\ t,ltq . . . . .
&cdkifjynfwGif OD;pGmtajcpdkufaexdkifjcif; . . . .
c&pfESpf 700 rwdkifrD &ckdifjynftajctae . . . . .
t&AfESifh yg&Sef;c&D;oGm;rSwfwrf;taxmuftxm;rsm; . . . . .
jrefrmUordkif;twGuf ta&;ygaom t&Afpmaytaxmuftxm;rsm; . . . . .
yk*Hacwf ykodrfNrdKYESifh yoDrif;rsm;

1
5
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14
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yg'EdkifiHawmf&mZ0ifordkif;rS oJvGefp . . . . .
ukvm;[laom a0g[m& . . . . .
yk*HacwfykodrfNrdKYESifUyoDrif;rsm; . . . . .
yoDrif;quf . . . . .
yoDrif;rsm;tkyfcsKyfcJUaMumif; taxmuftxm; . . . . .
ykodrfNrdKYESifh ukvm;eef;awmf . . . . .

32
34
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40

'@m&DwGif 0ifa&mufaysmufuG,foGm;aom yoDrif;orD;

18/
19/
20/
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Orm'EDrif;orD;\ '@m&D . . . . .
yef;wifukef;&yf . . . . .
OD;vli,f\ ]ukr&EDvuFm} rS oJvGefp . . . . .
Orm'EDrif;orD;\ acwfumv . . . . .
pmudk; . . . . .

42
43
46
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51

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armfvemOD;wGmpDefESifh armfvem OD;[muifwdkhESpfOD;rS
BuD;rSL;aom tcef;tem; zwfMum;aompmwrf;/)

Studies in Pathy History

pum;OD;
<ua&mufvmMuwJh yoDtrsK;d om;wdik ;f &if;om;nDaemifrsm;cifAsm;..
ESppf Ofusi;f yNrJjzpfwJh a,mifrGeyf oDtcef;tem;rSm ,ckvkdpmwrf;
zwfcGihf&wJhtwGuf *kP,
f l0rf;ajrmufaMumif; aus;Zl;wifpum;ajymMum;
vdkygw,f/
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avhvmcsurf sm; pmwrf;jzpfygw,f/ ordki;f pmwrf;qdk&mrSmudkyJ yk*HacwfeJY
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qdkk;d pum;udk Mum;zl;Muygvdrrhf ,f/ 'Dqkd k;d pum;[m taMumif;rJah y:ayguf
vmwm r[kwyf gbl;/ yk*HacwfeJYqkdiw
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yJ zwfMum;wifjyygr,f/
___

Studies in Pathy History

rSw f csuf
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yoDordik ;f avUvmcsurf sm;

yoDordkif;avhvmcsufrsm;

yk*Hacwf
tydkif; - 1

S TUDIES I N P ATHI H IS
TOR
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IST
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PAGAN PERIOD

Studies in Pathy History

tcef; (1)

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Y nf twdki;f wdki;f tjynfjynfokYd omoemjyK
&ef xGucf mG oGm;cJMh uonf/ xdkt
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omoemjyKtzGJUwpfzGJUonf c&pf (628) ckESpf wkwjf ynf uGru
f sK(d ,ck
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hJ nf/*
* ACultural Study of The Burmese Era byDr.R.L.Soni(Foreword by The Rt.
Honnle U Nu, the Prime Minister of the Union of Burma) 1955. pp.32,36.

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f rf;NrdKU odkYr[kwf
* wkwfjynfwGif rGwfpvifrsm;pwifa&muf&SdvmyHk-(Haji Ibrahim Tien Ying
M.A \ Muslim in China)

Studies in Pathy History

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xkwfa0cJhaom ol\okawoepmwrf;wpfckwGif azmfjy xdktqdkjyKcsufudkzdvpfydkif

EdkifiHtxufvTwfawmftrwf atDtvGefwdku axmufcHcJhonf/

yoDordik ;f avUvmcsurf sm;

10

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11

Studies in Pathy History

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qufqcH yhJ gao;onf/}}+
* OD;Munfa&; jrefrmhordkif;odtyfbG,ftjzmjzm? pm 5/
+ AdkvfrSL;b&Sifa&; jrefrmEdkifiHawmfordkif;? pm 44/
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+ jyifopfEdkifiH&Sd ta&SUawmiftm&SvlrsKd;aA'a&;&modyHtqifjrifhavhvmrIwuodkvf
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12

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avm&iftifefblvif? 1904)pmrsufESm 16/

13

Studies in Pathy History

odkYaomfvnf; tpvmrfomoem ray:xGe;f rDuyif yg&Se;f oabFm

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owifou
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yx0Dtoif;xkwfa0a&;Xme(udkifdk 1962)? pm 151-152/
+ zmwDrD? xufnTef;? pm 9/ *sDtD;[maA';]\jrefrmEdkifiHordkif;? acwfOD;umvrS
1842rwfv 10&uf t*Fvdyfodrf;ydkufrIPpwifcsdeftxd}? (vef'efNrdKU avmif;rJef;
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]trfqpf'Ducf gef \ ]jrefrmEdkiif HESihrf Gwpf vifwkdY\aygif;ul;qufqHrI? tpvmrfrpfuvf
csm-twGJ 10(Zlvdkif 1936)? pm 416-419 Munfh/

yoDordik ;f avUvmcsurf sm;

14

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* [maA;? xufnTef;? pm 10/
+ zmwDrD? xufnTef;? pm 9/

15

Studies in Pathy History

avmufuyif yJc;l wGif rGwpf vifru

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* qGpf'Dufcgef? xufnTef;? pm 419/ zmwDrD? xufnTef;? pm 6/

tm&fbDprwf\ ppfaxG'dpBwdwfa*ZufwD;,m;? twGJ-u? (&efukef 1917)?pm 86/

yoDordik ;f avUvmcsurf sm;

16

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17

Studies in Pathy History

c&pfEpS (f 864) ckEpS u

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18

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f rf;rsm;wGif ]yoD} Edkiif u
H kd yHkazmf
* OD;&nfpdef\ ]refSL;usrf;jrefrmjynf}? rdk;a0? ZGef 1987? pm 132/

19

Studies in Pathy History

jyqJjzpf\/ jyifopfordki;f q&m Ferrand tMuHay;cJhouJhokdY xdkae&yfonf

,ckplrMwmuRef;ta&SUbufurf;&Sd Pase jzpfaumif;jzpfaprnf/+
OD&nfped o
f nf refSL;usr;f udk bmomjyef&m rl&if;pmudk,Ef Sihf
oufqkid af om &Si;f vif;csuEf iS hf cuf&mcufqpfrsm;udk 1962 ckEpS u
f wkwf
bmomjzifh usr;f udk wnf;jzwfxkwaf 0cJo
h l yDuif;wuokv
d o
f rdki;f ygarmu
,DS;,efYiw
f m\ tmabmfukd trsm;qHk;tm;xm; a&;om;jcif;jzpfonf/
OD;&nfped \
f rSwcf suw
f Giyf gaom Ferrand rSm jyifopfordki;f ygarmutrf
*sDzm&efukd qdkvkdjcif;jzpfonf/ ygarmuzm&efu tm&Sa&;&m*sme,fwGif
ta&SUawmiftm&S&dS a&S;a[mif;NrdKU&mG e,fy,frsm;\ wnf&mjypmwrf;wpfapmif
a&;cJo
h nf/ 4if;pmwrf;udk ygarmuvkpu
f a0zefcsuaf &;cJo
h nf/ 4if;a0zef
csuw
f iG f vkpu
f tyf*szD m&ef\ ta&SaY wmiftm&S&dS ,cifEiS ,
hf ckNrKU&d mG e,fy,f
rsm;udk EdIi;f ,SOaf zmfjyxm;yHktm;vHk;udkrl vufcHEkdirf nf r[kw[
f k a&;cJhzl;
*
onf/
ygarmuvkpu
f trf*sDzm&efwifjyaom NrKdU&Smrsm;wnfae&mudk
cRif;csujf zifo
h m vufccH o
hJ jzifh refLS ;usr;f vmpmom;wGif ]yoD}ESihf ,SOw
f JG
vsuyf g&Sad om Z0(*smAm;)udkMunfh yoDa'oudk rQa0;a0;ydkY&efMuHq
xm;jcif;jzpfayrnf/ refSL;usr;f vm ]Z0}udk *smAm;[k qdkxm;aomfvnf;
]xefrif;qufordki;f opf}tp&So
d nfh wkwaf &S;a[mif;rSww
f rf;wGif *smAm;
uRef;udk ]&SJazmf} (Hsiao-P'o) [k azmfjyxm;onf/
refSL;usr;f wGif ]jA[P? yoD ... paom bmomjcm;rsm;} [k
a&;om;xm;&m ,HkMunfukd;uG,rf I rwlnDaomolwkdY\ a'ojzpfaMumif;
xif&Sm;onf/ tcsuw
f kdYukd tav;teufxm; pOf;pm;vdkuv
f Qif yoD
wnf&S&d mt&yfonf tpvmrfbmomudk;uG,o
f lrsm; tajcpdku&f m jzpfrnf
[k cefYrSe;f Edkio
f nf/
+ xufnTe;f usr;f ? pm 132/
f ESihf'DZifbmvxkw/f
tm&Sa&;&m*sme,fpmpOf 11?twGJ 20?trSw1f -2? 1922 Zlvkdiv
* jrefrmEdkifiHokawoe*sme,f? twGJ 13? tydkif; 1? 1923? pm 62-64/

20

yoDordik ;f avUvmcsurf sm;

odkYwNyD;um; ]yoD}udk ]yoD} [k a&TYavsmajymif;jcif;r&Sb

d J wdkuf
dkuaf c:wGicf Jhaom NrdKUjyEdkiif Hwpfckonf a&S;u jrefrmEdkiif Hawmifykdi;f wGif
&Scd zhJ ;l onf/ xdkNrdKUjyEdkiif rH mS a&S;a[mif;ykord Nf rdKUjzpfavonf/ refLS ;usr;f vm
]yoD}udk ykord jf zpfonf[laom tqdkonf taxmuftxm;rJhaom tqdk
r[kwaf y/ ,if;tqdkukd axmufcHonfh cdkirf mvHkavmufaom taxmuf
txm;rsm;&So
d nf/

pmwrf;&Si\
f t,ltq
q&mOD;rmCjyKpo
k nfh ykord &f mZ0ifwiG f ykord Nf rdKUukd yoDNrdKU[k a&S;u
ac:wGicf ahJ Mumif; atmufygtwdki;f a&;om;cJo
h nf/
]]ou&mZf 58-ckwGif eef;wufaom yoDrif;vufxuf yoD
rif;udk pGJ 'dkiyf oD (yoDNrdKU)[k ac:wGijf cif;jzpfrnf[k xifayonf/
q&mOD;zdk;usm;\ ykord &f mZ0ifvnf; ,ckacwftxd jrefrmu&ifrsm;u
]a0hyoD} wvdki;f u&ifrsm;u ]pdeYfyoD} [k ac:aeMuqJjzpfaMumif; jyqdk
xm;ayonf/ yoDrS ykord o
f kdY toHa&GU&ef cJ,Of;zG,f rjrifacs/}}*
q&mrmCudk;um;onfh OD;zdk;usm;\ ykodrf&mZ0ifrl&if;udk
vufvrS ;f rrDojzifh ravhvm&ao;ay/ OD;zdk;usm;onf ykord Nf rdKUEiS yhf wfouf
a&S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpfrsm;pGmudk od&So
d ljzpfNyD; jrefrmrItaxGaxGukd ESHUpyf
uRrf;usiv
f o
S jl zpfaomaMumifh 4if;jyKpka&;om;onfh ykord &f mZ0ifrmS tjcm;
aom yoDEiS hf oufqkid o
f nfh rSwo
f m;p&mrsm;ygvdrrhf nf[k arQmv
f ifrh o
d nf/
ykord Nf rdKUukd a&S;u yoDNrdKU[k ac:wGicf ahJ Mumif; jrefrmhp,
G pf ku
H sr;f u
vnf; axmufcaH &;om;xm;onf/ ykord Nf rdKUukd pdk;pHcMhJ uaom yoDrif;wdku
Y kd
tpGjJ yK yoDNrdKU[kac:wGicf ahJ o;onf[k pG,pf kHusr;f wGiaf zmfjyxm;onf/+
odkYtwGuaf Mumifh yoDNrdKUukd tkycf sKyfaomaMumifh yoDrif;[k ac:wGijf cif;
* rmC\ ykodrf&mZ0if? Zlvdkif 1967? pm 137/

