Benh Cay Dai Cuong - Vu Trieu Man 2007

B
GIO D C V O T O
TR NG I H C NNG NGHI P I - H N I
Ch bin : GS.TS. V TRI U MN
GIO TRNH B NH CY I CNG

(Chuyn ngnh B o v th c v t)
H N I - 2007
Tr ng i h c Nng nghi p 1 Gio trnh B nh cy i cng -------------------------------------------
L i ni u
B nh cy i cng l ph n trang b nh ng ki n th c c b n, cc khi ni m, nh ngha, cc n i dung ch y u c a khoa h c b nh cy, l mn h c c s cho ph n b nh cy chuyn khoa c a mn h c b nh cy (Phytopathology). Mn h c gip sinh vin n m v ng cc c i m sinh v t h c v sinh thi h c c a cc nguyn nhn gy b nh v nh ng h ng phng tr , h n ch b nh h i. N i dung ch y u c a mn h c g m: 1. Khi ni m chung v b nh cy. 2. Sinh thi b nh cy. 3. Phng tr b nh cy. 4. B nh cy do mi tr ng. 5. N m gy b nh cy. 6. Vi khu n gy b nh cy. 7. Virus gy b nh cy. 8. Phytoplasma gy b nh cy. 9. Viroide gy b nh cy. 10. Tuy n trng gy b nh cy. 11. Protozoa gy b nh cy. 12. Th c v t th ng ng gy b nh cy. Tham gia vi t gio trnh ny g m cc tc gi : 1. GS.TS. V Tri u Mn: chng I, chng II, chng III, chng IV, chng VII, chngVIII, chng IX. 2. PGS.TS L Lng T : ph n phn lo i n m - chng V, ph n tri u ch ng b nh cy - chng I, ph n nhng thay i c a cy sau khi b b nh -chngI. 3. PGS.TS Nguy n Kim Vn: chng V. 4. TS. T n Dng: chngVI, chng XII. 5. TS. Nguy n Ng c Chu: chng X. 6. TS. Ng Th Xuyn: chng XI. 7. TS. Nguy n Vn Vin: ph n bi n php ho h c - chng III. 8. GS.TS V H u Ym: ph n b nh do thi u dinh d ng - chng IV. 9. PGS.TS Ng Bch H o: ph n phn lo i v phng tr - chng VII. Gio trnh ny ch y u dng cho sinh vin nm th c 3 ngnh B o v th c v t. Gio trnh c so n th o v i vi c b sung nhi u t li u m i v v y c th lm ti li u tham kh o cho cc k s ra tr ng v nh ng cn b k thu t quan tm t i mn h c b nh l th c v t. CC TC GI
Tr ng i h c Nng nghi p 1 Gio trnh B nh cy i cng ---------------------------------------------------
Chng I Khi nim chung v bnh cy
I. BNH CY V SN XUT NNG NGHIP 1.1. Lch s khoa hc bnh cy Khoa hc bnh cy c hnh th nh t nhu cu ca sn xut nng nghip. Thi thng c, vi i sng hi lm sau tin b hn l du canh, du c. Con ngi khng pht hin c s ph hoi ca bnh cy m lun cho rng vic cy b ho, b cht, sn xut nng nghip b t n ph l do tri, v.v... khng pht hin c nguyn nhn gy bnh. T th k th 3 trc cng nguyn v o thi c Hy Lp, Theophraste m t bnh g st hi cy v hin tng nm k sinh gc cy. n th k 16 ch phong kin tp quyn pht trin mnh, cc vng sn xut chuyn canh vi h ng ng n hcta xut hin. Bnh cy ng y c ng gy nhiu tc hi ln cho sn xut v nhn thc v bnh ng y c ng r rt hn. Ti th k 18, kinh t th gii chuyn t cc cng trng th cng sang na c kh v c kh ho. Cc quc gia t bn hnh th nh khoa hc k thut pht trin mnh. Bc u c nhng bin php n gin phng tr bnh cy c thc hin: M. Tillet (1775) v B. Prevost (1807) l nhng ngi u tin nghin cu v bnh than en la m. T i liu nghin cu v bnh cy ca Anton de Bary (1853) c xut bn to nn mng cho s pht trin ca khoa hc bnh cy sau n y. Hallier (1875) pht hin vi khun gy thi c khoai ty. A. Mayer (1886), D. Ivanopski (1892), M. Bayerinck (1898) tm ra virus khm thuc l. Nocar v Roux (1898) pht hin Mycoplasma ng vt. Schulrt v Folsom (1917 - 1921) tm thy bnh c khoai ty c hnh thoi nhng khng xc nh r nguyn nhn. Nhng phi ti nhng nm 30 ca th k 20 khi khoa hc th gii pht trin nhiu nc t bn cng nghip ra i, nn cng nghip c kh ho chuyn sang in kh ho nhanh chng cho n nhng nm 80 ca th k 20 tin hc, in t, t ng ho pht trin mnh, cc cng trnh nghin cu bnh cy chuyn sang mt bc pht trin vt bc. Nm 1895 - 1980, E.F. Smith nghin cu mt cc h thng v vi khun gy bnh cy. Rt nhiu nh vi khun hc c cc cng trnh nghin cu ca Branes J.A Wdrey L.V.A, Bosh S.E, Boucher C.A., Chang M.L, Cook D., N.W. Schaad, J.B. Jones v W. Chun v vi khun hc nhng nm u th k 20 cc nh khoa hc H Lan, Php, Anh, Nht Bn c nhiu cng trnh nghin cu. Cun "Bnh virus hi thc vt" (Plant virology) ca R.E.F Mathew l t i liu c bn c xut bn nhiu ln; cun "Phn loi virus" (Virus Taxonomy) ca nhiu tc gi l mt t i liu rt chi tit v hin i v virus hc bnh cy v virus ni chung. Dienier v W. Raymer (1966) xc nh c viroide l nguyn nhn gy ra bnh khoai ty c c hnh thoi M.
J. Doi v cng tc vin (1967) ln u tin xc nh bnh Phytoplasma hi thc vt Nht Bn. T i liu "Bnh cy nhit i" ca H. David v Thurston; "Bnh cy" (Plant pathology) ca George N. Agrios c xut bn nhiu ln l nhng t i liu c gi tr cho vic pht trin v nghin cu bnh cy. c bit, mn sinh hc phn t pht trin mang li s pht trin vt bc ca khoa hc bnh cy cui th k 20 - u th k 21. Cc hi bnh l thc vt ca cc nc th nh lp t rt lu trn th gii nh: H Lan (1891), M (1908), Nht Bn (1916), Canada (1930), n (1947). Hi ngh nghin cu bnh cy ln th nht tp hp rt nhiu nh nghin cu bnh cy ti Lun n (Anh) v o 8/1968 m u cho cc hot ng rt a dng v phong ph sau n y ca Hip hi cc nh nghin cu bnh cy th gii. Vit Nam t thi L Qu n, trong cun Vn i loi ng ng m t nhiu phng php chm sc cy kho, dng vi tro bn rung - hun khi bp bo qun h nh ti, ng - c bit l bit chn v tuyn la cc ging la tt, t b su bnh. Tnh hnh bnh cy Vit Nam u th k 20 c ghi nhn bng cc cng trnh nghin cu ca cc tc gi ngi Php F. Vincens (1921) v pht hin bnh o n do nm Pyricularia hi la ti cc tnh Bc Liu, Cn Th, Sc Trng. Bougnicourt (1943) pht hin bnh la von Vit Nam. Roger (1951) pht hin bnh o n min Bc Vit Nam. Trong cun "Bnh cy nhit i" (Phytopathologie des pays chaud) ca tc gi Roger (1954) xut bn ti Paris rt nhiu bnh hi cy vng nhit i c bit l Vit Nam c cp, m t t m. Sau cch mng thng Tm, cuc khng chin chng Php xy ra c lit, ko d i 9 nm. M i ti ma thu 1955, ln u tin T Bnh cy thuc Vin Kho cu trng trt c th nh lp t ng nh bnh cy Vit Nam pht trin mnh m, ti nay hnh th nh mt h thng nghin cu, ging dy v qun l cng tc kim dch v phng tr bnh hi rng ln vi Cc Bo v thc vt, Vin Bo v thc vt (BVTV), cc b mn BVTV cc trng i hc v cc chi cc vi h ng ng n cn b c trnh t cao ng n i hc v trn i hc. Rt nhiu cun sch v bnh cy gm sch dch, t i liu dch v sch hng dn phng php nghin cu, gio trnh bnh cy, sch chuyn kho, sch ph bin k thut ca cc tc gi V Minh, ng Hng Dt, H Minh Trung, V Khc Nhng, L Lng T, V Triu Mn, Nguyn Vn Tut, Phm Vn Kim, Nguyn Th, Bi Ch Bu, Phm Vn D, Nguyn Th Thu Hng, v rt nhiu tc gi khc. T thng 9/2001 Hi Sinh hc phn t bnh l thc vt Vit Nam c th nh lp tp hp hu ht cc nh nghin cu bnh cy Vit Nam. Hi c nhiu mi quan h quc gia v quc t, pht trin s hp tc nghin cu khoa hc ca cc nh nghin cu bnh cy Vit Nam. Hi t chc 5 cuc hi tho khoa hc 6/2002, 10/2003, 6/2004, 10/2004, 10/2006 v c bit nm 2005 xut bn cun sch Nhng th nh tu 50 nm nghin cu bnh cy Vit Nam (1955 - 2005) gii thiu cc cng trnh nghin cu khoa hc bnh cy ca Vit Nam trong sut 50 nm qua.
1.2. Nhng thit hi kinh t do bnh cy T cui th k 20 n nay, nng nghip th gii t c nhng th nh tu to ln, sn lng v nng sut cy trng khng ngng n nh v ng y mt nng cao. Tuy vy, do nhng tc ng ca s thay i kh hu s bin ng ca dch hi dn n nhng thit hi ng k v nng sut v phm cht cy trng nhiu vng trn th gii. Theo t i liu ca T chc Lng thc v Nng nghip Lin hp quc (FAO), thit hi v bnh cy trong nhng nm 90 th k 20 c tnh 11,6%. Trong , bnh hi do nm c ti h ng chc ng n lo i, hn 1000 lo i virus, 600 lo i vi khun,......tuyn trng v rt nhiu bnh hi khc do viroide v phytoplasma, protozoa gy ra. Trn th gii, trong lch s c rt nhiu trn dch bnh ln c ghi nhn nh trn dch do bnh mc sng do nm Phytophthora infestans gy ra Aixlen v o nm 1845 1847 l m 1 triu ngi cht v hn 2 triu ngi phi di c i ni khc. Trn dch bnh r st c ph Srilanca gy thit hi hn 150 triu frng Php gy mt ma i km. Nhng trn dch do bnh Greening v Tristeza gy ra hin tng t n li cy cam nhiu vng thuc Bc Phi, Trung M v ng Nam . Vit Nam, bnh hi thc vt gy nn nhiu trn dch nghim trng gy thit hi rt ln cho sn xut: nm 1955 - 1956 bnh o n hi trn 2000 ng n mu Bc b ti H ng (c). Bnh la von ph hi n h ng trm mu Bc b cc tnh ng bng sng Hng. Bnh la v ng li xut hin t 1910 Yn Chu, Ty Bc ti nhng nm 40, 50; bnh xut hin c ng bng Bc b nhng tp trung ph hoi nng nht t 1963 1965 trn din tch rng h ng trm ng n ha ng bng Bc b. Ch tnh ring cc tnh Thanh Ho, Thi Bnh, Nam nh, H ng v H Nam trong nm 1964 c 57.500 ha la b bnh v ng li t n ph ho n to n v h ng trm ng n ha b nhim bnh. Bnh o n ph hi thng xuyn vng ng bng Bc b, Bc v Nam trung b, min Nam. T nm 1981 n nm 1986 thng xuyn ph hi trn 10.000 ha, c lc ti 160.000 ha b nhim o n (1985) vi mc thit hi nng, nh khc nhau. Cy khoai ty, c chua, t, cy cam, chanh b virus, cy h tiu, c ph, thuc l b tuyn trng. Cc cy h c b ho xanh vi khun v v s bnh hi rau, cy n qu, cy cng nghip, cy l m thuc, hoa cy cnh gy thit hi to ln. Trong iu kin nhit i kh ma m v ma nhiu quanh nm nc ta. Thit hi ca bnh cy th hin r rt nhng mt sau: - Bnh l m gim nng sut ca cy trng: do cy b cht, do mt b phn thn, c nh l, c, qu b hu hoi. Cy b bnh sinh trng km, ci cc...dn n nng sut gim. Nu dch bnh bng pht c th l m gim sn lng trn din tch rng gy thit hi kinh t ln. - Bnh l m gim phm cht nng sn khi thu hoch v ct tr: gim gi tr dinh dng nh gim h m lng m, cht bo, ng, cc vitamin, cc cht khong, v.v rau qu.
- Ch, thuc l, c ph b nt vn hay mt hng v khi ch bin, ma gim h m lng ng, bng v ay si ngn v gim bn, d t, si bng b hoen khi vi khun ph hoi. Nha cao su km n hi khi cy b bnh. V vy, bnh l m gim phm cht cc vt liu d nh cho cng nghip thc phm, cng nghip nh. - Bnh l m gim gi tr thm m ca h ng ho: bnh lot cam gy ra nhng vt l, lot trn qu. Bnh so chanh gy ra cc u li dng chp nn trn qu chanh. Bnh thn th xo i to ra nhng vt m en trn mt qu cc sn phm n y khi bo qun s b thi hng. - Bnh l m gim sc sng hoc gy cht hom ging, mt ghp, gc ghp, c nh ghp, cc sn phm nui cy m t b o...., trong nhn ging v tnh v gim sc ny mm gy cht cy con khi bnh nhim trn ht ging. - Vi sinh vt trong khi gy bnh cy cn tit ra nhng cht c nh hng trc tip n cy b bnh, gy c cho ngi v gia sc. Nm mc v ng (Aspergillus flavus) hi lc, u tng, ht sen tit ra Aflatoxin gy ung th gan ngi v ng vt. - Nm gy bnh than en la m tit ra c t gy c cho ngi v gia sc. Nm gy bnh mc hng ng Fusarium cng tit ra c t liu cao c th gy t vong cho ngi. - Nm gy bnh m vng xu h o, bp ci Alternaria brassicae tit ra c t Alternarin. - Bnh cy cn gy nhim t trng trt, vi sinh vt gy bnh nm trong t n d ri xung t v tuyn trng trong t l m t tr th nh mt ni nhim bnh rt nguy him cho v trng trt sau. Ho cht phng tr bnh tch t li trong t c ch vi sinh vt c ch, l m nhim mi trng..... 1.3. i tng nghin cu ca khoa hc bnh cy Khoa hc bnh cy l mn khoa hc nghin cu v cc cy b bnh. Trong k sinh gy bnh v mi trng lun l nhng iu kin sinh thi quan trng vi sinh vt gy bnh c th pht trin thun li hoc b c ch khng pht trin v gy hi. ng thi tnh c cao hay thp ca vi sinh vt gy bnh nh hng r n mc nhim bnh ca cy. Chnh v vy i tng nghin cu c th ca mn bnh cy l bn cht nguyn nhn gy ra bnh cy, cc nh hng ca mi trng ti s pht trin ca bnh, cc bin php phng tr c hiu qu kinh t nht v bo v mi trng. Chi tit ca cc ni dung trn bao gm: - Cc c im triu chng v qu trnh bnh l. - c im nguyn nhn gy bnh v cc phng php chn on xc nh bnh. - Tc hi, tnh ph bin, quy lut pht sinh v d tnh bnh theo cc vng sinh thi. - Nghin cu tnh min dch, khng bnh, chu bnh v bn cht cc hin tng n y ng dng trong nghin cu to ging khng bnh.
- a ra cc bin php phng tr c hiu qu v kinh t nht v bo v mi trng. 1.4. Nhng bin i ca cy sau khi b bnh a. Nhng bin i v cng quang hp Cy b bnh ni chung cng quang hp u gim. Qu trnh quang hp gim l do din tch l ca cy gim st r rt hoc do l b bin v ng, h m lng dip lc. Nhiu cy b bnh l rng hoc cy thp ln, l nh, l bin dng xon cun, cy ci cc t l....trong mi trng hp cng quang hp u gim. b. Nhng bin i v cng h hp S thay i cng h hp ca cy bnh ch yu ph thuc v o c tnh ca k sinh vt gy bnh, c im ging nhim hay chng bnh hoc c im vng m t b o b nhim bnh. a s cc trng hp cng h hp tng cao giai on u nhim bnh ri sau gim st dn hoc gim i nhanh chng tu theo cc c im khng hay nhim bnh ca cy k ch. Khi cng h hp tng chnh l lc cc men oxy ho tng hot tnh t ngt (men catalase, peroxydase, polyphenoloxydase...). Qu trnh n y to cc sn phm oxy ho nh quinon. Quinon tng nng t ngt c th gy cht m cy do cc sn phm n y c ch hot ng ca cc men kh (dehydrase) nht l cc ging c tnh khng cao. Hin tng bin i n y l do s hot ng ca cy khi c cc k sinh gy bnh tn cng v c coi nh phn ng t v tch cc ca cy chng bnh. c. Ph hu qu trnh trao i cht Khi b bnh qu trnh trao i cht cc c th, mt ging cy, lo i cy nhim bnh c th c nhng thay i khc nhau. Tuy nhin, quy lut chung l m tng s v gluxit tng s gim i do qu trnh phn hu mnh hn. T s cc dng protein/phi protein gim xung. Protein ca cy b men protease ca k sinh phn hu to ra mt lng ln axit amin t do, nhiu axit amin t do li phn gii v cui cng to th nh NH3, cy b mt mt lng m ln. ng a cng thay i, cc dng ng a phn gii th nh dng ng n. Cc dng gluxit d tr phn gii l m thay i s lng v cht lng ca gluxit trong m cy bnh (nh trng hp bnh mc sng khoai ty, bnh virus thc vt). cc cy b bnh c hin tng s vn chuyn, phn b, iu ho cc cht m, gluxit b ph v. d. S bin i ch nc Nc l mi trng quan trng thc hin cc c ch ca s sng trong c th. Nc quyt nh s hot ng ca men v cc phn ng ca s sng nhng khi cy b bnh lun lun xy ra tnh trng mt nc ca cy b bnh.
Cng thot hi nc tng mnh l m cy mt nc. S d xy ra hin tng n y l do k sinh ph hu h r v mch dn nc cy. Mt s k sinh ph v thn cy chy nha v nc t cc b mch ra ngo i (hin tng x m cao su). K sinh c th tc ng ti thm thu ca m ng t b o, ph v m bo v b mt l, c nh,v.v...l m t lit kh nng ng m ca kh khng v thu khng. K sinh gy hi b mch dn thng l m b mch b vt tc, cc cht gm, cc sn phm phn gii pectin, hoc to cc khi u l m tc b mch (bnh si c nh ch). Bnh c th gy ho v ng (cc loi nm Fusarium) hay gy ho xanh (vi khun Ralstonia solanacearum). e. Bin i cu to ca t b o Khi nhim bnh, thm thu ca m ng nguyn sinh thay i, ph v tnh bn thm thu ca m ng t b o, ph hu p lc thm thu v tnh trng ca t b o. keo nht ca cht nguyn sinh gim st. Thay i v s lng v ln ca lp th, ty th, nhn t b o...v nhiu th nh phn khc ca t b o. Nhng bin i trn y dn n s thay i hnh thi t b o v m thc vt: l s sng t b o, tng kch thc t b o bt bnh thng (nh bnh phng l ch) to khi u so t b o sinh sn qu (nh bnh sng r bp ci, si c nh ch) gy cht m v m cht trn nh cc bnh hi l, thn, c nh, c qu. Nhng tc hi v s hao ht mt lng ln cc cht dinh dng ca cy b bnh, ph v hot ng sinh l bnh thng. Qu trnh tng hp v trao i cht ca cy nh: trao i m, gluxit, cht khong, cht iu ho sinh trng cng b ri lon v ph v. Ph hu ch nc l m nh hng ti qu trnh ng ho, s sinh trng, pht trin v tch lu vt cht ca cy. L m thay i chc nng sinh l - thay i cu to ca t b o v m. Cui cng trong nhng trng hp bnh nng c th dn n cy cht. 1.5. nh ngha bnh cy hiu r nh th n o l cy b bnh, trc ht chng ta cn c khi nim v mt cy kho. Vi quan im sinh thi hc v di truyn hc - chng ta c th nu ln mt khi nim v cy kho nh sau: Cy trng c trng trt trong iu kin sinh thi kh hu t ai v ngun dinh dng, ch nc khng thay i ging nh cy b m ca chng v lun lun biu hin r cc c im c trng v lo i v ging ca chng th cy c coi l mt cy kho. C rt nhiu nh ngha bnh cy, da v o nh ngha ca cc nh khoa hc chng ta c th a ra mt nh ngha khi qut nh sau: nh ngha: 1. Bnh cy l mt ng thi phc tp, c trng ca mt qu trnh bnh l.
2. Do nhng k sinh vt hay do mi trng khng thun li gy nn. 3. Dn n ph v cc chc nng sinh l bnh thng. 4. L m bin i cu to ca t b o v m thc vt. 5. L m gim nng sut v phm cht ca cy trng. 6. Qu trnh ph thuc v o bn cht ca k ch, k sinh v mi trng sng. nh ngha n y gii thch kh y cc c im ca bnh cy. - th nht: ng thi phc tp c trng ca mt qu trnh bnh l: mun gii thch r: Bnh cy do vi sinh vt gy nn u phi c mt qu trnh nhim bnh, pht trin ca bnh c thi gian bnh (thi k tim dc) hay do mi trng phi c mt giai on khng hong ban u mi dn n hin tng bnh l r rt, khng th xy ra mt cch t ngt. - th 2: n y phn ra hai loi bnh l bnh truyn nhim (do cc k sinh vt) v bnh khng truyn nhim (do mi trng). - th 3: gii thch trong phn b i vit v nhng thay i cy sau khi b bnh v quang hp, h hp, trao i cht, trao i cht, trao i nc.... l thay i tt yu xy ra khi b bnh. - th 4: l m thay i t b o v m l hu qu ca s thay i hot ng sinh l ca cy. - th 5: l m gim nng sut v phm cht ca cy. n y ni ln quan im kinh t v s dng ca nh nghin cu bnh cy. Nu bnh cy khng l m gim nng sut, phm cht th bnh c th khng cn phi phng tr. - th 6: Qu trnh n y ph thuc v o k ch thuc nhm ging khng bnh, chu bnh hay nhim bnh, ph thuc c ca k sinh v din bin bnh nng hay nh ph thuc mi trng sng trong iu kin thi tit kh hu, t ai v sinh trng, dinh dng ca cy ch l nhng iu kin nh hng r nht. 1.6. Cc triu chng do bnh cy gy nn Triu chng bnh l s bin i m bnh biu hin ra bn ngo i m ta c th quan st, nhn bit c. S lng bnh cy rt nhiu, tu theo tnh cht khc nhau ca cc loi bnh (bnh to n b hoc bnh cc b) m triu chng th hin ra rt khc nhau, nhng c th phn chia th nh cc nhm loi hnh triu chng c bn thng gp nh sau: Vt m: Hin tng cht tng m m thc vt, to ra cc vt bnh cc b, hnh dng to, nh, trn, bu dc, hoc bt nh hnh, m u sc vt bnh khc nhau (en, trng, nu, ,...) gi chung l bnh m l, qu.
Thi hng: Hin tng m t b o (c, r, qu, thn cha nhiu nc v cht d tr), mnh gian b o b phn hu, cu trc m b ph v tr th nh mt khi mm nhn, nt, nh o hoc kh teo, c m u sc khc nhau (en, nu sm, xm trng...), c mi. Chy gm (nha): Hin tng chy nha gc, thn, c nh cy, cc t b o ho g do bnh ph hoi (bnh chy gm cam, chanh). Ho r: Hin tng cy ho cht, c nh l ho xanh, v ng, r xung. Cc b mch dn c th b ph hu, thm en hoc r b thi cht dn n tnh trng thiu ht nc, t b o mt sc trng. Bin m u: B phn cy b bnh mt m u xanh do s ph hu cu to v chc nng ca dip lc, h m lng dip lc gim, gy ra hin tng bin m u l vi nhiu hnh thc khc nhau: loang l (bnh khm l), v ng l, bch tng (trng lt),v.v Bin dng: B phn cy b bnh d hnh: L xon, dn dm, cun l, cong queo, ln thp, cao vng, bi c nh (chi thn), chun ngn... U sng: Khi lng t b o tng ln qu , sinh sn t b o ri lon to ra cc u sng trn cc b phn b bnh (r, c nh, c) nh bnh tuyn trng nt sng (Meloidogyne sp.), bnh sng r ci bp (Plasmodiophora brassicae), bnh u sng cy lu nm (nh Agrobacterium tumefaciens). L lot: B phn b bnh (qu, thn, c nh, gc) nt v, lot, lm nh cc bnh lot cam, gh sao khoai ty. Lp phn, mc: Trn b mt b phn b bnh (l, qu...) bao ph kn to n b hoc tng chm mt lp si nm v c quan sinh sn b o t rt mng, xp, mn nh lp bt phn m u trng hoc en (bnh phn trng, bnh mui en). nm: Vt bnh l mt b o t nm ni ln, l ra trn b mt l do lp biu b nt v. Loi triu chng n y ch c trng cho mt s bnh nh cc bnh g st hi cy, bnh m vng do nm. Mumi: Hin tng qu, ht, bng c b ph hu to n b bn trong cha y khi si nm v b o t nh bt en gi l bnh than en (bnh hoa cc la, phn en ng). Trong cc dng triu chng trn nm thng gy ra cc hin tng: vt m, thi hng, chy gm, ho r dng ho v ng, u sng, l lot, lp phn mc, nm, mumi. Vi khun ph bin gy ra cc dng: vt m, thi hng, ho r dng ho xanh u sng, l lot. Virus thng gy ra cc dng: bin m u, bin dng, thnh thong c vt m. Phytoplasma, viroide, tuyn trng thng gy ra bin m u, bin dng, u sng. V vy, triu chng bnh cy c th d b nhm ln v l m cho bnh cy khi chn on phi dng nhiu phng php phi hp vi nhau mi xc nh c nguyn nhn gy bnh chnh xc c bit l dng phng php ly bnh nhn to.
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II. c tnh ca k ch v k sinh gy bnh cy Cy thng b nhim bnh sau mt qu trnh xm nhim v gy bnh ca mt loi k sinh vt hay do s tc ng mt thi gian tng i d i ca mt yu t mi trng. Bnh do mi trng hay cn gi l bnh khng truyn nhim, bnh sinh l l do yu t mi trng gy ra s c xem xt trong mt phn sau trong gio trnh n y. Bnh truyn nhim l nhm bnh chng ta cp n trong phn n y l nhng bnh do k sinh vt gy ra. l nhng bnh do vi sinh vt hay do nhng ng vt bc thp gy hi. V d: bnh do virus, vi khun, nm, Phytoplasma, Viroide, tuyn trng, Protozoa, thc vt thng ng k sinh gy ra. 2.1. S tc ng ca vi sinh vt gy bnh v o cy Ni chung, vi sinh vt gy bnh khi tn cng v o cy thng gy ra nhng hin tng sau: - S dng vt cht dinh dng ca cy nui sng c th chng. - Ph hu qu trnh vn chuyn v tch lu cht dinh dng cy l m hng b mch, hu hoi b r cy. - Trong khi k sinh trn m bnh, chng thng sinh ra cc hot cht sinh hc, thc cht l cc cht c v men u c, phn gii t b o cy v l m ri lon, ph v qu trnh trao i cht cy. Chng ta c th nh ngha: - Vi sinh vt gy bnh: l nhng sinh vt d dng bng cch ly dinh dng ca cy k ch sng pht trin v sinh sn. - Cy k ch: l cy m k sinh sng, pht trin v l ngun cung cp dinh dng cho k sinh. - V vy, thc cht mi quan h k sinh l s thit lp quan h k sinh v k ch s xy ra khi k sinh xm nhp v gy bnh c trn cy k ch - k sinh thng c mi s khng ca k ch thit lp mi quan h k sinh. Kt thc ca mi quan h n y, chng ta c cy bnh b nhim bnh. 2.2. Phn chia tnh k sinh Tu theo tnh cht v phng thc k sinh, chng ta chia cc vi sinh vt k sinh mt cch n gin th nh cc nhm nh sau: a. Nhm vi sinh vt k sinh chuyn tnh K sinh chuyn tnh (k sinh bt buc) l nhm k sinh ch c kh nng s dng cc vt cht hu c sn c trong m cy sng v ang pht trin. Chng khng s dng hay khng pht trin trn cc m cy cht (t n d cy trng).
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V d: Cc lo i nm sng mai, g st, nm phn trng hi cy, trong nhm k sinh chuyn tnh cn c th k n cc virus, phytoplasma, viroide, nhng c nhng quan nim cho rng 3 k sinh vt n y c mc k sinh cao hn c th gi l k sinh tuyt i mc t b o, khi t b o ang pht trin mnh, khi t b o cht th chng mi b tiu dit. b. Nhm vi sinh vt bn k sinh (hoi sinh t do c iu kin) L cc k sinh vt ch yu sng trn cc m cy ang sng (thng b phn l bnh t, l gi ), sinh trng v sinh sn bng cch nhn v tnh (nm) nhng trong iu kin nht nh n o trong qu trnh pht trin c th (hu tnh) hoc khi khng c cy k ch trn ng rung th vn c kh nng sng v tn ti trn t n d cy trng, trn cc m ct ri hoc mt s b phn cy cht hn. Cc loi nm la von, tim la thuc lp nm ti v nhiu lo i nm khc l nhng lo i thuc nhm bn k sinh in hnh. c. Nhm vi sinh vt bn hoi sinh (k sinh t do c iu kin) Nhm n y gm cc vi sinh vt gy bnh trn cc phn ca cy gi , suy yu nh trn l gi , gc thn, c hay cy con suy yu, chng c th tn ti trn cc m cht, trn t n d cy trng trong t, trn ht, qu, c,v.v... in hnh ca nhm n y c th k n mt s lo i nm mc nh Aspegillus niger gy bnh ho r gc mc en cy lc; hay nm gy bnh trn bp ci Botrytris cinerea v nhiu lo i nm mc khc. Cc nm n y cn c kh nng gy hi c trong bo qun nng sn cc kho th s trong nhit bnh thng. d. Nhm vi sinh vt hoi sinh Nhm n y gm cc vi sinh vt ch sng trn cc vt cht hu c m cy cht, trn cc t n d cy trng, trong t v nc,... Nhm vi sinh vt n y khng c kh nng sng k sinh trn cc cy ang sng, k c cc m cy suy yu. Nhm sinh vt hoi sinh n y c ngha rt quan trng trong vic phn hu cht hu c gii phng CO2 b xung v o bu kh quyn ca tri t. Chng gip phn hu cht hu c v to mn cho t, trong s c rt nhiu lo i vi sinh vt i khng sng t c s dng thc hin bin php sinh hc phng chng bnh cy. Trc y, nhm n y c coi nh ho n to n khng gy hi cho cy trng, nhng ng y nay mt s vi khun v nm hoi sinh cng c th ph hi trong kho nh nm mc Mucor, Penicillium v mt s lo i vi khun. S phn chia bn mc ca 4 nhm vi sinh vt k sinh ch mang tnh tng i, khi iu kin sinh thi mi trng thay i c th mt vi sinh vt nhm n y s mang c tnh ca mt nhm khc v s phn chia 4 nhm trn ch l 4 nhm ch yu m thi. 2.3. Qu trnh tin ho ca tnh k sinh Ng y nay, tt c nhng vi sinh vt k sinh c sp xp theo nhm v phn loi tng i y k c s dng n k thut sinh hc phn t sp xp cc phn nhm v n v phn loi nh hn. Tuy vy cc nh nghin cu c sinh hc, bnh l thc vt, di truyn hc v rt nhiu ngh nh khoa hc c lin quan thy r ngun gc ca cc vi sinh
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vt tri t hin nay ch yu bt ngun t t. Vi sinh vt t (nhm hoi sinh) c h thng men rt phong ph v c nhiu cht c c th tm thc n v t bo v c th ca chng khi sng trong mi trng thin nhin. Khi tip xc vi t b o cy suy yu nh l gi , r cy, gc thn chng ht c thc n d d ng hn v tr th nh nhm bn hoi sinh, lc n y s lng men v c t bt u gim i. Khi cc loi bn hoi sinh tn cng v o cy qua vt thng v cc m suy yu, pht trin ln cc l bnh t, chng dn tr th nh vi sinh vt bn k sinh - mt ln na thc n c thay i vi s lng dinh dng di d o hn, cc men v c t khng cn dng n li gim i n khi tr th nh k sinh chuyn tnh lun ph hi trn cc b phn cy non v ang pht trin mnh, vi sinh vt k sinh chuyn tnh xm nhp v o cy mt cch nh nh ng hn thm ch bo v m xanh ti cho n lc k sinh bt u sinh sn s lng ln c th cy mi t n li. Nhm vi sinh vt n y c rt t men v c t. c bit cc vi sinh vt nh Virus, Viroide v Phytoplasma hu nh khng c men v c t, ch c virus git vi khun (Bacteriophage) mi c h thng men tn cng t b o vi khun. Tm li s tin ho ca tnh k sinh l : Hoi sinh chuyn tnh Bn hoi sinh Bn k sinh K sinh chuyn tnh.