+ jrefrmpG,fpHkusrf;? twGJ 6? pm 251/

21

Studies in Pathy History

jzpf&rnft
h pm; yoDrif; tkycf sKyfco
hJ jzifh yoDNrdKUac:wGijf cif;jzpfonf[al om
oabmoufa&mufvsu&f o
dS nf/
'Hk;yoD(#KifyoD)[laom rGet
f ac:ta0:rS yoDNrKU[k ac:cJhonf
[lvnf; ,lqMu&m xdkt,ltqrSm refLS ;usr;f azmfjycsuEf iS hf udkun
f aD e
onf/ #KifyoDrSm yoDvlrsK;d wdkY\NrdKU[k t"dyg,f&onf/
aemufxyfbmomaa'ahvvmcsuEf Sihf qdkiaf om taxmuftxm;
wpfc&k ydS gao;onf/
]ykord f 32 NrdKUonf rGeo
f rdki;f wGif xif&Sm;aom NrdKUrsm; jzpfMuyg
onf/ ykord rf Get
f oHxGut
f m;jzifh zm;qef;yifjzpfygonf/ rGet
f a&;tom;
rSm zmoDyifjzpfygonf/}*
txufygudk;um;csurf sm;wGif zmoDrSm aemufykdi;f a&;xHk;jzpf
#KifyoDrmS a&S;toHk;tEIe;f jzpfrnf[
l vnf;aumif;? zmoDEiS hf yoD uGv
J aJG e
jcif;rSm rGew
f \
kYd bmompum;qdki&f ma'otavQmuf toHxu
G u
f v
JG jJG cif;jzpf
rnf[
l vnf;aumif; ,lqEdkio
f nf/
(yoDNrdKUukd tkycf sKyfcahJ om yoDrif;quftaMumif;udk pmtkyf \
qdki&f mtcef;u@wGif azmfjyxm;onf/)

&ckdifjynfwGif OD;pGmtajcpdkufaexdkifjcif;
yk*aH cwfO;D ydki;f u jrefrmEdkiif aH wmifykid ;f {&m0wDjrpf0uRe;f ay: a'o
ykord ?f rkwr tp&So
d nfh qdyu
f rf;NrdKUrsm;wGif tpvmrfbmom0if t&Afvrl sK;d ESihf
yg&Se;f vlrsK;d rsm; tajcpdkuaf exdkicf JhMuonfhenf;wl &cdkijf ynf wGiv
f nf;
tpvmrfbmom0ifrsK;d EG,pf krsm; a&mufvmtajcpdkucf JhMuonfh acwfNydKif
ordki;f aMumif; &Scd ahJ vonf/ xdkordki;f aMumif;rSm a&S;usveG ;f vSojzifh '@m&D
* Edkifarmifwdk;\ ]rGefa0g[m&ESifhjrefrmpmay}? jrwfav;r*Zif;? rwf 1988?

pm 150/

yoDordik ;f avUvmcsurf sm;

22

qefaeaomfvnf; vufawGUordik ;f jzpf&yfrsm;ESihf qefu

Y sijf cif; r&So
d jzifh y,fcs&ef
rjzpfEkdiaf cs/ xdkYtjyif &cdkijf ynfwiG f a&S;OD;pGmtajcpdkuf aexdkiMf uolrsm;rSm
tpvmrfomoemawmf\ xGwaf cgifrud#k jf zpfawmfral om wrefawmfjrwfBuD;\
r[maoG;r[mEG,rf sm;jzpfojzifh yd
k yif *kP,
f t
l av;xm;zG,f &Sad eayonf/
c&pfEpS f 680 wGif jzpfymG ;aom u&fbvmppfyJG wrefawmfjrwfBuD;
\ ajr;awmftrd mrf[pk ikd ef o
f ciftm; ,AD'u
f uGyrf sut
f Edik cf ahJ vonf/ [Z&wf
tvD\ om;jzpfol (tdrmrf[pk ikd ef o
f cif\ tazwltaruGn
J )D rk[r'[
f eDzu
f
tdrmrf[kpkdief u
f sqHk;aMumif; owif;Mum; ,ZD't
f m; ppfaMunmcJhonf/
odkaY omf rdk[r'[
f eDzo
f cifrmS aemufvku
d t
f iftm;csi;f rrQ ppf;HI cJ&h onf/
wGif rdr\
d aemufvku
d rf sm;ESit
hf wl ta&SUp;l pl;t&yfokYd xGucf mG vmcJ&h onf/
aemufqkH;wGif rk[r'[
f eDzo
f cifonf &cdkijf ynfokYd a&muf&v
dS suf
NrdKUawmfjzpfaom a0omvDNrdKUwGif cdkvIHaexdkiv
f mcJhonf/ xdkokdYaexdki&f if;
[eDzo
f cif\ aemufvkdufaemufygrsm;ESihf awmifwef;om; vlkdi;f rsm;[k
azmfjyMuonf/) ESihf &ckid jf ynfe,fajrmufykdi;f &Sd armif;awmESihf Al;oD;awmif
t&yfa'orsm; ppfyrJG sm;jzpfymG ;cJo
h nf/ tqdkppfyrJG sm;udk tEdki&f &Sd NyD;aemuf
rk[r'[
f eDzo
f cifonf vlkid ;f wd\
kY bk&ifr ]uD,myl&}D ESihf vufqufco
hJ nf/
c&pfESpf 700 rwdkirf D jzpfyGm;cJhaom 4if;ppfyGJrsm; NyD;qHk;onfh
aemufykid ;f wGif ajr;awmfrk[r'[
f eDzo
f cifEiS hf uD,myl&w
D kYd toufxufqkH;
aexdkio
f Gm;cJhaom t&yfwGif ,aeYwkid ;f [eDzmawmifESihf uD,myl&Dawmif
[l &Sad Mumif; &cdkijf ynfvlrsK;d pktaMumif;a&;om;ol wm[D&b
f omu
a&;om;cJo
h nf/

* Ba Tha : The Early Hindus and Tibeto-Burmans in Arakan, The

Guadian.

23

Studies in Pathy History

c&pfEpS f 700 rwdik rf D &ckid jf ynftajctae

wrefawmfjrwf\ajr;awmf rk[r'f[eDzfocifESifh aemufvdkuf
aemufygrsm; &cdik jf ynfwiG f vma&muf tajccsaexdik cf MhJ uonfh ordik ;f jzpfpOf
udk twnfjyKEdki&f eftwGuf xdkacwfumv&cdkijf ynf\ tajctaeudk avhvm
cJh&m xdkpOfumv &cdkijf ynfwGi;f a&; tajctaeonf jynf&G,ajcmufjcm;
rNidrrf oufjzpfvsuf &Sad Mumif; awGU&&dS onf/
&ckid jf ynf\ acwftydki;f tjcm;t& xdkacwfonf a0omvDacwfjzpf
onf/ ydk wdwu
d susqkd&vQif a0omvD'kw,
d acwfjzpfonf/
]a'Gipf jEonf at'D 370wGif pjErif;qufukd wnfaxmif
a0omvDjynfukd wnfc\
hJ / at'D 600 ta&muf rif; (13)qufajrmufwiG f
jynf&,
G ajcmufjcm; pjErif;qufjywfonf/ pjE'kw,
d qufukd at'D 700
ausmrf S awGU&vsuf rnfonfhumvwGif ysupf D;aMumif; ajym&efcufcJ
vSygojzifh &mZ0ifordki;f taxmuftxm;rsm;udk a&S;a[mif;okawoeu
oGm;a&mufw;l azmfay;onftxd apmif&h acsO;D rnf/ xdkpjErif;wdkY tkycf sKyfaom
jynfolwkdYum; rnfonfhtrsK;d rnfonfhtcguyif &cdkif tajcpdkuv
f suf
jynf&mG xlaxmifco
hJ nfukd ,ckwkid f rajymEdkiaf o;acs/}*
txufazmfjycsurf mS a'gufwmoef;xGe;f \ oH;k oyfcsujf zpfyg onf/
a'gufwmoef;xGe;f u pjErif;quf 13quf[k qdkaomfvnf; ausmufpm
taxmuftxm;rsm;t& pjErif;qufrSm (16)quf&So
d nf[k qdkygonf/
odkY&mwGif rif;oHk;yg;\ trnfrSm &SmrawGUao;ay/ ausmufavScg;NrdKUac:
a0omvDNrdKUawmf\ wnfae&mum; ajrmufO;D (,ckNrdKUa[mif; NrdKU) ajrmufbuf
* a'gufwmoef;xGef;? acwfa[mif;jrefrm&mZ0if/

yoDordik ;f avUvmcsurf sm;

24

9 rdkicf efY tuGmta0;wGif &Syd gonf/

&ckid jf ynfokdYa&mufvQif rk[r'[
f eDzo
f cifESihf aemufvkduw
f kdYonf
a0omvDNrdKUawmfwiG f cdkvaHI exdkicf o
hJ nf[k dk;0ifnm ordki;f rsm;wGif azmftcsed f
ESihf pjErif;qufjywfaomtcsed w
f kYrd Sm wdkuq
f kid v
f Quf&adS vonf/
c&pfESpf (700)ausmv
f Qif pjErif;quf jyefqufonf[laom
tcsut
f & vnf;aumif;? rk[r'[
f zD o
f cifEiS hf awmwGi;f bk&ifruD,myl&w
D kYd
onf &ckid jf ynfajrmufykdi;f ,ck ar,ka'oywf0ef;usiw
f iG f NrdKU&mG xlaxmif
aexdkicf o
hJ nf[al om &mZ0ifpum;t& a0omvDjynf\ eef;wGi;f a&;wdkw
Y iG f
if;wdkY pGuzf ufywfoufcJhjcif;r&S[
d lvnf; ,lqcefYrSe;f &ayonf/
azmfjyyg rk[r'[
f eDzo
f cifEiS u
hf ,
D myl&b
D &k ifrwdYk xlaxmiftyk cf sKyf
cJah om jrdKU&mG Edik if u
H ykd if &mZ0ifvmy#du&m;jynfjzpfonf[k tcsKUd ordik ;f q&mu
,lqcJah vonf/
odkYjzifh tod&cuf vQKdU0Suv
f su&f o
Sd nfh ajr;awmfrk[r'[
f eDzf
ocif\ jzpfaMumif; xkyw
w
f u
kYd kd wdwu
d susokawoejyK&ef vdkvmayonf/
,aeYwkid f wnf&adS eaom [eDzmG awmif uD,
G myl&aD wmifrsm;ay:wGif NcHKEG,f
ydwaf ygif;rsm; zHk;tkyv
f su&f aSd om a&S;a[mif;tkwf k;d tkww
f Hwkdi;f rsm; awGU&Sd
&onf[k udk,af wGUMuHKoltcsKUd \ ajymjycsut
f & od&ygonf/ odUjkzpf
rk[r'[
f eDzo
f cif &cdkijf ynfokdY a&mufra&muf udprSmvnf; txufwGif
a'gufwmoef;xGe;f a&;om;cJo
h uJo
h kYd a&S;a[mif;okawoeu oGm;a&mufw;l
azmfonfukd arQmv
f ifah pmifph m;&ayOD;rnf/
rk[r'[
f eDzo
f cif\ jzpfpOfukd azmfxw
k &f efrmS jrefrmEdik if &H dS wdik ;f &if;
om;tpvmrfbmom0ifrsm;twGuo
f mru tpvmrfomoemawmf ordki;f
twGuyf g ta&;ygvSaom udp& yfjzpfaeayawmhonf/

25

Studies in Pathy History

t&AfESifhyg&Sef;c&D;oGm;rSwfwrf;taxmuftxm;rsm;
tdEdEkdiif H e,l;a'vDNrdKUwGif 1961ckESpu
f usi;f yonfh tm&Sordki;f
uGe*f &ufwGif jrefrmEdkiif Hordki;f aumfr&Sirf S usr;f jyKt&m&Sd aZ,sausmx
f if
Adkvrf SL;b&Sif wufa&muf ordki;f pmwrf;wpfapmif zwfMum;cJhygonf/
t*Fvyd b
f momjzifh zwfMum;cJah om xdpk mwrf;\trnfrmS "Coming of Islam
f D jrefrm Edkiif HokdY
to Burma down to 1700 A.D" (c&pfESpf 1700 rwdkir
tpvmrfomoema&muf&jdScif;) [ljzpfonf/ xdpk mwrf;wGif Adv
k rf LS ; b&Sio
f nf
,cifjrefmrodki;f pmtkyrf sm;wGif trnfrazmfjyzl;ao;aom t&AfEiS hf yg&Se;f c&D;
oGm;rSww
f rf;rsm;udk xkwaf zmfwifjycJhonf/ atmufwGif Adkvrf SL;b&Si\
f
pmwrf;rS yk*aH cwfO;D ESio
hf ufqkid &f mtydki;f udk bmomjyef azmfjyygonf/)
]wrefawmfrk[r'o
f cif vGeo
f nfhaemuf ESpw
f pf&mtwGi;f tp
vmrfomoemonf ,la&;&Sm; (tD&ef? tmz*efESihf wl&uDtcsKUd ) tv,fykdi;f
odYk jyefyY mG ;vmcJo
h nf/ ta&SUwidk ;f odYk qd&k vQif c&pfEpS f 1202wGi b
f *Fvm;jynf
&Sd jA[rykw&jrpfurf;odkY tpvmrfukeo
f nf oabFmrsm;onf tdEd,ESihf
ta&SUta0;a'oodkY 1202ckEpS f rwdkirf D ESpf 300avmufapm oGm;vmaecJh
MujyDjzpfonf/ c&pfESpf 871ckwGif trnfrodyk*dKvfwpfOD;jyKpkonfh t&AD
pmtkyw
f pftkyw
f iG f azmfjyxm;onfrSm xdkacwfu t&Afc&D;onfESpOf D;onf
tef'refuRef; (uyvDuRef;)ESihf Armjynfawmifykdi;f b*Fvmyifv,fatmf
twGi;f a&mufaygufczhJ ;l aMumif; od&onf/*
c&pfESpf 851ckESpw
f Gif qlvkdirf eftrnf&Sd yg&Se;f vlrsK;d ukeo
f nf
wpfO;D onf tdE,
d ESiw
hf kwjf ynfokYd oGm;vmcJah om ol\c&D;pOfukd rSww
f rf;
* Anciennes Relations des Indes et de la Chine par M.I' Abbe
Renaudot. Paris 1928.pp. 5&6

yoDordik ;f avUvmcsurf sm;

26

wpfapmifa&;cJhzl;onf/ ol\ rSww

f rf;onf wkwjf ynfESihf tdE,
d urf;ajc
e,fajrrsm;taMumif; tapmqHk;azmfjyxm;aom t&ADpmayjzpfavonf/
,tfuAl aD &;onfh udwmbGvb
f kv'f ef (Edkiif rH sm;taMumif;) (c&pf
ESpf 880)? t&AfvlrsK;d wdkY\ [Dkd'kd;wyfp[
f k *kPjf yKjcif;cH&ol tvDtvf
+
rwfptl'D a&;onfh rl;l *RvAf [Af0rtm'DEv
G *f s0g&f (a&Tjrufcif;ESihf &wem
wGi;f rsm;) (c&pfESpf 943)? trnfrod pma&;q&m\ yx0D0ifrSww
f rf;[k''l v
G t
f mvmr(f urmeh ,ferd w
d )f (c&pfEpS f 982)? wm[D&rf m&mAmZD a&;onfh
+ tvD [ [H t vf r wf p f t l ' D ( 912-957)onf *&d a &mrynm&S i f r sm;jzpf M uaom
[Ddk'dk;wyfpf? yvifeD tp&SdolwdkYESifh EdIif;,SOfjcif;cH&ol tpvmrfhpG,fpHkynmausmfBuD;
jzpfonf/ tvfrwfpt
f l'Donf ordki;f jzpf&yfrsm;udkESpt
f ydki;f tjcm;jzifh rSww
f rf;wifrnfh
tpm; rif;quftvdkuf acwftvdkufcGJjcrf;pdwfjzmcJholjzpfonf/ordkif;jyKpk&mwGif
'@m&Dyg;pyf&mZ0ifudk yxrpwiftoHk;jyKcJhonfjzpofnf/ tufrwfpftl'D jyKpkonfh
}a&Tjrufcif;ESifh&wemwGif;rsm;} usrf;onf twGJ 30&Sdonf/
t&Aforkdif;jyKpkol ygarmu[pfwDu]a&Tjrufcif;ESifh&wemwGif;rsm;} udk jyKpkolonf aphpyfaocsmNyD; odyH
enf;usaom okawoepl;prf;csufrsm;jzifh rGwfpvifavmuudkomru tif'dkyg&Sef?
a&mrESifh [Dbl;ordkif;wdkYudkyg tusKd;jyKcJhonf} [k csD;usL;cJhonf/
f nfpl;prf;cJholjzpfonf/ i,f&G,pf Of
rwpftl'Donf ta&SUwkdi;f wpfcGif vSnhv
tcgrSmyif yg&Sm;jynfwpfavQmuf oGm;vmaecJhonf/ xdkYaemuf tdEd,jynfrlvfwefodkY
a&muf&SdcJhonf/ aemuftacgufrsm;wGif uifab? 'uefESifh oD[dkVfuRef;wdkYodkY a&muf
&Scd Jhonf/ xdkrSwpfqifh wkwjf ynfESihf tif'kdcsKid ;f em;wpfcGif a&mufcJhjyefonf/ xdkYaemuf
bpG&m(tD&wfEdkifiH)odkY jyef tem;,l&if; a&Tjrufcif;ESifh&wemwGif;rsm;}udk a&;om;
avonf/
taemufzuf tm&Stv,fydkif;wpfcGifodkY c&D;&SnfxGufcJhao;onf/xdkc&D;rS
tjyef udkif kdNrdKUa[mif; zlpwufwGif tem;,l&if; twGJ 30&So
d nfh rD&mwGZZf rmef;(acwf
\aMu;rHk)usr;f BuD;udk a&;om;cJhonf/ ol\usr;f rsm;wGif ola&mufcJhaomwdki;f jynfrsm;
\ yx0Dordkif;0iftaMumif;rsm;ESifhvlrsKd;pk "avhxHk;pHrsm;udk tao;pdwfa&;om;oGm;
cJhonf/ *l*s&wfoabFmqdyfwGif xdktcsdefu t&AfvlrsKd;wpfaomif;cefYESifhif;wdkY\
tquftEG,frsm; aexdkifvsuf&Sdonf[k oluazmfjycJhonf/-(yoDausmfOD;)

27

Studies in Pathy History

]wkwjf ynf? wl&uD? tdE,

d jynfrsm;ESihf oufqkdi&f mrSww
f rf;}*
txufygusrf;*efrSwfwrf;rsm;tm;vHk; xdkacwfwkwfjynfESifh
awmifp,
G af wmifwef;rsm; ydik ;f jcm;vsu&f o
dS nfh tdref ;D csKypf yf Edik if o
H ;kH ck taMumif;
d ef
yg&So
d nf/ ae&mwGif wkwjf ynf[kqkad omfvnf; eefapmjynfukd qdkvk[
&So
d nf/ xdkEkid if o
H kH;ckukv
d nf; pmvHk;aygif;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh azmfjyxm;onf/
1/ #Lokvf (Tusl) odkYr[kwf Mwokvf (T.sl)
2/ rl*sm(Mja)? rl&S(Msha) odkYr[kwf rlq (Msa)
3/ rmbf (M b.b)? rJ ' f (May.b)? rJ i f (M n.d) od k Y r [k w f
rmeuf(f Mn.k)
ygarmu*st
D yd v
f kypf u #Lokvf odrkY [kwf wd&pf v
l Ef kid if rH mS c&pfEpS f
(7 rS 9) &mpktwGi;f jrefrmhyx0De,fajrwGif wnf&cdS ahJ om ysLEdkiif jH zpfonf
[k owfrw
S af zmfjycJyh gonf/ ,Six
f efLS usr;f (xef&mZ0ifopf)udk udk;um;
aygarmuvkpu
f ]ysLwdkYonf rdrw
d kdYukd,u
f kd rdrd ]xlavmfusL;(Tuet-latsiu)}? *smAm;vlrsK;d wdkYu ]xlvDausm}f [kac:onf/ tac:ta0:
ESpcf pk vH;k onf a&S;rGef ausmufpmyg ]wd&pf v
k }f ESihf oHwal Mumif;uGjJ zpfonf[k
qdkonf? (c&pfESpf 1100 xdk;usepf pfom;ausmufpmwGi)f usepf pfom;\
eef;awmfziG yhf t
JG aMumif; a&;xd;k &m oDqrkd aI v;rsK;d udk azmfjyxm;onf/ if;wdrYk mS
rd&rf m(jrefrm)? wd&pf kv(f ysL)? rJGi(f rGe)f ? rJi-f wdkYjzpfonf/
t&AfrSww
f rf;rsm;wGif azmfjyxm;aom Edkiif HoHk;ckteuf useEf Spcf k
rSm rDcsJeEf Sihrf ad emh* [ljzpfonf/ Edkiif HESpcf k\wnfae&mudk azmfjyjy&ef
* (1) "Meadows of gold and Mines of Gem," edited and translated by
de Meynar and de Courteille. 9 Vols. Paris. 1861-77. See Vol. I p. 388.
(2) Edited by Prof.Manosky of London University in Gibb Memorial Series of the Royal Asiatic Society. 1937. pp.242-3
(3) Edited by Prof. Manosky of London University. Royal Asiatic
Society. 1942. Paras.51,52,53,57 & comments on pp. 49, 147-154.
* Ba Shin : Coming of Islam to Burma down to 1700 A.D, (BBHC, III,
1963) pp. 1-2.