Do nhng c im trn, cc vi sinh vt k sinh chuyn tnh thng pht sinh mnh trn cy c chm sc tt, iu kin thm canh cao, c bit l nhng cy c bn tha m, ln v lng phn qu cao mt cn i hay trn cc ging t chu phn c hin tng lp, v.v. Tri li cc nm, vi khun bn hoi sinh v bn k sinh thng ph hi trn cc cy c chm sc km, cy km pht trin hay cc b phn suy yu ca cy. 2.4. Kh nng gy bnh ca vi sinh vt gy bnh cy Kh nng gy bnh ca vi sinh vt gy bnh: thng gi l cao hay thp. Vi sinh vt gy bnh c kh nng gy bnh hay khng ph thuc v o kh nng gy bnh ca k sinh, kh nng n y c xc nh bng tnh xm lc, tnh gy bnh v tnh c. a. Tnh xm lc: l kh nng vi sinh vt xm nhp v o bn trong ca cy, vt qua s phn ng t v ca cy thc hin bc u ca qu trnh thit lp mi quan h k sinh. b. Tnh gy bnh: l kh nng ca vi sinh vt sau khi xm nhp gy ra nhng tc ng bn trong cy thc s thit lp mi quan h k sinh, biu hin r rt ca tnh gy bnh l triu chng bnh c trng ca cy k ch sau khi b nhim bnh. c. Tnh c: Tnh c (Virulence) l khi nim bao qut c hai khi nim v tnh xm lc v tnh gy bnh, biu hin mc ly nhim nng hay nh, mc gy hi nng hay nh. Tnh c c nhiu bin ng phn ho tu theo c im di truyn ca cc ging khc nhau thuc lo i cy nhim bnh. Hin tng n y c th gii thch khi mt ging cy b mt chng c ca mt k sinh n o gy hi rt nng trong khi mt ging khc cng lo i hu nh khng b chng n y gy hi.
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Bnh thng, nu tnh xm lc, tnh gy bnh cao th cng c tnh c cao, nhng trong mt s trng hp khng ho n to n nh vy. S khc nhau v tnh c lun th hin theo chng sinh l v ni sinh hc khc nhau ca vi sinh vt gy bnh. 2.5. Phm vi gy bnh ca vi sinh vt gy bnh cy (Tnh chuyn ho, chuyn ho c quan, chuyn ho giai on, phm vi k ch) Tnh chuyn ho ca vi sinh vt gy bnh (thng gi l rng hay hp). Tnh k sinh ca vi sinh vt thng th hin s chn lc, mt chng hay ni k sinh, hay mt lo i k sinh ch c th k sinh trn mt lo i cy hoc nhiu lo i cy. Kh nng k sinh n y c gi l phm vi k ch rng hay hp . a. Tnh chuyn ho rng V d: nm kh vn la Rhizoctonia c phm vi k ch trn 180 lo i cy. Virus khm l thuc l (Tabacco mosaic virus) c phm vi k ch ti 230 lo i cy. b. Tnh chuyn ho hp Th hin k sinh ch c th gy bnh trn mt lo i hay mt s t lo i cy nh: nm sng mai, nm than en, nm g st c ph, mt s vi khun Xanthomonas....Trong mt lo i k sinh nh nm Pyricularia oryzae gy bnh o n la hoc nm g st la m Puccinia graminis c th hnh th nh nhiu dng chuyn ho, chng sinh l, ni sinh hc khc nhau v tnh gy bnh, tnh chuyn ho, tnh c khc nhau biu hin trn cc ging khc nhau ca cy. Tnh chuyn ho cn th hin tnh chuyn ho m, chuyn ho c quan, chuyn ho b phn : c k sinh ch hi gc thn, c k sinh ch ph r, c k sinh li tp trung ph hoa v qu hay l.... Mt s k sinh li th hin s ph hoi mang tnh chuyn ho giai on hay tnh chuyn ho tui sinh l. Bnh ch ph hoi cy non hay cy gi ... 2.6. Nhng khi nim v k ch Cy k ch: nh nh ngha cy k ch l cy m k sinh ly cht dinh dng sng, pht trin v sinh sn. Cy k ch thng c gi tn theo cc khi nim khc nhau: cy k ch chnh, cy k ch ph, cy k ch trung gian v cy k ch di. V d: Bnh bc l la c th hi trn la v mt v i cy c, nhng la c coi l cy k ch chnh v gi tn l mt bnh la v la l cy c ngha kinh t cao nht trong s cc cy b bnh. Cy c c coi l cy k ch di. Bnh g st ng sinh ra nhiu dng b o t v cc b o t thng buc phi sng trn cc cy khc nhau. Giai on b o t h v b o t ng sng trn cy ng, giai on b o t xun sng trn cy chua me t (Oxalis sp.). Cy chua me t c coi l cy k ch trung gian.
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K ch ph thng dng ch nhng cy trng c gi tr kinh t thp hn nh bnh hi cy la m c th c trn cy cao lng th cao lng c th c coi l k ch ph. III. CHN ON BNH CY 3.1. Mc ch Chn on bnh cy nhm xc nh nguyn nhn gy bnh v cc biu hin bn ngo i ca bnh, phn bit r vi cc hin tng bnh do k sinh khc v do mi trng gy nn, t c bin php phng tr ng n. 3.2. Cc iu kin cn thit chn on bnh cy a) Ngi l m cng tc chn on: chn on c bnh cy ngi l m cng tc chn on phi l ngi c o to chnh quy mn bnh cy v t nht c 3-5 nm tham gia cc hot ng iu tra, nghin cu bnh cy. b) Thng tin v cy v khu vc cn chn on: phi bit r cht t, ch chm sc, c im ging cy, giai on sinh trng, iu kin kh hu thi tit, ma v, cc bin php phng tr thc hin, cc cy trng v trc... c) Cn c nhng trang thit b v t i liu ti thiu chn on bnh chnh xc nh: knh hin vi quang hc, cc trang thit b khc nui cy vi sinh vt. Ti thiu c Kit ELISA xc nh (nu l bnh virus) c cc ho cht cn thit gip cho chn on nhanh v chnh xc. 3.3. Khi qut v cc bc chn on bnh cy Bc1: Quan st bao qut ng rung nh gi mc ph bin ca bnh v ging b hi ch yu, mc hi v thi gian xut hin bnh. Bc 2: Phn bit triu chng bnh c bit khc vi cc bnh do k sinh khc v mi trng gy ra. Tm ra c nhng im c th ca b phn b hi. Bc 3: Xc nh c vi sinh vt gy bnh v c im ca chng i n kh nng phng tr c hiu qu v kinh t nht. Chn on bnh kh phc tp, l do ch yu l v cy bnh buc phi tn ti v pht trin trong iu kin sinh thi mi trng lun bin ng. Tnh trng bnh l li ph thuc lo i, ging, tui cy v bn cht vi sinh vt gy bnh. Do , cn c tc phong linh hot v c bit khng b qua cc chi tit c bit thu c hiu qu cao. 3.4. Cc phng php chn on bnh cy a. Phng php chn on bng triu chng bn ngo i D chn on bng phng php n o i na, th cui cng kt lun v triu chng bn ngo i vn l mt phng php rt quan trng trong chn on bnh cy. Thng qua cc biu hin bng triu chng bn ngo i, chng ta c th hiu bit t nhiu v nguyn nhn gy bnh bn trong v ngc li. iu quan trng nht trong chn on triu chng
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l phi tm ra c im ring bit ca tng loi nhm bnh v tng loi nguyn nhn gy bnh c th so snh chng vi nhau, trnh mc phi nhng nhm ln. Lun lun phi lu mt hin tng: mt nguyn nhn gy bnh c th gy ra nhiu dng triu chng khc nhau v ngc li - mt triu chng c th do nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau gy ra. Triu chng bnh cn ph thuc v o mc nng nh khi bnh gy ra trn mt cy ph thuc v o ging cy khc nhau, chm sc khc nhau v iu kin sinh thi v kh hu khc nhau v o bn cht ca nguyn nhn gy bnh khc nhau c bit l tnh c ca vi sinh vt khc nhau. Chn on bng triu chng lun rt quan trng, rt kinh t v mang li hiu qu cao. Tuy nhin, trong chn on bnh cy nu ch s dng mt phng php c th cn phin din nn ngi ta thng dng nhiu phng php phi hp nhau kt lun nguyn nhn gy bnh mt cch chnh xc. b. Phng php chn on bng knh hin vi quang hc thng thng Nhng vi sinh vt c th kim tra bng knh hin vi bao gm nm, x khun, vi khunVirus, phytoplasma, viroide khng th s dng knh hin vi thng m phi dng knh hin vi in t phng i h ng vn n h ng chc vn ln quan st v chng rt nh b. Mun chn on vi sinh vt bng knh hin vi thng phi c mt s iu kin sau: - Phi nm vng phng php s dng knh hin vi quang hc - Thu mu nm, vi khun ngo i ng phi l mu c vt bnh ang pht trin hoc mi hnh th nh. Nu ly vt bnh c d nhm nguyn nhn gy bnh vi cc vi sinh vt hoi sinh, ph sinh ri ngu nhin v mc tp trn b mt vt bnh. - Nu vt bnh mi cha c b o t hay dch b o t th cn mu l bnh (thn, c nh, qu) v o hp m petri c lt giy m trong iu kin nhit phng hay trong t m nhit m (300C) h ng ng y pht hin si nm v b o t xut hin trn b mt vt bnh ly mu quan st. - C th quan st trc tip b o t trn vt bnh di knh hin vi: v hnh dng, m u sc, o kch thc ca b o t, hoc dng phng php nhum methylen xanh, nitrat bc 10% t 3-5 pht, thm kh nh ri nhum tip v o dung dch KOH 10%, hay nhum KMnO4 5%, hoc Fucsin Fenol pht hin th si nm hay vi khun c trong m bnh. - Khi quan st vi khun c th thc hin cc k thut chn on nhanh nh ngm 1 u l bnh v o dung dch NaCl 1% trong 15 - 30 pht v quan st git dch vi khun xut hin u l nh ln mt nc. Nhum gram, nhum lng roi, xem trn knh du phng i hn 400 ln v m t hnh dng, m u sc, o m kch thc, vi khun mt
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cch chnh xc. T b o vi khun cn c th c quan st r trn knh hin vi hunh quang khi dng phng php nhum khng th hunh quang vi khun. c. Phng php chn on sinh hc Vi vi sinh vt ch yu l nm v vi khun khi cn phi phn lp trn mi trng c th dng mt mu nh m cy mi nhim bnh. Ct phn l gn vt bnh cy v o mi trng, dng phng php pha lo ng v cy truyn phn ly. Cc loi mi trng thng dng l : mi trng Water Agar (WA) (thng dng 20g Agar v 1000ml nc ct). Sau l cc mi trng phn lp nm (mPDA, CLA, PDA, CMA) mi trng phn lp vi khun (SPA, Kings B, TZC, Wakimoto, PS, PG, PGA) Trong cc mi trng, c nhng mi trng gi l mi trng tng hp (tt c cc cht u bit r th nh phn ho hc, thng l cc mi trng lng). Mi trng bn tng hp l mi trng c mt s cht hoc mt cht khng r th nh phn ho hc. V d: mi trng PGA: Khoai ty : 200g - cha r th nh phn ho hc Glucose : 20g Agar : 15g - cha r th nh phn ho hc Nc ct : 1000ml C mi trng gi l mi trng thin nhin (khng bit th nh phn ho hc ca cht to mi trng). V d : mi trng c khoai ty, mi trng c c rt, mi trng khoai ty - Agar. v tnh cht vt l. Mi trng cn c th chia th nh dng mi trng lng v mi trng c (khi dng Agar). Nui cy vi sinh vt trn mi trng lng do thiu oxy thng phi dng my lc tng lng oxy cho mi trng. d. Phng php dng khng huyt thanh chn on bnh Khng huyt thanh chn on bnh hi c th nghim da trn hin tng khi c mt cht l (khng nguyn) v o c th, c th s c kh nng khng li bng cch to p ng min dch hnh th nh khng th. Lc u, phng php n y s dng cho bnh virus nhng nay ph bin c trong chn on vi khun v mt s bnh khc. Khng th a dng (Polyclonal antibody) Khi ta tim dch virus c l m tinh khit t cy ch th b nhim bnh v o c th ng vt, c th ng vt s thc hin p ng min dch. Trong trng hp n y c th ng vt to nn nhiu khng th do nhiu dng t b o B to ra. chnh l polyclonal antibody hay gi l khng th a dng. Trong chn on bnh cy khng th a dng c hiu qu rt cao trong vic loi tr cy b bnh d chng chng n o thuc cng mt lo i vi sinh vt gy bnh. Khng th n dng (Monoclonal antibody) L khng th khng nhn ln trong c th ng vt m nhn ln trong t b o ung th c nui cy trn 1 bn plastic. Tm tt phng php to khng th n dng ca
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Milstein v Kohler (1975) nh sau: T b o lympho B c gen m ho Ig (to khng th) + t b o u tu Myecoma (nhn nhanh) ca mt ng vt b ung th. Hai t b o n y dung hp vi nhau v c nui trong mi trng HAT (cha hypoxantin, aminorperin v tomidin) chng to ra t b o lai. Thc hin nui cy n b o trn bn plastic trong iu kin v trng tuyt i ta thu c dng 1, 2, 3, 4,T sn xut c khng th n dng (monoclonal antibody). Khng th n dng c th pht hin ti chng (strain) ca virus hay ni (race) ca vi khun v nm gy bnh hi thc vt. Khng nguyn (virus c trong dch l bnh) s kt hp vi khng th (c trong khng huyt thanh) u to kt ta d l khng th n dng hay a dng. Khng huyt thanh lun c tnh c hiu cao: - khng nguyn A ch kt hp vi khng th A. - khng nguyn B ch kt hp vi khng th B. - khng nguyn C ch kt hp vi khng th C. Khng c hin tng kt ta cho gia A, B, C, chnh v vy chng ta c th s dng khng huyt thanh chn on xc nh bnh hi. Trong sut nhng nm u ca th k 20 (1930 - 1970) khng huyt thanh l phng php chn on rt quan trng v phn ng xy ra nhanh t 15 - 20 pht trong iu kin nhit phng th nghim khong 20 - 250C. Nhng quan st phn ng ng y mt kh hn khi ta gp cc trng hp kt ta qu t kh c th phn on c hay khng c phn ng (phn ng ). Nm 1977, Clark v Adam (Scottlen) dng phng php th nghim min dch lin kt men (Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay ELISA) ln u tin trn thc vt. Phng php ELISA to ra mt s i mi trong vic s dng khng huyt thanh l m tng chnh xc ln h ng nghn ln. Bn cht ca phng php vn l s dng khng nguyn v khng th to ra s kt hp gia chng vi men (enzyme) lin kt - nhng ch th ca phn ng khng phi l kt ta m l m u v ng. My c ELISA khc phc hin tng m u v ng nht dn v cung cp cho chng ta bng s liu ch r cc phn ng xy ra tng ging trong bn ELISA. Phng php ELISA direct (DAS - ELISA), phng php indirect l nhng phng php s dng ph bin trn th gii cho n nay, nhng phng php n y vn dng rng r i trong sn xut v c coi l phng php huyt thanh chnh xc nht c s dng hin nay. Chi tit cc quy trnh ca phng php ELISA nh sau: Phng php DAS - ELISA (Double antibody sandwich - ELISA) hay cn gi l phng php ELISA trc tip Bc 1: C nh IgG c hiu ca virus v o bn ELISA. IgG ho trong dung dch m carbonate, cho v o mi ging 100 l. t bn ELISA trong hp m, v o t m nhit 370C trong thi gian 2 - 4h. Sau khi , ging c ra bng dung dch m ra (PBS - T) ba ln, mi ln trong 3 pht.
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Bc 2: C nh dch cy v o bn ELISA. Nghin mi mu 2 g trong m chit (PBS - T + 2% PVP) vi pha lo ng 1/10 v 1/20. Dch cy c nh v o bn ELISA vi lng 100l /ging. Sau t bn ELISA v o hp m trong t lnh 40C qua mt m hoc c th 370C trong khong 2 4h. Trong qu trnh n y IgG s xy ra lin kt gia IgG v khng nguyn (nu mu l mu b nhim bnh). Sau khi bn ELISA c ra nh bc 1. Bc 3: C nh IgG lin kt enzyme. Ho IgG lin kt enzyme (IgG - E) trong dung dch m lin kt (PBS -T + 2% PVP + 0,2% Ovalbumin) theo t l cho v o ging vi lng 100 l/ging. Bn ELISA c 370C trong 2h v ra nh bc 1. Bc 4: C nh cht nn v o bn ELISA. Ho cht nn NPP (nitrophenol phosphate) v o dung dch m substrate (theo t l 0,25 - 0,5mg/1ml dung dch m). Sau nh v o mi ging 100 l. Bn ELISA trong hp m c t nhit trong phng th nghim. Sau 1h cc ging c m u v ng l ging c phn ng dng tnh, ging khng m u l khng c phn ng. Kt qu c c chnh xc hn trn my c ELISA (ELISA reader) bc sng 405 nm. c nh m u sc ca bn ELISA, bo qun trong t lnh 40C nu cn xem li v o khi khc c th dng dung dch NaOH 3M nh v o mi ging 25 - 30 l. Phng php Indirect ELISA hay cn gi l phng php ELISA gin tip Bc 1: C nh dch cy (nghi l b bnh) cn kim tra v o bn: cn mi mu 0,2 g l cho v o ti nilon nghin trong dung dch PBS vi t l l/dung dch m l 1/20 - 1/100, nh v o bn 100 l /ging. Sau bn ELISA v o hp m v qua mt m nhit 40C. Bc 2: Chun b mu cy kho (cy c kim tra ELISA khng b nhim) nghin trong dung dch m pha huyt thanh (PBS - T 1000ml + 2% PVP + 0,2% Ovabumin) theo t l 1/20. Lc qua vi lc ta thu c dch cy kho. Cho khng huyt thanh v o dch cy kho theo nng pha lo ng tu tng loi khng huyt thanh khuy u v 45 pht trong iu kin 370C. Bc 3: Ra bn ELISA vi m PBS - T 3 ln trong 3 pht. Bc 4: C nh khng huyt thanh v o bn ELISA, nh v o mi ging 100 l khng huyt thanh pha lo ng trong dch cy kho. Sau cho bn ELISA v o trong hp m v iu kin nhit 370C trong thi gian t 1 - 1h 30 pht. Bc 5: Ra bn ELISA nh bc 3. Bc 6: C nh khng huyt thanh ca khng nguyn IgG th (hay khng huyt thanh B (conjugate AP) vi ho lo ng 1/1000 - 1/2000. Mi ging 100 l. t bn
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ELISA v o hp v qua mt m t lnh 40C (hoc nhit 370C trong 1h - 1h 30 pht). Bc 7: Ra bn ELISA nh bc 3. Bc 8: C nh cht nn v nh gi kt qu: - Pha 0,25 - 0,3 mg NNP/1ml m subtrate ri ho tan bng my khuy t. - Sau nh dung dch trn v o bn ELISA, 100 l/ ging. a bn ELISA v o hp m v trong nhit phng th nghim (khong 200C) trong thi gian t 30 - 60 pht. Bc 9: c kt qu: Cc ging c m u v ng l cc ging c phn ng (+). Ging khng c m u l cy khng b nhim bnh. c kt qu tip bng cch a v o my c ELISA bc sng 405 nm. Cng c th dng phn ng bng NaOH 3M vi lng 25 - 50 l/ging nh phng php DAS - ELISA. e. Cc phng php chn on sinh hc phn t Phng php chn on khng huyt thanh v ELISA l nhng phng php chn on protein. Cho ti nay (2006) vn l phng php c ng dng rng r i chn on virus ngi, ng vt v thc vt ng cc h ng Agdia, Biorad (M), nhiu h ng sn xut ca Nht, c, Php, H Lan...thng mi ho v a ra th trng rt nhiu sn phm do gi tr ca cc sn phm n y r v chnh xc cao. Nhng phng php chn on sinh hc phn t l phng php pht hin ARN v ADN. T nhng nm 80 khi phng php sinh hc phn t ra i th vic xc nh virus thc vt bt u pht trin mc phn t. C rt nhiu phng php sinh hc phn t c ng dng, song ti nay PCR (polymeraza chain reaction) l phng php c s dng rng r i v mang li hiu qu cao nht. Phng php c thc hin trn c s kh nng ti t hp ca ADN, ARN invitro. Mun thc hin kh nng n y cn c cc iu kin c bn sau: Tch c 1 lng nh ADN nguyn bn, trn vi mt tp hp cc cht trong mi trng mui m gm Taq Polymeraza, dNTPs (Deoxyribonucletit triphophates), MgCl2. Mt hoc hai on nucleotit l m mi (primer). Tm tt cc bc ca phng php PCR gm: - Bc 1: Si ADN kp c x l 940C trong 5 pht to th nh 2 si n. - Bc 2: on b sung si n ADN v on mi ghp cp 30 - 650C trong 3 giy. - Bc 3: Tng hp si n mi ADN 65 750C trong 2 - 5 pht. - Bc 4: Quay tr li bc 2 sau khi ADN kp li tch th nh 2 si n 940C trong 30 giy.sn phm PCR c in di trn gel Agarose hoc gel Polyacrylamide.
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g. Phng php hin vi in t Phng php knh hin vi in t l phng php quan trng pht hin cc virus, phytoplasma, viroide gy bnh thc vt m knh hin vi thng thng vi phng i nh khng thc hin c. Max Knol, Ernett Ruska (1931) l nhm cc nh khoa hc ch to th nh cng knh hin vi in t. T , virus thc vt v ng vt c quan st chnh xc v hnh thi, cu to. Hin vi in t c hai loi knh ch yu l : Knh hin vi in t truyn qua (transmission electron microscope) v hin vi in t qut (scaning electron microscope). Knh hin vi in t truyn qua l loi knh c s dng ph bin trong nghin cu bnh cy. thc hin c k thut quan st v chp nh hin vi in t c th xem trc tip mu (phng php DIP) hoc xem mu vi sinh vt (ch yu l virus) c l m tinh khit. Hoc ct lt ct m bnh cc mng bng my ct siu mng (Ultra microtom) quan st virus trong m t b o cy b nhim bnh. Tt c cc phng php to mu trn u s dng nhiu thuc nhum v ho cht c nh mu vt v khi thc hin lt ct siu mng phi tin h nh vi my ct trong chn khng. T phng php hin vi in t l m c s ng y nay ra i v pht trin nhiu k thut mi nh hin vi lc nguyn t, hin vi t lc, hin vi qut hiu ng ng ngm. h. Cc phng php khc i vi mt s bnh hi thc vt trc y ngi ta dng mt s phng php n gin vi chnh xc khong 80% chn on s b bnh hi: Dung dch Rezocin 10% khi nhum m u lt ct mng c khoai ty pht hin thy cc b mch libe b nhum m u xm l hin tng c b nhim virus cun l (Potato leafroll virus - PLRV).
Dung dch sunfat ng CuSO4.5 H2O 3% nhum m u nu khi x l m cy h c , h bu b c th pht hin s nhim bnh do virus Cucumber mosaic (CMV).
Phng php gim nh nhanh bnh v ng l Greening bng nhum Iod v dng giy th NCM cho kt qu tt.
Phng php o nht, c ca dch cy cng l phng php chn on s b bnh hi trong trng hp cy b bnh dch cy thng c c cao hn.
Phng php hunh quang chn on m qu, ht b bnh da v o s pht sng ca m bnh khi ta chim ngun sng t n thch anh c bc sng khc nhau....
Phng php chn on bnh trn ht ging trc khi gieo trng: Sau khi ly mu kim tra ht theo quy nh, c th thc hin phng php ra ht ri ly tm nh v quan st dch thu c trn knh hin vi pht hin b o t hay si nm bnh hi. Dng cch kh trng t th nghim ri ngm ht v gieo trn t v trng pht hin cy con b bnh. Dng phng php ELISA v PCR chn on bnh c hay ht ging.
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Vi tuyn trng: ngi ta ly mu t chiu su t 5 20 cm v s dng phng php Bekman (1995). Lc tuyn trng qua li lc 25 m sau khi ngm mu t t 24 48 h. Hoc ngm r cy trong cc nc 2 - 3 h ta thu c tuyn trng y cc v dng knh lp phng i 50 ln quan st.
Phng php pht hin git dch vi khun: c th dng l (bnh bc l la) hay thn (bnh ho xanh cy h c ) ngm v o dung dch 1% NaCl hoc nc sch, sau 20 - 30 pht s thy git dch vi khun xut hin u l hay lt ct thn nh ln mt nc.
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Chng II Sinh thi bnh cy
Sinh thi bnh cy l nghin cu mi quan h gia k sinh gy bnh vi cy trng v iu kin mi trng - bao gm c cc sinh vt khc trong h sinh thi quanh cy trng. y l mt mi quan h kh phc tp, kt qu ca s tng tc n y l qu trnh pht sinh ra bnh cy hay khng? xem xt qu trnh n y cn phi nghin cu cc ni dung sau: - Ngun bnh: dng tn ti ca ngun bnh v v tr tn ti ca ngun bnh.

Qu trnh xm nhim ly bnh ca vi sinh vt gy bnh. Cc iu kin pht sinh bnh cy v dch cy.
2.1. Dng tn ti v v tr tn ti ca ngun bnh Ngun bnh l cc dng bo tn khc nhau ca vi sinh vt gy bnh cc thc vt sng hoc vt liu thc vt khi gp cc iu kin mi trng thay i tng i ph hp s ly nhim to cy b bnh u tin trn ng rung. Trong iu kin sinh thi ca nc ta, mt nc nm vng nhit i gi ma c mt ma ng lnh cc tnh min Bc. a hnh li thay i, nhiu ni pha Ty, b bin d i, v vy kh hu v t ai c rt nhiu s khc bit gia cc vng dn n th nh phn cc loi cy trng rt phong ph, a dng v tim n mt ngun bnh hi lun c kh nng gy ra s bng pht dch nhiu khu vc. Ngun bnh lu gi li sau thu hoch, qua ng, qua h thng l cc ngun bnh trng thi tnh ngng hot ng dinh dng, sinh trng v sinh sn. Hin tng n y lin quan n iu kin mi trng c bit l t ai, tp qun canh tc, ma v trng trt v c im ring bit ca tng lo i, chng vi sinh vt gy bnh. a. Dng tn ti V s lng cc vi sinh vt gy bnh l v cng phong ph v a dng. Ngun bnh trong t nhin tn ti rt nhiu dng khc nhau tu theo c im ca cc nhm k sinh. Virus thng tn ti th tnh virion, dng th vi (X th) trong t b o thc vt, l mt tp hp h ng triu, t virus. Vi khun tn ti dng t b o vi khun dng tnh, hu nh cc vi khun gy bnh cy l vi khun khng c nha b o do mt dng khc l dng ht keo vi khun (mt tp hp rt nhiu h ng triu t b o th nh mt khi ln) tn ti mt thi gian kh d i trong t nhin. Phytoplasma v viroide tn ti dng ht hay dng si trong t b o thc vt.
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Nm l nhm vi sinh vt gy bnh c nhiu dng tn ti v o loi phong ph nht trong cc nguyn nhn gy bnh cy. Dng ph bin ca nm l dng si nm tn ti trong m cy, c nh, l, qu, ht....Cc dng bin thi ca si nh hch nm c sc chng chu cao trong cc mi trng l ngun bnh rt quan trng duy tr ni ging, nn kh nhiu trng hp hch l giai on bt buc trong chu k sng ca mt lo i nm nh mt s nm hch c th tn ti ti v i nm. V d: Bnh kh vn (Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn), bnh ho r trng gc cy trng cn (Scleroticum rolfsii Sacc), bnh thi hch cy hoa thp t (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib) De Bary). Dng tn ti khc nhau ca nm l cc dng b o t sinh t c quan sinh trng, dng b o t v tnh, b o t hu tnh ca nm gy bnh cy. Trong cc b o t sinh ra t c quan sinh trng, b o t hu (Chlamydospore) l dng c v dy, sc sng mnh l mt ngun bnh rt quan trng mt s nm nh nm Fusarium gy bnh ho v ng cy. Cc dng b o t v tnh thng l b o t ca cc lo i nm thuc lp nm ti (Ascomycetes) mt s nm h ng thuc lp nm to (Phycomycetes). Cc b o t hu tnh hnh th nh theo kiu sinh sn hu tnh n gin nht nh b o t trng (Oospore) l dng b o t hu tnh sng rt kho khi ri v o t, hay i v o h tiu ho ca ng vt. Tri qua cc thay i trong iu kin thin nhin, phn ln b o t trng vn tn ti v tip tc gy bnh cy. Cc dng b o t hu tnh nh b o t ti, b o t m,....cng c th l cc dng bo tn ca nm. Mc d c th c nhng dng b o t rt d mt sc sng nh b o t m ca bnh phng l ch do nm Exobasisium vexans Masse, trong trng hp n y si nm ng vai tr quan trng hn. S a dng sinh hc ca vi sinh vt th hin tnh thch ng khin cho nhng nghin cu v ngun bnh cn phi lun nng ng pht hin cc dng tn ti mi. b. V tr tn ti ca ngun bnh Trong thc t, trn ng rung cc dng c coi l dng tn ti tri qua mt thi gian d i th thch trong mi trng sng st v tr th nh dng tn ti. Tuy c mt s t trng hp dng tn ti c th c lp sng trong mi trng, cn a s trng hp cc dng n y u phi c che ch bi mt m thc vt sng hay cht ch thi c ly bnh tr li v o cy. Trong cc v tr tn ti, chng ta c th ly mt v i th d: - Tn ti trong cc hnh thc nhn ging v tnh: qua hom ging, c nh chit, gc ghp, mt ghp, c ging, cc sn phm nui cy m thc vt, mi trng nhn v tnh thng l mt khi lng ln cc m sng. V vy, phn ln cc dng tn ti u c th c mt trong cc hnh thc nhn ging v tnh nh nm, vi khun, phytoplasma, virus, viroide, tuyn trng. V vy, khi nui cy m nhn ging cn kim tra k m sch bnh.
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- Tn ti trong cc hnh thc sinh sn hu tnh: Sinh sn hu tnh bao gm cc nhn ging hu tnh t nhin to ht, nhn ging hu tnh trong chuyn gen to nhng cy lai nhiu loi nm, vi khun, tuyn trng... c th tn ti bn trong phi ht (nh bnh bc l do vi khun Xanthomonas oryzae tn ti trong ht la, vi khun Ralstonia nicotianae tn ti trong ht thuc l, nm la von Fusarium moniliforme tn ti trong ht la, ...). Mt s bnh ch tn ti ngun bnh ngo i v ht nh bnh g st hi cy u do nm Uromyces appendiculatus, hay bnh phn en hi ng do nm Ustilago maydis trong trng hp n y nu ht b bnh c x l bn ngo i ngun bnh c th khng cn. Ring bnh do virus, phytoplasma, viroide l nhng k sinh mc t b o rt t truyn qua ht ging bi v khi ht ging bt u gi ho th mi trng khng thun li cho cc vi sinh vt n y pht trin. H m lng cht gy c cho k sinh hay c ch k sinh tng cao khin cho ht tr nn t b bnh. Mt cch gii thch khc l khi cc ngun bnh virus, phytoplasma, viroide khng nhim v o phn hoa hay v o nh ci th ht cng khng b nhim bnh. Trong cc ht ging ch c ht cc loi u l c mt t l nhim virus r rt nht do khi trng cy h u phi xem xt loi tr bnh truyn qua ht ging ni chung khng nn s dng ht cy h u b virus. Ngun bnh cy k ch, cy di t n d v t: Cy k ch v cy di (thng l cc cy v c di cng h) thng mang theo ngun bnh rt ln ca vi sinh vt gy bnh v tuyn trng... Sau , ngun bnh c gi li khi cc t n d cn st li sau v trng trt nh thn c nh, r, qu, ht, c...ca nhng cy bnh ri xung t. Ti khi cc t n d b thi mc, thng phn ln vi sinh vt b cht theo, mt s nhm vi sinh vt c kh nng ri v o t c th sng nh mt thi gian t. Mt s nhm vi sinh vt gy bnh khc c kh nng ri thng v o t nh cc loi nm hoi sinh v bn hoi sinh v sng kh lu d i t v c th gy bnh cho cy khi c iu kin m v nhit thch hp. Sn xut nng nghip c canh s to iu kin tch lu ngun bnh ng y c ng nhiu, tri li lun canh s c tc dng l m gim ngun bnh rt ln nht l vi cc vi khun v nm, tuyn trng c phm vi k ch hp s d d ng b tiu dit v vi sinh vt i khng trong t c th pht trin thun li tiu dit vi khun bnh cy (trng hp n y ngi ta gi l t c hin tng t kh trng). Ngun bnh c nhiu hay t t ph thuc rt nhiu v o s phn hu cc t n d cy trng hay phn bn cha hoai mc. V vy, nu t kh, t n d lu phn hu...bnh thng xy ra nng hn trn t c m cao hay ngp nc, t n d b mc nt v bn phn chung hoai mc. Trong trng hp n y tt c cc yu t v t ai, kh hu, canh tc,... rt nh hng ti ngun bnh ban u. 2.2. Qu trnh xm nhim ca vi sinh vt gy bnh cy V c tnh a dng sinh hc v thch ng ca v s vi sinh vt gy bnh qu trnh xm nhim c din ra tu thuc lo i vi sinh vt gy bnh cy. Nm, vi khun phn ln
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trng hp xm nhp v o cy thng qua l h t nhin nh cc l kh khng, thu khng v vt thng sy st. Virus v viroide thng xm nhp qua cc vt thng nh c th kh pht hin thy bng mt thng. Mt s trng hp cc lo i nm k sinh chuyn tnh c th t xm nhp bng cch to vi ht c p lc cao xuyn thng lp cutin v biu b l, qu, ... cy xm nhp v o cy. B mt l c nc m c nhiu axit amin t do,v.v...l iu kin thun li nm xm nhp v gy bnh. Ngo i cc con ng xm nhp trn cc b phn cy nh r, lng ht, mm non v hoa cng c th l ni k sinh d d ng xm nhp v o cy. Trong qu trnh xm nhim vi sinh vt gy bnh cn c mt lng lng xm nhim. Lng xm nhim cc vi sinh vt rt khc nhau v d i vi nm c th c nhng lo i nm ch cn mt b o t, c lo i c n h ng ng n b o t; virus c lo i ch c th ly bnh ngng pha l ng 1/1000 cng c lo i c th ly bnh mc pha lo ng ti 1/1000000. Lng xm nhim n y c gi l lng xm nhim ti thiu cn c cho mt vi sinh vt khi gy bnh cy. Xem xt qu trnh xm nhp v gy bnh cho cy trng ngi ta c chia qa trnh n y theo nhiu giai on: Nu ly mt loi nm l m th d chng ta c th phn th nh cc giai on sau: a) Giai on tip xc: l giai on b o t bay ngu nhin trong khng kh hay truyn i nh gi, nc chy...gp c cy bnh. Giai on n y mang tnh xc sut cao, ch c mt lng nht nh b o t c th tip xc vi cy bnh. Nu tip xc gp l c mt rp, c m cao, tng bo v mng b o t c th bm gi v chun b xm nhp. Mt s b o t gp phi cy k ch c b mt l trn c th b ra tri hoc mt l c nhiu lng khng th tip xc vi biu b l s khng thc hin c giai on sau (ngi ta gi hin tng n y cy l tnh min dch c gii). b) Giai on ny mm: giai on n y cn nht l phi c git nc v m cao v iu kin nhit thch hp. c) Giai on xm nhp v ly bnh: Sau khi xm nhp v o cy nm c th pht trin l m cy nhim bnh. Giai on n y cng c th kt thc nhanh chng nu cy tit ra cc men hay c t l m v hiu ho k sinh (ngi ta gi l min dch ho hc). Nu giai on n y c thc hin - k sinh th nh cng trong vic thit lp quan h k sinh - k ch v cy b bnh. Khi nim v thi k tim dc -Thi k bnh: - Thi k tim dc c tnh t khi vi sinh vt gy bnh xm nhp v o cy cho n lc cy xut hin triu chng bnh u tin. Thi k tim dc l rt quan trng, nu thi k n y din ra ngn, bnh s lin tc chuyn sang giai on pht trin (to b o t ly nhim ln tip theo). Nu thi k tim dc d i bnh s chuyn sang giai on pht trin mnh hn t tc hi hn. Qu trnh n y ph
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thuc v o iu kin dinh dng, nh sng, m ,v.v...nhng quan trng nht l nhit . Nhit thp s l m thi k tim dc ko d i. d) Giai on pht trin ca bnh: l giai on nm pht trin mnh, bt u to c nh b o t, sinh rt nhiu b o t v ly lan mnh ra mi trng xung quanh. Qu trnh xm nhim v ly bnh ca nm ph thuc rt nhiu v o cy k ch (tui non hay gi ), ch chm sc (tha phn bn hay thiu phn, cy ci cc) c bit khi bn mt cn i. Cy trng mt d y hay tha - c thc hin lun canh hay c canh, c thc hin v sinh ng rung nh tr c, l m t sch t n d, ch nc cho cy. Qu trnh n y cn ph thuc ma v gieo trng - c bit l nh hng ca nhit , sau l m khng kh, nh sng mnh - c bit l c tia cc tm s c ch hoc tiu dit k sinh. Ngo i ra, pH ca t v cu tng t cng nh hng ti qu trnh n y. V k sinh th tu loi k sinh gy bnh ni chung cc lo i c sc sng kho chng chu c ngoi cnh th s xm nhp nhanh hn. Ring virus, phytoplasma c nhiu lo i khi xm nhp khng xy ra cc giai on trn m vic xm nhp v o cy l nh cc cn trng c ming chch ht gip a virus v phytoplasma v o su trong b mch libe. Thi k tim dc c tnh t lc y cho n khi cy xut hin triu chng bnh. 2.3. Chu k xm nhim ca bnh Cc bnh hi cy u c chu k xm nhim lp li nhiu ln mi c th gy hi trn mt rung, mt vng t. S lp li n y tu thuc v o chu k pht trin (ca nm bnh) hay s xut hin lin tc ca mi gii truyn bnh (virus, phytoplasma)....v mt trong nhng yu t quyt nh l thi k tim dc ca bnh ngn trong iu kin mi trng, c bit l nhit thch hp. S lp li n y i lc c tc ng ca con ngi khin cho bnh pht trin c ng nhanh nu ta v tnh vn chuyn, nhn ging cy b bnh lan ra din tch rng. 2.4. Cc iu kin pht sinh bnh cy v dch bnh cy Qua nhng c im ca cy trng, vi sinh vt gy bnh v mi trng ba iu kin c bn pht sinh bnh cy l : a) Phi c mt cy k ch giai on cm bnh. b) Phi c ngun bnh ban u, vi sinh vt gy bnh phi t mc xm nhim ti thiu. c) Phi c nhng iu kin mi trng tng i ph hp qu trnh xm nhim v gy bnh c th thc hin c. Nu cy k ch khng c mt trn ng rung hoc c mt m v o giai on cy khng mn cm vi bnh th cy khng th mc bnh. Lng vi sinh vt gy bnh nu khng t mc xm nhim ti thiu cy cng khng th mc bnh. D c hai iu kin trn nhng thi tit khng thun li hay mt yu t mi trng thay i c th l m
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cho cy khng b mc bnh. Tm li, nu thiu mt trong ba iu kin trn bnh khng th pht sinh v cy trng khng th b bnh. Bnh cy pht sinh gy thit hi cho mt cy bnh, mt vn cy, mt rung, mt nng b bnh. Nhng thit hi ca bnh s tr nn trm trng khi bnh pht sinh th nh dch ph trn din tch rng ln h ng vn, h ng triu ha gy ra mt ma, i km, thit hi kinh t nghim trng. S thit hi to ln y bt ngun t vic thay i c v cht v lng ca ba iu kin pht sinh bnh cy nu trn.: a) V pha cy k ch: Phi c mt mt din tch ln cy k ch giai on cm nhim v giai on cm nhim n y trng vi thi k bnh ly lan mnh. b) V pha vi sinh vt gy bnh: Ngun bnh c tch lu s lng rt ln vt xa mc xm nhim ti thiu, c kh nng sinh sn ln truyn bnh nhanh chng v vi s lng vt tri, c tnh c cao v sc sng mnh. c) V pha mi trng: cc iu kin thi tit nh nhit , m , lng ma,... cng nh mi trng t, mi gii truyn bnh nhiu,.... rt thun li cho vi sinh vt sinh sn, truyn lan rng ln, nhanh chng. Ba iu kin trn phi trng lp trong mt khong khng gian v thi gian nht nh, mt thi im nht nh mi c th dn ti dch bnh pht sinh t n ph trn din tch rng ln. V pha cy k ch ng u v c tnh di truyn c ng d d ng dn ti dch bnh nghim trng hn. Dch bnh bin ng nhng iu kin quyt nh l c ba yu t phi khp nhau v xy ra cng mt lc (mt thi im) v khng phi bt c bnh n o cng xy ra dch. V vy c th trong mt thp k, thm ch trong mt th k dch ch xy ra mt v i ln (v d bnh la v ng li Vit Nam xut hin nm 1910, ri 1920, 1940 ri 1962 1966). Nh vy, bnh cy bin ng theo ma v theo nm,... quy m ca dch bnh c th hp hoc rng hay gi l dch bnh cc b v dch bnh to n b. Trong qu trnh din bin dch bnh c th c nhng bin ng ln. Rt nhiu trng hp cy trnh c dch bnh, cc yu t mi trng nhiu khi tr nn rt quan trng. V d: - pH ca t cao cy h hoa thp t khng b bnh sng r ci bp do nm Plasmodiophora brassicae, cn pH thp cy h c khng b bnh do x khun Streptomyces scabies. - t kh cy h hoa thp t, h c t b bnh thi gc do nm Pythium v Phytophthora. Tri li, khi t m cy li chng c bnh do x khun Streptomyces scabies.
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- Nm Pythium v trn cc cy rau.
Phytophthora khng xut hin khi nhit cao v m thp
Qua mt s v d trn chng ta c th thy bnh cy cng nh dch bnh cy khng phi lc n o cng c th xut hin trn ng rung mt cch d d ng. Vi nhng hiu bit ng y c ng nhiu ca con ngi, chng ta c th khng ch kh nng pht bnh v pht dch mc thp nht bo v sn xut. 2.5. Bnh cy v mi trng : Bnh cy vi cc iu kin sinh thi, c bit l mi trng c quan h cht ch vi nhau. Phn n y c trnh b y trong phn bin php canh tc trong phng tr bnh cy v bnh do mi trng ; sinh vin c th tham kho b xung cc kin thc v sinh thi bnh cy.
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Chng III PHng php phng tr bnh cy
3.1. Mc ch Phng tr bnh cy l nhm mc ch hn ch hay trc tip tiu dit bnh hi gim thit hi v nng sut, phm cht ca cy trng tin ti nng cao nng sut phm cht cy trng, bo v mi trng cho mt nn nng nghip sch v bn vng. Phng c ngha quan trng v c hiu qu kinh t cao hn tr rt nhiu tr bnh tuy l bin php bt buc phi thc hin nhng bao gi cng mang tnh b ng v khng trnh khi nhng mt mt. V vy, t ra k hoch phng tr st vi thc t din bin ca bnh s thu c hiu qu kinh t cao, bo v c mi trng. 3.2. Nhng nguyn tc xy dng bin php phng tr 3.2.1. Trc khi i v o cc bin php phng tr cn thy r l cc bin php phng tr c th tp hp th nh mt h thng bin php hay ch thc hin mt hay hai bin php trng im. 3.2.2. Khi s dng mt bin php th iu quan trng nht l phi d on ng thi im phng tr c hiu qu nht. 3.2.3. Khi thc hin mt h thng bin php phng tr (hay ni cch khc - thc hin h thng qun l tng hp bnh hi IDM). Chng ta cn lu mt s nguyn tc v cc bin php khi thc hin phi t c ba hng sau: - C tc dng tiu dit hay khng ch ngun bnh u tin. - Ngn chn s ly lan cn tr bnh khng ph trn din tch rng. - Tng tnh chng chu ca cy gip cy hi phc, pht trin tt. Khi thc hin cc bin php n y phi: - m bo tnh lin ho n, hp l trong qu trnh trng trt mt cy. C bin php l trng im, c bin php l h tr, cc bin php khng trit tiu ln nhau. - Phi da v o c im lo i v ging cy, c im k sinh vt gy bnh v c im sinh thi bnh hi. - Phi nm c cc c im vng sinh thi (cy trong h thng lun canh, cc cy di, th nh phn bnh hi ca chng, t ai, kh hu thi tit, ma v) d bo bnh hi.
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- Phi nm vng ho n cnh kinh t ca a phng a ra nhng bin php phng tr hp l v mang li hiu qu kinh t cao nht, bo v mi trng. 3.3. Cc bin php phng tr bnh cy 3.3.1. Bin php s dng ging chng bnh Trc y quan nim v k sinh rt n gin nhng ng y nay trong mt lo i sinh vt gy bnh c th c nhiu nhm chng (strain) hay ni (race) khc nhau. S a dng sinh hc v bin i gen di truyn dn n trong cc mi quan h sinh thi bnh cy c rt nhiu hin tng trc y kh gii thch. Theo Stakman v cng s (1914) gia cc chng trong mt lo i vi sinh vt gy bnh khng th phn bit nu ch da v o hnh thi (morphology) m cn phi da v o kh nng xm nhim gy bnh cc cy ch khc nhau. Flor (1946) khi nghin cu bnh g st ca cy lanh v nhn thy: c mi gen khng bnh ca cy ch c mt gen tng ng khng c (aviruslence) ca k sinh gy bnh v mi gen mn cm ca cy k ch li c gen tng ng c tnh c (viruslent) ca k sinh gy bnh. Pht hin ca Flor tr th nh thuyt gen i gen. Vanderplank (1963) cho rng: c hai tnh khng l tnh khng dc (vertical) c kim sot bng mt s gen khng chnh nhng gen n y biu l tnh khng cao nhng ch c tc dng khng vi mt s chng, lo i gy hi. Tnh khng ngang (horizontal) c quy nh bi nhiu gen khng ph, mc d tnh khng yu nhng c tc dng khng vi hu ht cc chng, lo i gy hi. Trong thin nhin, cc lo i cy di thng c chn lc t nhin theo hng chng chu vi mi trng v su, bnh hi. Tri li, con ngi qua nhiu th k chn ging theo hng nng sut cao, phm cht tt nhng khng ch ti tnh khng v vy ng y nay khi hiu r tnh khng ca cy vi bnh hi ngi ta c tham vng a cc gen khng v o nhng cy c phm cht cao, nng sut cao bo v chng trc ngun bnh ng y c ng bin i v a dng hn. Ngi ta dng phng php lai hu tnh c in v phng php chuyn gen bng k thut Protoplas hay bng cch bn gen v o t b o cy ch. Cy c gen khng li c nng sut cao, phm cht tt l cy trng l tng vi chng ta hin nay. Tuy vy kh nng khng ca cy to c thng l khng bnh chiu dc ngha l ch chng c mt chng hay v i chng vi sinh vt gy bnh. Nu ta trng ging cy khng bnh n y nhiu nm trn ng rung th mt lc n o gp mt chng mi (hay chng l) ca vi sinh vt gy bnh - tnh khng s khng cn na cy d d ng b nhim bnh v b gim nng sut, phm cht nng n. Trong khi lai to ra mt ging khng v a c chng v o sn xut h ng chc nm. khc phc hin tng n y, vic sn xut ging sch bnh tr nn quan trng; nu mt ging chng bnh c chn lc sch bnh th thi gian tn ti ca chng trn ng rung c th ko d i gp 2,3 ln mang li hin qu kinh t cao hn hn. 3.3.2. Bin php s dng ging sch bnh Chn ging sch bnh cn phi thc hin 3 ni dung bt buc:
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- Phi c ngun ging sch bnh ban u c kim tra bnh bng ELISA hay PCR loi b ging b nhim, d ch nhim mc nh. - Ging phi nhn nhanh (bng ht vi lo i cy c h s nhn cao) bng nui cy m vi cc lo i nhn v tnh c h s nhn ging thp. - Qu trnh sn xut trn lun phi thc hin trong nh li cch ly vng cch ly chng cn trng truyn bnh v vt liu phi c kim tra nghim ngt bng ELISA v PCR m bo ging gc sch bnh. Cc h thng sn xut ging sch cho cy cam (Php, M, i Loan....), h thng khoai ty sch bnh (c, Php, H Lan,...) mang li hiu qu kinh t rt cao. Bin php sn xut cy sch bnh c p dng vi tt c cc ging cy trng cc nc pht trin. Cc cng ty sn xut ging c nhim v cung cp 100% ging sch, c cht lng cao, nng sut cao cho nng dn. Nng dn khng c php t gi ging nu ging khng c cng nhn thc hin theo mt quy trnh sn xut ging sch nghim ngt. 3.3.3. Bin php canh tc Nhng bin php canh tc nh thi v, l m t, ti nc, chm sc, lun canh, xen canh,...m bt c h thng canh tc n o cng thng xuyn thc hin. Nu c trang b nhng hiu bit ngi ta c th thc hin cc bin php n y mt cch c thc s mang li hiu qu phng tr, hiu qu kinh t cao. Bin php canh tc c tc dng: - L m thay i iu kin sinh thi, thay i k ch, ngun dinh dng ca k sinh vt gy bnh. - Tiu dit hoc l m hn ch k sinh vt gy bnh, cn tr s ly lan v tn ti ca k sinh vt gy bnh. - Bin php canh tc c gi tr phng bnh rt cao v khng gy hi mi trng. a) Lun canh Khi trng c canh, bnh hi c kh nng tch lu ngun bnh gy thit hi kinh t ln. Lun canh l thay i cy trng trn mt n v din tch. Khi lun canh cc loi cy trng khng b cng mt lo i bnh s to c kh nng cch ly vi ngun bnh. Lun canh ci to t tt hn, l m cho tp o n vi sinh vt t phong ph....cy s n nh pht trin v tng nng sut. xy dng c mt cng thc lun canh cn nm c cc thng tin sau: - Nm c cc iu kin trng trt ca v trc, th nh phn cc loi bnh v su hi cy trng trong cc v trc. - Xc nh c ph k ch v thi gian tn ti ca ngun bnh cn phng tr. - Nm c k hoch d kin sn xut ca vng trc mt v lu d i.
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Nu ngun bnh c ph k ch rng hoc thi gian tn ti trong t lu d i th lun canh kh c tc dng tr bnh. Nu cy trng khc nh a v o cng thc lun canh trnh bnh cn phng tr, nhng li mc bnh hoc su khc nng hn th khng th a v o cng thc lun canh. Cui cng, nu k hoch sn xut khng cho php, hoc cy trng ang c gi tr kinh t rt cao, c th phi p dng bin php khc khng th thay th bng mt cy c gi tr kinh t thp m khng b bnh. Bnh c kh nng truyn qua ht hay c kh nng truyn bng cn trng, trong qu trnh trng trt cn cn phi x l ht ging, dit cn trng mi gii kt hp vi lun canh. Nga, lun canh chng bnh ho v ng cy bng do nm. M, lun canh chng bnh do tuyn trng hi cy u tng u mang li nhng hiu qu kinh t rt ln - bo v c mi trng, chi ph t tn km. b) Cc k thut trng trt Gieo trng ng thi v: thi v gieo trng gip cy thch ng vi iu kin sinh thi kh hu ca lo i v ging cy - ng thi v cy s pht trin mnh, tng kh nng chng bnh v ngc li.
L m t v gieo trng: k thut l m t gip cho cy sinh trng b r tt, khng to vt thng r. Phng php l m dm i ca nng dn Vit Nam c th tiu dit hay hn ch mt phn cc vi sinh vt gy bnh. C y su vi lp hch nm, b o t, si nm xung 15 - 20cm, ngm rung bn vi c th l m cc t n d mc nt vi sinh vt b tiu dit phn ln, l m lung cao, thot nc c th bo v cy thot khi mt s bnh hi. Thc hin gieo hay trng cy cn ch nng, su ca ht, ca cc hom khi t xung t. Phng php gieo, trng cng nh hng ln n s pht trin ca cy v kh nng khng bnh.
S dng phn bn: lng phn bn hp l theo t, theo c im ging cy trng s gip cy tng kh nng sinh trng, pht trin v chng li bnh hi. Phn m rt cn cho s sinh trng thn l, nh c lng m tng l m cy pht trin mang li ngun cht hu c di d o cho t, tr li cho t ph nhiu, v vy phn m rt quan trng. Tuy vy, nu lm dng bn qu tha m mt cch khng cn thit s l m lng m t do c nhiu trong cy, cy mm yu, h m lng SiO2 /N gim, dn n cy b lp, , gim nng sut v cht lng hoa qu km, d b h hng, thi trong bo qun v mt s cy d b nhim bnh: nh la d b bnh o n, bc l. Tri li, khi thiu m c th b bnh m nu, tim la. Phn ln, kali bn thch hp theo t v ging cy trng s h tr cho vic bn m l m cy cng, iu ho NPK gip cy u qu tt, chng hin tng rng hoa,...Rt nhiu nguyn t vi lng nh Bo, Mo, Mn, Fe, Cu,...c vai tr quan cho s pht trin ca cy v cho u qu.
Ch nc: ch nc rt quan trng cy pht trin b r v thc hin qu trnh cn bng nc trong cy. m qu cao, mt s cy trng d nhim bnh do nm Pythium v Phytophthora. Tri li, m thp cy d b bnh do nm Fusarium hi gc,
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nm Alternaria hi l. Gi m t 80% sc cha m ti a ca ng rung l ph hp vi cc cy trng cn. Gi chiu su nc rung t 10 - 15 cm l ph hp vi la nc v nhiu cy trng nc. V sinh ng rung: dn sch c di v t n d trc khi gieo trng lun mang li hiu qu cao trong phng tr, xo b c phn ln ngun bnh ly lan ban u v l m mt ni c tr ca cn trng truyn bnh mang li hiu qu phng bnh rt cao.
3.3.4. Bin php c hc v l hc Bin php s ng, xy, loi b cc ht ging khng phm cht, ht bnh nh ngm ht v o nc mui c t trng cao loi ht lp v tp cht.
Phi ht ging di nng: x l ht bng tia phng x di 7 Rghen dit nm bnh. X l ht 50 600C trong 6 - 8h sy dit vi khun.
X l ht ging la nc nng 540C trong 10 pht loi tr bnh la von, bnh o n, bc l v cc bnh ngo i v ht.

Dng hi nng x l t nhit 600C trong 60 pht dit nm bnh.
Nh b cy bnh, cht c nh bnh, n au, n to hnh cho cc cy n qu, cy cng nghip chng bnh, t t n d cy bnh.
o r cy n qu phi nng dit nm r (kt hp dng thuc) vng a Trung
Hi... Cc bin php n y n gin, r tin, trong nhiu trng hp mang li hiu qu kinh t cao. 3.3.5. Bin php sinh hc Bin php sinh hc l bin php s dng cc sinh vt i khng siu k sinh, cht khng sinh, ... tiu dit, hn ch vi sinh vt gy bnh cy. Bin php sinh hc khng gy c cho cy, cho ngi, cho gia sc, khng gy nhim mi trng. Bin php sinh hc c p dng tng phn hay c s dng nh mt bin php ch yu vi mt s bnh hi cc nc tin tin nhng vic p dng bin php sinh hc cn hn ch. Bin php sinh hc c s dng theo ba hng chnh sau:

S dng cc siu k sinh (k sinh bc hai). S dng cc vi sinh vt i khng v cht khng sinh. S dng Phytonxit.
a) Cc siu k sinh Nhng vi sinh vt sng k sinh trn c th k sinh vt gy bnh cy c gi l nhng k sinh bc hai hay siu k sinh. K sinh bc hai thng cng l nhng loi nm, vi khun, virus, v.v...
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Nm Verticillium v nm Cladosporium k sinh trn b o t nm g st c ph. Nm Darlucafilum sng k sinh tiu dit nhiu lo i nm g st. Nm Cicinnobolus ceratii k sinh trn si v c quan sinh sn ca nm phn trng. Mt s loi vi khun Agrobacterium, Ralstonia sng k sinh trn nm Fusarium. Trong t nhin, siu k sinh ch xut hin khi k sinh gy bnh pht trin v gy bnh nng trn cy, v vy s dng siu k sinh trong t nhin thng t hiu qu thp. cc phng th nghim c nhng nghin cu hin i v siu k sinh trn th gii, cc mi trng nui k sinh cp 2 ra i, ng y nay cc loi thuc sinh hc c sn xut v thng mi ho n y c ng dng trong phng tr c hiu qu. b) Cc Phytonxit Phytonxit l cht khng do thc vt sn sinh ra c tc dng tiu dit hay c ch vi sinh vt gy bnh. Cc Phytonxit c trong rt nhiu loi thc vt c th dng bay hi nh c h nh, ti, rau ngi, s,....R.M. Galachian cho rng: dng nc ti, h nh x l ht ging ng, c chua c tc dng hn ch, tiu dit nm bnh. 3.3.6. Bin php ho hc: Bin php dng thuc ha hc phng chng bnh cy mang li nhng kh nng tr bnh nhanh chng, bo v cy trng. Theo nhiu nhn xt ca nhiu chuyn gia v hiu qu kinh t ca thuc ho hc th thuc c th mang li li nhun gp 10 ln. Tuy nhin, nu s dng thuc khng hp l, sai phng php s mang n hiu qu thp, gy nhim mi trng t, ngun nc, trc tip gy c cho ngi, sinh vt c ch hoc li d lng trong nng sn vt mc cho php, gy ng c thc phm cho ngi v gia sc. Nu s dng lin tc mt loi thuc tr bnh mt vng s dn n kt qu l m vi sinh vt quen thuc v chng thuc. Thuc tr bnh thng c sn xut th nh mt s dng ch phm nh sau: - Dng bt thm nc (WP) nh Zinep. - Dng kem kh (DF) nh Kocide 61,4 DF. - Dng kem nh o (FL) nh Oxyclorua ng. - Dng nh du (EC) nh Hinosan 40 EC. - Dng thuc ht (G) nh Kitazin 10 G. Dng thuc ht c th rc trc tip v o rung, cn tt c cc dng thuc khc phi ho tan v o nc phun ln cy. - Dng lng tan (L) nh Validacin 3 L. *Nguyn tc v phng php s dng thuc: S dng theo nguyn tc 4 ng ( Vit Nam quy nh):
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- Dng ng thuc. - Phun, rc ng lc: khi cy mi chm bnh, din tch b bnh cn nh hp. Khng phun lc cy ra hoa, khi nng to, trc cn ma v khng c phun trc thu hoch di 20 ng y. - Dng thuc ng liu lng, nng . Phun ri thuc nc, thuc bt, thuc ht, thuc x l ging ng cch. m bo an to n lao ng khi s dng thuc: + Phi chuyn tr, ct tr thuc bng phng tin ring bit, ni bo qun xa khu dn c, xa ngun nc. + Ngi m, ngi gi , ph n c thai, tr em khng c tip xc vi thuc. + Khng c n ung trong khi l m vic. Phi ra sch chn tay, tm gi sch s sau khi ng thuc. + Nu c hin tng thuc tip xc vi da hay b ng c thuc th lp tc phi ra, ty sch, ngi b nn phi c a xa ni c thuc, phi c x l s cp cu, h hp nhn to v a n bnh vin gn nht cp cu. - Phun thuc phi m bo thi gian cch ly trc thu hoch m bo nng sn v thc phm khng cn tn d thuc gy ng c cho ngi v ng vt. Ng y nay, khoa hc v thuc ho hc phng chng bnh cy rt quan tm ti vic sn xut ra cc loi thuc c tnh c chn lc, phn hu nhanh nhm dit vi sinh vt gy bnh, t c cho ngi v ng vt v t nh hng ti mi trng. Tuy vy, tun th cc nguyn tc trn vn l rt cn thit bo v sc kho v bo v mi trng sng ca mi ngi v cng ng. Thuc ho hc l bin php mang li hiu qu kinh t cao nhng l con dao hai li l bin php khng th thiu nhng khi dng phi lun thn trng theo ng cc hng dn trn. Thuc phng tr bnh cy bao gm cc hp cht v c, hu c v khng sinh. Chng c dng phun ln cy, x l ging, x l t phng tr mt s nm, vi khun gy bnh hi cy trng. Ngo i ra, mt s thuc tr su c tc dng phng tr mt s lo i cn trng mi gii truyn bnh virus, ngn chn s ly lan bnh virus trn ng rung. Da v o phng thc tc dng ca thuc, ngi ta chia chng th nh 2 nhm: 1- Cc loi thuc c tc dung bo v cy: Cc thuc n y phi c tri u trn b mt cc b phn thn, l, qu ca cy v ht ging. Thuc c tc dng tiu dit nm bnh, khng nm bnh xm nhp gy hi cy. Tiu dit cn trng mi gii trc khi chng truyn bnh v o cy. Thuc c hiu lc tt nu c dng ngay trc khi cy nhim bnh.