28

yoDordik ;f avUvmcsurf sm;

cJ,Of;ayonf/+
Adkvrf SL;b&Si\
f ]c&pfESpf 1700 rwdkirf D jrefrmEdkiif HokdY tpvmrf
omoem a&muf&jdS cif;} pmwr;frS yk*aH cwfO;D ESio
hf ufqkid &f mtydki;f udk bmom
jyefqkdcsuf wGif jyD;ygNyD/ Adkvrf SL;b&Si\
f pmwrf;rS uset
f ydki;f rsm;udk
usr;f \ qdki&f mtcef;u@rsm;wGif jyefqkdxnfhoiG ;f &ef &nf&,
G yf gonf/
Adv
k rf LS ;b&Si\
f pmwrf;onf omrefordik ;f pmwrf;onf rnfumrw r[kwb
f J
xdyw
f ef;jrefrmordik ;f ynm&Siw
f pfO;D u urmo
h rdik ;f ynm&Sirf sm; a&SUarSmufwiG f
jrefrmEdik if \
H tpvmrfomoemordik ;f udk wifjycJah om w&m;0if rSww
f rf;rSw&f m
jzpfaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/

jrefrmhordkif;twGuf ta&;ygaom t&Afpmaytaxmuftxm;rsm;

ae&m jrefrmhordki;f twGuf t&Afpmaytaxmuftxm;rsm;\
ta&;ygyHkukd tenf;i,fazmfjyvdkygonf/ t&AfvlrsK;d wdkYonf ysLacwf
uwnf;u jrefrmEdik if EH iS hf OD;OD;zsm;zsm;xdawGUqufqcH o
hJ nft
h aMumif; txuf
wGif azmfjycJhygNyD/ t&AfvlrsK;d wdkYonf ordki;f rSww
f rf;a&;rSwo
f nfh tavh
tx pGNJ rJorl sm;jzpfMuonf/ odkjY zpf&m t&Afordki;f ynm&Sirf sm;ESihf c&D;onf
rsm; rSww
f rf;wifoGm;onfh pmayrsm;onf t&ADvkd xkESihx
f nfESihf &Sad eay
onf/ xdktxJwiG f ta&SUwkdi;f ESihf oufqkdi&f m ordki;f rSww
f rf;rsm;rSm ta&
twGuf renf;vSay/ Adv
k rf LS ;b&Si\
f pmwrf;wGif azmfjyxm;onfh pmtkypf m&ifrmS
olaY cwfu t*Fvyd Ef iS h f jyifopfbmomodjYkyefqNkdy;D orQom jzpfonf/ bmomrjyef&
ao;onfh pmtkypf mwrf;trsm;tjym; useaf yao;onf/ xdt
k xJwiG f tenf;ESihf
trsm;qdo
k vdk jrefrmEdik if t
H aMumif; azmfjyonfh pmtkyrf sm; rkcs&rdS nfjzpfonf/
+ aemufydkif;wGif a'gufwmoef;xGef;OD;ESifhOD;&nfpdefwdkYu ]rDcsJef} udk wdkufukvm;

[kvnf;aumif;? ]rdaemh} udk jrif;NcH[kvnf;aumif; owfrSwfazmfjyEdkifcJhygonf/

- (yoDausmfOD;)

29

Studies in Pathy History

q&mBuD; *sDtyd cf sv
f kypf OD;aqmifonfh jrefrmhordki;f ynm&Sirf sm;onf
wkwrf Sww
f rf;rsm;udk avhvmMu&mrS jrefrmhordki;f twGuf ,cifu rodcJh
&aom taxmuftxm; tcsuftvuftopfrsm;udk odvmcJhMuonf/
xdktaxmuftxm;topfrsm;udk tajccH txl;ojzifh acwfOD;ydki;f jrefrmh
ordki;f \ ikwu
f u
G jf rKyfuu
G rf sm;udk us,jf yefpY mG azmfxkww
f ifjyEdkicf MhJ uonf/
tu,fom t&ADpmaytaxmuftxm;rsm;udk Edu
I cf Rwaf vhvmcGi&hf rnfqkd
vQif jrefrmhordki;f ESihyf wfouf aemufxyf ikwu
f Gujf rKyfuGurf sm;udk azmf
xkwEf kid Of ;D rnf[k arQmfvifch surf sm;pGm &Sad eayonf/ e,fy,fonf jrefrmh
orkid ;f ynm&Sirf sm; ravhvm&ao;onfh e,fy,fopfjzpfonf/ e,fy,f
wGif ajccs&ef rGwpf vifwkdYonfh tjcm;olrsm;xuf tcGihfta&;&So
d lrsm;
jzpfMuygonf/
t&ADtaxmuftxm;rsm;udk pl;prf;avhvmjcif;jzifh wpfzufwGif
jrefrmEdkiif H\ ordki;f uGuv
f yrsm;udk jznfhEkdirf nfjzpfNyD; tjcm;wpfzufwGif
acwfOD;ydki;f jrefrmEdkiif H tajccsJhonfh rdrw
d kdY\ twdwo
f rdki;f udkvnf; azmf
xkwEf kdirf nfjzpfygonf/ odkYjzpf&m ESprf sK;d ESpaf xGtusK;d &So
d nfh rGejf rwfvS
aomvkyif ef;udk &nf&,
G cf su&f &dS jdS zifh aqmif&u
G o
f ihv
f yS gonf/
vlBuD;rif;taygif;wdkY cifAsm; ...
uRefawmf&h UJ pmwrf;uawmh rjyD;aom;ygbl;/ 'gayr,fh tjcm;tpD
tpOfrsm;&Sad ewmaMumifh wpfaMumif;? 'DtaMumif;t&mwpfckwnf;udkyJ tcsed f
Mumjrifph mG em;axmifae&jcif;aMumifv
h nf;aumif; y&dowfrsm;taeeJY NiD;aiGU
yifyef;jcif;rsm; jzpfrSmaMumifh 'DrSmyJ &yfem;vdkuyf gw,f/ ed*Hk;csKyftaeeJY
ajymvdkwmu udk,hfordki;f udk,f wefzkd;xm;yg/ 'grS olrsm;awGuvnf;
uRefawmfwkdYordki;f udk wefzkd;xm;vmrSmjzpfygw,f/
uRefawmfwkYd cifAsm;wdkY vlwpfpkauv;u udk,o
hf rdki;f uk,
d t
hf rsK;d
om;tpOftvm&JU rGejf rwfjcif;? xGe;f ajymifjcif;rsm;udk odxm;HkeYJ rvHkavmuf

yoDordik ;f avUvmcsurf sm;

30

ao;ygbl;/ wjcm;nDaemifwkid ;f &if;om;rsm;vnf; uRefawmfwk&Yd UJ rGejf rwfw?hJ

xGe;f ajymif;wJh opmw&m;apmifhocd JhwJhordki;f udk odvmMuzdkY? avhvmMuzdkY?
pdw0f ifpm;vmzdkYta&;[m uRefawmfwkdY&JUta&; jzpfw,fvkdY wifjyajymMum;
&if; ed*Hk;csKyfvkduyf gw,f/
tm;vHk;udk aus;Zl;wifygw,f.....
<ua&mufvmwJh y&dowftaygif; csr;f ajrhom,mapaMumif; ...
qkawmif;ygw,f/
(yoDausmOf ;D )
1-10-1991

31

Studies in Pathy History

yk*HacwfykodrfNrdKUESifh yoDrif;rsm;

32

yoDordik ;f avUvmcsurf sm;

ykodrfNrdKUonf a&S;tvGefusaom qdyfurf;NrdKUwpfckjzpfygonf/

jrefrmEdkiif HwGif uke;f wGi;f tusqHk;yifv,fqyd u
f rf;NrdKUvnf; jzpfygonf/
ykord u
f kd a&S;u twdoOme*&? todwOe? ukord ? aumhorde?f ukord ?f
e*&a0ykv? em*ykv pojzifh ac:a0:cJMh uonf[k qdonf/
yk*aH cwfO;D uyif rGew
f kaYd 'o &mrnwGif ykord Nf rdKUwnf&cdS o
hJ nf[k
,lq&onf/ urf;d;k wef;qdyu
f rf;a'owpfcjk zpfonft
h avQmuf wdik ;f wpfyg;
rS yifv,fu;l oabFmrsm; a&muf&q
dS ku
d af &muf&m a'owpfckjzpfco
hJ nf/

yg'EdkifiHawmf&mZ0ifordkif;rS oJvGefp
yg'Edkiif aH wmfrmS a&S;u (,ckacwf &efukeNf rdKUEiS hf teD;wpf0ku
d jf zpf
aom) oHvsiaf usmufwef;wGif wnf&cdS NhJ yD; ay:wl*v
D rl sK;d iZuFm\ zsuq
f ;D
vk,ufraI Mumifh taxmuftxm;ruRif;usecf ahJ om a&S;a[mif;rGeNf rdKUwpfNrdKU
jzpfygonf/ jynfawmfom OD;xGe;f &Dqkdolu awGU&So
d rQ yg;pyf&mZ0if
pm&mZ0ifrsm;udk pkpnf; ordki;f wpfapmifa&;om;xkwaf 0cJhygonf/ if;
pmtkyw
f iG f -

33

Studies in Pathy History

]jrefrmjynf dk;rBuD; 3ck\ yifv,furf;ajcwpfavQmufudk

vufeufEkdiif HawmfjyKvkyf pdk;rdk;cJhMuavonf/ xdktcg a&SYUbufurf;ajc?
[Hom0wD? armfvNrdKif? a&;? bdw?f xm;0,fwko
Yd nfvnf;aumif;? taemuf
'v? wGHaw;? ajrmif;jr? ykord w
f kdYonfvnf;aumif; yg'bk&ifrsm;\ Edkiif H
awmftwGi;f yg0ifaom NrdKU&mG wdki;f jynfrsm;jzpfcMhJ uavonf/}*
xdka'owGif rif;qufaygif; (40)rQ&Scd JhNyD; yg'NrdKUEkdiif Hawmfwnf
axmifol wdabm*aoerif;\ aemuf (6)qufajrmufjzpfaom okrrkc
eef;apm&Si(f rGeb
f momtrnf&if; jAm*sJUz&mhapm) \ vufxufwGi-f
]tdEd,[dELukvm;rsm; oabFm (17)pif;jzifh ajrvk&efvm&m
eef;apm&Si(f jAm*sUJ z&mhapm) udk,w
f kid cf sw
D uf ukvm;ppfonf (7000)ausmf
udk av;ESihfypfcwfokwo
f ifum uket
f jynfhESihf oabFm (17)pif;udk odr;f
ydkuv
f ku
d af vonf/}+
azmfjyygppfyJGukd atmifjrifonfhtxdr;f trSwt
f jzpfjzifh ]ordepf u
0wf}[laom trnfu,
kd Nl yD; bodwcf cH o
hJ nf[k qufvufazmfjyxm;yg onf/
txufwiG f azmfjyxm;aom tcsut
f vuf tao;pdwrf sm;udk ordki;f ynm&Sif
J Of;ayrnf/ odakY omfvnf; yg'bk&if jAm*sUJ z&mh\
rsm;taejzifh vufcEH ikd zf ckYd ,
vufxufu yifv,fork'& mwGi;f &Sad eaom e,fajrcsUJ xiG rf I tE&m,frsm;
aMumifh azmfjycsurf mS rl ordki;f ynm&Sirf sm;taejzifh jiif;y,f r&Edkiaf y/
](jAm*sJUz&mhapm\ vufxuf) ppfa&;ppf&mwGiv
f nf; xdktcsed u
f
u&D-eD*dkwkd &Sr;f (Zif;r,fom;rsm;)ESihf rMumcPwdkucf kdu&f aomtcsed jf zpf
avonf/ if;tjyif tdE,
d rS ajrvk&efvmaom [dEL ukvm;rsm;? yoDbmom
0ifrq
l vifukvm;rsm;tjyif awvf*u
l kvm;rsm;ESihf tBudrBf udrw
f ku
d cf ku
d w
f eG ;f

vSe&f ao;onf/}
* OD;xGef;&D? yg'EdkifiHawmf&mZ0ifordkif;? pmrsufESm 76/
+

OD;xGef;&D? yg'EdkifiHawmf&mZ0ifordkif;? pmrsufESm 59/

OD;xGef;&D? yg'EdkifiHawmf&mZ0ifordkif;? pmrsufESm 63/

34

yoDordik ;f avUvmcsurf sm;