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2- Cc thuc c tc dng tiu dit bnh: Cc loi thuc c tc dng thm su hoc ni hp c kh nng tiu nm, vi khun khi nm, vi khun xm nhp v o trong t b o cy. Bao gm cc loi thuc khi xm nhp v o trong cy, hoc cc sn phm chuyn ho ca chng trong cy c th gy c trc tip n vt gy bnh. Trong mt s trng hp khc, thuc c th gy nn nhng bin i trong qu trnh sinh l, sinh ho ca cy, to nn min dch ho hc ca cy i vi vt gy bnh. 1- Nhm thuc cha ng Bordeaux(Booc): Cch pha booc 1%: Ho tan 1 kg sunfat ng trong 80 lt nc. Ho 1kg vi sng trong 20 lt nc. t t dung dch sunfat ng v o nc vi. Va , va khuy u. Hn hp to c c m u xanh da tri, hi kim. Dung dch booc pha xong phi dng ngay. Thuc c tc dng tip xc, phun ln l, c bm dnh cao, tc dng bo v cy. Hot tnh ch yu l hn ch s ny mm ca b o t. Thuc ch pht huy tc dng trc khi b o t nm ny mm. Ch dng khi cy trng ang pht trin giai on thuc t gy c cho cy. L loi thuc tr bnh ph rng, dit c nhiu loi bnh do vi khun v nm gy ra nh mc sng Phythophthora infestans trn c chua, khoai ty; bnh gh trn to; Plasmophora viticola trn nho, v Pseudoperonospora humuli trn cy hoa bia. Nhng thuc t c hiu lc tr cc bnh thuc nhm nm phn trng Erysiphe. Thuc c th gy chy l nu pha khng ng hay trong iu kin thi tit qu m. Mn v o rt mn cm vi thuc khi gp nhit thp. Copper citrate (Tn thng mi - TTM): i Vn 6.4 SL): Dng lng, m u xanh thm, tan tt trong nc. Tr c nhiu loi bnh khc nhau. Vit Nam thuc c ng k tr bc l la. Copper hydroxide (TTM: Champion 37,5 SL, 57,6 DP, 77 WP; Funguran - OH 50 BHN; Kocide 53,8 DF, 61,4 DF): L thuc tr nm v vi khun c tc dng bo v, tr sng mai hi nho, bp ci v nhiu cy khc; chy l v mc sng trn c chua, khoai ty; Septoria trn du ty; Leptosphaeria, Septoria v Mycosphaerella trn ng cc. Copper oxychloride (TTM: Bacba 86 WP; COC 85 WP; ng cloruloxi 30 WP; Isacop 65.2 WG; PN-Coppercide 50 WP; Vidoc 30 BTN, 50 HP, 80 BTN): Thuc tr bnh tip xc phun ln l vi tc dng bo v. Tr bnh sng mai c chua, khoai ty v trn cc loi rau khc; bnh m l ca c ci ng, cn ty, mi ty, live, nho; phn trng nho, hoa bia, rau bina v cy cnh; bnh thi v so cy qu mng, qu hch; thi r mng ty; xon l o; thng l qu hch; m l v cun l du ty; phng l v m l ch; m l v phn trng da chut v da hu; cc loi bnh vi khun. Khng gy c cho cy liu khuyn co, nhng trong iu kin n o c th gy hi c rt, khoai ty v gy l mt v i lo i to. Khng hn hp vi cc thuc cha thu ngn, thiuram v cc thuc dithiocacbamat, DNOC, lu hunh vi .
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Copper sulfate (TTM: ng Hoocmon 24,5 crystal; Cuproxat 345SC; BordoCop Super 12,5 WP; BordoCop Super 25 WP): Thuc tr to v thuc tr khun phun ln l vi tc dng bo v. Thuc tr c hu ht cc loi to trong m ly, h nc, nc ung, h nui c, rung la, sui, mng, b bi, v.v.... ng sunfat c hn hp vi vi to dung dch booc. Cng c dng bo v g. c vi thc vt: d gy c cho cy nu dng ring khng hn hp vi vi to dung dch booc. 2- Nhm thuc lu hunh 2.1. Nhm thuc lu hunh nguyn t Sulfur (TTM: Kumulus 80WP; Mapsu 80WP; Microthion special 80WP; Microthion special 80WG; OK-Sulfolac 80DF, 80WP, 85SC; Sulox 80WP): Thuc tr nm tip xc, c tc dng bo v; c kh nng dit nhn. Thuc c dng pha nc 0,4 0,8% phun tr bnh vy trn to, mn, o; tr phn trng trn nhiu loi cy trng nh nho, cy n qu, ng cc, cy cnh, da chut, v cc loi da khc, rau; ng thi tr c nhn trn nhiu loi cy trng. Thuc c th gy c cho mt s cy trng nh bu b, cy m v mt s ging cy mn cm vi lu hunh. 2.2. Nhm thuc lu hunh v c Calcium polysulfide (CaS. Sx). Thu c bng cch un nu 2 phn lu hunh nguyn t + 1 phn vi sng + 10 phn nc. un nh la v quy u, n khi lu hunh tan ht. Nc ct thu c dng lng, m u mn chn, c mi trng thi. T trng t cao nht 1.285 tng ng 320B. Thuc c tc dng bo v cy. Calcium polysunfit c tc dng tr nm bnh v khi phn hu to th nh lu hunh nguyn t cng c tc dng phng bnh. c dng tr bnh so hi cam qut, phn trng trn nho bu b, da chut. Thuc cn c tc dng tr rp sp v nhn trn mt s cy trng. Nng thng dng 0,3 - 0,5 Bm, phun thuc khi tri mt, khi bnh chm pht. Thuc d gy hi cho o, m, mn, bu b, khoai ty v h nh. Khi pha thuc phi o Bm ca nc ct, dng cng thc sau tnh: 100 x B1 x (145 - B) X = ----------------------------B x (145 - B1 ) X: S lng nc ct cn thit pha lo ng vi 100 lt nc B: B m ca nc ct B1: B m cn dng. Khng hn hp vi cc thuc tr su bnh khc. 2.3. Nhm thuc Alkylen bis (dithiocacbamat) Propineb (TTM: Antracol 70WP, Doremon 70WP, Newtracon 70WP): Tc ng nhiu mt nh cc thuc tr nm dithiocarbamat khc. Thuc c dng phun ln l c
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tc dng bo v. Dit b o t v b o t ny mm bng tip xc. c dng tr bnh phn trng, m en, chy mc xm hi nho; so v m nu trn to; m l trn cy n qu; Alternaria v Phytophthora trn khoai ty; phn trng, m l Septoria v mc l trn c chua; mc xanh trn thuc l; r st v m l trn cy cnh; r st, m l, phn trng trn rau. Ngo i ra, thuc cng cn c dng trn cam chanh, la v ch. Loi thuc bt thm nc 70WP thng pha nng 0,2 - 0,5% phun ln cy. Khng hn hp vi thuc mang tnh kim. Mancozeb (TTM: An-K-Zeb 80WP; Annong Manco 80WP, 430 SC; Cozeb45 80WP; Dipomate 80WP, 430SC; Dithane F-448 43EC; Dithane M45 80WP; Cadilac 80WP; Forthane 43SC, 80WP, 330FL; Man 80WP; Manozeb 80WP, ManthaneM46 37SC, 80WP; Manzate-200 80WP; Penncozeb 80WP, 75DF; Sancozeb 80WP; Than-M 80WP; Timan 80WP; Tipozeb 80WP; UnizebM-45 80WP; Vimancoz 80 BTN): Thuc tr nm tip xc c tc dng bo v. Phun ln cy, x l ht ging tr nhiu lo i nm bnh (thi l, m l, r st, phn trng so, v.v...) trn cy ngn ng y, cy n qu, rau v cy cnh v.v... Dng tr chy sm v sng mai c chua khoai ty (1,36 kg a.i./ha); Cc bnh l c r Rhizoctonia solani v Streptomyces scabies trn khoai ty ht; m l da chut, ng cc, rau, hoa hng, cm chng, mng ty, u to, mn (1,6 kg a.i./ha); bnh phn trng h nh, nho, ti ty, rau dip, da chut, thuc l, cy cnh: Gleodes pomigera. Glomerella cingulata, Microthyriella rubi v Physalospora obtusa trn to; so trn to v mn (2,4 3.6 kg/ha) bnh Sigatoka (Cercospora musea) trn chui; bnh thi m qu, thn th ca u v da chut; bnh cht rp trn rau, nhiu bnh hi cy con v cy trng khc. Metiram complex (TTM: Polyram 80DF ): Thuc tip xc c tc dng bo v. Thm v o cy nhanh qua l, thn v r. Dng tr bnh trn nhiu cy trng khc nhau nh bnh so trn cc cy n qu, r st trn mn, phn trng v m en trn nho; sng mai v chy l c chua, khoai ty; phn trng thuc l; phn trng v r st trn cy cnh; bnh trn bng, lc. Liu dng thng t 1,5 - 4,0 kg/ha. Dng x l ht tr bnh trn vn m cho rau v cy cnh. Zineb (TTM: Ramat 80WP; Tigineb 80WP; Guinness 72WP; Zin 80WP; Zineb Bul 80WP; Zinacol 80WP; Zinforce 80WP; Zithane Z 80WP; Zodiac 80WP): Thuc c tc dng km h m h hp. Thuc tr nm c tc dng bo v, phun ln l. Tr phn trng hi nho, hoa bia, h nh, rau, thuc l v cy cnh; r st trn cc cy n qu, rau v cy cnh; bnh chy trn nho; bnh mc sng khoai ty v c chua; m l trn u, cy n qu; thn th trn cam chanh, u, nho, so to, mn; m thi qu trn cy n qu: Cercospora trn chui. Ni chung khng gy c cho cy, tr nhng cy mn cm vi km nh thuc l, bu b. Khng c hn hp vi cc cht kim. 2.4. Nhm thuc Dimetyldithiocacbamat Thiram (TTM: Caram 85WP; Pro-Thiram 80WP; Pro-Thiram 80WG): Thuc tr nm tip xc c tc dng bo v. Phun ln l tr Botrytis spp. trn nho, cy n qu, rau, cy
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cnh.; r st trn cy cnh; so trn to o v l; cun l v Monilia hi cy n qu. Thuc dng n hay hn hp vi thuc tr su v tr bnh khc x l ht ging chng bnh cht rp trn vn m (Pythium) v cc bnh khc nh Fusarium trn ng, bng, ng cc, rau, cy cnh. Ziram (TTM: Ziflo 76WG): Tc ng tip xc l ch yu; phun ln l, c tc dng bo v. Ngo i ra cn xua ui chim v chut. Tr bnh cho cy n qu, nho, rau v cy cnh. Tr bnh so trn to, l, Monilia, Alternaria, Septoria, cun l l o, m qu, r st, m en v thn th; c qut ln thn dng nh o bo v cy n qu, cy cnh. C th gy hi cho cc cy mn cm vi km nh thuc l v da chut. Khng hn hp Ziram vi cc thuc cha st, ng. 3- Nhm thuc benzymeidazol Benomyl (Bemyl 50WP; Ben 50WP; Bendazol 50WP; Benex 50WP; Benofun 50WP; Bentigi 50WP; Binhnomyl 50WP; Candazol 50WP; Fundazol 50WP; Funomyl 50WP; Plant 50WP; Tinomyl 50WP; Viben 50BTN): Thuc tr nm ni hp c tc dng bo v v dit tr, vn chuyn ch yu hng ngn. C hiu lc mnh tr nm trong lp nm ti, nm bt to n v nm m trn ng cc, cc loi cy n qu, la v rau. Thuc cng c hiu qu dit trng nhn. Thuc c phun ln cy trc thu hoch hay nhng rau qu v o nc thuc tr bnh thi trong bo qun. Liu dng trn rau v cy ngn ng y 140 - 150 g a.i./ha; trn cy n qu 550 - 1100g a.i./ha. Sau thu hoch dng 25 - 200 g/100l. Carbendazim (TTM: Acovil 50SC; Adavil 500FL; Agrodazim 50SL; Appencarb super 50FL; Appencarb super 75DF; Bavistin 50FL, 50SC; Derosal 50SC, 60WP; Carbenzyme 50WP, 500FL....). Thuc tr nm ni hp c tc dng bo v v dit tr. Xm nhp qua r v m xanh; vn chuyn hng ngn. Tc ng km h m pht s pht trin ca ng mm, ngn cn s hnh th nh gic bm v s pht trin ca si nm. Thuc c dng tr nm Septoria, Fusarium, Pseudocercosporella v phn trng Erysiphe trn ng cc, m l Alternaria, Sclerotinia v Cylindrosporium trn ci du, Cladosporium v Botrytis trn khoai ty; m l Cercospora v phn trng Erysiphe trn c ci ng; Uncinulu v thi gc Botrytis trn du ty; Venturia, Podosphaera, Monilia v Sclerotinia trn cy n qu. Liu dng rt khc nhau t 120 - 600 g a.i./ha tu thuc v o cy trng. x l ht thng dng 0,6 - 0,8 g/kg dit than en Tilletia, r st Ustilago, Fusarium v Septoria trn ht ging, l c r trn bng. Thiophanate methyl (TTM: Agrotop 70WP; Binhsin 70WP; Cantop-M 5SC; 43SC; 72WP; Cercosin 5SC; Coping M 70WP; Fusin-M 70WP; kuang Hwa Opsin 70WP; T.sin 70WP; TS-M annong 70WP; TS-M annong 430SC; Thio-M 70WP; Thio-M 500FL; TipoM 70BHN; Tomet 70WP; Top 50SC; Top 70WP; Topan 70WP; TopsinM 70WP; TSM 70WP; Vithi-M70WP):
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Thuc tr nm ni hp c tc dng phng v tr bnh. Xm nhp v o cy qua l v r. Tr nhiu lo i bnh hi nh m trn ng cc, so trn to, Monilia v Gloeosporum, bnh so, phn trng trn cy n qu, rau, da chut, nho, hoa hng; thi Botrytis v Sclerotinia trn nhiu cy trng; cc bnh Corticicum, Fusarium spp., mc xm trn nho, Sigatoka trn chui, o n la; cc bnh khc trn ch, c ph, lc u tng, thuc l, ma, cam chanh v nhiu cy trng khc vi lng 30 - 50 g a.i./ha. Khng hn hp vi thuc mang tnh kim v hp cht cha ng. 4- Nhm thuc Triazol Bromuconazole (TTM: Vectra 100SC; Vectra 200EC): Km h m sinh tng hp egosterol. Thuc tr nm ni hp c tc dng phng v tr bnh, c hiu lc mnh tr cc lo i nm trong lp nm m, nm ti v nm bt to n nh Alternaria, Fusarium, Pseudocercosporella trn ng cc, cc loi cy n qu, nho, rau, cc cy cnh; bnh Sigatoka cho chui. Thuc c phun ln cy, lng ti a 300 g a.i./ha. Cyproconazole (TTM: Bonanza 100SL): Km h m qu trnh loi metyl ca steroit. Thuc tr nm ni hp c tc dng phng v tr bnh. Thm nhanh v o trong cy v di chuyn hng ngn. Tr c nhiu loi bnh: bnh do nm Septoria, bnh r st, bnh phn trng, bnh do nm Rhynchosporium, Cercospora, Ramularia hi l ng cc v ma, lng 60 - 100 g a.i./ha; tr cc bnh Venturia, phn trng, r st, Monilia, Mycosphaerella, Mycena, Sclerotinia, Rhizoctonia... trn cy n qu, nho, c ph, chui, thm c v rau. Difenoconazole (TTM: Kacie 250EC; Score 250EC): Thuc tr nm ni hp c tc dng bo v v dit tr. Thm thu qua l v vn chuyn mnh trong cc b phn cy v vn chuyn hng ngn. Thuc c dng phun ln l v x l t bo v nhiu cy trng. Thuc c hiu lc bo v d i, chng li c nhiu loi bnh thuc cc lp nm m, nm ti, nm bt to n bao gm Alternaria, Ascochyta, Phoma, Septoria, Cercospora, Cercosporium, Collectotrichum, Venturia spp., Guignardia, Ramularia, Erysiphales, Uredinales v mt s bnh trn ht ging. Thuc c dng chng bnh trn nho, cy qu mng, qu cng, khoai ty, ma, c du, chui, cy cnh v nhiu loi cy trng khc liu 30 - 125 g a.i./ha. Diniconazole (TTM: Dana-Win 12,5WP; Nicozol 25SC; Sumi-Eight 12,5WP): Km h m qu trnh kh metyl ca steroid. Thuc tr nm ni hp c tc dng phng v dit tr bnh. Thuc c dng tr nm Septoria, Fusarium, bnh than, r st, chy l, so, v.v... trn ng cc; phn trng nho; phn trng, r st m l lc; Sigatoka hi chui v r st trn c ph. Ngo i ra cng c dng tr bnh trn cy n qu, rau v cc cy trng khc, tr bnh r st c ph. Epoxiconazole (TTM: Opus 75SC; Opus 125SC): Thuc tr nm ph rng, c tc dng phng v dit tr bmh. Tr c nhiu lo i nm bnh thuc lp nm m, nm ti
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v nm bt to n trn ng cc, ma, lc, c du v cy cnh. Vit Nam, thuc c ng k tr bnh kh vn, v ng l, lem lp ht hi la, m l lc. Flusilazole (TTM: Nustar 20DF; Nustar 40EC): Thuc tr nm ni hp c tc dng phng v tr bnh. Hiu lc ca thuc ko d i v nng cao , thuc c ph tc ng rng, ni hp, chng nhiu bnh khc nhau thuc cc lp nm m, nm ti, nm bt to n. Thuc c khuyn co tr nhiu bnh trn to (gh Venturia inaequalis, Podosphaera leucotricha); mn (Sphaeroteca pannosa, Monilia lasa); cc loi bnh hi chnh trn ng cc; nho (Uncinula necator, Guignardia bidwellii); ma (Cercospora beticola, Erysiphe betae); ng (Helminthosporium turcicum); chui (Mycosphaerella spp.). Flutriafol (TTM: Impact 12.5SC): Thuc tr nm tip xc v ni hp c tc dng phng v dit tr bnh. Hp th mnh qua l v vn chuyn hng ngn. C ph tc ng rng, tr c nhiu lo i nm bnh nh Erysiphe graminis, Rhynchosporium secalis v Septoria, Puccinia v Helminthosporium spp. trn ng cc liu 125 g a.i./ha. Thuc c dng phun ln cy v x l ht ging. Hexaconazole (TTM: Annongvin 5SC, 45SC, 100SC, 800WG; Antyl xanh 50SC; Anvil 5SC; Atulvil 5SC; T-vil 5SC; Vivil 5SC; Tungvil 5SC; BrightCo 5SC; Callihex 50SC; Convil10EC; Dovil 5SC; Forwwavil 5SC....): Thuc tr nm ni hp c tc dng phng v tr bnh. Dng tr nhiu loi nm thuc lp nm ti v nm m. Tr cc bnh kh vn; lem lp ht la; r st, nm hng c ph; m l lc; kh vn ng; phn trng xo i, nh n; phn trng nho; phn trng, m en, r st hoa hng; thi r bp ci. Liu dng rt khc nhau (t 20 - 100 g a.i/ha) tu thuc v o cy trng. Imibenconazole (TTM: Manage 5WP; 15WP): Thuc tr nm ni hp c tc dng phng v tr bnh, km h m s pht trin ca vi bm v si nm. Thuc c phun ln l tr bnh so, phn trng, m l, b hng, m bay v r st to; so v r st m, mn; phn trng v m l trn nho; so cy n qu; phn trng da hu v cc da khc; m nu lc; m nu, m l, phng l, m nu vng ch; m en v phn trng hoa hng; r st cc. Khng hn hp vi cc thuc mang tnh axit mnh. Propiconazole (TTM: Agrozo 250EC; Bumper 250EC; Canazol 250EC; Cozol 250EC; Fordo 250EC; Lunasa 25EC; Tilusa Super 250EC; Tilt 250EC; Timm annong 250EC; Tiptop 250EC; Vitin New 250EC; Zoo 250EC): Thuc tr nm ni hp phun ln l, dch chuyn hng ngn, c tc dng phng v tr bnh. c dng tr nhiu lo i bnh trn nhiu cy trng nh cc bnh do nm Cochliobolus sativus, phn trng la m Erysiphe graminis, Leptosphaeria nodorun, r st Puccinia spp, Pyrenophora teres, Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, v Mycosphaerella musicola, v Septoria spp. Rhynchosporium secalis trn ng cc; Mycosphaerella fijiensis var. difformis trn chui;
Sclerotinia homeocarpa, Rhizoctonia solani, r st Puccinia spp. v phn trng Erysiphe graminis trn thm c; l c r Rhizoctonia solani, tim la Helminthosporium oryzae hi
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la; r st Hemileia vastatrix hi c ph; m l Cercospora spp. trn lc; Monilia spp.; Podosphaera spp., Sphaerotheca spp. v Traneschelia spp. trn cy n qu; m l Helminthosporium spp trn ng v trn nhiu cy trng khc. Tebuconazole (TTM: Folicur 250EW; Forlita 250EW; Fortil 25SC; Poly annong 250EW; Sieu tin 250EC; Tebuzol 250SC; Tien 250EW): Thuc tr nm ni hp c tc dng phng v tr bnh. Nhanh chng b cy hp th v dch chuyn hng ngn l chnh. Dng x l ht ging tr cc bnh hi ng cc. Thuc cng c phun ln cy tr cc bnh r st, phn trng, so, m nu (Puccinia spp., Erysiphe spp., Septoria spp., Pyrenophora spp., Fusarium spp., Mycosphaerella spp., v.v...) trn cc cy trng nh ng cc, lc, ch, u n nh, rau, cy n qu. Tetraconazole (TTM: Domark 40ME): Thuc ni hp, ph rng, c tc dng phng v tr bnh. Thuc c hp th qua r , thn l v di chuyn hng ngn v o tt c cc b phn sinh trng ca cy. Tr bnh phn trng, r st nu, Septoria v Rhynchosporium trn ng cc, phn trng v so trn to; sng mai trn nho, da chut; phn trng v r st trn rau, cy cnh. Triadimefon (TTM: Bayleton 250EC; Coben 25EC; Encoleton 25WP; Sameton 25WP): Thuc tr nm ni hp c tc dng phng v tr bnh. Thuc hp th qua l v r, vn chuyn nhanh ti cc m non, nhng vn chuyn yu hn trong m gi v m ho g. Thuc dng tr bnh phn trng ng cc, nho, cy n qu, da chut, khoai ty, rau, ma. xo i, cy cnh, hoa; r st trn ng cc, c ph, vn m, hoa, cy cnh v thm c. Thuc c th gy hi cho mt s cy cnh, nu dng qu liu. Triadimenol (TTM: Bayfidan 250EC; Samet 15WP): Km h m sinh tng hp ergosterol v gibberellin trong qu trnh phn chia t b o. Thuc tr nm ni hp c tc dng bo v v dit tr. Hp th qua l v r, vn chuyn nhanh trong cc m non, nhng vn chuyn yu hn trong m gi v m ho g. Tr phn trng, r st v Rhynchosporium trn ng cc v khi x l ht c th dit chy l Typhula spp. v nhiu bnh khc. Thuc cng dng trn rau, cy cnh, c ph, hoa bia, nho, cy n qu, thuc l, ma, chui v cc cy trng khc chng phn trng, r st v cc loi m l khc. Tricyclazole (TTM: Beam 75WP; Belazole 75WP; Bemsuper 20WP, 75WP; Bimannong 20WP, 75WP; Binhtin 75WP; Flash 75WP; Forbine 75WP; Fullcide 75WP; Trizole 75WP, 20WP, 75WDG): Thuc tr nm ni hp, xm nhp nhanh qua r v vn chuyn trong cy. Thuc c dng theo nhiu cch: nhng hay ngm m v o nc thuc, ti v o rung hay phun ln l la tr bnh o n. Thuc c th hn hp vi nhiu thuc tr su bnh khc.
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5- Nhm thuc Xyclopropan cacboxamit Carpropamid (TTM: Arcado 300SC): Thuc tr bnh ni hp, c bit hiu qu vi bnh o n hi la. Thuc l m tng tnh khng bnh ca cy do gia tng s sn sinh phytoalxin trong cy. Do thuc ch c tc dng bo v, khng c tc dng tr bnh, nn cn phun thuc sm khi bnh chm xut hin. C th dng x l ht ging (300 - 400 g/tn); phun trn rung (75 - 150 g/ha). Hiu lc ca thuc ko d i. 6- Nhm thuc Cloronitril Chlorothalonil (TTM: Agronil 75WP; Arygreen 75WP; Asara50SC; Binhconil 75WP; Daconil 75WP, 500SC; Forwanil 50SC, 75WP; Rothanil 75WP; Thalonil 75WP): Thuc tr nm tip xc, phun ln l, c tc dng bo v. Thuc tr nm ph rng, tr c bnh trn nhiu loi cy trng nh cy n qu cam chanh, chui, xo i, da, c du, c ph, nho, thuc l, c ph, ch, u tng lc, khoai ty, ma, bng, ng, cy cnh, nm rm, thm c. C th gy bin m u l to, nho, hoa cnh. Mt v i loi cy cnh c th b tn thng. Thuc c dng hn hp vi nhiu loi thuc tr bnh khc. Vit Nam thuc c khuyn co tr bnh m l lc, u, h nh, ch; m nu thuc l; kh vn, o n trn la; thn th xo i; gh nhm ha cy c mi; thn th cao su; mc sng hi da hu; phn trng da chut, c chua; m vng c chua; gi sng mai gi da chut; bnh cht rp cy con bp ci, thuc l; r st hi c ph, lc. 7- Nhm thuc axit cinnamic Dimethomorph (TTM: Acrobat MZ 90/600WP): Thuc ni hp cc b c tc dng bo v v ngn cn s ny mm ca b o t. Ch c ng phn (Z) thc s c hiu lc dit nm. Nhng di tc ng ca nh sng, cc ng phn c s bin i qua li, nn thc t ng phn (E) cng pht huy tc dng. Thuc tr nm c hiu lc chng nm no n, c bit cc nm trong b sng mai (Perenosporaceae) v mc sng (Phytophthora spp) trn nho, khoai ty, c chua v nhiu cy trng khc; nhng khng tr c cc bnh do Pythium spp. gy ra cho cc cy trng. Vit Nam, thuc c ng k tr bnh sng mai c chua. 8- Nhm thuc cha Ln Fosetyl aluminium (TTM: Acaete 80WP; Aliette 80WP, 800WG; Alpine80WP, 80WDG, Anlien-annong 800WP; Antyl-S 80WP, 90SP; Dafostyl 80WP; Forliet 80WP; Fungal 80WP, 80WG; Juliet 80WP; Vinaphos 80WWP): Thuc tr nm ni hp, thm nhanh qua l v r, vn chuyn hng ngn v xung r. Thuc tr cc lo i nm trong lp Phycomycetes: (Pythium, Phytophthora, Bremia spp., Plasmopara, v.v...) trn nho, cy n qu, du ty, rau, thm c, cy cnh, v.v... Thuc cng c tc dng chng mt v i loi vi khun gy bnh. Thuc c th hn hp vi nhiu thuc tr bnh khc. Khng c phi hp vi cc loi phn bn l.
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Edifenphos (TTM: Agrosan 40EC, 50EC; Canosan 30EC, 40 EC, 50EC; Edisan 30EC, 40EC, 50EC; Hinosan 40 EC; New Hinosan 40EC; Hisan 40EC, 50 EC; Kuang Hwa San 50EC, Vihino 40ND): Thuc tr nm ni hp c tc phng v tr bnh, lng dng 450 - 800 g ai/ha. c phun ln l tr bnh o n. Ngo i ra, thuc cn hn ch c bnh kh vn v thi b la. Thuc c th hn hp vi nhiu bnh loi thuc tr su v bnh khc. Iprobenfos (TTM: Catazin 50EC, Kian 50EC; Kisaigon10H, 50ND; Kitazin 17G, 50EC; Kitatigi 5H, 10H, 50ND; Tipozin 50EC, Vikita 10H, 50ND): Thuc tr nm ni hp c tc dng phng v tr bnh; thuc c hp th nhanh qua l v r; vn chuyn v chuyn ho nhanh trong cy la. Thuc c dng tr o n, tim la, kh vn hi la. Khng c vi la, nhng c th gy hi cho u tng, u v c tm. Thuc c th hn hp c vi cc thuc tr ry, tr ry hi la. Isoprothiolane (TTM: Anfuan 40EC; Acso one 40EC; o n linh 40EC; Dojione 40EC; Fuan 40EC; Fuji-one 40EC): Thuc tr nm ni hp c tc dng phng v tr bnh, xm nhp nhanh qua l v r; vn chuyn hng ngn v hng gc. Thuc c dng tr bnh o n, thi b v m l trn la. Thuc cn l m gim mt mt s lo i ry trn la; thc y la ra r, ngn nga bnh cht o la. C th gy c cho bu b. 9- Nhm hp cht phenol Eugenol (TTM: Genol 0.3SL; PN-Linhcide 1.2EW): Thuc tr nm c tc dng tip xc. Vit Nam thuc c ng k tr cc bnh kh vn hi la; gi sng mai (Pseudoperonospora) v phn trng hi da chut, sng mai c chua; m nu, m xm hi ch; phn trng hi hoa hng. Khng hn hp vi cc loi thuc cha ion kim loi. 10- Nhm thuc phthalamit Folpet (TTM: Folcal 50WP; Folpan 50WP; Folpan 50EC): Thuc c tc dng bo v, ph tc ng rng, tr phn trng, m l, so, thi, l c r trn cy n qu, cy c mi, nho, khoai ty, c chua, da chut, h nh, cy cnh... c phun ln l. Khng hn hp vi cc cht mang tnh kim. Rt an to n vi thc vt, tr mt s ging l, anh o v to. 11- Nhm thuc Guanidin Iminoctadine (TTM: Bellkute 40WP): Thuc tr nm c tc dng bo v. Tc ng n cc chc nng ca m ng t b o v sinh tng hp lipid. Thuc tr nhiu bnh trn rau, cy n qu v cy trng khc nh so to v mn Venturia spp.; so trn m Cladosporium spp, nm xanh trn cam chanh, h nh, da chut, hng (qu), phn trng trn da hu, du ty, thn th Colletotrichum spp. trn da hu, ch, u , m vng, m l Alternaria, mui en trn to, m en v so cng trn rau, cy n qu khc.
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12- Nhm thuc Dicacboximit Iprodione (TTM: Accord 50WP; Bozo 50WP; Cantox-D 50WP; Ht v ng 50WP, 750WDG; Rovannong 50WP, 750WG; Royal 350SC, 350WP; Rovral 50WP, 500WG, 750WG; Tilral 50WG; Viroval 50BTN): Thuc tr nm tip xc c tc dng bo v v dit tr. Thuc c dng tr nm Botrytis, Helminthosporium, Monilia, Sclerotinia, Alternaria, Corticium, Phoma, Fusarium trn ng cc, hng dng, cy n qu, du ty, la bng, rau v nho vi lng 0,5 - 1 kg a.i./ha. Trn thm c dng 3 - 12 kg a.i./ha. Thuc cng dng ngm ht sau thu hoch hay phun khi trng. 13- Nhm thuc dn xut ca axit cacbamic Iprovalicarb 55g/kg + Propineb 612.5g/kg (TTM: Melody duo 66.75WP): Thuc tr nm ni hp. Tc ng n sinh trng ca ng mm b o t ng (zoospore) v ti b o t (sporange), tc ng n s sinh trng ca si nm v s hnh th nh b o t trng Oomycetes. C tc dng phng v tr bnh. Thuc c dng tr bnh m l, mc sng, phn trng, si nha, gh hi cy c mi, nho, thuc l rau. Propamocarb hydrochloride (TTM: Proplant 722SL): Thuc tr nm ni hp c tc dng bo v cy; thuc xm nhp v o cy qua l v r, vn chuyn hng ngn. C hiu lc tr cc lo i nm thuc lp nm Phycomycetes (Aphanomyces, Pseudoperonospora spp., Phytophthora, Pythium, Bremia v Peronospora). c bit dng tr Pythium, Phytophthora trn rau, cy cnh; c chua, da chut, thuc l, hoa tulip trong nh knh v vn m cy rng; thi Pythium, phn trng trn da chut, bp ci; Phytophthora infestans c chua , khoai ty; Phytophthora cactorum trn du ty. X l t, x l ht ging hay phun ln cy. 14- Nhm thuc Phenylamit / axylalanin Metalaxyl: (TTM: Acodyl 25EC, 35WP; Alfamil 25WP, 35WP; Binhtaxyl 25WP; Foraxyl 25WP, 35WP; Mataxyl 25WP, Rampart 35SD; Ridomil 5G, 240EC; Vilaxyl 35BTN; TQ-Metaxyl 25WP): Thuc tr nm ni hp, c tc dng phng v tr bnh. Dng tr nhiu lo i nm bnh thuc b sng mai Peronosporales trn cc cy trng nhit i v nhit i. Hn hp vi cc thuc tr nm bo v phun ln cy tr gi sng mai Pseudoperonospora humuli trn cy hoa bia; mc sng Phytophthora insfestans c chua, khoai ty; sng mai Peronospora tabaci trn thuc l v Plasmopara viticola hi nho. X l t bng metalaxyl tr cc bnh hi r v cc bnh thi thn ca cam chanh. X l ht ging chng gi sng mai Pseudoperonospora humuli trn thuc l vn m; chng cc bnh thi (Pythium spp) trn ng, u, ng cc, hng dng v nhiu cy trng khc. 15- Nhm thuc Quinolon Oxolinic acide (TTM: Starner 20WP): Thuc tr vi khun ni hp; c tc dng phng v tr cc bnh do cc vi khun nhum gram m, nh cc lo i Xanthomonas,
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Pseudomonas v Erwinia hi la, rau v cy n qu. C th pha thuc vi nc nng 0,1% phun ln cy khi bnh khi bnh mi xut hin (t l nhim bnh di 5%), dng x l ht ging theo hai cch: - X l kh: 30 - 50 gam thuc trn vi 10 kg ht ging ri em gieo. - X l nc pha nng nc thuc 5%, ngm ht ging v o nc thuc trong 10 pht. 16- Nhm thuc Phenylurea Pencycuron (TTM: Alffaron 25WP; Baovil 25WP; Helan 25WP; Moren 25WP; Vicuron 250SC, 25BTN; Luster250SC; Forwaceren 25WP): Thuc tr nm tip xc, c tc dng bo v. c dng tr bnh kh vn, l c r, tr nm Corticium spp. v Pellicularia spp. trn khoai ty, la, bng, ma, rau, cy cnh v b i c. Thuc c dng phun ln cy, x l ging v x l t. 17- Nhm thuc Imidazol Prochloraz (TTM: Mirage 50WP; Octave 50WP; Talent 50WP): Thuc tr nm c tc dng phng v tr bnh. Tr c cc bnh do nm Pseudocercosporella, Pyrenophorra, Rhynchosporrium, Septoria spp., Erysiphe spp, Alternaria, Botrytis, Pyrenopeziza, Sclerotinia trn nhiu cy trng khc nhau vi liu 400 - 600 g a.i./ha. Thuc cng c hiu lc tr Ascochyta, Cercospora v Erysiphe trn cy lng thc, thc phm, cam chanh v cc cy n qu khc vi lng 0,5 - 0,7 g a.i./l. Thuc cng c khuyn co tr Verticillium fungicola, Mycogone perniciossa trn nm rm v Pyricularia trn la, Rhizoctonia solani v Pellicularia spp. trn khoai ty, la, bng, ma, rau, cy cnh. Thuc dng x l ging (0,2 - 0,5 g a.i./kg) trn ng cc. 18- Nhm thuc Thiadiazole Saikuzuo (TTM: Aussu 20WP; Sasa 20 WP, 25WP; Sansai 20WP; Xanthomix 20WP): Thuc tr vi khun, ni hp, tr bnh bc l la Xanthomonas oryzae. 19- Nhm thuc Oxathin Thifluzamide (TTM: Pulsor 23F): Thuc dng phun ln l v x l ging phng tr nhiu lo i nm bnh trong lp nm m trn la, ng cc, cc cy trng khc v thm c bng cch phun ln l v x l ht ging. Khi phun ln l, thuc thc s c hiu lc chng nm Rhizoctonia, Puccinia, Corticium v khi x l ht ging chng Ustilago, Tilletia, Pyrenophora. 20- Nhm thuc Morpholin Tridemorph (TTM: Calixin 75EC): Thuc tr nm ni hp c tc dng dit tr. Hp th qua r v l, c tc dng bo v. Thuc tr nm Erysiphe graminis trn ng cc; Mycosphaerella spp. trn chui; Corticium salmonicolor v Exobasidium vexans trn ch; Oideum hevea v Corticium salmonicolor trn cao su.
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21- Nhm thuc Etylurea Cymoxanil: Thuc tr nm phun ln l c tc dng phng v tr bnh. C tc ng tip xc v ni hp b phn, km h m b o t ny mm. Thuc dng tr cc bnh sng mai (c bit Peronospora, Phytophthora v Plasmopara spp.) 22- Nhm thuc Khng sinh Kasugamycin (TTM: Bisomin 6WP; Cansunin 2L; Kasumin 2L; Fortamin 2L; Saipan 2SL): Km h m sinh tng hp chitin ca vch t b o. L thuc tr nm v vi khun ni hp, Xm nhp rt nhanh v o cy qua l v di chuyn hng ngn qua cc m, c tc dng bo v v dit tr. Thuc nhanh chng xm nhp v o trong cy v gy ra nhng tc ng khc nhau tu loi cy: thuc c ch mnh sinh trng ca si nm, ngn chn s to th nh b o t nm Cladosporrium fulvum hi c chua. u im ca thuc l an to n i vi sinh vt c ch, c hiu lc cao, tr cc bnh o n, mt s bnh vi khun hi la trn mt s cy lng thc. An to n vi nhiu loi cy, ngoi tr c th gy hi nh cho mt s ging u (u tng, u l m thc phm...) nho, cam chanh, to. Khng c hn hp vi cc thuc c tnh kim mnh. Validamycin (TTM: Anlicin 3SL, 5WP, 5SL; Avalin 3SL, 5SL; Jinggang Meisu 3SL, 5WP, 5SL, 10WP; Validacin 3DD, 5DD; Vivadamy 3DD, 5DD, Vigangmycin 3SC, 5SC, 5WP; Vida 3SC, 5WP; Vanicide 3SL, 5SL, 5WP, 15WP; Valitigi 3DD, 5DD): Thuc khng sinh khng ni hp c tc dng khun tnh. Thuc c dng tr bnh Rhizoctonia solani hi la, ng, rau , thuc l, bng ma v cc cy trng khc. Thuc c phun ln l, x l t, x l ht. Streptomycin sulfate (TTM: BAH 98SP, Poner 40T): Thuc tr vi khun ni hp. Tr nhiu loi bnh khc nhau nh m vi khun, thi vi khun, vim lot, ho r vi khun, chy li, v cc bnh vi khun khc (c bit l cc loi vi khun gy bnh nhum gram dng) trn cy n qu, cy c mi, nho, rau, khoai ty, thuc l, bng v cy cnh. Thuc c th hn hp vi mt s thuc tr bnh khc. Do thuc c th gy v ng cho la, nho, o, anh o v mt s cy cnh, nn khi phun c th cho thm v o bnh phun mui clorua hay xitrat. Khng c hn hp vi cc thuc trong nhm pyrethroid v cc thuc mang tnh kim. Thng c hn hp vi cc thuc tr vi khun c phng thc tc ng khc l m chm s hnh th nh tnh khng thuc. Polyoxin complex (TTM: Polyxin AL 10WP): Tr nm Alternaria spp. v nm gy bnh phn trng trn to v mn; Botrytis cinerea trn nho v da chut; phn trng hoa hng, cc, t; phn trng, m nu, mc xanh trn thuc l, c chua; phn trng, mc xanh, chy gm, Sclerotinia v Corynespora melonis trn da chut; Alternaria c rt, v.v... Tr bnh kh vn hi la, so trn to v anh o, Rhizoctonia solani, Drechslera, Bipolaris, Curvularia, Helminthosporrium spp. 23- Nhm thuc gy sc khng cho cy ch (plant host defence inducer) Acibenzolar-S-methyl (TTM: Bion 50WG): Khng trc tip dit mm bnh, nhng kch thch c ch khng bnh t nhin ca cy trng, nn hn ch c s pht trin ca
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bnh. Phng nga nhiu lo i nm v vi khun hi la, rau. Lng dng 0,5 - 0,75 kg a.i./ha. C th hn hp vi nhiu thuc tr su v bnh khc. 24-Thuc khc Fthalide (TTM: Rabcide 20SC, 30SC, 30WP): Km h m sinh tng hp melanin. Thuc tr nm c tc ng bo v, dng phun ln l. Thuc tr o n hi la. C th hn hp vi mt s thuc tr dch hi khc, tr cc thuc mang tnh kim mnh. Albendazole (TTM: Abenix 10FL): Thuc tr bnh ni hp, c hiu lc tr nm lp m; tng sc khng ca cy vi bnh, tng kh nng khng bnh, tr bnh o n la. Khng hn hp vi cc thuc mang tnh kim v cha ng. Tecloftalam (TTM: Shirshagen10WP ): Km h m s pht trin ca vi khun. Dng tr bnh bc l la (Xanthomonas campestri pv. oryzae) liu 300 - 400 g/ha. Ghi ch: TTM: Tn thng mi ca thuc. 3.3.7. Bin php kim dch thc vt Kim dch thc vt th gii c lch s lu i, c p dng Php t nm 1660, Anh nm 1817. Khi vic trao i h ng ho thc vt gia cc chu lc pht trin. Mc ch ca cng tc kim dch thc vt l ngn chn, tiu dit dch hi trc khi dch bnh c th xm hi v o mt vng l nh th. V vy, bin php kim dch thc vt c ngha kinh t ln. Cc vt liu c kim dch thng l ht ging, c ging, hom ging, cy ging, cc hoa qu v i khi l cc sn phm kh. Kim dch thc vt i ngoi: l ngn chn bnh hi thc vt t nc ngo i v o. Kim dch thc vt: l ngn chn bnh hi thc vt t vng n y qua vng khc trong nc. Mi nc v mi vng l nh th u c nhng i tng kim dch. l nhng bnh khng c trong nc hay vng l nh th. Tu theo mc hi m xp l i tng kim dch nhm 1, nhm 2, nhm 3, nhm....ca mt quc gia hay 1 vng. Nhim v ca cn b kim dch thc vt l pht hin, hu b cc mu thc vt nhim bnh. Bao vy cc i ttng kim dch lt li kim dch v o trong nc. Ngo i h thng kim dch i ngoi sn bay, bn cng, ca khu bin gii cn c cc trm kim dch i ni v mt h thng kim dch sau nhp khu kim tra trc khi a ra sn xut.
Th tc dch v kim tra h ng ho
Ly mu theo kim dch bao gm:

T khai kim quy nh ca th tc kim dch
Gim nh, phn tch mu (theo cc phng php nghin cu pht hin bnh cy ca ng nh kim dch thc vt). Th tc cui cng: l quyt nh x l hoc cho cp giy php.
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Chng IV Bnh do mi trng (Bnh khng truyn nhim)
4.1. c im chung Bnh do mi trng hay bnh khng truyn nhim hoc cn c gi l bnh sinh l l nhm bnh do nhng iu kin ngoi cnh khng thun li gy ra. Mi ging, lo i cy trng u c mt phm vi thch ng nht nh vi mi trng nh nhu cu dinh dng, t ai, nhit , m, nh sng...Khi cc iu kin mi trng vt qu kh nng chu ng ca c th hay ca mt ging, mt lo i cy - iu kin ko d i lin tc trong mt phn quan trng ca thi k sinh trng v pht trin ca mt cy trng - cy trng s biu hin hin tng bnh l v xut hin cc triu chng bnh ra bn ngo i, l nhm bnh do mi trng khng thun li gy ra. 4.2. Nhng bnh c ngun gc t t v phn bn t l mi trng quan trng nht pht trin b r v l ngun cung cp dinh dng v nc ch yu cho cy. S thay i tnh cht vt l, ho hc, th nh phn dinh dng trong t s c nh hng trc tip n cy. 4.2.1. Bnh hi do cu tng t t pha st, t st thng gy ra bnh nght r: b r khng pht trin c khin cy la nhnh rt km, cy cn ci, l gi thm lu kh rng. t ct khin kh nng gi nc km, h m lng mn thp nn cy cng pht trin km, cht dinh dng khng gi li c trong t b mt rt nhiu qua ra tri v thm su. 4.2.2. nh hng pH ca t nh hng mt cch to n din n mi trng dinh dng ca cy. Gia pH t v h m lng cc cht d tiu cng nh hot ng ca cc vi sinh vt trong t c mt mi tng quan nht nh. cc loi t rt chua, h m lng d tiu ca cc nguyn t N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg v Mo u thp. Tri li khi t chua i th h m lng Fe, Mn, Zn li tng ln. Cho nn khi chua qu th cy d b ng c Fe ( t thong kh l Fe+++, trong iu kin ngp nc l Fe++). t chua th Al+++ di ng cng nhiu, Fe+++ v Al+++ di ng nhiu ln d tiu gim i, cy d b bnh thiu ln. Tri li, khi t kim qu th cy li b thiu Fe dn n bnh v ng l do thiu Fe (trng hp thng thy trn cc i nho t n i hnh th nh trn cacbonat hay hin tng v ng l bo hoa du tra h khi pH rung la ln n pH 9). Xem xt to n b mi nh hng ca pH i vi cc nguyn t dinh dng v hot ng ca vi sinh vt trong t thy khong pH t 5,5 n 6,5 hu nh l khong pH tt
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nht i vi vic cung cp cc cht dinh dng d tiu cho cy nu h m lng tng s cc cht dinh dng khng thiu. Cy pht trin bnh thng khe mnh, khng mc cc bnh sinh l. Tuy nhin, cng cn nh rng trn mt s loi t ct vn thng xy ra thiu mt s nguyn t vi lng gy bnh sinh l ngay c khi bn vi mi n pH 6,0 - 6,5. Xt v mt mi trng (t v nc) cng thy trong iu kin pH t chua (pH < 4), mi trng d b nhim kim loi nng, cy trng b ng c kim loi nng. Do vy, trn t chua qu cy pht trin ci cc do hu nh thiu mi cht dinh dng, cng d mc bnh. Cy la thiu kali d mc bnh tim la, bnh tim hch (Sclerotium oryzae) l nhng th d bnh sinh l ko theo hoc l m trm trng thm bnh truyn nhim. 4.2.3. nh hng dinh dng trong t a) nh hng ca m Trong t qu nhiu m, m khng cn i vi cc yu t dinh dng khc, nht l s cn i m, ln v kali cy cng mc bnh ging nh ngi mc bnh bo ph. T b o phi ht nc l m gim nng NH4+ trong dch b o nn t b o ko d i ra, thiu ln v kali qu trnh tng hp v vn chuyn hydrat cacbon km, cht hu c t nn t b o khng phn chia c. V t b o silic ha km nn mm v mng, T b o cht li nhiu hp cht m hu c ha tan l thc n thch hp cho nm pht trin. Trn chn t qu nhiu m, la d b bnh bc l (Xanthomonas oryzae), ma qu tha m cng d mc bnh g st ma (Puccinia kunii). Khi m v ln mt cn i: h m lng N tng s gp trn 4 ln P2O5 tng s hay N d tiu gp trn 20 ln P2O5 d tiu cy la ch nhnh m khng tr c. C th ni l y khng phi l bnh sinh l c khng? m trong t nhiu, cy ht nhiu, dip lc hnh th nh nhiu, l m cho tn l c mu xanh m li cun cn trng n ph hoi, nu li gp nhng cn trng l mi gii truyn bnh th bnh c ng ly lan nhanh chng. Bnh v ng li c cn trng mi gii truyn bnh l ry nu ph hoi bit bao nhiu rung la ly tht Ty Bc Vit Nam trong nhng nm 60 ca th k trc v ph hoi cc cnh ng thm canh bn phn khng cn i h ng nm hin nay l mt th d. t ngho m cy li sinh trng ci cc, ging nh tnh hnh cy sinh trng t qu chua. Trn to n b cnh ng l c mu xanh sng n v ng nht. Trn tng cy th l gi v ng trc, v ng t ngn hay u l v ng v o. Sau cc l t n v rng sm. Tui th ca l ngn, tn l tha tht. b) Triu chng bnh do t thiu ln (P) Ln trong cc m gi sn s ng c huy ng v cc m non nh m phn sinh, hot
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ng mnh, do vy nn triu chng thiu ln xut hin trn cc l gi . t bc mu, t phn, t chua qu (pH < 5) hay t kim qu (pH > 8) cy thng mc bnh thiu ln. Cy n qu thiu ln l c mu lc ti hay lam-lc khng c mu lc ti nh cc l bnh thng. Cy ng thiu ln trm trng trn hai bn mp l hnh th nh hai di tm , cy non chuyn sang mu huyt d kh r. Cy la thiu ln mc ci cc, nhnh km, chn mun li. c) Triu chng bnh do thiu kali (K) Khi t khng cung cp kali na th kali cc b phn gi hay cc l gi c vn chuyn v cc b phn non ang pht trin mnh, Do vy, triu chng thiu kali xut hin l gi trc. La thiu kali cc l gi thng xut hiu nhiu vt bnh tim la. Cy thiu kali, u tin mp l b a v ng sau chuyn sang mu nu nh b t chy. Cy ng thiu kali l c mu sng, mm i, phin l khng tri ra mt cch bnh thng m un cong nh gn sng. Khoai ty thiu kali l qun xung, quanh gn l c mu xanh lc, sau mp l chuyn sang mu nu. d) Triu chng bnh thiu lu hunh (S) Triu chng thiu S cng ging nh triu chng thiu N, cy mnh khnh, khng mm mi v u l m cho l c mu v ng nht. Song trong cy S khng linh ng nh N nn triu chng bnh li thng xut hin l non, phn ngn trc. L non mc ra c mu lc nht ng u hay bc phch, phun m hay bn m cng khng thy xanh li th ng l bnh thiu lu hunh. e) Triu chng thiu canxi (Ca) Canxi thng khng di chuyn trong cy nn trong mch libe c rt t Ca++. Do vy triu chng thiu canxi thng thy xut hin c quan d tr v qu nh bnh kh qu to (Bitter pit), bnh thi u hoa (bloossom rot), bnh en rn qu c chua, bnh mc ht u tng. Cc t b o tn cng nh chi tn cng v u chp r u ngng pht trin Ng thiu canxi trm trng th l non khng mc ra c, u l c th b mt lp glatin bao ph, cc l c khuynh hng nh dnh v o nhau (ngn l trc dnh v o l pha di k tip ngay vi n). f) Triu chng thiu magi (Mg): Khc vi canxi, magi rt linh ng trong cy, nn triu chng thiu magi xut hin u tin cc l pha di. Magi c trong th nh phn cu to dip lc nn thiu magi th l mt mu xanh lc. Cy thiu magi thng tht l v ng ra, ch cn gn l c mu xanh, nn trn cc l n t dip c b gn song song nh l ng th xut hin cc di mu v ng xen ln cc di gn xanh; trn cc l song t dip th li xut hin cc m hay cc mng m u v ng, trn c th c cc m mu da cam hay ta, gia cc ng gn xanh. Cy bng thiu magi cc l pha di chuyn sang mu tm , ri nu v hoi t.
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g) Triu chng thiu km (Zn): Km khng linh ng trong cy nn triu chng thiu km xut hin cc l non v dnh sinh trng. Ng thiu km l non v ng i, ri trng ra cho nn c tn gi l bnh trng bp. Rung la thiu km sau khi cy 10-15 ng y trn l gi xut hin cc m nh mu v ng nht, lc u nm ri rc, sau pht trin rng ra, ni lin li vi nhau, ri chuyn th nh mu nu thm, trn cnh ng xut hin cc mng cy mu nu nh mu scla, cy nh chy ng (burned-up); t i liu nc ngo i c ni gi l bnh khaira. Cam qut thiu km, u cc c nh kh tri l, cc t mc ngn li, cc l mi mc tm tm li vi nhau trng nh mt bng hng nh nn c gi l bnh rosette. Bng thiu km mc bnh little leaf . Khoai ty thiu km l mc son li nh l dng x (fern leaf). h) Triu chng thiu ng (Cu): Triu chng thiu ng trc ht cng xut hin ngn cy. Cc l mi ra v ng i sau ngn v mp l b hoi t ging nh triu chng thiu kali. Rau thiu ng l trng nh b ho, khng trng nc v c mu lc xn. Chanh cam thiu ng trn v qu thng thy xut hin cc m nu. i) Triu chng thiu st (Fe): St cng l nguyn t khng linh ng trong cy, do vy triu chng thiu st xut hin trc ht cc l non hn. Do 90% Fe nm trong cc lc lp (chloroplast) v microchondria nn khi thiu Fe th l mt mu xanh. Cy thiu Fe l c mu xanh nht, phn tht l nm gia cc gn v ng i (d lm vi thiu magi). Thiu nghim trng th to n b l non chuyn sang mu trng.. Triu chng n y thy rt r trn cy la min (sorghum) mc trn t c phn ng trung tnh hay kim (pH 7,0). (Ngi ta xem la min l cy ch th thiu Fe) Trn cc cnh ng nho, du (blueberry), cam, chanh trng trn t cacbonat, t c phn ng kim cng thng xut hin bnh thiu st, gi l bnh v ng do st (iron chlorosis). j) Triu chng thiu mangan (Mn): Mangan cng l nguyn t t di ng trong cy v triu chng thiu mangan cng xut hin cc l non trc. gc cc l non nht xut hin nhng vng xm sau chuyn sang mu t v ng nht n v ng da cam. Trn ng v u tng khi thiu mangan phn tht l gia cc gn l xut hin cc m v ng sau c th b hoi t. Trn cc cy khc triu chng thiu Mn li th hin khc v c m t bng cc thut ng khc nh bnh vt xm trn yn mch, marsh spot u H Lan, lm m v ng c ci ng, v bnh vn sc ma, k) Triu chng bnh thiu Bo (Bo) Bo l mt trong cc nguyn t vi lng km linh ng nht trong cy v khng d d ng c vn chuyn t cc b phn gi n b phn non. Triu chng thiu Bo trc ht xut hin cc nh sinh trng v m phn sinh- nh thn, nh r, l non, chi hoa.
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Thiu Bo cung l, cung hoa chc ln, dn ra nn d b gy (gy nn hin tng rng hoa, rng l) v cht ho. Qu, c cng hay b nu rut (thi), to thiu Bo qu b xp. Bng thiu Bo qu d b rng. Trong giai on phn ha ng la thiu Bo khng hnh th nh bng c (Fairhurt 2000). Thiu Bo ht phn ny mm km, vi ht phn sinh trng, pht trin cng km, nn nh hng n vic th tinh hnh th nh qu. l) Triu chng thiu Molypden (Mo): Thiu Molypden nh hng n vic chuyn ha N trong cy nn triu chng thiu cng biu hin nh trng thi thiu N l l b v ng ra. im a v ng xut hin gia cc gn l ca nhng l pha di, tip l b hoi t. Hin tng rt c trng xut hin trn l supl, l b bin dng ch cn li gn l v mt v i mu phin l nh c gi l bnh whiptail. Cy b u thiu Mo th khng to th nh c nt sn. m) Triu chng thiu Clo: Clo hn ch hoc gim tc hi ca mt s bnh trn nhiu loi cy nh bnh thi thn ng, bnh vt xm l da, thi thn v bc l la, bnh rng rut (hollow heart hay brown center) khoai ty. Cy trng kh mn cm vi Clo nn i vi cy trng, va phi xem cc triu chng thiu v triu chng tha. - Triu chng thiu Clo: u phin l b ho sau mt mu xanh chuyn sang mu ng thau ri hoi t. Sinh trng ca r b hn ch, r bn cun li. Khoai ty thiu Cl l chuyn sang mu lc nht hn v nh b cun trn li. Cy da thiu Cl l cng v ng i v trn phin l xut hin cc m m u da cam, ngn v mp l kh i - Triu chng c Clo: Hu ht cc cy n qu, cy c qu nc, cy nho v cc cy cnh c bit mn cm vi ion Cl. Khi nng Cl trong cy t n 0,5%, tnh theo cht kh th cy b chy l. Khi h m lng Cl trong l thuc l v l c chua (cc cy thuc h c ) cao th l dy ln v cun trn li. 4.3. Bnh do ch nc Vic thiu nc (kh hn) xy ra mt cch lu d i vi mt lng cung qu thp so vi yu cu th cy ho n to n chuyn sang dng bnh l thiu nc, khng nhng qu trnh bnh l ch l m thay i cc hot ng sinh l bnh thng cy m cn dn n thay i cu to ca t b o v m thc vt. Cy ci cc v ng l v ln thp so vi cc cy trng bnh thng. Mi lo i cy c kh nng chu hn khc nhau, v th mi lo i s ho xy ra cc
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mc m rt khc bit. Ch nc cn lin quan n cu tng ca t. Trong trng hp t cha nhiu st kh nng thiu nc vn xy ra mc d lng nc trong t cn kh cao. Ngc li cc khu vc nhiu ma hay t trng c th cha mt lng nc rt ln - d gy ra bnh tha nc cy. t ngp cng c th l m r thi en v c ch tp o n vi sinh vt c ch v pht trin cc vi sinh ym kh, tch lu cc kh c nh H2S, CH4 l m r mt kh nng hp thu dinh dng v nc, cy cht nu tng phn. Mt s trng hp ngp nc hay bn qu nhiu dinh dng li gy ra hin tng lp, . m t thay i t ngt d l m cy c hin tng nt thn, nt rn qu, c r b nhim bnh do k sinh. 4.4. Bnh do iu kin thi tit a. Bnh do nhit thp Thi tit nc ta ch c pha Bc c kh hu lnh trong ma ng, nhit t Hu tr ra thng lnh dn v pha Bc, ni chung trong ma ng lnh nht khong 5 - 150C, c bit mt s vng cao nh H Giang, Mng Khng, Sapa (L o Cai), Mc Chu (Sn La), Mu Sn (Lng Sn) c th nhit lnh xung ti 00C hoc thp hn mt cht. V ng xun rt m thng gy hin tng cht ho l cy c bit l kh u l m v cht ngn la cy gy trng l ngn, nhiu cy trng khc l non c hin tng bin v ng v cht nu tng mng do rt. Cy n qu v cy cng nghip c hin tng b tch v, nt thn do nhit thay i, t cc m bn trong pht trin c th to u li. Thi tit qu lnh c th l m cht phn hoa, hoa rng cc cy n qu, la b lp v lng nu rt ko d i n thng tr bng. c bit khi thi tit lnh bt thng c th gy ra sng mui, tuyt ri mt s vng cao pha Bc - l m cy b thi bp non, luc l, cht l t mp v o. b. Bnh do nhit qu cao Nhit cao nc ta thng xy ra cc tnh min Nam v nhng vng b nh hng ca gi L o min Trung nc ta. Hin tng gi nng khng kh kh, tri khng ma ko d i nhiu ng y l m cy c th b ngng sinh trng, l, bp non thng b cht, hoa b ho kh, ht phn mt sc sng. Hoa, qu non c th b rng. Cy rau c th b xon l, l th, gin v qu nh, lp. S ri lon trong iu ho nc cy khi nhit cao tc ng th hin r hot ng ri lon ca kh khng v thu khng dn n s cht m v l. Nu din bin ko d i c th gy cht cy. c. Bnh do tc ng ca nh sng Th nh phn tia sng mt tri y trong nhng ng y tri trong sng nng m nhit trn di 250C l thi tit rt tt cho cy sinh trng v pht trin. Tuy nhin khi xy ra thiu nh sng cy cng c th mc bnh nh l v thn mm, m u nht, quang hp yu, cy thng mnh d, vn d i (cy song t dip) hoc thn khng vn m l vn d i (cy n t dip) - bn trong thn, vch t b o mng, chng chu km, gc thn vn
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d i, cy d b , c hin tng n y thng do trng mt qu d y, thi tit m u. Tc ng ca tia phng x cng c th gy ra km h m cy pht trin, cy ng, khoai ty, u l cht vi lng phng x cao t 2000 3000 Rnghen, cy ch cn tr thn. hn ch tc hi ca phng x c th dng mt s cht bo v nh: 2-3 Dimercaptopropan, Hydrosulfit natri, Cyanid natri, Metabisulfit natri.... 4.5. Bnh do cht c, kh c gy ra Ngo i mi trng t t nhin c v tr quan trng trong i sng ca cy. Ng y nay, do hot ng ng y c ng tng ca sn xut cng nghip mi trng sng ca cy ng y c ng b nhim do cht c v kh c thi ra t cc nh my - vic lm dng thuc tr su, tr bnh v phn bn ho hc cng l m tng thm cc tc hi vi cy trng. Bi, khi cc nh my, l nung vi, gch...c th l m cy b tc l kh khng khin l sng ln c dng ging hin tng xon l do virus gy bnh. Cc kh c CO2, H2S, CO gy c thng l m tp kh v ng a l. Cc ho cht x l t nh formol clopicrin...c th km h m r cy pht trin, l m chm sinh trng ca cy, gy cht mm, chi non,...Cy b nhim c cc sn phm ca du m u cht ho nhanh chng. 4.6. S lin quan gia bnh do mi trng v bnh truyn nhim Cng nh c th con ngi v ng vt bnh do mi trng lun lun l m cho cy suy yu dn n cy d b nhim bnh do k sinh gy ra. Cy thiu m d b bnh do nhm bn k sinh gy ra, tri li cy tha m v ln li d b bnh do nhm k sinh chuyn tnh gy ra. Cy thiu Bo mt nguyn t vi lng d b nhim bnh do cc lo i nm Phoma v Botrytis gy ra. Cy da thiu Bo cng d b nm gy thi nn (V Hu Ym - L Lng T, 1987)
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Chng v nm gy bnh cy
Nm (t Latinh l Fungi, t Hy Lp l Mycota), c nhiu chc nng sinh hc hin nay cn cha bit ht. Nm c hn 20 vn lo i c ghi nhn, sng khp mi ni trn tri t; trong c trn 10 vn lo i nm hoi sinh, h ng trm lo i nm sng k sinh trn ng vt v c th con ngi. Hn 1 vn lo i nm gy bnh hi thc vt v trn 80% s bnh hi cy trng l do nm gy ra vi th nh phn lo i rt phong ph, a dng. 5.1. c im chung ca nm - Nm l mt loi vi sinh vt, kch thc b nh (n v o l micromet - m) - T b o nm c nhn tht (c hch nhn v m ng nhn). - Nm khng c dip lc (Chlorophyll). V vy chng l c th d dng, sng k sinh v c kh nng ng ho. - C quan sinh trng l si nm (Hyphae) hu ht c cu to dng si (n hoc a b o) khng di chuyn, nhiu si nm hp th nh tn nm (Mycelium). Ch tr mt v i loi nm c sinh c dng nguyn sinh b o (Plasmodium). - Nm sinh sn bng b o t (Spore) B o t nm l nhng n v c th b nh, cha b genom ca c th sng (si nm), c y cht dinh dng v c kh nng pht trin hnh th nh mt qun th nm mi. B o t thng c mt, hai hoc nhiu t b o thng khng th t di chuyn (tr b o t ng - Zoospore). T cc c tnh c bn ni trn, trong nhiu nm qua c nhiu loi sinh vt sng c xp v o nm trc y c thay i. Mt v i lo i mc nhy c c im ging nm, c bt l phng thc dinh dng v sinh sn bng b o t, hin nay chng c coi l sinh vt tin nhn (Procaryote). V vy, trong danh php ca nm gy bnh cy trn th gii hin nay ngi ta phn ra th nh hai nhm: nm gi (Pseudofungi) v nm tht (Kingdom Fungi). 5.2. Hnh thi v cu to ca si nm - Si nm l c quan sinh trng dinh dng, c quan bn gi, bo tn t sinh ra cc c quan sinh sn ring bit. - Si nm c th n b o (khng m ng ngn), hoc a b o (nhiu m ng ngn), c th phn nhiu nhnh. Chiu rng ca si nm thng bin ng trong khong 0,5 100 m (nm gy bnh cy thng c kch thc chiu rng t 5 20 m). Chiu d i si nm thay i tu thuc tng loi nm v iu kin dinh dng.