OD;xGef;&Du rlqifbmom0if yoDukvm;[k azmfjy&rnfhtpm;

yoDbmom0ifrq
l vifukvm;[k azmfjyxm;ygonf/ ae&m [dEL ukvm;
awvf*lukvm;rsm;ESiht
f wl a&maESmazmfjyxm;aom yoDbmom0ifrlqvif
ukvm;qdkorl sm;rSm tdE,
d Edkiif o
H m; ukvm;rsm;r[kwaf Mumif; azmfjyzdkv
Y kv
d m
ygonf/

]ukvm;} [laom a0g[m&

ukvm;a0g[m&ESiyhf wfouf ordki;f ynm&SiBf uD; Adkvrf LS ;b&Siu
f
atmufygtwdki;f zGiq
hf kcd yhJ gonf/
]Edkiif jH cm;om;rsm;udk a&S;jrefrmwdku
Y ac:aomukvm;[lonfh trnf
onf ukvykw trsK;d aumif;om;? odkYr[kwf ukv jrwfaomtrsK;d [laom
ygVda0g[m&wdkYrS qif;oufvmonf[k ,lq&onf/.... ,ckacwfwGif
ukvm;[laom a0g[m&onf rESpNf rdKUb,
G jf zpfaom teufoabmudkaqmif
d Saomtrnf jzpfcJhavonf/ a0g[m&\
aomfvnf; rlvu *kPo
f u
d m&Sv
t"dyg ,fonf tajctaetvdkuf ajymif;cJjh cif;jzpfonf/*
Adkvrf LS ;b&Sif wifjyaom ]ukvm;} onf ]ukvykw}rS qif;ouf
vmaom a0g[m&jzpfonfq
h kad om tqdktjyif ]ukvm;} qdkonfrmS ork'& m
udk ]ul;vm} olrsm;udk ac:jcif;jzpfonf? ul;vmrS ukvm;jzpfonf[k
qdkorl sm;vnf;&So
d nf/

* AdkvfrSL;b&Sif? taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEdkifiH? ('kwd,tBudrf)? pm - 260/

35

Studies in Pathy History

]ukvm;} [laom a0g[m&twGuf t,ltqtopf

ukvm;a0g[m&ESiyhf wfouf aemufxyfavhvmawGU&adS om MuHq
csut
f opfukd pmwrf;&Sib
f ufrS wifjyvdkayao;onf/ tdEd,Edkiif HrS
ynm&SiBf uD; pdki,
f 'fqkavrefe'f0u
D ]dk;dk;0efxrf; odkrY [kwf oabFmom;[k t"dyg ,fem;vnfEkid af om
]cvmo(Khalasi)} qdkonfh a0g[m&&Syd gonf/ a0g[m&rSm rl&if;
t&ADa0g[m&jzpfygonf/ ]cvm;pf(Khalasi)} qdo
k nfrmS t&ADt"dyg ,ft&
tjzLESiht
f euf aygif;pyfxm;jcif;udk qdkvkyd gonf/
tom;rJrcd ifESihf tom;jzLzcifwkdYrS arG;zGm;vmaom uav;udk
]cvmoD} [k ac:ygonf/ t&AfvlrsK;d wdkYonf cdki;f apavh&MSd uNyD; if;wdkYrS
arG;zGm;vmaom uav;rsm;udk oabFmay:wGif trIxrf;tjzpf xnfo
h iG ;f avh
&SMd uonf/ xdkuav;rsm;udk ]cvmoD(Khalasi)} [k ac:avonf/*
txufyg taumufEIwcf surf sm;t& yk*Hacwfu jrefrmEdkiif Hyif
v,fqyd u
f rf;NrdKUrsm;odkY qdkuyf af &muf&aSd eMuaom t&Afukeo
f abFmrsm;wGif
oabFmtrIxrf; ]cvm;pf}rsm; yg0ifrnfjzpfonf/ oabFmom;rsm;wGif
]cvm;pf}rsm;rSm vlOD;a&trsm;qHk;jzpfzG,v
f nf; &So
d nf/ if;wdkYtm; tjcm;
oabFmom;rsm;u trnfoD;jcm;ac:raeawmhbJ ]cvm;} [k om ac:Mu
rnfjzpfonf/ odkjY zifh a'ocHrsm;u oabFmom;rSev
f Qif if;wdkt
Y NrJMum;ae&
* Syed Sulaiman Nadvi: "The Arab Navigation", MWL Journal. Mar.
1982. p. 24.

yoDordik ;f avUvmcsurf sm;

36

aom cvm;qdkonfhtoHk;tEIe;f jzifh vdkuaf c:&mrS wpfjznf;jznf; ]uvm;}

[laom toHk;tEIe;f ay:aygufvmonf[k ,lqEdkiaf vonf/
txufygt,ltqtjyif tjcm;jzpfEkid zf ,
G &f o
dS nfh t,ltq wpf
&yf&ydS gao;onf/ t&Afc&D;onfrsm;jzpfMuaom tAlZu
kd 'f [
f pH(at'D-916)ESihf
rmwft'l (D at'D-943)wd\
Yk rSww
f rf;rsm;wGif rav;uRe;f qG,t
f wGi;f rS ]uvm;
(Kalah) trnf&dS qdyu
f rf;NrdKUtaMumif; azmfjyxm;onf/ tAl Zdku'f [
f pHu
-]uvm;}Nrd K Uonf tvG e f r a&;ygaom uk e f o G , f a &;tcsuf t jcm
qdyu
f rf;NrdKUjzpfonf/ rkwcf g;? yky?f pEu;l eHUom? qifp,
G ?f oHjzL? opfeuf?
[if;cwftarT;tBudKifESihf tjcm;ukepf nfrsK;d pHk ul;oef;a&mif;0,f&mwGif
t"duusaom pcef;wpfckjzpfonf/ t&AfEkdiif HwpfEkdiif Hjzpfonfh tdkrefEkdiif H
ESihv
f nf; yHkrSeu
f l;oef;qufoG,rf I&o
Sd nf} [k rSww
f rf;wifcJhonf/
t&Afc&D;onfBuD; rwfpt
f l'Duvnf; if;\rSww
f rf;wGif
]uvm;} qdyu
f rf;NrdKUtaMumif; azmfjyxm;ygonf/
]a&S;txufu wkwjf ynfonf yg&Sjynf&Sd aq&zfqyd u
f rf;NrdKU?
tma&As&Sd tdkrefqyd u
f rf;NrdKUwkdYESihf wdkuf kducf &D;pOf&cSd Jhonf/ odkY&mwGif ,ck
tcg xdEk pS Ef idk if \
H tMum;wGif uvm;qdyu
f rf;u ukeo
f nfoabFmrsm;twGuf
qHkawGUap&m pk&yftjzpf wnf&adS eavonf}[k rwfpt
f 'l u
D azmfjycJyh gonf/
txufazmfjyyg ]uvm;}qdyu
f rf;rSm rav;uRef;qG,t
f wGi;f &Sd
ojzifh jrefrmhurf;dk;wef;ESihf teD;uyfqk;H wnf&o
dS nfh qdyu
f rf;NrdKUjzpfygonf/
xku
d vm;qdyu
f rf;NrdKUukd A[dkjyK toGm;tjyef pcef;axmuftjzpf 0ifa&muf
vmMuaom Edik if jH cm;om;rsm;udk &mrna'oom;rsm;u ]uvm;}[k ac:jcif;
vnf; jzpfEkid yf gao;onf/
txufyg t,ltqrsm;onf pma&;ol\ twaemrwd ,lq
csurf sm;omjzpfygonf/ jzpfEkid rf jzpfEkdif ynm&Sirf sm; a0zefoHk;oyfEkdi&f ef
wifjyvdkujf cif;jzpfygonf/

37

Studies in Pathy History

yk*HacwfykodrfNrdKUESifhyoDrif;rsm;
yoDrif;rsm;rwdkirf D ykord Nf rdKUukd tkycf sKyfcJhaom rif;qufwpfquf
&SdcJhonf[k ykodrfordkif;rsm;wGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/ if;rif;qufudk
orv0drvrif;quf [lvnf;aumif;? yxrykord rf if;qquf [lvnf;
aumif;? q&mOD;rmC\ ykord &f mS Z0ifwiG f azmjyxm;ygonf/ q&mOD;rmC
onf 0drvrif;qifEiS yhf wfouf]xdkorv0drvwdkYonf oxHkbk&ifoD&rd maomu\ om;awmf
rsm;jzpfaMumif;? ([Hom0wD ycJcl;wnfrnfhae&mwGi)f yifv,fwrd rf S ay:
vmonfhuRef;udk (A*Fg 12 NrdKUrS) [dELpabFmom;ukvm;rsm;ESiht
f Edkiv
f kMu
&m rdrw
d kdYu tydki;f &Muojzifh [Hom0wD[k trnfwyfum orvrif;jyK
aMumif;? 0drvmrSm tdraf &SUrif;jzpfapaMumif; ponfjzifh orkid ;f tcsKUd wGif
jyqdkMuavonf/}*
odk&Y mwGif &mZ0ifrsm; tuGu
J t
JG jym;jym; azmfjyxm;aom orv
0drvrif;qufukd q&mOD;rmCu '@m&DqefvaS om taMumif;t&mrsm;jzpf
[k oHk;oyfcyhJ gonf/+
orvrif;eef;wuf 12ESpMf umvQif ewf&GmpHNyD; 0drvrif; eef;
wufaMumif;? 0drvrif; r&So
d nfhaemuf (awmifeef;zGm;) owKaZ,s eef;
wufaomtcg (ajrmufeef;zGm;) nDaemifajcmufOD;wdkYu [Hom0wDrS xGuf
ajy;cJhMuNyD;aemuf wd,*FvuRef;wGif twdoOme*&NrdKU(ykord Nf rdKU)udk wnf
onf[k ordki;f a[mif;rsm;wGif vm&Syd gonf/
* rmC? ykodrf&mZ0if? pmrsufESm - 133/

+ xufnTef;usrf;? 136 - 7/

38

yoDordik ;f avUvmcsurf sm;

yxr ykord rf if;qufjzpfonfh txufygajrmufeef;zGm; nDaemif

ajcmufa,mufw\
kYd trnfrsm;udk &cdki&f mZ0ifyg trnfrsm;ESiv
hf nf;aumif;?
aywm0wK? tXuxmZmwf tXuxmwdkYvmonfh trnfrsm;ESihf xyfwl
nDaeyHkukd q&mOD;rmCu EdIi;f ,SOjf yygonf/ if;aemuf ],HkMunfz,
G &f o
dS nfjzpfap? r&So
d nfjzpfap a&S;ordki;f a[mif;wdkY \
ta&;BuD;aom jyqdkcsufrsm;udk wpfqifhjy&ef wm0ef&Sdonfhtwdkif;
azmfjy&ygOD;rnf/ jyqdkcJhaom 0gok'wpaom nDaemifajcmufOD;wdkYonf
wpfOD;jyD;wpfO; (ykord af c:wGirf nfh) twdoOe*& rif;jyKMuavowf/
1/ 0gok'w
eef;pH
9 ESpf
2/ Av'w
/
10 ESpf
3/ r[maZ,
/
7 ESpf
4/ plVaZ,s
/
8 ESpf
5/ om*&
/
6 ESpf
6/ *edX(uedX)
/
7 ESpf
nDaemifajcmufO;D wdk\
Y eef;oufrsm;udk aygif;ygu (47)ESprf &S adS v
onf/ aemufqHk;rif; uedVeef;oufukeaf omtcg ou&mZf 583 odkY
a&mufNyD[k qdkavonf/

yoDrif;quf
D
]ou*&mZf 583 ckwGif yoD(ukvif;)rif;rsm; vma&muftkypf kd;
aMumif; ordki;f rsm;wGif jyqdkMuavonf/ xdkou&mZf rSeyf gu yk*HwGif
uspGmrif; (581-596)tkypf kd;aecsed jf zpfo
f nf/ ou&mZfrSef rrSet
f yxm;
ukvm; (yoD)yoDrsm; vma&muftkypf k;d onf[k qdkjcif;um; rSeyf k&H avonf/

39

Studies in Pathy History

,if;odkY yoDukvm;rsm; vma&muftkypf k;d onfukd taMumif;jyKum

rGew
f ku
Yd ]'Hk;yoD}(!Kif;yod)[kac:Mujcif;jzpfaMumif;udkvnf; ordki;f a[mif;
wdkY jyqdkMuavonf/
1/ yoDrif;eef;
8 ESpf
2/ atmfvaH w(tl&'f
l )
1 ESpf
3/ tuywfrif;
3 ESpf
(atmfvHukd a[mfvH[kvnf; rluGJ&So
d nf/ ukvm;rsK;d (60)wGif
wpfrsK;d )/*
q&mOD;rmCu yoDrif;qufEiS yhf wfouf ]ordki;f rsm;wGif jyqdk
Muavonf}[lom a&;om;cJhNyD; rnfonfhordki;f a[mif; rnfonfhusr;f
*efrsm; azmfjyyg&So
d nf[k wdwu
d sus &nfnTe;f cJhjcif; r&Sad y/ odkY&mwGif
orv0drvrif;qufrsm;rSm aumufcsucf scJhouJhokdY '@m&Dqefonf[k
aumufcsurf csbJ ]yoDrsm; vma&muftkypf kd;onf[k qdkjcif;um; rSeyf Hk&
avonf} [k aumufcsucf sxm;aMumif; awGU&avonf/

yoDrif;rsm; tkyfcsKyfcJhaMumif; taxmuftxm;

tuywfrif; eef;pH 3ESp&f aSd omtcg *kPo
m&? *kPo
m&DwkdYu
vkyMf uH eef;wufMuonf[k ykord &f mZ0ifu qdkonf/ odkYaomf ykord u
f kd
tkycf sKcfY o
hJ nfh yoDrif;qufrmS ykord &f mZ0ifwiG f azmfjyxm;ouJo
h kYd oHk;quf
om ruay/ prLU'DyOaqmif;usr;f wGif ](yk'rf 10(*)ykord )f ...rGef 21quf jrefrmukvm; 24 qufe,f
onf ta&SUacsmif;tjcm;? taemufukd e*g;&pfyoQL;&Gm? ajrmufukd ydkiu
f rajr
+
tjcm;e,f 4&yf pD&ifonf} [kqkdxm;onf/ prLU'DyOaqmif;usr;f udk
* rmC? ykodrf&mZ0if? pmrsufESm - 133/

+ prLU'DyOaqmif;usrf;? pmrsufESm - 58)/

40

yoDordik ;f avUvmcsurf sm;

ordki;f ynm&Sirf sm;u tm;uk;d tm;xm;jyKxdkuaf om tkycf sKyfa&;ordki;f tjzpf

vufcHxm;ygonf/ a*stufpzf meDAJvEf Sihf OD;azarmifwifuJhokdY ynm&SiEf Spf
OD;u wnf;jzwfco
hJ jzifv
h nf; ydk cdkirf mudk;um;xdkuyf gonf/ a'oE&rSwf
wrf;wpfckwiG v
f nf;]ykord Nf rdKUwGif rGerf if; jrefrmrif;rsm;tjyif yoDukvm;rsm;yif
rif;vkycf zhJ ;l onfrmS xl;jcm;rIyifjzpfonf/ odakY omf ykord Nf rdKUwiG pf k;d pHczhJ ;l aom
rif;wdrYk mS rif;i,frsm;tjzpfom tkycf sKycf MhJ ujcif;jzpfonf/ tcsKUd rmS rif;trnfcH
NrdKUpm;? NrdKU0eftqifrh Qom jzpfayonf/}*
ykord Nf rdKU yoDrif;rsm;taMumif; awGU&adS om taxmuftxm;rsm;rSm
rQomjzpfonf/ aemufq;kH taeSihf ykoed Nf rdKUordik ;f pmtkyw
f iG f azmfjyxm;aom
yoDrif;quf\eef;awmf&mtaMumif; azmfjyvdkayonf/

]ykodrfNrdKUESifhukvm;eef;awmf}
]No Document No History} 0wKypn;f oufaocHr&Sv
d Qif
&mZ0ifr[kwf qdkonfhtwdki;f ykoed w
f iG f 12ESpw
f kdiw
f kdif ukvm;rsm; pdk;pHpOf
u ukvm;eef;awmfuke;f ae&mrSm ,cktrSw(f 1) txufwef;ausmif;uke;f
ae&m jzpf[ef&ydS gonf/ Govt. Hight School 1921 ck? atmufajctwGuf
ajrwl;&mwGif 1awmifcef&Y adS om a&S;tkycf syBf uD;rsm; ay:vmonf/ ausmif;0if;
ESihf wpfqufwnf; trdeYaf wmf&rif; OD;xGe;f atmifnKd \ tdrw
f kdiw
f l;&mwGif
vnf; ukvm;rsm; aq;vdyaf omufaom wrmulAl;rsm;ESihf xdkAl;udk quf
aom ydkuv
f Hk;rsm; awGUygonf/ ydkuv
f Hk;rSm ydkuw
f kdr[kwf ydku&f Snjf zpf
ukvm;txufwef;vTmrsm;? txl;ojzifh r[m&mZmoHk;ypn;f jzpf&ygrnf/
* vGifarmif? rSwfwrf;ordkif; '*Hk{&mweoFm&Dwdkif;? pmrsufESm - 241/

41

Studies in Pathy History

onfukd &nf ukvm;eef;awmfuke;f rSm [dkupf ul;ausmif;wpf0kdujf zpf

&ygrnf/+
txmuftxm;rsm;t& yk*Hacwfu ykord u
f kdtkycf sKyfcJhaom
yoDrif;rsm;ESihf ywfouf aemufxyfazmfxkw&f efrsm; &Sad eao;aMumif;
od&ygonf/
___

+ ykoed o
f ed ;f ? ykoed Nf rdKUordki;f ? pmrsuEf Sm - 97/

yoDordik ;f avUvmcsurf sm;

42

'@m&DwGif 0ifa&mufaysmufuG,foGm;aom yoDrif;orD;

43

Studies in Pathy History

'@m&DwGif 0ifa&mufaysmufuG,foGm;aom yoDrif;orD;

ykord (f 32)NrdKU\ orkid ;f udk avhvmMunfrh nfqkyd gu ork'a Cmo
rif;ESihf Orm'ErD if;orD;wdkt
Y aMumif;udk tBudrBf udraf wGU&vdrrhf nf/ {&m0wD
wdki;f twGi;f emrnfBuD;bk&m;ykxkd;rsm;udk wnfaqmufoGm;cJhaom rif;
ESihfrb
d k&m;wdkY\ trnfukd rMum;zl;ol &Sm;ayvdrhfrnf/ odkYESihfwkdif Orm'ED
rif;orD;onf yoDrif;orD;wpfyg;jzpfaMumif; a&;om;rnfqkdvQif txl;
tqef;jzpfukeMf uvdrrhf nf/ tb,faMumifq
h kad omf ykord Nf rdKUtaMumif; tvGef
jynfph kpH mG a&;xm;aom q&mOD;rmC\ ykord &f mZ0ifwiG v
f nf;aumif;? ykoed f
ode;f \ ykoed Nf rdKUordki;f pmtkyif ,fwiG v
f nf;aumif; taMumif; azmfjyxm;
jcif; r&Sad omaMumifh jzpfonf/
h nfh
udkvked aD cwfu Orm'EDrif;orD;taMumif; tapmqHk;a&;om;cJo
rSww
f rf;rsm;wGiv
f nf; rif;orD;onf yoDrif;orD;jzpfaMumif; azmfjyxm;
jcif; r&Sad cs/ 1915 ckEpS u
f xkwaf 0cJo
h nfh [oFw'dpMwdwaf *Zufw;D ,m;
wGif Orm'EDrif;orD;taMumif;udk atmufygtwdki;f azmfjyxm;onf/

Orm'ErD if;orD;\ '@m&D

][oFw'dpMwdwEf Sihf ywfoufaom aAGaqmfOD;azmfjycsuo
f nf
Orm'EDrif;orD;'@m&DESihf qufpyfvsu&f o
Sd nf/ '@m&Donf tkwzf kdNrdKU
teD;wGif Zmwford ;f onf/ tkwzf kdNrdKUukd &Sp&f mpku usKu
d t
f *F[laom rGef
trnfjzifh wnfcJhonf[k qdkonf/

44

yoDordik ;f avUvmcsurf sm;

Orm'EDrif;orD;onf at'D 1250 wGif ykord Nf rdKUukd tkycf sKyfcJh&

onf/ taxmuftxm;tcsKUd t& rif;orD;\ trnfrSm OrmjzpfNyD; 'EDrSm
olr\aemifawmftrnfjzpfonf/ tjcm;rSww
f rf;wpfckt& rif;orD;onf
at'D 984 ckwGif eef;pHcJhaomykord b
f k&if ork'aCmorif;\ rdbk&m;jzpf
onf/ a'owGi;f ajymqdkazmfjycsurf mS rif;orD;onf wef,if(weoFm&D)
rS rGerf if;qufbk&ifwpfyg;\ orD;awmfjzpfonf/*
arm&pfqifu qufvuf [F'dpBwdwfa*ZufwD;,m;wGif
Orm'ErD if;orD;\ tcspZf mwfvrf;udk rSww
f rf;wifcyhJ gonf/ xdZk mwfvrf;rSm
trsm;odxm;onfh Zmwfvrf;yifjzpfygonf/
ykoed o
f ed ;f a&;om;onfh ykoed Nf rdKUordki;f onf q&mrmC\ ykord f
&mZ0ifEiS hf EdiI ;f ,SOv
f Qif usO;f yifusO;f aomfvnf; pmtky\
f xl;jcm;csurf mS
ykord Nf rdKU\&yfuu
G rf sm;udk wpfuu
G cf si;f aemufcHordki;f ESihw
f uG azmfjyxm;
jcif;jzpfonf/ tqdkyg&yfuu
G rf sm;teuf Orm'ErD if;orD;ESihf wdkuf ku
d o
f uf
qdkio
f nfrSm yef;wifuke;f jzpfonf/ xdktaMumif;udk ykoed o
f ed ;f \ ykord Nf rdKU
ordki;f wGif odkaY zmfjyxm;\/

D
yef;wifukef;&yf

]yef;wifuke;f [k ac:qdk&jcif;rSm ork'aCmoESihf Orm'EDwkdY

vufxufu rSww
f ikd w
f pf&yfjzpfcyhJ gonf/ Ouvmyrif;BuD;\ om;rsm;udk
xD;eef;twGuf pdk;&dr&f ojzifh i,fpOfu pGeYyf pf&mwGif wpfa,mufukdbDvl;
rif;u awGU&SNd yD; EdkYcsKw
d kduaf uR; arG;pm;ojzifh bDvlrif;om;jzpfvm\/
wpfa,mufukd tke;f uRef;(uyvu
D REf;)rS awGU&adS rG;xm;&m tke;f pm;uRef;rif;
* Henzada District Gazetter Vol A. Compiled by W.S.Morrison, I.C.S.
p . 16.