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- Cu to t b o si nm gm 3 phn chnh: v (vch) t b o, t b o cht v nhn. - Vch t b o cu to ch yu bng cc Polysaccarit, Kitin v Cellulose. Th nh phn ho hc ca vch t b o bin i tu thuc v o loi nm, nhit , pH mi trng v tui ca t b o,v.v. T b o cht bao gm m ng t b o cht, cc Riboxom, h thng ti th v cc cht d tr. M ng t b o cht c tnh thm thu chn lc (tnh bn thm) cho cc cht cn thit i qua. Riboxom l trung tm tng hp Protein ca t b o. Cc cht d tr n gin trong t b o ch yu dng Ipitglucogen v Valutin. Ngo i ra t b o non cn c nhiu khng b o trong t b o cht. T b o nm c mt h thng men rt phong ph v sc t cc nhm khc nhau. - Trong t b o si nm c khong 90% l nc, 10% cht kh bao gm cc hp cht cacbon, Nito, cht khong, v nguyn t vi lng - Si nm sinh trng theo kiu tia x, vn d i ra t nh sinh trng ca si
Hnh 1: C quan sinh trng, vi ht v cc dng bin thi ch yu ca tn nm 5.3. Bin thi ca nm Bnh thng si nm l m nhim v dinh dng sinh trng song trong nhng trng hp c bit nh gp iu kin ngoi cnh bt li (nhit qu cao, qu thp, kh hn, thiu dinh dng), si nm c th thay i hnh thi, cu to bin th nh cc cu trc c bit l m tng kh nng chng chu, bo tn ca si nm lu d i hn trong cc iu kin bt li ca ngoi cnh. Nm thng c cc dng bin thi chnh nh sau: B si: (Rhizomorph) (hnh 1).
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L hnh thc bin thi n gin, b si gm nhiu si nm xp st song song to ra nhng b si to nh khc nhau, bn ngo i gm nhng t b o c m u tng i thm v d y.V d: Nm mng nhn hi c ph. - Hch nm (Sclerote) (hnh 1). Hch nm l hnh thc bin thi phc tp, nhiu si nm an kt cht ch, chng cht vi nhau to th nh nhng khi rn chc c kch thc, hnh dng khc nhau, c khi nh li ti nh ht ci, c loi hnh bu dc, hnh ca g (hnh 1). - Bin th nh dng r gi (Rhizoide) Si nm bin i th nh dng hnh r cy ch l m chc nng bm gi trn b mt vt ch (hnh 1). - Vi ht (Haustorium) (hnh 1). mt s lo i nm k sinh chuyn tnh, h si nm trn b mt t b o hoc pht trin trong gian b o c th hnh th nh vi ht xuyn qua m ng t b o k ch i v o nguyn sinh cht ht cc cht dinh dng trong t b o. Vi ht ca nm thng c nhiu hnh dng khc nhau: hnh di trng, hnh tr ngn m nhnh ging chm r, hnh chic xng, hnh b n tay (nm phn trng - Erysiphe), (nm sng mai - Peronospora), (nm g st Puccinia). 5.4. Dinh dng k sinh v trao i cht ca nm Trao i cht l c s ca s sng v s pht trin ca c th nm. T si nm l c quan sinh trng dinh dng, chng tit ra cc enzyme (ngoi enzyme), phn gii ngun hp cht hu c phc tp bn ngo i th nh hp cht n gin d ho tan, nh tnh bn thm chn lc ca m ng t b o cht chng hp th cc cht dinh dng c sn v o c th. V d: nm hp th ng glucose v o c th, trc ht c chuyn th nh dng ester metaphotphoric c kh nng ho tan trong lipoit b mt t b o cht ca nm nh enzyme photphatase. Sau nh h thng ni men (ni enzyme). Nm ch bin tng hp cc cht ho tan c th nh cc hp cht ring sinh trng, tng sinh khi gi l qu trnh ng ho v song song vi qu trnh n y l qu trnh d ho - phn hu mt phn cc th nh phn c th cung cp nng lng. tin h nh sinh tng hp Protit, axit nucleic v cc th nh phn tp khc, t b o nm cn c cung cp nng lng. Nng lng n y c c nh s oxi ho- phn hu cc cht dinh dng c c th nm hp th to ra cc sn phm th sinh thi ra ngo i. - Men (enzyme): l nhng cht xc tc hu c chuyn tnh, l mt hp cht protein gm hai phn: phn protein chuyn tnh (Apoenzyme) v phn phi protein (Coenzyme) gm cc vitamin, vi lng, H thng men ca nm rt phong ph, a dng bao gm ngoi enzyme v ni
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enzyme. Ngoi enzyme c nm tit ra mi trng sng phn gii cc hp cht phc tp th nh cc cht n gin d hp th. l cc men thu phn (Cutinase, Cellulase, Pectinase, Amilase,). Ni enzyme bao gm cc men c tit ra trong c th ca nm tng hp cc cht hp th c th nh nhng hp cht cn thit cho qu trnh sinh trng v sinh sn ca nm, ch yu l cc enzyme oxy ho kh (oxydase, dehydrase). Trong qu trnh sinh trng, t b o nm cn hp th nhiu nguyn t khong (17 nguyn t) nh: C, N, O, S, H, P. Mg, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Ca cc nguyn t vi lng nh Bo, Mo, v mt s Vitamin (B1, B6). trong cc ngun dinh dng ch yu l Cacbon (Gluxit), ngun m (axit amin) v nhng axit hu c khc. - Ngun cacbon: nm cn nhiu hn ngun m v cc cht khong, ch yu l cc loi ng C6, C5, tinh bt, axit hu c v axit bo. a s cc loi nm s dng tt nht ng glucose (C6). - Ngun m rt quan trng song s lng cn cho nm t hn ngun ccbon. Mt s lo i nm nh: Helminthosporium, Colletotrichum v Rhizoctonia c kh nng kh m Nitrat th nh NH3. : NO3 NO2 NH4 OH NH3
Nm Pyricularia ch s dng m dng amon. - Mt s nm c th t tng hp Vitamin cn thit cho c th nu khng c trong mi trng. V d: nm Pythium, nm Aspergillus nhng cng c loi nm khng t to c vitamin cn thit cho s sinh trng (nm Phytophthora infestans cn vitamin B1). - Ngo i h thng enzyme, nhiu loi nm cn sn sinh ra cc c t khc nhau trong qu trnh dinh dng k sinh. - c t (Toxin): l nhng sn phm trao i cht ca nm c tc ng l m tn thng hot ng sng ca t b o thc vt mt nng rt thp. Cn c v o ph tc ng ca c t nm ngi ta thng phn th nh 2 nhm Pathotoxin v Vivotoxin. c t ca nm c tc ng km h m hot ng ca h thng men t b o k ch, km h m hot ng h hp ca cy, ph v tnh thm thu chn lc ca m ng t b o cht, ph hu dip lc v qu trnh trao i cht ca t b o l m gim kh nng khng ca cy. V th nh phn ho hc c th phn chia c t ca nm hi cy th nh cc nhm axit hu c (axit oxalic, axit fusarinic, axit alternaric, axit pycolinic), nhm polysaccarit (Licomarasmin, Colletotin, Piricularin), nhm Protein v cc sn phm phn gii ca protein (NH3, Victorin) v nhm cc cht bay hi (axit xianic).
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Mt lo i nm c th sn sinh nhiu c t cc nhm khc nhau. V d: nm o n (Pyricularia oryzae) c hai loi c t l axit pycolinic v Pyricularin hai nhm khc nhau. Nm Fusarium sp. c cc loi c t nh axit fusarinic, fumonisin B1 v fumonisin B2, Licomarasmin. Ngo i c t, nm cn sn sinh ra nhng hot cht sinh hc khc nh khng sinh c kh nng i khng, c ch, tiu dit cc vi sinh vt khc lo i (v d Penicillin l cht khng sinh t nm Penicillium). Mt s khng sinh c hot tnh i khng vi cc lo i nm gy bnh cy. V d: Gliotoxin ca nm Trichoderma c th tiu dit mt s nm gy bnh cy nh Fusarium, Sclerotium, Rhizoctonia Da v o c tnh i khng, v cht khng sinh ca nm ngi ta to ra nhiu ch phm sinh hc phng tr bnh hi cy trng. Trong t b o cht ca cy cn c cc loi sc t cng l cc sn phm trao i cht ca nm. Sc t nm thng cc nhm: Anthraquinon, Naphtaquinon (Nm ti, nm bt to n), Carotinoide (Nm mc, nm r st), Melanin (nm m). Nh c sc t l m tn nm c m u sc khc nhau v bin i mi trng sng. Qu trnh sinh trng v pht trin ca nm ph thuc v o c tnh k sinh ca tng lo i nm v cc yu t ngoi cnh, ch yu l nhit , m , pH mi trng Nhit thch hp cho hu ht cc lo i nm sinh trng khong 20 - 280, pH thch hp t 6 - 6,5. 5.5. Sinh sn ca nm Nm sinh sn bng nhiu phng php khc nhau vi tc nhanh, s lng nhiu. Sn phm c hnh th nh trong qu trnh sinh sn c gi l b o t. Do cc hnh thc sinh sn khc nhau m cc b o t cng rt khc nhau c v hnh thc, m u sc, kch thc v cht lng. 5.5.1. Sinh sn t c quan sinh trng hnh thc sinh sn n y, nm khng hnh th nh c quan sinh sn ring bit m si nm l m nhim v dinh dng trc tip l m nhim v sinh sn. Hnh thc sinh sn n y thng cho cc dng b o t sau: - B o t hu (Chlamydospore): Khi si nm bc v o sinh sn, trn si nm c mt s t b o c cc t b o bn cnh dn cht t b o sang tr th nh t b o c sc sng mnh, cht d tr nhiu, m ng d y ln, thay i hnh dng cht t v tr th nh b o t hu (nm Fusarium sp.). B o t hu c sc chu ng cc iu kin kh hu bt li trong mt thi gian d i, do vy mt s loi nm, b o t hu c th l giai on bt buc trong chu k pht trin ca nm (hnh 2).
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Hnh 2 : Sinh sn t c quan sinh trng : 1. B o t chi; 2. B o t phn; 3. B o t hu - B o t phn (Oidium): l nhng b o t hnh trng hoc hnh bu dc c hnh th nh t nhng t b o si nm, cc t b o si nm tch lu cht cht d tr, c m ng ngn ring v t ra tr th nh cc b o t phn. - B o t chi (Blastospore) Hnh thc hnh th nh b o t n y thng c cc loi nm men bia, ru. Khi sinh sn, trn t b o c mc ra mt hoc nhiu chi nh, chi ln dn v tch th nh b o t chi. - B o t kh (Arthrospore) Cc b o t kh hnh th nh tng chui trn u cc si nm mc vn cao ln v tungv o trong khng kh khi chn. Dng b o t n y thng gp nm phn trng 5.5.2. Sinh sn v tnh c im ca hnh thc sinh sn n y l cc b o t c sinh ra trn c quan sinh sn ring bit do si nm sinh trng n giai on thun thc hnh th nh nn. Tu theo c im hnh th nh b o t v tnh bn ngo i hoc bn trong c quan sinh sn, m phn bit hai hnh thc sinh sn v tnh ni sinh v ngoi sinh. - Sinh sn v tnh ni sinh: Khi nm thun thc bc v o sinh sn, t b o trn u si nm phnh to hnh th nh c quan sinh sn c dng ci bc (sporang), khi thun thc nhn ca t b o bc v cht nguyn sinh phn chia nhiu ln to th nh cc b o t v tnh ni sinh gi l b o t bc (khng lng roi) hoc b o t ng (c lng roi) Zoospore (hnh 3).
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Hnh 3: Bc v bc b o t ng 1 - 2: Bc v b o t bc v b o t bc 3 - 4: Bc b o t ng v b o t ng Khi chn bc v ra v b o t c gii phng ra ngo i. V d: Nm gy thi mc ht ng cc (Rhizopus) sinh sn v tnh cho ra bc v b o t bc (khng c lng roi) (Sporangiospore) Nm sng mai (c chua) sinh sn v tnh cho ra b o t bc v b o t ng c hai lng roi. - Sinh sn v tnh ngoi sinh: cc nm bc cao v mt s nm bc thp, sinh sn v tnh bng hnh thc ngoi sinh. C quan sinh sn c hnh th nh trn si nm thun thc l c nh b o t phn sinh (Conidiophore) v to ra cc b o t phn sinh (Conidium) bn ngo i. Tu loi nm m b o t phn sinh c th l n b o hay a b o, c dng hnh trng, hnh li lim, hnh bu dc, hnh qu l, v m u sc cng khc nhau (m u nu, v ng) hoc khng c m u. B o t phn sinh c th hnh th nh n c tng chic hoc tng chui trn u c nh b o t phn sinh. Cc loi nm khc nhau cc c nh b o t phn sinh cng c cu to v hnh thi rt khc nhau, n cng c th n b o, a b o, phn nhnh hoc khng phn nhnh, c th mc ring r tng chic hoc mc th nh tng cm c cu trc c bit khc nhau gm 3 loi b c nh, a c nh v qu c nh (hnh 4). Cc c im trn ca b o t phn sinh v c nh b o t phn sinh l mt trong nhng ch tiu phn loi nm. 5.5.3. Sinh sn hu tnh ca nm Sinh sn hu tnh ca nm rt phc tp, n khng ging cc hnh thc sinh sn hu tnh cc sinh vt khc. Sinh sn hu tnh nm l hin tng phi giao gia cc t b o giao t hoc cc b phn c bit ca nm vi nhau theo nhiu hnh thc khc nhau ng giao v bt ng giao.
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Hnh 4: Dng c nh b o t phn sinh v b o t phn sinh
1. C nh b o t phn sinh m nhnh v b o t phn sinh (Phytophthora). 2. C nh b o t phn sinh khng m nhnh v b o t phn sinh (Erysiphe) 3. C nh b o t phn sinh v b o t phn sinh (Macrosporium sp.) 4. a c nh 5. Qu c nh. - Sinh sn hu tnh ng giao: ng giao c 2 hnh thc l : ng giao di ng: L hnh thc sinh sn hu tnh n gin nht (nm c sinh). l qu trnh giao phi gia 2 giao t (gamete) c hnh dng kch thc ho n to n ging nhau, l cc b o t ng c lng roi di ng c. Sau phi giao to th nh hp t (zygote). ng giao bt ng: L hnh thc sinh sn hu tnh phc tp hn, l qu trnh tip hp gia t b o 2 si nm ho n to n ging nhau v hnh dng v kch thc. giai on thun thc do s tip xc ca 2 si nm m ng b o ch tip gip dn dn tan ra to th nh mt t b o chung ho hp cht t b o v hai nhn vi nhau, t b o s phnh to, c dng hnh cu, v d y gi l b o t tip hp (zygospore). B o t tip hp c kh nng tn ti lu d i, gp iu kin thun li c th ny mm to th nh bc v b o t bc. - Sinh sn hu tnh bt ng giao: L hnh thc sinh sn hu tnh phc tp hn c cc nm bc cao v cc nm bc thp pht trin. Nm sinh sn bng cc c quan sinh sn nht nh khc nhau c v hnh thi bn ngo i ln tnh cht bn trong, cc lp nm khc nhau c dng b o t hnh th nh c c im khc nhau.
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- B o t trng (Oospore): Trn si nm sinh ra cc c quan sinh sn ring bit l bao trng (Oogonium) ci v bao c (Antheridium). Sau khi phi giao th to n b nhn v cht t b o ca bao c dn sang bao trng th tinh v hnh th nh mt b o t trng (nm gy bnh thi gc, r Pythium sp v nm sng mai hi c chua khoai ty, u tng). - B o t ti (Ascospore) i vi cc nm thuc lp nm ti (Ascomycetes) c quan sinh sn l ti (Ascus) c hnh th nh trong qu trnh phi hp cht t b o v nhn gia bao c v bao ci (ascogone). Sau giai on cht phi v giai on song hch t bao ci mc ra si sinh ti phnh to to th nh ti (Ascus).
Hnh 5 : Sinh sn hu tnh ca nm v cc loi qu th ca nm ti A. Nm trng: 1. Bao trng (Oogonium); 2. Bao c (Antheridium) 3. Phi giao (giao t c, giao t ci); 5. Hnh th nh B o t tip hp B. Nm ti: 6. Bao ci (Carpogonium) v bao c (Antheridium) 7. Phi giao (giao t c, giao t ci) 8. Si sinh ti v hnh th nh ti vi tm b o t ti C. Qu th: 9. Qu th kn 10. Qu th bu (qu th m) 11. Qu th a (a), (b)
4. B o t trng
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Trong khi nhn nh bi tin h nh phn b o gim nhim (thng 3 ln) to th nh b o t hu tnh trong ti (bnh phn trng bu b, bnh la von) gi l b o t ti.
Hnh 6 : Qu trnh hnh th nh m v b o t m (Basidiospore)

Cc nm thuc lp nm m khi sinh sn hu tnh hu nh khng c c quan sinh sn ring bit m c quan sinh sn l m (Basidium) c hnh th nh trn si nm hai nhn. m l mt t b o hai nhn, sau giai on phi hch th nh nhn nh bi th ri phn b o gim nhim 1 n 2 ln to ra 2 hoc 4 nhn n bi th hnh th nh 2 hoc 4 b o t hu tnh gi l b o t m (hnh 6). Ngo i ra vi mt s nm, m c hnh th nh trc tip t trn b o t hu, b o t ng (Teleutospore) (nm than en v nm g st). nc ta mi ch thy mt s nm sinh sn hu tnh, cn ni chung a s sinh sn v tnh chim u th tuyt i trong nm. mt s loi nm t si nm mt nhn hoc si nm hai nhn c kh nng trc tip hnh th nh cc loi b o t hu, b o t xun, b o t h, b o t ng (nm g st). Sinh sn v tnh sinh ra cc c quan sinh sn v tnh v cc b o t v tnh vi s lng rt nhiu c th l thin, c th c bo v bao bc trong cc cu trc rt c bit khc nhau tu loi nm gi l b c nh b o t (Coremium), a c nh b o t (Acervulus) v qu c nh b o t (Pycnidium). y cng l mt trong nhng c s phn loi nm. Sinh sn hu tnh ca nm ti hoc nm m cng sinh ra cc cu trc c bit gi l qu th khc nhau nh qu th hnh cu (cleistocarp), qu th hnh bu nm l loi qu th m (c l) (perithecium), qu th a (apott) (Apothecium) i vi nm ti hoc qu nm (nm m) i vi nm m.
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Cn c v o c tnh chung v hnh thi, sinh trng, sinh sn ni trn ngi ta phn loi to n b cc loi nm th nh nhng lp nm khc nhau gim nh chn on nm bnh. 5.6. Chu k pht trin ca nm Nm khng c dip lc, s dng cc cht hu c sn c ch yu l cc hp cht ngun ccbon, ngun m, cht khong v vitamin ca cy thng qua tc ng ca mt h thng ni enzyme, ngoi enzyme v c t ho n th nh chu k pht trin ca chng trn cy trng. Chu k pht trin ca nm l mt vng i bao gm cc giai on sinh trng, pht dc sinh sn tin h nh tun t k tip nhau theo mt trnh t nht nh lp li giai on ban u. Giai on ban u ca chu k pht trin thng l b o t (mm bnh). Sau khi ny mm xm nhp tin ti giai on sinh trng th dinh dng (th si) k sinh pht ra triu chng bnh ri ti giai on pht dc hnh th nh cc c quan sinh sn v to ra cc b o t th h mi v tnh ti xm nhim v hu tnh (bo tn). y l chu k pht trin ho n to n ca nm c s chung nh sau: Tuy nhin, do c im pht trin khc nhau v nh hng ca cc iu kin a l sinh thi m trong chu k pht trin nhiu loi nm khng thy xut hin giai on hu tnh hoc b qua mt giai on pht trin n o gi l chu k pht trin khng ho n to n. Chu k pht trin ca nm c th ho n th nh trn mt lo i cy k ch trong mt v, mt nm (nm Sng mai) song c loi phi tin h nh trn cy k ch chnh v trn k ch trung gian (bnh nm g st la m).
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Th si sinh trng
Xm nhp
Pht bnh
Ti xm nhim
V tnh
C quan sinh sn v tnh
B o t
Hu tnh
C quan sinh sn hu tnh (bo tn)
Hnh 7. S tng qut chu k nm Nm c c im chu k pht trin ca nm v cc mt bin ng ca n c ngha ln l m c s hiu r chu k xm nhim (chu k bnh) v tin h nh cc bin php phng bnh kp thi, c hiu qu. Chu k bnh (cn gi l chu k xm nhim): bao gm tt c cc giai on nm k sinh bn trong k ch v giai on khng k sinh bn ngo i k ch. Chu k bnh l mt chu k bao gm chu k pht trin dinh dng k sinh v giai on bo tn ca nm, trong chu k pht trin ca nm khng ch ph thuc v o c im sinh vt hc ca mi loi nm m cn chu nh hng rt ln ca cc yu t sinh thi mi trng. Do vy, chu k bnh ca mi loi nm c th thay i trong giai on k sinh
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hoc giai on bo tn mi vng c iu kin kh hu v cc yu t sinh thi ho n to n khc nhau. chu k bnh, giai on k sinh trong chu k c th c lp li nhiu ln (ti xm nhim) tu thuc v o c im v tc sinh sn nhiu th h ca k sinh trong ma, (v) sinh trng ca cy k ch v cc yu t ngoi cnh. S tng qut ca chu k bnh c trnh b y hnh 8.
Gy bnh
Xm nhim V gieo trng Pht tn - tip xc Pht tn - tip xc
Gy bnh
Sinh sn v tnh to ra c th mi
Ti xm nhim
Giai on k sinh Ngun bnh
Hnh th nh dng bo tn
Giai on bo tn (khng k sinh)
Nm vng chu k bnh c th c ngha ln trong cng tc phng tr bnh nm t hiu qu cao. Qua tm c im yu hoc im quyt nh hnh th nh bnh trong chu k v c th la chn bin php, thi im phng tr thch hp nht. 5.7. Xm nhim v truyn lan ca nm Qu trnh xm nhim gy bnh ca nm v o cy trng bao gm cc giai on k tip nhau nh sau: - Giai on tip xc v xm nhp ca mm bnh (B o t nm) - Giai on tim dc ca bnh (giai on bnh) - Giai on pht trin bnh a. Giai on tip xc - xm nhp: y l giai on u tin k t khi mm bnh (b o t nm) tip xc c trn b mt
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cy trng. Trc tin b o t nm tin h nh ny mm khi c nhit v m thch hp. Khc vi vi khun, nm c th xm nhp c v o cc b phn ca cy thit lp quan h k sinh vi cy k ch ngo i cch th ng nh qua cc l h t nhin (thu khng, kh khng hoc cc vt thng c gii),nm cn c th ch ng xm nhp trc tip qua lp cutin, v biu b ca l nh cc men thu phn. Trong nhiu trng hp thc hin xm nhp d d ng nm cn phi c s lng mm bnh nht nh gi l "lng xm nhim ti thiu". giai on n y iu kin ngoi cnh c nh hng trc tip n kh nng ny mm ca b o t v s xm nhp ca chng v o cy trng. m c tc dng quyt nh. V d: nhiu loi b o t nm ch c th ny mm trong iu kin c git nc hoc m rt cao (nm o n, nm mc sng c chua, khoai ty ), c bit c lo i nm ch cn m thp (nm phn trng). - Nhit c nh hng trc tip n t l ny mm, tc ny mm, v kiu ny mm ca b o t nm. V d: nm Phytophthora infestans c t l ny mm cao nht 14 - 180C vi kiu nymm gin tip hnh th nh b o t ng (Zoospore), cn nhit 20 - 220C b o t ny mm trc tip th nh ng mm. Nhiu lo i nm ngo i m, nhit cn cn iu kin pH mi trng, oxi v nh sng thch hp. Mt s nm k sinh chuyn tnh nh: r st (Phakopsora, Puccinia), phn trng (Erysiphe) v nm sng mai (Phytophthora) c th ny mm xm nhp trc tip qua lp biu b cn nguyn vn ca cy nh v kh c hc (gic bm) v v kh ho hc (cc enzyme thu phn). V d: phn gii th nh phn cu to m ng t b o k ch: Pectin Pectinesterase (PE) Cellulose Cellulase Cellulose mch n Cellulase Cellobiose Cellulase Glucose Ru Methylic + Axit Pectinic
phn gii cc th nh phn trong t b o cht: Protit Protease Polypeptit Peptidase Axit amin
Amylose Amilase
Maltose Maltase
Glucose
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b. Giai on bnh (tim dc) L thi gian t sau giai on nm xm nhp n khi xut hin triu chng ban u ca bnh. Trong giai on n y nm gy bnh sinh trng pht trin tim t ng bn trong m cy, gy ra nhng bin i su sc v ph hu t b o cy bnh. Ngc li cy trng cng c nhng phn ng chng i li nht l nhng ging cy c gen khng bnh. Cc phn ng t v ca cy c th l th ng, hoc ch ng nh cc c im cu to hnh thi, th nh phn ho hc hoc c nhng phn ng siu nhy, phn ng phn c t, phn men (enzyme) hoc phn ng phytoalexin dn n thi k tim dc ca bnh c th ngn hay d i, nhanh hay chm cng vi s tc ng ca cc yu t ngoi cnh khc. Mi quan h k sinh - k ch xy ra rt phc tp. ngn chn hoc l m gim kh nng xm nhp ca nm cc yu t cu to hnh thi nh d y lp biu b, lp sp trn b mt biu b, s lng v kch thc kh khng, m kh khng, lp lng trn b mt, gc l vi thn cy,v.v...u c nh hng n kh nng xm nhp qua b mt t b o k ch ca tt c cc loi nm gy bnh trn cy. C ch bo v ca cy gm nhiu phn ng v nhng bin i ca t b o cy ch nh: thay i pH t b o, sn sinh Phytoalexin v cc cht ho hc c c tc dng khng nm nh: Glycoankaloid, Tanin, Phenol, Hydroquinol, anthocyanin Cc c ch bo v ch ng ca cy nh phn ng siu nhy, hin tng t cht ca m t b o nhm bao vy, c lp cc loi nm k sinh chuyn tnh, nh hin tng to lp bn, lp v bao, tng ri cch bit vi nm gy bnh. c. Giai on pht trin bnh L giai on tip theo sau giai on tim dc, k t khi xut hin r triu chng bn ngo i, bnh tip tc pht trin cho n khi kt thc. y l thi gian ko d i nm sinh sn hnh th nh cc t b o t mi, pht tn ly lan to tin cho cc t ti xm nhim tip theo l m bnh gia tng, pht trin th nh dch trn ng rung. Truyn lan ca nm Trong t nhin nm c truyn lan bng nhiu hnh thc khc nhau. S truyn lan ca b o t nm c th thc hin mt cch ch ng hay th ng tu thuc v o c im sinh vt hc ca mi loi nm v chu nh hng ln ca cc yu t mi trng. Truyn lan ch ng: (b o t hu tnh t qu th a, qu th bu t phng v o khng kh)
B o t nm
Truyn lan th ng:
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- Ma v nc ti l m bn b o t tung to (b o t nm Colletotrichum) - Gi, b o thi b o t nm i xa (b o t nm phn trng, r st) - Cn trng mang truyn b o t (v d: B cnh cng Carpophilus spp) - Cc yu t lan truyn khc (t n d, t, ht ging, cy ging, vt liu l m ging, ng vt v con ngi). 5.8. Phn loi nm gy bnh cy H thng phn loi nm da v o c im hnh thi c quan sinh trng v sinh sn, mt s c im ring bit v sinh l v cu trc gen di truyn c sp xp phn chia theo mt h thng th bc c tnh truyn thng lch s nh sau: Phn loi nm gy bnh cy (Chi tit) Gii Protozoa C quan sinh trng: Plasmodium (nguyn sinh b o). Sinh sn b o t ng (zoospore) c hai lng roi hoc mt lng roi. Nhm ng nh: Mastigomycota Ng nh Myxomycota Lp Myxomycetes L nm nhy; sinh sn to b o t ng 2 lng roi, th sinh trng Plasmodium. Bao ph b mt cy ni m, trng nc. B: Physarales: hoi sinh Loi: Mucilago sp., Physarum sp. Ng nh: Plasmodiophoromycota Nm nhy ni k sinh trn thc vt Lp Plasmodiophoromyces Th sinh trng Plasmodium, b o t ng 2 lng roi. B: Plasmodiophorales: Loi: Plasmodiophora: Lo i P. brassicae gy bnh sng r bp ci, ci. Loi: Spongospora: Lo i S. subterranea gy bnh gh bt c khoai ty
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Gii: Chromista C quan sinh trng dng si n b o. B o t ng hai lng roi bng nhau. Ng nh: Omycota Si n b o, vch t b o c glucan, cellulose. Lp: Oomycetes (nm trng) Nm thu mi, nm sng mai: H si n b o; to b o t ng 2 lng roi, sinh ra trong bc b o t (sporangium). Sinh sn hu tnh: b o t trng (Oospore), c bao ci v bao c. B: Saprolegniales: Loi: Achlya Lo i: A. oryzae: Bnh thi mc mm m (la) B: Peronosporales C nh b o t ( sporangiophore hoc conidiophore) sinh ra bc b o t (sporangium) hoc dng conidi. B o t ng hai lng roi sinh ra trong sporangium. Sinh sn hu tnh cho b o t trng. H: Pythiaceae Loi Pythium. Lo i P. de baryanum: bnh cht rp cy con Loi Phytophthora Lo i P. infestans gy bnh mc sng c chua, khoai ty H: Peronosporaceae Loi: Plasmopara Lo i P. viticola gy bnh sng mai nho Loi Peronospora: Lo i P. manshurica gy bnh sng mai u tng Loi: Bremia: Lo i B. lactucae gy bnh sng mai rau dip Loi Sclerospora Lo i: S. maydis: bnh bch tng ng Loi: Pseudoperonospora: Lo i P. cubensis gy bnh sng mai da chut
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H Albuginaceae Nm g trng, Bc b o t (sporangium) th nh chui. Loi: Albugo: Lo i A. candida: gy bnh g trng cy h thp t. B: Entomophthorales Nm gy bnh trn cn trng.
Gii FUNGI (Nm tht) C quan sinh trng: si ; vch t b o cha glucan v (chloroplast) Ng nh: Chytridiomycota To ng b o t c mt lng roi. Lp: Chytridiomycetes Si nm trn hoc d i, khng c m ng ngn ngang. B: Chytridiales H Synchytridiaceae Loi: Synchytrium Lo i: S. endobioticum gy bnh ung th c khoai ty Nhm ng nh Amastigomycota (khng sinh b o t ng) Ng nh: Zygomycota Lp: Zygomycetes (Nm mc) Nm hoi sinh hoc k sinh trn cy, ngi v ng vt. B: Mucorales Sinh sn v tnh : b o t bc (sporangiospore) khng di ng Sinh sn hu tnh: B o t tip hp (zygospore), si n b o H Mucoraceae Loi: Rhizopus Lo i R. nigricans: bnh mc en Loi Mucor Lo i Chaenophora. C. cucurbitarum: thi qu bu b chitin; thiu lc lp
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Ng nh: Ascomycota (nm ti) Si nm a b o, sinh sn v tnh conidi (b o t phn sinh). Sinh sn hu tnh: B o t ti (ascospore). C hay khng c qa th. Lp: Hemiascomycetes Khng c qu th, to ti (ascus) trn. B Taphrinales H Taphrinaceae Loi Taphrina Lo i T. dephormans: gy bnh qun, phng l o, mn Lp Saccharomycetes (nm men) Lo i: Saccharomyces cerevisiae - nm men Lp Cleistomycetes C qu th dng qu th kn (Cleistothecium). Si nm v qu th, c nh b o t phn sinh u nm trn b mt cy (ngoi k sinh, k sinh chuyn tnh). Ti b o t c mt m ng ngn. B Eysiphales Loi Erysiphe Lo i E.cichoracearum - bnh phn trng Loi Leveilula Lo i L. taurica - gy bnh phn trng c chua Loi Sphaerotheca Lo i S. pannosa - gy bnh phn trng hoa hng Loi Uncinula Lo i U. necator - bnh phn trng cy nho Loi Podosphaera Lo i P. leucotricha - bnh phn trng cy to Lp Pyrenomycetes C qu th m (qu th bu - Perithecium). T b o t (ascus) c 1 m ng vch. B Microascales Khng c t to (stroma). Ti hnh bu dc, trn. B o t ti n b o.
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Loi Ceratocystis (Ceratostomella) Lo i C. fimbriata gy bnh so en khoai lang C. paradoxa gy bnh thi ma, da B Sphaeriales Qu th m, c t to, ti dng hnh tr thon, b o t ti n b o Loi Glomerella (v tnh Colletotrichum sp.) Lo i G. cingulata - bnh thn th ch Loi Phyllachora Lo i P. graminis - bnh m en B: Hypocreales T to m u m, nht. Ti l nh . B o t ti t mt n hai, ba t b o ty loi. Loi Gibberella Lo i G. fujikuroi - bnh la von (v tnh: Fusarium). Loi: Hypocrea C giai on v tnh l cc lo i Trichoderma v Gliocladium Loi Ustilaginoidea. Lo i U. virens - Bnh hoa cc la Loi Claviceps Lo i C. purpurea - gy bnh ca g la m. B Diapothales Loi Diaporthe (giai on v tnh l phomopsis): Lo i D. citri gy bnh kh c nh cam qut D. vexans (Phomopsic vexans) bnh m vng c tm Loi Magnaporthe: (v tnh l Pyricularia sp.) Lo i M. grisea - gy bnh o n la Lp Loculoascomycetes Ti (ascus) c 2 m ng vch, nm trong cc hc trong t ta. B Dothideales Cc hc (locules) chm trong t ta c l. Ti hnh bu dc, hnh tr thon th nh h ng. B o t ti mt n v i t b o, c mu nu hoc khng m u. Loi Mycosphaerella (Giai on v tnh l Cercospora, Septoria....) Lo i M. musicols - bnh m l trn chui
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Loi Elsinoe Lo i E. fawcetti - bnh so cam chanh B Capnodiales Qu th nm trn b mt, nhiu si nm m u nu sm Loi Capnodium Lo i C. citri - bnh mui en (b hng) cam qut B Pleosporales Loi Cochliobolus (Bipolaris) Lo i B. turcicum bnh m l ng Loi Pyrenophora (Dreslera) Lo i P. graminis (m l la m) Loi Setosphaera (Exserohilum): m l c Loi Pleospora (Stemphylium): m kh l h nh Lo i S. tomato (Bnh m nu c chua) Loi Leptosphaeria (Phoma): m l ma Loi Venturia (Spilocaea) Lo i V. inaequalis - bnh m l to. Loi Guignardia (Phyllosticta): Bnh m l.
Lp Discomycetes Qu th a (Apothecium), c lng m B Helothiales B o t ti bu dc hoc thon d i, hnh si,...C 1 n 3 t b o. H Helothiaceae Loi: Monilia Lo i M. fructigena - bnh thi nu qu to, l. Loi Sclerotinia Lo i S. sclerotiorum - bnh thi hch bp ci Loi Diplocarpon (v tnh v tnh l Marssonina) Lo i D. rosae - bnh m en l hoa hng
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Loi Pseudopeziza Lo i P. trifolii bnh m l c 3 l. Ng nh Basidiomycota Si nm a b o mt nhn v hai nhn (ch yu). Sinh sn hu tnh to b o t m (basidium)trn cc m (basidium). C qu nm hay khng c. Lp Hemibasidiomycetes m c v ng ngn (a b o) sinh ra b t m, hoc tin si nm sinh trc tip ra Teliospore. B Ustilaginales (Nm than en) Loi Ustilago Lo i Ustilago maydis - Bnh phn en ng Loi Urocystis Lo i Urocystis cepula (than en h nh ty) Loi Sphacelotheca Lo i Sphacelotheca reiliana (bnh si en bp ng) Loi Tilletia Lo i Tilletia baclayana (bnh than en la). B Uredinales (Nm g st) m a b o, b o t sinh sn theo 5 giai on: b o t ging, b o t xun, b o t h, b o t ng v b o t m. H Pucciniaceae Loi Uromyces Lo i Uromyces appendilatus bnh g st u . Loi Phakopsora Lo i Phakpsora pachyrhizi - bnh g st u tng. Loi Hemileia Lo i Hemileia vastatrix (g st c ph). Loi Puccinia arachidicola (g st lc) Loi Phragmidium Lo i P. disciflorum (g st cy hoa hng). H Melampsoraceae
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Loi Melampsora Lo i M. limi (bnh g st cy lanh). Lp Hymenomycetes m (basidium) n b o. B Exobasidiales m trn, khng c qu nm H Exobasidiaceae Loi Exobasidium Lo i Exobacidium vexans (phng l ch). B Ceratobasidiales (Tulasmellales) Loi Thanatephorus (Rhizoctonia) Lo i Thanatephorus cucumeris l giai on hu tnh ca Rhizoctonia solani: gy bnh l c r nhiu loi cy, kh vn la. B Agaricales (nm m phin) Loi Armillaria Lo i Armillaria mellae nm m hi g, cy thn g. Loi Marasmius, bnh tc en hi ch, cy c. B Aphyllophorales (Polyporales) (nm l) Loi Aethalium (Sclerotium) Lo i: S. rofsii: Bnh ho r gc mc trng, thi thn nhiu loi cy Loi Corticium Lo i C. koleroga: bnh mc hng c nh c ph. Loi Heterobasidium - Bnh hi thn c nh cy du Loi Ganoderma - Bnh nm m hi thn g, cy rng Loi Polyporus: Bnh nm m hi cy thn g.
Ng nh Deuteromycotina (nm bt to n) Sinh sn v tnh cho b o t phn sinh (conidium). Sinh sn hu tnh rt him hoc cha bit. Lp Coelomycetes Sinh sn v tnh b o t phn sinh sinh ra trong cc cu trc a c nh (Acervulus)
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hoc qu c nh (pycnidium). B Sphaeropsidales B o t phn sinh sinh ra trong qu c nh b o t (pycnidium). H Sphaeropsidaceae Loi Phyllosticta: B o t n b o, khng m u Lo i Phylosticta tabaci (Bnh m trng thuc l). Loi Ascochyta: B o t hai t b o khng m u Lo i A. pisi (Bnh m nu u H Lan). Loi Diplodia: B o t hai t b o m u nu Lo i D. maydis (Bnh en chn ht ng). Loi Septoria (B o t nhiu t b o, hnh si, khng mu) Lo i S. chrysanthemi (Bnh m en l hoa cc). B Melanconiales: B o t phn sinh hnh th nh trn a c nh. Loi Colletotrichum: B o t n b o, khng m u. a c nh c lng cng. Lo i C. gleosporioides (Bnh thn th cy xo i). Loi Gleosporium: B o t n b o, a c nh khng c lng cng Loi Sphaceloma Lo i S. balatas (Bnh gh khoai lang). Loi Cylindrosporium (hu tnh Mycosphaerella): m l. Lp Hyphomycetes C nh b o t phn sinh n l, th nh cm, hoc b c nh. B Moniliales C nh b o t n l, l thin H Moniliaceae: b o t v si nm khng m u Loi: Pyricularia: b o t a b o, khng m u Lo i Pyricularia oryzae (o n la). Loi Botrytis: B o t n b o, khng m u, nh nhnh cc c nh b o t phnh to Lo i Botrytis cinerea: Bnh mc xm c chua, hoa hng,... Loi Verticillium: B o t n b o, khng m u
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Lo i V. dahliae: Bnh ho v ng nhiu loi cy Loi Penicillium Lo i P. digitatum: Bnh mc lc qu cam qut. Loi Trichoderma - Nm i khng H Demathiaceae - B o t hoc si nm c mu nu Loi Alternaria - B o t a b o, ngn ngang-dc, c mu Lo i Alternaria brassicae (m vng bp ci) Loi Stemphylium Lo i S. solani - Bnh m nu c chua Loi Bipolaris: B o t a b o, hnh con nhng, m u nu Lo i B. turcicum - Bnh m l ln cy ng. Loi Cercospora Lo i C. arachidicola - m en l lc. B Tuberculariales H Tuberculariaceae Loi Fusarium - B o t ln a b o, hnh li lim. B o t nh n b o Lo i F. oxysporum - Bnh ho v ng c chua khoai ty,... Lp Mycelia Sterilia (Agonomycetes): Nm tr Ph bin c si v hch nm. B Myceliales (Agonomycetales) Loi Rhizoctonia Lo i Rhizoctonia solani: kh vn; l c r. Loi Sclerotium Lo i Sclerotium rolfsii (Aethalium - hu tnh).
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Gii ng nh lp Gii Protozoa NG. Mastigomycota NG. Myxomycota Lp Myxomycetes NG. Plasmodiophoromycota Lp Plasmodiophoromycetes Gii Chromista Ng nh Oomycota Lp Oomycetes
Phn loi nm gy bnh cy (tm lc) B - H Loi Lo i
Physarales 1. Plasmodiophorales
Physarum., Mucilago Plasmodiophora brassicae Spongospora, S. subterranea
1. Sparolegniales 2. Peronosporales Pythiacea Peronosporaaceae Albuginaceae 3. Entomophthorales Entomophthoraceae
Achlya oryzae Pythium de Baryanum Phytophthora, P. infestans Peronospora, P. manshurica Albugo, A.A.candia
Gii FUNGI Ng nh Chytridiomycota Lp Chytridiomycetes NG Amastigomycota Ng nh Zygomycota Lp Zygomycetes Ng nh Ascomycota Lp Hemiascomycetes Lp Saccharomycetes Lp Cleistomycetes
1. Chytridiales Synchytrium, Physoderma Synchytriaceae 1. Mucorales Mucoraceae 1. Taphrinales Taphrinaceae 1. Endomycetales 1. Erysiphales Erysiphaceae
Rhizopus, Mucor, Chaenophora Taphrina deformans Saccharomyces cerevisae - Erysiphe cichoracearum - Sphaerotheca pannosa - Leveillula taurica - Uncinula necator, Podosphaera leucatricho - Glomerella cingulata - Phyllachora graminis - Ceratocystis fimbriata - Gibberella fujikuroi - (Trichoderma.,Verticillium)
Lp Pyrenomycetes
1. Sphaeriales
2. Hypocreales
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3. Diaporthales 4. Clavicepitales Loculoascomycetes 1. Dothideales 2. Pleosporales
* Ustilaginoidea virens * Magnaporthe grisea * Diaporthe vexans (Phompsis) * Claviceps purpurea Mycosphaerella Bipolaris, Leptosphaeria (Phoma) Pleospora (Stemphilium), Venturia (Spiloceae), Guignardia Capnodium Monilinia, Sclerotinia Diplocarpon, (Massonina) Ustilago maydis, Urocystis Sphacelotheca, Tilletia (Tilletiaceae) Uromyces, Phakopsora Hemilleia, Puccinia, Phragmidium Melampsora limi Exobasidium vexans Thanatephorus cucumeris (Rhizoctonia solani) Armillaria, Marasmius Corticium, Aethalium (Sclerotium) Heterobasidium., Ganoderma, Polyporus Sphaceloma, Cylindrospotium (Mycosphaerella) Phyllosticta, Ascochyta, Diplodia, Septoria, Phoma Piricularia, Botrytis Verticillium, Penecillium, Trichoderma
Lp Discomycetes Ng nh Basidiomycota Lp Hemibasidiomycetes (m a b o)
3. Capnodiales 1. Helothia Helothiaceae 1. Ustiaginales Ustiaginaceae 2. Uredinales - Pucciniaceae - Melampsoraceae
Lp Hymenomycetes (m n b o)
1. Exobasidiales Exobasidiaceae 2. Ceratobasidiales (Tulasmellales) 3. Agaricales (aceae) 4. Aphylophorales (Polyporales (aceae)
Ng nh Deuteromycota Lp Coelomycetes
1. Melanconiales Melanconiaceae 2. Sphaeropsidales Sphaeropsidaceae 1. Moniliales - Moniliaceae
Lp Hyphomycetes
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- Demathiaceae 2. Tuberculariales - Tuberculariaceae 1. Agonomycetales (Myceliales)
Alternaria, Stemphilium Bipolaris, Cercospora Fusarium Rhizoctonia R. solani Sclerotium (Aethalum) S. rollsii 8 ng nh (5 nm tht) 16 Lp (13)---29 B (24)-----
Lp Agonomycetes (Mycelia Sterilia)
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Chng Vi Vi khun gy bnh cy
I. Lch s nghin cu v tc hi ca vi khun hi cy Vi khun hi cy trng c pht hin u tin v o nm 1866, sau Hallier mi pht hin v nghin cu nhng loi vi khun gy thi c khoai ty (nm 1875). n nm 1880, Burill (M) i su nghin cu v bnh vi khun hi trn cc loi cy n qu (bnh chy xm cy l do vi khun erwinia amylovora), tc gi phn ly v nui cy c vi khun erwinia amylovora trn mi trng, ng thi xc nh c kh nng gy bnh ca n. Nm 1878, Prillien (Php) nghin cu xc nh c vi khun gy bnh trn la m hng (erwinia raphontici); Nm 1883, Wakler pht hin vi khun gy bnh trn cy hu d hng. Nm 1886, Savastano nghin cu th nghim v vi khun gy u sng r cy liu. Nhng nm sau n y (1895 - 1980) E. F. Smith m rng nghin cu mt cch to n din bnh vi khun hi trn nhiu loi cy trng. n nay ngi ta pht hin c hn 600 lo i vi khun hi cy trng v gn 250 lo i vi khun c kim tra (theo ACTA, 1990). Bnh cy do vi khun gy ra trong c nhiu bnh gy thit hi kinh t ln c bit trong thi k sinh trng ca cy cng nh trong thi gian bo qun, ct tr nng sn phm. i vi nhng khu vc sn xut thuc vng nhit i, s nhim bnh vi khun gy ra nhng thit hi ln cho sn xut nng nghip nh bnh bc l lu (Xanthomonas oryzae), bnh ho xanh cy h c nh c chua, khoai ty, thuc l,...(Ralstonia solanacearum Smith), bnh lot vi khun hi cy c mi (Xanthomonas citri), bnh thi t vi khun hi c khoai ty, c rt, h nh ty, thi ln ci bp,(erwinia carotovora). nhng vng trng trt c kh hu n i, bn n i ch yu xut hin gy hi bi cc lo i vi khun in hnh nh : Erwinia sp, Pseudomonas syringae, Xanthomonas sp., Corynebacterium sp., agrobacterium tumefaciens,gy hi trn hu ht cc loi cy trng : ng cc, cy hoa, cy cnh, cy n qu, cy thc phm, II. Hnh thi v cu to ca vi khun Vi khun hi cy l loi nguyn sinh n b o khng c dip lc, dng hnh gy, hai u hi thon trn, kch thc nh b (1 - 3,5 x 0,5 - 1m). C lo i vi khun khng c lng roi hoc c th c 1, 2 hay nhiu lng roi mt u, hai u hay xung quanh t b o. T b o vi khun ngo i c vch t b o, c loi c v nhn, bn trong l m ng t b o cht, t b o cht v nhn khuych tn, cu to bi chui AND v cc c quan khc nh ribosom, merosom, plasmid, - V nhn c tc dng bo v cho vi khun chng li nhng thay i ca iu kin
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mi trng. - Vch t b o: Cu to ch yu t nucleoproteit, gm hai cht chnh : lipoproteit v polysaccarit vi chc nng bo v hnh dng ca vi khun v c tnh bn thm cc cht ho tan hp th v o trong c th, trong m ng t b o cht d y t 50 100A0 (angstron), c chc nng : + Duy tr p sut thm thu ca t b o. + Bo m vic ch ng tch lu cht dinh dng trong t b o v thi cc sn phm trao i cht ra ngo i t b o. + L ni xy ra qu trnh sinh tng hp mt s th nh phn ca t b o v v nhn. + L ni cha mt s enzym ca t b o vi khun. T b o cht c cu to dng ht, trong t b o cht c nhn t b o khng in hnh, ngi ta gi l th nhn khuch tn, ch yu cu to bi ADN. Si ADN c chiu d i gp 20 50 ln chiu d i t b o vi khun. Ngo i ra, trong t b o cht cn c nhng ht t b o cht, nhng ht n y ch yu cha ng cc h thng men, c bit l men oxy ho - kh, xy ra qu trnh trao i cht ca t b o vi khun. Trong ht t b o cn cha ARN, hot ng ging nh b phn sinh ra nng lng ca t b o thc vt. a s cc lo i vi khun hi cy c lng roi pht sinh t trong t b o cht ra ngo i, n c th c 1, hoc t 1 3 mt u hay nhiu lng roi quanh mnh v c mt lo i vi khun khng c lng roi (Corynebacterium sepedonicum). Trong t b o vi khun cng c nhng sc t ho tan hay khng ho tan (carotenoide, fluorescein), nh khun lc ca vi khun c m u v ng, trng v mi trng vi khun pht trin cng c th c m u sc khc nhau. III. c im sinh sn ca vi khun gy bnh hi cy Vi khun hi cy sinh sn theo phng thc v tnh : phn i t b o, nn kiu sinh sn ca n rt n gin. Trong nhng nm gn y, qua kt qu nghin cu ngi ta thy rng vi khun khng nhng c hnh thc sinh sn v tnh m n cn ti t hp (hnh thc sinh sn hu tnh). Kt qu ca sinh sn hu tnh l to ra nhng dng vi khun mi, c tnh c v tnh gy bnh thay i l m cho kh nng bin d ca vi khun xy ra d d ng trong t nhin. IV. c tnh sinh l v sinh ho vi khun Vi khun gy bnh cy l nhng bn k sinh c th nui cy sinh trng, pht trin tt trn cc loi mi trng nhn to dng trong vi khun hc.
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Tuy ph thuc v o nhng yu t nht nh, nhng ni chung s sinh trng v sinh sn ca vi khun bnh cy bt u 5 100C, nhit ti thch 25 300C, ngng sinh sn 33 400C. Nhit gy cht 40 500C (trong 10 pht). Khc vi cc loi nm bnh, sinh trng v sinh sn, vi khun bnh cy i hi mi trng trung tnh - kim yu, thch hp pH 7 8. Phn ln vi khun bnh cy l ho kh cn oxy nn pht trin mnh trn b mt mi trng c hoc trong mi trng lng giu oxy nh lc lin tc trn my lc. Mt s khc l loi ym kh t do c th d d ng pht trin bn trong c cht (m cy) khng c oxy. Vi khun gy bnh cy l nhng sinh vt d dng i vi cc ngun ccbon v ngun m. Cho nn pht trin, vi khun cn nhn c nng lng thng qua con ng phn gii cc cht hu c c sn nh protein v polysaccarit. Phn gii ngun ccbon (ng, gluxit) to ra axit v kh. Tu theo loi vi khun c cng hot tnh mnh, yu khc nhau trong qu trnh phn gii n y m ngi ta coi y l mt trong nhng ch tiu c bn gim nh lo i vi khun. Trong cc pha sinh sn ca vi khun gy bnh cy trong mi trng lng th pha tng trng s lng (pha log) bt u sau 3 4 gi sau khi cy truyn v pha n nh s lng sau 24 28 gi. Trn mi trng c (agar) vi khun sinh trng to th nh khun lc. Khun lc c hnh dng, kch thc, m u sc, c th b mt, lng bng, v.v khc nhau, c trng cho cc nhm, cc lo i vi khun khc nhau. Ni chung i vi vi khun bnh cy, c th phn bit ba dng khun lc ch yu nh sau: Dng S: khun lc nhn, lng bng b mt, ra nhn. Dng R: khun lc s s, b mt trong m khng nhn bng, ra rn reo. Dng M: khun lc nhy nht. Trong qu trnh sinh trng pht trin, vi khun bnh cy c kh nng to th nh cc sc t tu theo lo i vi khun. Sc t ca vi khun l nhng hp cht c m (nit) to ra trong cc c quan m u chromophore hoc trong vch t b o. C nhiu loi sc t c m u khc nhau: m u xanh lc (fluorescein), m u xanh l (pyocyanin), m u (prodigiosin), m u v ng (carotenoit), m u en (melanin, tyrosin). Trong s n y, c loi sc t thm thu khuch tn v o mi trng l m bin m u mi trng nhn to khi nui cy vi khun nh sc t flourescein ca lo i Pseudomonas syringae. Cng c loi sc t khng thm thu, khng khuch tn v o trong mi trng m trong t b o cht l m khun lc c m u khi nui cy trn mi trng c nh sc t v ng carotenoit ca lo i Xanthomonas. to th nh sc t, vi khun cn cc cht dinh dng trong mi trng khc nhau, cn ngun m nit, mt s cht khong kim loi Fe, Cu, v.v v cn pH n nh.
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Sc t c vai tr trong h hp, trong qu trnh oxy ho kh, trong trao i cht ca vi khun. Sc t cn c vai tr bo v, chng tc ng c hi ca nh sng tia tm hoc c vai tr nh mt cht c hot tnh khng sinh, i khng, v.v Mt trong nhng c im c bn v sinh l v tnh gy bnh ca vi khun l kh nng sn sinh v hot ng ca cc h thng enzyme v cc c t. Qu trnh trao i cht phc tp trong t b o vi khun (s ) iu khin bi nhng enzyme (men) nh photphorilaza, transferaza, decacboxylaza, oxydaza, dehydrogenaza, hydraza,v.v cha trong ribosm, trong m ng t b o cht, vch t b o ,v.v Nhiu loi enzyme l nhng ngoi men do vi khun to ra, tit ra ngo i v o trong mi trng sng c coi nh l v kh quan trng ca k sinh vt, nh m xm nhim v o cy vt qua c cc chng ngi vt t nhin ca cy (biu b, cutin, vch t b o thc vt), chuyn ho cc hp cht hu c phc tp th nh dng n gin d hp th s dng cho vi khun v trung ho hoc v hi ho cc cht khng ca cy chng li k sinh vt. S chuyn ho cc cht dinh dng ca vi khun
Tng sinh khi Cht d tr Cc cht dinh dng hp th T b o vi khun Sn phm Trung gian ca d ho
Trao i nng lng Sn phm trung gian
Enzym e
Axit amin
c t
Axt hu c v.v
CO2
Indol H2S v.v
Cc men phn gii pectin mnh gian b o ca cy nh pectinaza, protopectinaza, polygalacturonaza, c hu ht cc vi khun hi cy, hot tnh mnh nht biu hin cc lo i vi khun gy cc bnh thi ra. i vi lo i vi khun gy bnh ho (Ralstonia solanacearum), men pectinmethylesteraza phn gii pectin c th sinh ra axit pectinic trong mch dn kt hp vi Ca to th nh pectat canxi vt tc s lu thng ca b mch, gp phn to ra triu chng ho t ngt ca cy bnh.
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Nhiu loi enzyme cutinaza (phn gii cutin), hemixenlulaza, xenlulaza (phn gii xenlulo) rt ph bin vi khun, c bit l vi khun Xanthomonas campestris (bnh thi b mch ci bp), Corynebacterium sepedonicum (bnh thi vng c khoai ty). Nhiu loi enzyme (men) thu phn chuyn ho cc hp cht phc tp ca t b o cy th nh cc hp cht n gin d s dng cho vi khun nh amilaza, invertaza, . Glucosidaza, lactaza v cc enzyme phn gii protein v peptit nh proteaza, peptidaza, amidaza, men phn gii cht bo nh lipaza, v.v Th nh phn v hot tnh ca cc loi enzyme ni trn khc nhau tu theo lo i vi khun. Cho nn h thng enzyme v sn phm phn gii to ra do s tc ng ca cc enzyme vi khun c s khc bit nhau c s dng nh mt ch tiu sinh ho quan trng phn nh lo i vi khun. C lo i vi khun nh enzyme ring bit c th phn gii gelatin, kh nitrat (NO3) to th nh nitrit (NO2). C lo i vi khun c th phn gii protein hay peptone to ra cc sn phm phn gii l indol hay ammoniac (NH3) hoc kh sulfua hydro (H2S), c lo i vi khun c th phn gii hp cht cacbon nh cc loi ng (glucoza, saccaroza, lactoza, maltoza, v.v) to ra cc sn phm axit hay kh hoc khng c kh nng . Tm li, vi khun nh c mt h thng enzyme phong ph khng nhng m bo c nhng cht dinh dng cn thit v qu trnh trao i cht trong t b o vi khun m cn c tc dng ph hu cu trc m v trao i cht bnh thng ca t b o cy cng nh cc hot ng ca h thng enzyme cy k ch. Vi khun bnh cy c th sn sinh cc c t. c t ca vi khun c tc ng ph hu h thng enzyme ca t b o cy k ch v gy ra nhng tc hi ln n cc chc nng sinh l v trao i ca m thc vt. C th phn chia cc loi c t vi khun th nh hai nhm: nhm pathotoxin v nhm vivotoxin. Cc loi c t pathotoxin c tnh c hiu theo lo i cy k ch v c vai tr ln trong vic to ra triu chng bnh. l cc loi c t tabtoxin, phaseolotoxin, syringomycin u l cc cht peptit, dipeptit, tripeptit, c tc ng c ch enzyme tng hp glutamine, l m nh tr s tng hp dip lc, ph v cc phn ng t v ca cy nh phn ng siu nhy chng li vi khun gy bnh (Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci, v.v) Cc loi c t thuc nhm vivotoxin l nhng polysaccarit (Pseudomonas solanacearum, Xanhthomonas sp.) amylovorin (Erwinia amylovora) hoc cc glucopeptit (Corynebacterium sp.). y l nhng c t gy ho cy, tc ng ph hu m ng t b o, mch dn ca cy trng. nghin cu v sinh l, sinh ho v c im sinh trng ca vi khun ngi ta cn phn lp thun khit cc lo i vi khun ring bit trn mi trng dinh dng nhn to, nui cy chng trn cc mi trng c hoc lng.
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Mi trng phn ly nui cy vi khun phn lp, nui cy vi khun t m thc vt b bnh trong vic nghin cu chn on, gim nh vi khun v cc c im sinh l, sinh ho ca chng, ngi ta thng dng nhiu loi mi trng dinh dng nhn to khc nhau tu theo loi vi khun v mc tiu nghin cu. Ph bin l mi trng bn tng hp v mi trng tng hp (ho cht). Cc loi mi trng iu ch c kh trng trit bng cch hp v trng trong ni hp nhit 1210C, 1 1,5 atm trong 15 30 pht. Mi trng PSA (Pepton-saccaro-agar) Pepton Saccarose Glutamat natri Agar Nc ct 10 g 10 g 1g 17 - 20 g 1000 ml
Mi trng PPSA (Potato-pepton-saccaro-agar) Khoai ty gt v Pepton Saccarose Agar Nc ct 200 g 10 g 10 g 20 g 1000 ml
Mi trng PGA (Potato - glucose-agar) Khoai ty Glucose (dextrose) Agar Nc ct 200 g 20 g 20 g 1000 ml
Mi trng Ayers (th phn ng to axit t cc loi ng cn thit cho thm v o) KCl MgSO4.7H2O NH4H2PO4 Agar Nc ct Bromothymol xanh 0,2 g 0,2 g 1g 12 g 1000 ml 1 ml (dung dch trong cn 1,6%)
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Mi trng chn lc KingB (Vi khun c sc t flourescein (Pseudomonas sp.) Glycerin K2HPO4 MgSO4.7H2O Bacto peptone Agar Nc ct pH 15,0 ml 1,5 g 1,5 g 20 g 17 g 1000 ml 7,2
Mi trng chn lc PPGA + 0,1% CaCl2 (Pseudomonas glumae), (Matsuda, 1988) K2HPO4 CaCl2 NaCl Na2.HPO4 Glucose Pepton Agar Khoai ty Nc ct 0,5 g 1,0 g 3,0 g 3,0 g 5,0 g 5,0 20,0 g 200 g 1000 ml
Mi trng Wakimoto ci tin (Xanthomonas oryzae) Bactopepton Nitrat canxi Pht pht natri St sunfat Saccaro Agar Nc ct 5,0 g 0,5 g 0,8 g 0,05 g 20,0 g 17 20 g 1000 ml
V. Tnh bin d di truyn vi khun S tng sinh khi ca vi khun bnh cy c tin h nh ch yu bng sinh sn v tnh theo phng thc phn i t b o m th nh hai t b o mi nh nhau nh s hot ng ca cu trc mezosm (mesosome) to th nh m ng ngn ngang gia t b o phn tch vi khun th nh hai t b o mi.