45

Studies in Pathy History

om;jzpfvm\/ wpfa,mufukd ukvm;rsm;awGU&Sad rG;xm;&m ork'aCmo

rif;om;jzpfvm\/ nDtpfukt
d &if;rsm;jzpfMu\/ odakY omf olwckYd si;f rodMu/
Orm'EDrSmvnf; ESrt&if;jzpfaMumif; vlwkdYrodMu/ if;wdkYoHk;OD; ykoed o
f kdY
a&muf&v
dS maom Orm'Et
D wGuf ppfcif;tEdik &f ,lou
l ,liiford ;f &ef oabm
wlMuonf/ Orm'EDu Mum;0iftqHk;tjzwfay;\/
]toifrif;om;rsm; trsK;d orD;wpfa,muftwGuf ppfbuf,SOf
NydKif&onfrmS &Supf &mvdvyd ifjzpfygonf/ toifwkYd oabmusvQif uREfkyf
tMuHay;vdkyg\} [kqkd&mwGif ay;cGihfjyKojzifh ]bk&m;wnfMuyg? tvsif
NyD;olukd pkvsm;&pfywf vufxyfygrnf}[k qdk\/ tm;vHk; oabmBudKufnD
Mu\/
,ck a&Tarma|mae&mwGif ork'aCmou vnf;aumif;?
bk&m;BuD;uke;f t&yfwiG f bDv;l rif;om;u vnf;aumif;? waumif;t&yf
wGif tke;f pm;uRef;rif;om;uvnf;aumif;? a&Trka|m? r[mapwD? r*Fvm
apwDrsm; tNydKiw
f nfMu\/ wGif Orm'ErD if;orD;u csp&f if;pGJ jzpfaom
ork'a Cmorif;BuD;tm; ]toifrif;om;? uREykf u
f t
kd vd&k jdS im; tH?h opfBuD;?
0g;BuD;? tkwBf uD;wdkjY zifh bk&m;udk rwnfEiS hf bk&m;qdk&mwGif *wdu0wf
b,fvkb
d ,ftpm;rsK;d qdkonf rygojzifh bdeyfawmfNyD;vQif acgif;avmif;yHk
rSp jcif;azmif;um;&uf ydwjf zLywf? xD;awmfwifygqdkojzifh Orm'ED
tMuHay;csut
f wdki;f wnfap&m tvsijf yD;ojzifh ork'a Cmou Orm'ED
udk &awmh\/
aemufwiG f Orm'EDrzd k&m;BuD;onf a&Trka|m? r[mapwD (bk&m;
BuD;uke;f bk&m;) r*FvmapwD(waumif;bk&m;)wdkYtm; wpfae&mwnf;rS
yef;uyfEkdi&f ef yef;cHkukd ,ckyef;wifuke;f t&yf wnfap\/}*
ykoed o
f ed ;f \ yg;pyf&mZ0ifwGif Orm'EDukd yoDrif;orD;[k
* ykodefodef;\ ykodefNrdKUordkif;? pmrsufESm 60-61/

yoDordik ;f avUvmcsurf sm;

46

azmfjyrxm;aomfvnf; aemifwGif ykord b

f k&ifjzpfvmrnfh okr'aCmo
rif;onf Ouvmyrif;\om;jzpfaMumif; azmfjyxm;onfukd awGU&av
onf/ odkYomru Ouvmyrif;f u rdr\
d xD;eef;pnf;pdrf vk,lrnfukd
pdk;&dr
f rdr\
d om;oHk;OD;udk pGeyYf pfc&hJ mwGif om;wpfO;D jzpfol ork'a Cmo
tm; xdktcsed u
f ykord u
f kt
d kycf sKyfvsu&f adS om yoDrif;u awGU&adS rG;xm;cJh
onf[k qdkavonf/ ae&mwGif ork'a CmoESihf ykord &f dS yoDrif;wd\
kY
qufpyfru
I kd t&dyt
f >rufp od&&dS ygonf/ ykoed o
f ed ;f \ ykoed Nf rdKUordki;f
tajcm;wpfae&mwGif ]pwkwom;rSmrl oabFmwpfpif;uawGU&jSd yD; ykoed Nf rdKUokdYa&muf
vmonf/ wGif ukvm;yoDrif;tm; qufo&m om;tjzpfarG;pm;
onf/ t&G,af &mufvQif yoDrif;[lvnf;aumif;? obm&rif;[l
vnf;aumif;? ork'aComrif;[lvnf;aumif; ac:a0:Muonf/}*
[oFw'dpMwdwaf *ZufwD;,m;ESihf ykord o
f rdki;f pmtkyrf sm;wGif
Orm'EDrif;orD;ESihf vufqqufcJholukd ork'aCmo[k wpfnDwpf
nGww
f nf; azmfjyMuaomfvn; aMu;wdki0f efOD;wifMuD;jyKpkonfh 1931
ckxkwf rtlyif'pd Bwdwaf *ZufwD;,m;wGirf l ork'aCmotpm; ae*&D
rif;om;[k qdkygonf/
]ykodrfrS Orm'EDrif;orD;\ kyfqif;t*FgvSywifhw,fjcif;
owif;onf oD[kdVo
f kdYwkdif ysHUESHUausmMf um;onf[kqkd\/ odkYjzifh auoe
rif;om;onf OrmoEDrif;orD;ESihf vufqufEkdi&f ef tvdkYiSmykord o
f kdY
c&D;xGucf o
hJ nf/ odkaY omf auoerif;om; ykord o
f krYd a&mufrD vrf;ckvyf
pdwx
f cd kduzf G,pf um;wpf&yfu BudKqdkvmonf/ Orm'EDrif;orD;udk
ae*&Drif;om;u olYxufOD;oGm;jyD [laomowif;jzpfonf/ wGif
olYarQmfvifhcsuf jydKuGJysupf D;jcif;txdr;f trSwt
f jzpf a&TjrifwifapwDukd
* xufnTef;? pmrsufESm - 6/

47

Studies in Pathy History

,ckawGU&SUd &aomt&yf wnfxm;cJhonf/*

rtlyifa*ZufwD;,m;wGif oD[kdVEf kdiif Htxd ysHUESHUausmMf um;cJh
onfh Orm'EDrif;orD;\ vSyrIEiS hf rif;orD;udk pkvsm;&pfywfEkid &f efykord f
odkY c&D;xGuv
f mcJhaom oD[kdVrf if;om;auoeaMumif;rSm tjcm;rSwf
wrf;rsm;wGif rygojzifh xl;jcm;onf[k qdkEkdiyf gonf/ [oFwa*Zuf
wD;,m;wGirf l oD[kVd rf if;om;ykord v
f monft
h aMumif; rygbJ ajymif;jyef
qdkovdk ork'aCmrif;om; oD[kdVo
f kdYoGm;onfhtaMumif;udk azmfjyxm;
ygonf/ ork'aCmorif;om;onf oD[kdVo
f kdY bk&m;zl;oGm;cJhjcif;jzpfyg
onf/

OD;vli,f\ ]ukr&EDv
uFm}rS oJveG pf
OD;vli,frSm rif;wke;f rif;w&m;BuD;vufxuf ausmif&pfpif
awmfBuD;rS pmqdkawmfjzpfygonf/ orm;awmfBuD;wpfOD;vnf; jzpfyg
onf/ pmqdkawmfOD;vli,fonf ork'aCmorif;ESihf Orm'EDrif;orD;wdkY
\ jzpf&yfudk ]ukr&EDvuFm}trnfjzifh rSwfwrf;wifcJhzl;ygonf/
xdkvuFmrSm wdrjf rKyfaysmufu,
G v
f su&f o
dS jzifh ,ckwkid f avhvmcGirhf &yg/
OD;vli,f\ ukr&EDvuFmudk tajccHa&;xm;aom owdk;
aomif;\aqmif;yg;wGirf l txufazmfjyyg a*ZufwD;,m;rsm;rS tcsuf
tvufrsm;wdkYESihf uGJvGJaeayonf/ ,if;aqmif;yg;]rGeb
f k&ifokr'aCmorif;onf ykord Nf rdKUrSukvm;rif;\ orD;
ukr&EDrif;orD;udk ck;d ,lajy;vmNyD;aemuf Orm'EDtrnfjzifh rdzk&m;
ajrmufawmfrlonf/ xdkYaemuf ork'aCmobk&ifESihf Orm'EDrzd k&m;wdkY
* arwifEGJU? ]'@m&DrSordkif;odkY}? tawG;tjrif? Mo*kwf 1988? pmrsufESm-103/

yoDordik ;f avUvmcsurf sm;

48

onf ,ck0g;c,frNrdKUe,f o&GwNf rdKuf&mG teD;wGif yku0wDNrdKUukd wnf

eef;pdkufonf/ ,ck rku0wDeef;awmfysufonf 0g;c,frNrdKUe,fESifh
armfvNrdKifuRef;NrdKUe,fpyf&Sd o&GuNf rdKuf&GmteD; vbGw&Gmzsm;wGif &Sd
onf/
xdkork'aCmobk&ifESihf Orm'EDrzd k&m;wdkY wnfcJhaomNrdKUrsm;
rSm aZ,smNrdKU? usKu
d x
f D;NrdKU? usKu
d yf Nd rKdU? uke;f awmfBuD;NrdKUwkdYjzpfonf/
usKu
d yf Nd rdKUrSm ,ckwkdi&f S
d useef ef;awmf&mESihfNrdKUysurf sm;udkvnf; armf
vNrdKifuRef;NrdKUe,fxJwGif awGUEkdio
f nf}[k azmfjyxm;onf/*
pmqdkawmfOD;vli,f\ ukr&EDvuFmudk avhvm&vQif Orm'ED
rif;orD;taMumif; ,ckxufykdodEkdiv
f rd hfrnf/ ,ckrl Orm'EDrif;orD;
onf ykord Nf rdKUukdtkycf sKyfvsu&f Sad om yoDrif;\ orD;awmfjzpfaMumif;?
rif;orD;\rlvtrnfrSm Orm'EdDr[kwb
f J ukr&EDjzpfaMumif;? crnf;
awmfyoDrif;u awGU&SdarG;pm;xm;aom ork'aCmorif;om;ESifhcspf
BudKufrNd yD; rif;om;\ cdk;&mvdkuaf jy;cJhaMumif;rsm;udkom od&onf/
[oFw'dpBwdwaf *ZufwD;,m;\azmfjycsut
f & okr'aCmo
rif;om;ESihf Orm'EDrif;orD;wdkY ykord Nf rdKUrSxGuaf jy;Mujcif;onf tjcm;
taMumif;wpfckaMumifhjzpfonf/ Orm'EDrif;orD;\ acsmarmvSyrI
ausmaf Zmowif;aMumifh[kvnf; qdkEkdio
f nf/
][oFo'dpBwdwftwGif; a&S;a[mif;okawoeynmt&
pdw0f ifpm;zG,t
f aumif;qHk; taqmuftOD;av;ckonf Orm'EDrzd k&m;
ESihf Muif,mawmfykord b
f k&if ork'aCmowdkY wnfxm;cJhaom bk&m;
av;qlyifjzpfonf/ yJcl;bk&if a'G;&mZm"d&mZfu Orm'EDrdzk&m;udk
wyfrufNyD; odr;f ydkuv
f kdonfhab;&efrS udk;&mpktqHk;ydki;f wGif ykord rf S
* owdk;aomif;\ ]&mZifwGifaysmufuG,faeonfh rif;ESifhrdzk&m;}? (1-7-1969)

aeYxkwf tdk;a0*sme,f? trSwf -22)

49

Studies in Pathy History

xGufajy;cJhMuonf/ if;wdkYxGufajy;&m vrf;wpfavQmuf ykodrfESifh

[oFmw'dpMwdwt
f Mum; bk&m;rsm; wef;pD wnfoGm;cJhonf/}*
[ka*ZufwD;,m;wGif azmfjyxm;onf/ yJcl;bk&if a'G;
&mZm"d&mZf\ &efrSvGwf&majy;vmcJhaom ZeD;armifESHonf &cdkifdk;r
awmifajctxdyif a&mufoGm;cJhMuonf/ tjcm;rSww
f rf;wpfckwGi-f
].... ykodrfNrdKUrS xGufajy;vmaom ork'aCmorif;ESifh
Orm'EDrif;orD;wdkYonf *lxGwNf rdKU\taemufbuf rdki(f 20)ausmcf efY&Sd
&cdkif kd;rawmifteD;rSm yxrNrdKU wnfaeMu\/
xdkae&mudk rBudKuf ta&SUbufokdY xGuv
f m&m *lxGwNf rdKUokdY
a&mufonfhtcg BudKufESpo
f uf *lxGwNf rdKUrSmaeMu\/+
*lxw
G Nf rdKUrSm ,ckacwf jrefatmifNrdKUjzpfonf/ Orm'EDrif;orD;
taMumif;a&;xm;onfh txufygaqmif;yg;rSww
f rf;rsm;wGif trnf
razmfjyao;aomNrdKUrSm ]Orm'ED}NrdKUjzpfonf/ prLU'DyOaqmif;usr;f
}Orm'ED}trnfjzifh NrdKUwpfNrdKUukd azmfjyxm;ygonf/xdkNrdKUrSm Orm'ED
rif;orD;\trnfukd tpGJjyK rSnhaf c:xm;jcif;omjzpf&ygrnf/ odkYaomf
rif;orD;ESihf rnfokdUqufpyfrI&So
d nfukdawmh wdk;csJUavhvm&ygOD;rnf/
prLU'DyOaqmif;usr;f wGif Orm'EDrif;orD;\trnfjzifh NrdKUwpfNrdKUwnf
&Scd JhaMumif; azmfjyxm;jcif;onf yk*Hacwfu ykord Nf rdKUwGif Orm'EDtrnf
&Sd rif;orD;wpfyg; '@m&Dr[kwb
f J trSew
f u,f aoG;om;cEmjzifh
&Scd Jhzl;aMumif; cdkirf maom taxmuftxm;wpf&yfyifjzpfygonf/

* Henzada District Gazetter Vol A. Compiled by W.S.Morrison, I.C.S.

p.29
+ oD[aqG(o'raZmwdu"Z)\ xufnTef;? pmrsufESm - 35/
]prLU'DyOaqmif;usrf;? pmrsufESm - 57/

50

yoDordik ;f avUvmcsurf sm;

Orm'EDr if;orD;\ acwfumv

Orm'EDrif;orD;\jzpf&yfZmwfvrf;udk '@m&DxJrS qGJxkw
f
orkid ;f ZmwfcHkay: jyefwif&eftwGuq
f kdvQif OD;pGmyxr rif;orD;ay:
xGe;f cJhonfh acwfumvuudk a&&maocsmatmif owfrSw&f ygrnf/
tb,faMumifhqkdaomf rif;orD;ay:xGucf Jhonfh acwfumvudk rSwf
wrf;rsm;wGif trsK;d rsK;d tzHkzHk azmfjyvsu&f Sad omaMumifhjzpfonf/
Orm'EDrif;orD;taMumif;udk yxrqHk;rSwfwrf;wifcJhaom
[oFmw 'dpBwdwaf *ZufwD;,m;wGif rif;orD;\ acwfukd at'D
1250 [kvnf;aumif;? [D[aqG(o'raZmwdu"Z)a&;onfh ]&mZ
0ifESihf'@m&DvmNrdKUe,fjzpfpOfrSww
f rf;rsm;}pmtkyw
f Giv
f nf; rif;orD;
ay:xGufonfhacwfonf aumZmou&Zmf 600[kvnf;aumif;?
800[kvnf;aumif; pmrsuEf SmESpcf kwGif ESprf sK;d ESpzf Hk azmfjyxm;onf/
*
uGJvGJonfhESpu
f mvrSmvnf; &mpkESpf ESpcf kpmrQjzpfonf/ odkYESihftrQ
Orm'EDrif;orD; ay:xGucf Jhonfhacwfonf yk*HacwfOD;ydki;f jzpfEkdio
f vdk?
yk*HacwfaESmif;ydki;f wGiv
f nf; jzpfEkdiaf vonf/
[oFw'dpBwdwfa*ZufwD;,m;wGif anmiyifom&Sd usKduf
oajymifbk&m;rS |myemypn;f rsm;udk taxmuftxm;jyK Orm'ED
rdzk&m;ESio
hf rk'a Cmorif;wdkY ykord u
f kt
d kycf sKyfco
hJ nfEh pS o
f nf at'D 984
[kqkdygonf/ xdk|myemypn;f rsm;udk ork'aCmorif; oD[kdVo
f kdY bk&m;
zl;oGm;&mrStjyef ,laqmifvmjcif;jzpfonf/ xdkou&mZfazmfjycsuo
f m
* oD[aqG(o'raZmwdu"Z)\ ]&mZ0ifESifh'@m&Dvm NrdKUe,fjzpfpOfrSwfwrf;rsm;

(1)? pmrsufESm-25 ESifh 38/

51

Studies in Pathy History

trSet
f uefjzpfvQif Orm'EDrif;orD;ay:xGe;f cJhaom acwftcsed f umv
onf taemf&xmt&ifu yk*aH cwfO;D ydki;f jzpfonf[k ydkiyf kid Ef kid Ef kid f ajymqdk
Edkiaf yjyD/ odkaY jymqdkEkid af vmufatmifvnf; ykord Nf rdKU\ordki;f u a&S;us
NyD; tcsed u
f mv us,0f ef;rI&So
d nf/ xdkYjyif trsm;odxm;ovdk ykord u
f kd
tkycf sKyfcJhonfh yoDrif;qufrSm oHk;qufom ruay/ prLU'Dy Oaqmif;
usr;f tqdkt& ykord f 32NrdKUukd tkycf sKyfco
hJ nfh ]jrefrm ukvm; 24quf}[k
qdkxm;ayonf/*
___

]prLU'DyOaqmif;usrf;? pmrsufESm - 57/

52

yoDordik ;f avUvmcsurf sm;

pmudk;
1/ a*stufpzf meDAJvEf SihfOD;azarmifwif(wnf;jzwf)? prLU'DyOaqmif;
usrf;/
2/ jrefrmhpG,pf Hkusr;f ? twGJ 6/ pmayAdrmef? &efuke/f
3/ a'gufwmoef;xGe;f ? acwfa[mif;jrefrm&mZ0if? r[m'*Hkpmay?
1964/
3/ Adkvrf SL;b&Si?f jrefrmEdkiif Hawmfordki;f / pwkwtBudr?f 1952/
4/ Adkvrf SL;b&Si?f taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEdkiif H/ 'kw,
d tBudr/f
1975/
5/ rmC? ykord &f mZ0if/ ZGJpmay&dyNf rdKU? 1967/
6/ ykoed o
f ed ;f ? ykoed Nf rdKUordki;f / ckESprf yg? &efuke/f
7/ vGiaf rmif? rSww
f rf;ordki;f '*Hk{&mweoFm&Dwkdi;f ? &efuke?f 1978/
8/ jynfawmfomOD;xGe;f &D? yg'Edkiif Hawmf&mZ0ifordki;f ? wwd,ESyd ?f
1978/
9/ OD;Munf? jrefrmhordki;f odtyfbG,&f mtjzmjzm/
10/ oD[aqG? &mZ0ifESihf '@m&DvmNrdKUe,fjzpfpOfrSww
f rf;rsm;(1)/
11/ OD;&nfped ?f ]refSL;usr;f jrefrmjyef}? rdk;a0? ZGef 1987/
12/ arwifEGJU? ]'@m&DrS ordki;f odkY}? tawG;tjrif? Mo*kwf 1988/
13/ Edkiaf rmifwk;d ? ]rGeaf 0g[m&ESijhf refrmpmay}? jrwfav;? rwf 1988/

53

Studies in Pathy History

1. Moshe Yegar; The Muslim of Burma, A Study of a Minority

Group.
2. Siddiq Khan; Muslim Intercourse with Burma.
3. Dr.R.L Sono; A Cultural Study of The Burmese Era, )(Foreword
by The Rt.Hon'ble U Nu the Prime Minister of the Union of
Burma) 1955.
4. Burma Gazetteer, Henzada District, Vol.A, complied by
W.S.Morrison, I.C.S.
5. Ba Shin; "Coming of Islam to Burma down to 1700 A.D", BBHC,
III. 1963.
6. Allama Syed Sulaiman Nadvi: 'The Arab Navigation", MWL Journal. March 1982.
7. Tahir Ba Tha (Buthidaung); The Early Hindus and Tibeto-Burmans in Arakan, The Guadian, Burma's National Magazine,
November 1954.
8. Dr. Hla Pe; Social Contacts; Their Impact on Burmese Cultural
Life.
9. Haji Ibrahim Tien Ying M.A.: Muslim in China.

pmtkyfwGif azmfjyxm;aom pmwrf;rsm;onf ordkif;okawoepmwrf;rsm;[kawmh r&nfTef;vdkyg/ odkUaomf ordkif;

okawoDynm&Sifrsm;a&SUarSmufrSm\vdyfjymoefUpGmcsjy&Jonfh taMumif;
udkum; Tef;qdkvdkygonf/
jrefrmrGwfpvifrfordkif;pmtkyfrsm;wGif wpfrsufESmpESpfrsufESmpom
azmfjy xm;aom yk*Hacwfudk txl;jyKavhvmxm;onf/
xdUk tjyif ay:xGucf o
hJ rSs jrefrmrGwpf vifrf ordik ;f pmtkyrf sm;wGif vH;k 0r
azmfjyzl;ao;aom taMumif;t&mrsm;jzpfonf/ odkUrSsru jrefrmordkif;
usrf;rsm;rSmyif rygzl;ao;onfh taMumif;t&mrsm;udk xl;xl;jcm;jcm; awGU
&rnf/
tpvmrfomomem jrefrmEdik if u
H kd a&mufvmwm ESpaf ygif; wpfaxmif&NdS yD
[k ajymavh&SdMuonf/ ESpfwpfaxmif&JU [dkbuf &mpkESpf av;ckavmuf
a&S;us wm odMuovm;/
wrefawmfjrwf&JU wynfhqG[mA[fBuD;rsm; jrefrmhajrrSm ajccsoGm;
cJhMuw,fqdk&if jiif;MuOD;rSmvm;/
'DuaeUtxd ordkif;ynm&SifawG ae&mrSef rodao;wJh ref&SL;usrf; vm
]yoDNrdKUjyEdkifiH} b,frSmvJ/
jrefrmrGwfpvifrfordkif;pmtkyfawGrSm azmfjyxm;ovdk ykodrfNrdKUudk
tkyfcsKyfcJhwJh yoDrif;qufu oHk;quf xJbJvm;/
rdr&d UJ tvStyudk vloal v;yg; rjrif&atmifaezdUk aemifvm aemiforD;
awGukd ocFe;f pmay;oGm;cJw
h hJ yk*aH cwfu yoDrif;orD;&JU taMumif; Mum;zl;
vm;/
'gawGudk ajcajcjrpfjrpfodcsif&if 'Dpmtkyfudk zwfyg/