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Tuy nhin, cng nh cc sinh vt khc, vi khun bnh cy lun lun c nhng bin i tnh trng do tc ng thay i ca cc yu t ni ti bn trong c cu trc gen di truyn v cc yu t bn ngo i l cc yu t sinh thi, mi trng sng. Nhng bin i di truyn l m cho lo i vi khun c thm nhng tnh trng mi hoc mt i mt s tnh trng c gi l tnh bin d ca vi khun. Bin d di truyn l mt trong nhng con ng c bn nht dn ti s hnh th nh xut hin ra nhng dng mi, chng sinh l mi, ni sinh hc mi c tnh c, tnh gy bnh thay i ca mt lo i vi khun gy bnh cy trong thin nhin. l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn l m a dng ho v gy bin ng lin tc trong qun th k sinh trn ng rung, gy thm nhiu kh khn v phc tp cho vic chn la p dng cc bin php phng tr bnh vi khun. Nhng bin d di truyn i vi vi khun c th pht sinh do t bin ngu nhin v do ti t hp gen di truyn ca cc t b o vi khun. a) t bin: qu trnh t bin ca vi khun c th xy ra do cc yu t gy t bin ho hc v vt l hoc chnh do yu t cy k ch gy ra (ging khng hoc nhim). Di tc ng ca cc cht gy t bin ho hc hay cc yu t vt l (chiu tia phng x) hin tng t bin c th xy ra bt k mt on n o cc phn t nucleotit ca ADN, l m pht sinh cc th t bin hnh thi, t bin sinh l - sinh ho, v.v,Cc th t bin vi khun c nhng thay i v hnh thi khun lc, m u sc khun lc, tnh khng nguyn, tnh c, tnh gy bnh, tnh mn cm v chng chu i vi cht khng sinh, i vi thc khun th (bacteriophage), kh nng sn sinh c t, v.v Nhiu th t bin xut hin c nhng bin i tnh gy bnh nh lo i Pseudomonas tabaci, Erwinia aroidae. Trong gii hn mt qun th k sinh, tn s t bin v o khong t 1 10-5 n 1 10-10. b) Ti t hp vt cht di truyn: i vi vi khun, s ti t hp c th tin h nh theo 3 kiu: chuyn np, ti np v tip hp. - Chuyn np: l mt kiu ti t hp vt cht di truyn, l m bin ho h gen ca t b o vi khun nhn bng cch t hp th v o mt ADN ngoi lai c gii phng ra t mt t b o vi khun cho c nhng tnh trng khc. Griffith 1928 ln u tin pht hin thy hin tng t hp gia genom ca chng vi khun vi on ADN ngoi lai trng thi t do trong dung dch ca mt chng vi khun khc to th nh cc c th ti t hp vi khun mi c tnh trng b xung. - Ti np: l mt kiu ti t hp, l mang truyn mt on vt cht di truyn ADN (gen) ca mt chng vi khun vi khun cho gn v o genom ca t b o vi khun nhn thng qua mi gii chuyn ti l thc khun th n ho (bacteriophage n ho ). Thc khun th n ho l nhng thc khun th khng c tnh khng ph hu t b o vi khun ch m cng tn ti, ADN ca chng gn vi nhng on ADN (gen) ca chng vi khun ch, sau c th chuyn ti sang mt t b o vi khun khc.
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Vi khun ch mang bn trong nhng thc khun th n ho gi l vi khun sinh tan (lisogene). Hin tng ti np l c ch bin d rt quan trng ca vi khun c Lederberg pht hin u tin nm 1952 v sau Okabe v Goto, 1961 nghin cu hin tng ti np Ralstonia solanacearum (bnh ho xanh vi khun). y l mt kiu ti t hp c ngha quan trng trong vic to th nh cc chng ni ca lo i vi khun gy bnh cy. - Tip hp: l s tip xc trc tip gia hai t b o vi khun khc gii tnh truyn mt phn vt cht di truyn t t b o vi khun cho (vi khun gii tnh dng F+) v o trong genom ca t b o vi khun nhn (vi khun gii tnh m F ), dn n s hnh th nh mt hp t khng ho n to n (merozygote). Yu t gii tnh F l mt on ADN t do nm c lp trong nguyn sinh cht hoc gn v o ADN nhn vi khun. T b o vi khun c yu t F l vi khun c F+, l m nhim v ca t b o vi khun cho gen, ngc li l vi khun F l m nhim v ca t b o vi khun nhn(vi khun ci). T b o F+ c loi c tn s ti t hp thp, hoc chuyn ho th nh cc t b o F+ c tn s ti t hp cao (vi khun Hfr) trong kiu tip hp ca vi khun bnh cy lo i Pseudomonas v Xanthomonas. VI. Ngun gc v tin ho ca tnh k sinh vi khun gy bnh cy Tnh k sinh vi khun gy bnh cy bt ngun t kh nng dinh dng nhng m t b o thc vt cht. Trong thin nhin, t n d cy trng sau cc v thu hoch ri rng trn mt t, vi su trong t l ngun cung cp thc n cho vi khun. Mt khc mt s vi khun c th ri v o cc vng m t b o cht ca cy v mt l do n o v s dng cc tn b o cht l m thc n. Ngo i nhng yu t ngoi cnh kch thch s hot ng cc enzyme ca vi khun cng gi mt vai tr kh quan trng trong qu trnh tin ho ca tnh k sinh vi khun gy bnh cy. Cc lo i vi khun gy bnh cy khng phi cng c chung mt t tin, m c l chng xut pht t nhiu ngun khc nhau. C th ni rng vi khun gy bnh cy c bt ngun t cc nhm sau y: - Cc nhm vi khun hoi sinh trong t (Pseudomonas sp.) - Cc nhm vi khun sng ph sinh trn cc b phn khc nhau ca cy (Xanthomonas herbicola, v.v.) - Cc nhm vi khun sng trong t vng r cy. S hnh th nh tnh k sinh ca vi khun gy bnh cy xut pht t cc nhm trn y i theo cc con ng khc nhau. Con ng tri qua mt s giai on nht nh v
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mi giai on nh vy tnh k sinh c hnh th nh ng y c ng r nt. mi giai on nh vy cc yu t ngoi cnh cng c nh hng rt ln v c trng hp cc yu t bn ngo i c th l m cho con ng i ln ca vi khun k sinh tr th nh quanh co v c th c nhng lc phi quay tr li, ngha l tnh k sinh mi c hnh th nh, cha kp cng c c th b mt i. Trong mi giai on tin ln ca tnh k sinh, cy trng cng c nhng phn ng chng i nht nh v l m cho con ng i ln ca tnh k sinh khng phi l con ng thun li d d ng. Ni chung con ng tin ln ca tnh k sinh vi khun gy bnh cy c th bao gm cc bc sau y: 1. im xut pht : cc dng vi khun hoi sinh trong t, trong tp o n vi sinh vt r cy, trn cc b phn ca cy, mun tin ln gy bnh cho cy trc ht chng phi s dng c t b o cht ca cy l m thc n. 2. Xm nhp v o cc b phn ca cy ang trong tnh trng khng hot ng sinh l, cc b phn trong tnh trng ng ngh: c cy, hom ging, v.v 3. Gy bnh cho cc b phn ca cy ang trong trng thi tch cc hot ng sinh l. bc n y vi sinh vt phi thng qua hai giai on : * Gy bnh c tnh cht nht thi, trong trng hp gp nhng iu kin thun li nht v ch gy bnh c nhng b phn nht nh ca cy. Cc loi vi khun giai on pht trin n y cn cha mt hn kh nng sng hoi sinh. V vy gp trng hp bt thun chng c th tr li sng hoi sinh, tuy vy kh nng hoi sinh v chng i vi nhng tc ng ca cc loi vi khun hoi sinh khc c b gim st i nhiu v chng khng th sng bnh thng trong iu kin hoi sinh c. Mt khc tnh k sinh cc loi vi khun n y vn cha c n nh. * Gy bnh lu d i hn v bnh lan rng khp cc b phn k ch. Tuy giai on n y vi khun gy bnh c cho cy, nhng phm vi k ch ca chng rt rng. Phn ln l cc lo i vi khun a thc. Quan h ca chng vi cc lo i cy xc nh cha c xc lp, kh nng la chn ca chng cha hnh th nh. 4. Phm vi k ch b thu hp dn v tnh chuyn ho c hnh th nh. Cc lo i vi khun gy bnh cy bc pht trin n y phn ln l nhng lo i vi khun chuyn tnh. mc pht trin n y vi khun b mt hn kh nng hoi sinh v quan h ca chng vi cy tr nn rt khng kht v chng khng cn kh nng sinh trng pht trin ngo i t b o cy trng. VII. Phn loi vi khun gy bnh cy Phn loi vi khun gy bnh cy l mt vn rt phc tp, cn cha ho n chnh v thng nht. T cui th k 19 n nay, nhiu h thng phn loi vi khun bnh cy
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c xy dung nh h thng phn loi Migula, Smith, Bergey, Crassinicop, Dowson, Tesic, Gorlenco, v.v. Ngi ta p dng tng i rng r i bng phn loi vi khun Bergey. Nhng trong bng phn loi vn thiu mt s thng nht trong nguyn tc xp loi. Loi Corynebacterium gm cc vi khun thuc nhm gram dng, khng c lng roi (khng chuyn ng). Loi n y cng tng t nh loi Aplanobacter ca bng phn loi Smith. Loi Pseudomonas gm cc vi khun hnh gy, chuyn ng, hnh th nh cc khun lc khng m u. Loi Xanthomonas cng gm cc vi khun c hnh dng nh trn nhng hnh th nh cc khun lc m u v ng. Loi Erwinia gm cc lo i vi khun khng hnh th nh b o t v c lng roi to n thn. Loi Bacillus cng gm cc vi khun nh loi trn ch khc l c hnh th nh b o t. Ngo i 5 loi trn y cn mt loi c bit gm cc vi khun gy hin tng u sng, c bu trn cy, loi Agrobacterium. Vic tch ring loi n y da trn mt nguyn tc ho n to n khc (triu chng bnh) v c s khng c thng nht. Mt s lo i bt ngun t Rhizobium, mt s lo i bt ngun t lo i vi khun Pseudomonas fluorescens, v.v. Bng. Tng hp cc bng phn loi vi khun gy bnh cy ch yu
Dng khng Tc gi Migula 1894 1900 Leman v Neumann 1896 1927 Smith, 1905 Bergey, 1939 Pseudomonas Corynebacterium Bergey, 1948 Mycrobacterium Kratxinicp, 1949 Pseudobacterium Corynebactorium Pseudomonas Xanthomonas Pectobacterium Erwinia Xanthomonas Agrobacterium Pseudomonas Bacterium Erwinia Bacillus chuyn ng Bacterium Bacterium Dng chuyn ng v c lng roi cc Pseudomonas Bacterium Dng chuyn ng v c lng roi to n thn Bacillus Bacterium Dng c hnh th nh b o t Bacillus
Aplanobacter
Bacterium
Bacillus Erwinia
Phytomonas
Dowson, 1939, Corynebactorium Chromobacterium Pseudomonas 1957 Aplanobacter Chromopseudomonas Tesic, 1956
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Loi Erwinia theo sp xp ca Bergey, l mt loi khng ng nht. V vy Undi (1945) chia loi n y ra l m hai loi: loi Erwinia gm cc vi khun gy bnh c lng roi to n thn, khng c enzymee pectinaza v protopectinaza. Loi Pectobacterium cng gm cc vi khun hnh gy c lng roi to n thn, nhng c cc loi enzymee ni trn. Tm li, cc c s phn loi rt khc nhau tu theo quan im phn loi ca cc nh nghin cu v hu ht cc ch tiu phn loi cha c nghin cu y nn cc bng phn loi c vn cha thng nht cn thiu c s c th trong vic phn loi mt s lo i (species). Song nhn chung phn loi vi khun gy bnh cy, ngi ta da v o nhiu ch tiu phn loi : ch yu da v o cc c im hnh thi, sinh trng (hnh dng, kch thc t b o, c im khun lc, c im lng roi, tnh chuyn ng, kh nng nhum Gram, v.v...), ng thi da v o c tnh sinh l sinh ho (quan h vi xy, nhit , sc t, thu phn gelatin, tinh bt, kh nng phn gii protin to th nh indol, H2S, NH3, kh nng kh nitrat (NO3) th nh nitrit (NO2) hoc N t do, kh nng phn gii ngun cacbon, c bit l cc loi ng,v.v...v da v o tnh gy bnh, tnh khng nguyn, tnh chuyn ho k ch, c im triu chng bnh,...Gn y, cn da v o c im th nh phn cu trc ADN ca vi khun, phn tch trn c s sinh hc phn t xc nh, phn loi lo i vi khun. Da v o h thng phn loi truyn thng ca Bergey (1939, 1974) v Gorlenco (1966) c th nu tm tt chung v vi khun gy bnh cy nh sau : Lp Schizomycetes (Eubacteriae) B Eubacteriales H 1 :Mycobacteriaceae (Chester 1901): vi khun khng chuyn ng (Corynebacteriaceae). 1. Loi (Genus) : Corynebacterium (Lehman Neumann 1896) vi khun Gram dng. Lo i (species) : Corynebacterium sepedonicum 2. Loi Aplanobacterium (Smith, 1905; Tesic, 1956) vi khun Gram m. H 2. Pseudomonadaceae (Wilson, 1917) vi khun chuyn ng c lng roi cc. 1. Loi : Pseudomonas (Migula, 1900) : khun lc khng m u (trng kem). Lo i Pseudomonas solanacearum. 2. Loi Xanthomonas (Dowson, 1939) : khun lc m u v ng. Loi Xanthomanas campestris, v.v,... H 3 : Rhizobiaceae (Conn, 1938) 1. Loi Rhizobium (Frank, 1899) 2. Loi agrobacterium (Conn, 1942) : vi khun hi cy gy u sng.
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Lo i agrobacterium tumefaciens. H 4 : Bacteriaceae (Conn, 1872) : vi khun chuyn ng, nhiu lng roi bao quanh t b o, khng sinh b o t. 1. Loi : Erwinia (Winslow, 1920). Lo i Erwinia carotovora : khun lc khng m u. 2. Loi Chromobacterium (Bexgonzini, 1881) : c m u H 5 : Bacillaceae (Fischer, 1895) : vi khun chuyn ng, sinh b o t. 1. Loi Bacillus (Conn, 1872). 2. Loi Clostridium (Prasnowski, 1880). Trong nhng nm gn y, phn loi vi khun hin i nghin cu trn c s sinh hc phn t phn tch cu trc ADN ca lo i. ADN ca cc c th, cc isolate ca cng mt lo i u c mt code di truyn tng t nhau ngha l th nh phn nucleotit ging nhau, h m lng guanin v xitozin (G + X) tng t nhau. Nhng nghin cu khng nh : h m lng G.X ca cc lo i trong loi Erwinia l 50 54%; Corynebacterium: 54 - 55%; Pseudomonas: 58 - 63%; Xanthomonas: 64 - 69%. VIII. Triu chng bnh vi khun Cc loi hnh triu chng bnh cy c bn do vi khun gy ra : - Vt m, chy l: hin tng m m cht hoi t c hnh dng, m u sc khc nhau cc b phn trn mt t ca cy nht l l, qu thng c phn bit gi bng cc dng m l v chy l. Tiu biu l bnh bc l la (Xanthomonas oryzae), bnh m sc l la (Xanthomonas ozyricola), bnh gic ban bng, m l da chut, bnh chy xm cy l, v.v. - Ho r: Vi khun xm nhp gy hi h thng mch dn r, thn, c nh, l, n ph hu v vt tc b mch dn tr th nh m u nu, nu en, gy ho r nhanh chng mt s l, c nh v sau to n cy ho r v cht. in hnh l bnh ho xanh vi khun hi cy h c , h u,do lo i Ralstonia solanacearum Smith. - Thi hng: Triu chng rt ph bin c trng cho cc lo i vi khun Erwinia carotovora gy hin tng thi nhn c khoai ty, c rt, bp ci, h nh ty,v.v. - Bc m u: Triu chng th hin thi k u ca bnh vi khun hoc xut hin cng vi triu chng vt m hoi t. M bnh ho v ng nht, mt dip lc, nh bnh v ng l vi khun. - Bin dng u sng: Mt s t bnh vi khun c triu chng rt c trng to ra cc u sng r, thn, c nh,nh bnh ung th vi khun hi nho v cc cy trng khc (agrobacterium tumefaciens).
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IX. c im xm nhim v truyn lan ca vi khun 1. Tnh chuyn ho k sinh Tnh chuyn ho k sinh l s biu hin mc thch ng chn lc trn mt phm vi k ch thch hp k sinh gy bnh ca mt lo i vi khun. Cn c v o tnh chuyn ho k sinh, cc loi vi khun hi cy phn th nh hai nhm ch yu l vi khun n thc c tnh chuyn ho cao (hp) v vi khun a thc c tnh chuyn ho thp (rng). + Vi khun n thc, chuyn ho cao (hp) : k sinh gy bnh trn mt lo i cy trng hoc mt v i lo i cy trng nht nh trong mt h thc vt, v d nh lo i Corynebacterium michiganense (gy bnh ho cy c chua), lo i Bacterium stewarti (ho cy ng), lo i erwinia tracheiphila (ho bu b), lo i Xanthomonas oryzae (bc l la), lo i Xanthomonas malvacearum (gic ban bng), + Vi khun a thc, chuyn ho thp (rng) : c kh nng k ch k sinh, chn lc phm vi k ch rt rng bao gm nhiu lo i cy trng nhiu h thc vt khc nhau. in hnh l lo i Ralstonia solanacearum gy bnh ho xanh vi khun hi cc lo i cy thuc h c , cc lo i cy h u, bu b, chui,v.v. gm trn 200 lo i cy trng khc nhau thuc 44 h thc vt. Bnh vi khun u sng Agrobacterium tumefaciens hi trn 66 lo i cy thuc 39 h thc vt. Lo i erwinia carotovora gy hi trn nhiu lo i cy, nhiu h khc nhau nh ci bp, khoai ty, c rt, h nh ty,v.v. Cc lo i vi khun n thc c tnh chuyn ho cao, sng cc m sng ca cy hoc bo tn t n d cy bnh nhng khng c kh nng bo tn lu d i sng trong t so vi cc lo i vi khun a thc. Nghin cu tnh chuyn ho ca vi khun l mt trong nhng c s khoa hc ca vic xy dng h thng phng chng tng hp bnh vi khun hi cy trng. 2. c im xm nhim gy bnh Qu trnh xm nhim bao gm cc giai on k tip nhau : xm nhp ly nhim giai on bnh giai on pht trin bnh. * Giai on xm nhp ly nhim ban u c thc hin khi c s tip xc ca vi khun vi b mt b phn cy trng, xm nhp c v o bn trong m cy thng qua cc con ng khc nhau. Tu theo lo i vi khun m kh nng xm nhp v o m c khc nhau. Vi khun xm nhp v o cy ho n to n mang tnh th ng bi n khng c kh nng xm nhp trc tip chc thng v o m t b o hoc xuyn qua biu b, b mt l cy cn nguyn vn. - Vi khun xm nhp qua vt thng c gii : y l cch xm nhp th ng qua vt thng c gii do gi ma, cn trng, gia sc hoc do hot ng ca con ngi trong chm sc, vun si, ct ta l, thn c nh,...gy ra mt cch rt ngu nhin, nh nh ng nhng li c tc dng m ng cho vi khun d d ng xm nhp, ly nhim v o m khng cn nguyn vn. Phng php xm nhp ly nhim qua vt thng c gii l rt ph bin i vi nhiu lo i vi
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khun. Tiu biu l cc lo i vi khun Erwinia carotovora (thi c khoai ty, h nh ty, v.v.); Corynebacterium michiganense (gy ho c chua); Pseudomonas tabaci (m chy l thuc l),... - Vi khun xm nhp qua cc l h t nhin nh l kh khng, thu khng, cc mt c chi non, v thn,v.v. L kh khng trn l l con ng xm nhim tng i ch ng, ph bin ca nhiu lo i vi khun gy m l, hi nhu m nh lo i Xanthomonas malvacearum (gy bnh gic ban bng); Xanthomonas vesicatoria (gy bnh m en vi khun c chua),v.v. - Vi khun xm nhp trc tip v o cc m c quan khng c cutin bo v nh lng r, lng ht,... Mt s lo i vi khun c th xm nhp v o m cy bng mt hoc hai trong cc con ng xm nhp ni trn. V d lo i Xanthomonas citri gy bnh lot cy c mi c th xm nhp qua kh khng v qua vt thng c gii do gi ma, hoc do su v ba c l to ra. * Thi k tim dc ca bnh l giai on k tip ca qu trnh xm nhp ly bnh, n thay i tu theo ging cy k ch v cc yu t ngoi cnh, nht l yu t nhit v tnh c, tnh gy bnh ca cc chng vi khun. Ni chung trong phm vi nhit cho php nu trong iu kin nhit c ng cao th thi k tim dc c ng rt ngn, bnh pht triu chng c ng nhanh hn. V d: bnh gic ban hi bng do vi khun Xanthomonas malvacearum nhit thch hp 25 300C, thi k tim dc t 4 5 ng y, nhng nhit qu cao > 350C hoc qu thp < 200C th thi k tim dc ko d i ti 6 14 ng y. * Giai on pht trin bnh l giai on tip theo ca thi k tim dc, t khi triu chng bnh xut hin, bnh tip tc pht trin gy hi cy cho n khi kt thc. 3. c im truyn lan ca vi khun Trong thi k cy trng sinh trng pht trin trn ng rung, bnh vi khun c th truyn lan t cy n y sang cy khc, t vng c bnh n cc vng xung quanh bng nhiu con ng khc nhau : - Truyn lan nh gi, khng kh : lung khng kh cun theo vi khun, cc mnh vn m bnh c th truyn bnh i xa t ch n y sang ch khc. Tuy nhin bng cch truyn lan n y bnh vi khun ch truyn lan vi khong cch hp, nht l khi khng kh kh, vi khun khng sng c lu. - Truyn lan nh nc : vi khun d d ng truyn lan nh nc ti, nc ma, nht l trong iu kin ma, gi, b o. Ma gi cn l m sy st to ra cc vt thng nh rt thch hp cho vi khun xm nhp. Nc ti cng c th a vi khun t, cy lan truyn i xa vi mt khong cch rng ln. Nh c nc m cc t n d m bnh c vn chuyn i xa ly nhim bnh. - Truyn lan nh cn trng v cc ng vt khc : cc lo i ong, cn trng ming nhai
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u c th mang vi khun truyn i xa theo phng php c gii. Mt s lo i cn trng ming chch ht c th ly vi khun cy bnh, cha trong rut truyn bnh. Mt s tuyn trng trong t, c sn, chim, nhn cng c th truyn lan bnh vi khn trong t nhin. - Truyn lan qua hot ng ca con ngi : vi khun c th ly lan qua dng c v qua cc hot ng ca con ngi trong qu trnh chm sc, vun si, ta cy, bm c nh, ngt ngn hoc vn chuyn ht ging, cy ging nhm bnh i cc vng trng trt khc nhau. S truyn lan bnh, s pht sinh pht trin ca bnh mt ni n o c lin quan cht ch vi s tn ti v tch lu ca ngun bnh sn c. X. Ngun bnh vi khun Ngun bnh l nhng v tr, b phn m vi khun bo tn lu d i pht tn ly nhim bnh cho cy trong v trng, trong nm. Trong thc tin sn xut nng nghip, ngun bnh u tin ca vi khun bo tn t v n y sang v khc, nm n y sang nm khc u tn ti lu tr lu d i t n d cy bnh, ht ging, c ging, t trng, c di,v.v. - Ht ging, cy ging, c ging : l ngun bnh quan trng ca nhiu loi bnh vi khun hi cy. y l ngun bnh u tin. Vi khun bo tn, tim n bn trong hoc trn b mt ht ging, t truyn lan bnh i cc ni. V d lo i vi khun Pseudomonas phaseolicola tn ti v ht, bn trong ht, phi ht ca ht u tng,v.v. Ht ging b nhim vi khun l do trong thi k sinh trng ca cy b bnh, vi khun di chuyn theo b mch dn xm nhp v o ht (Xanthomonas malvacearum : bnh gic ban bng; Pseudomonas tabaci : bnh m l vi khun hi thuc l,v.v.). - T n d cy bnh l ngun d tr vi khun rt quan trng. Vi khun tn ti lu d i bn trong t n d m bnh ri rng, st li trn ng rung sau thu hoch cho n khi t n d b thi mc, gii phng vi khun ra ngo i mi d d ng b cht trong t do s tc ng ca cc vi sinh vt i khng, cc khun thc th (bacteriophage),v.v. - Mt s lo i vi khun cn c kh nng c tr qua ng, bo tn, tim sinh trong r cy trng v cy di trong t. V d nh lo i Pseudomonas tabaci (bnh m l vi khun hi thuc l), Xanthomonas oryzae (bnh bc l la), Ralstonia solanacearum Smith (bnh ho xanh vi khun c chua, khoai ty, thuc l,v.v.). - Nhiu lo i c di trn ng rung c mt quanh nm trn ng rung cng c th l k ch ca mt s bnh vi khun. Bn thn nhng lo i c di n y thng xuyn nhim vi khun tr th nh ngun bo tn lu tr bnh trong t nhin trong thi k c mt hoc khng c mt ca cy trng.
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XI. Chn on bnh vi khun Chn on bnh nhm xc nh ng nguyn nhn gy bnh, gim nh lo i vi khun gy bnh, trn c s chn la cc bin php phng chng bnh c hiu qu nhm bo v cy trng. Cc phng php thng dng chn on bnh vi khun : - Da v o triu chng c trng bn ngo i - Phng php vi sinh : pht hin v nghin cu cc c im ring v hnh thi khun lc v t b o vi khun, nhum vi khun trong m bnh, phn lp nui cy vi khun, ly bnh nhn to, v.v. - Phng php sinh ho, sinh l. - Phng php chn on huyt thanh. - Phng php chn on bng khun thc th (bacteriphage). - Phng php ELISA v PCR (phn ng chui Polymeraza). 1. Phng php chn on da v o triu chng bnh Mt s lo i vi khun hoc mt nhm vi khun hi cy c th gy ra nhng loi triu chng bnh c trng (nh triu chng bnh vi khun bc l la, bnh lot cy c mi, bnh m l thuc l, v.v). Tuy nhin da v o triu chng bnh ch c th xc nh chn on ng bnh trong mt s trng hp. Nhiu khi trn mt lo i cy, nhiu lo i vi khun khc nhau v nhiu loi vi sinh vt gy bnh khc nhau c th to ra cc triu chng tng t ging nhau rt kh phn bit (nh cc loi bnh ho r, bnh thi hng cy, c, qu, v.v). V vy phi tin h nh kho st chi tit thm bng cc phng php chn on khc trong nhng trng hp cn thit, khi chn on theo triu chng bnh ch l bc s kho ban u. 2. Phng php vi sinh xc nh bnh do vi khun gy ra, iu cn thit phi khng nh s c mt ca vi khun trong m bnh, phn lp t m bnh nui cy vi khun thun khit, sau ly bnh nhn to xc nh tnh gy bnh ca chng trn cy k ch theo nguyn tc Koch. Tip tc nghin cu xc nh r c tnh hnh thi, sinh trng khun lc v phn ng sinh ho c c s phn loi, gim nh lo i vi khun khi cn thit. Cc ch tiu hnh dng, kch thc ca t b o vi khun c quan st o m bng phng php hin vi, phng php nhum t b o vi khun hoc m bnh theo Gram, phng php nhum lng roi bng ho cht hoc bng knh hin vi in t. Cc c im khun lc ca vi khun trn mi trng nui cy (Agar) cn c xc nh r v hnh dng, m u sc khun lc, ra khun lc (m u trng kem : Pseudomonas sp; m u trng xm : Erwinia sp; m u v ng : Xanthomonas sp., v.v.). Tuy nhin mt s c
im khun lc ni trn c th thay i mt phn ph thuc v o c cht ca mi trng nui cy v mi trng c hiu ca lo i vi khun, v.v. 3. Phng php sinh ho Mt s ch tiu cn thit gim nh lo i vi khun cn chn on phi c kho st nghin cu bng phng php th cc phn ng sinh ho ring bit. Cc loi vi khun khc nhau phn bit v nhu cu, kh nng s dng cc cht dinh dng v v kiu trao i cht. + Cc loi vi khun phn bit khc nhau c hay khng c kh nng phn gii, s dng mt s gluxit, hp cht cha cacbon, hp cht hu c trong qu trnh trao i nng lng. chn on, ngi ta thng dng cc ngun cacbon l : monosaccarit, disaccarit, polysaccarit, ru v glucoside,... + Phn ng kh nitrat + Kh nng phn gii, s dng cc ngun m (protein, peptit) + Mt s phn ng khc 4. Phng php huyt thanh y l phng php chn on nhanh bnh vi khun c ng dng trong bnh cy nht l trong vic kim tra, chn lc ging, vt liu l m ging sch bnh v trong kim dch thc vt. Phng php huyt thanh chn on vi khun da trn c s phn ng c tnh c hiu cao gia khng nguyn v khng th tng t. gim nh vi khun gy bnh bng phng php huyt thanh cn phi iu ch sn tng loi khng huyt thanh c hiu vi tng lo i vi khun ring bit A, B, C,...Qu trnh c th khi qut theo s sau : KNA => ng vt mu nng (th nh ) => KTA KNB => ng vt mu nng (th nh ) => KTB KTA + KNA => { KTA + KNA } => phn ng dng. KTA + KTB => phn ng m Ghi ch : KNA l khng nguyn vi khun A. KNB l khng nguyn vi khun B. KTA l khng th A (khng huyt thanh vi khun A). KTB l khng th B (khng huyt thanh vi khun B).
XII. Phng tr tng hp bnh vi khun 1. Nguyn tc xy dng bin php phng tr bnh do vi khun Trong vic t chc v tin h nh bin php phng tr bnh do vi khun gy ra cn ch rng vi khun gy bnh rt khc nhau v mc k sinh. Mt nhm kh ln gm cc lo i vi khun cn bn l bn hoi sinh v ch gy bnh cho cy trong nhng trng hp nht nh. Vi khun n y ch xm nhp v gy bnh cho cy trong trng hp cy v mt l do n o m b suy yu nh chm sc km, thiu phn, thiu nc, thi tit khng thun li,v.v...Nhim v ch yu phng tr vi nhm vi khun gy bnh cy n y l loi tr cc iu kin gip cho bnh xm nhp v pht trin, ng thi tng cng chm sc cho cy tng tnh chng bnh ca cy. Mt s ln lo i vi khun gy bnh l nhng lo i k sinh thc s, chng ch c th sng trn cy hoc trn t n d cy m thi. Trong trng hp n y cc bin php k thut canh tc khng d d ng ngn cn s pht sinh v pht trin ca bnh, nhng mt mc nht nh c th l m cho bnh pht trin km i v l m gim nh tc hi ca bnh. t chc tt vic phng tr vi khun gy bnh thuc nhm n y cn nm c quy lut pht trin ca chng trong t nhin. Mi loi vi khun trong t nhin c nhng c im pht trin ring, thng l rt phc tp. Mun nm c nhng c im n y cn nghin cu tm hiu c tnh sinh vt hc ca vi khun trong mi tng quan ca chng vi iu kin mi trng xung quanh. c im pht trin ca vi khun gy bnh c th thay i ph thuc v o iu kin ngoi cnh v cc iu kin k thut canh tc,v.v. 2. Mt s bin php ch yu thng c p dng phng tr bnh do vi khun gy ra - Thc hin v sinh thc vt, loi b mm bnh lu tr t n d cy bnh sau thu hoch. - Lun canh vi cc loi cy trng khng phi l k ch, kt hp vi tiu dit c di, t n d cy bnh to iu kin cch li v hn ch s ly lan, tch lu ngun bnh trong t. - Chm sc tt, bn phn cn i hp l, trnh bn n thun qu nhiu m v c. Tng cng s dng phn hu c, phn chung hoai mc. - Chn lc v s dng ging chng chu bnh vi khun c nng sut cao trong cc vng v cc v d nhim bnh nng. Bin php s dng ging chng chu bnh thay th cc ging cm nhim bnh l bin php ch yu c ngha kinh t v hiu qu phng chng bnh vi khun. - S dng ht ging, c ging, vt liu l m ging sch bnh : bng cch ly ging t cc cy khng nhim bnh, nhn ging bng phng php nui cy m phn sinh (khoai ty sch Erwinia carotovora pv. atroseptica); x l ht ging bng nc nng (500C trong
20 pht chng Xanthomonas campestris, v.v...) hoc x l bng dung dch formol 1 : 90, hoc x l bng mt s thuc khng sinh nh Phytobacteriomycin, Streptomycin phng chng vi khun hi da chuut, u ,v.v... - Phng tr cc loi cn trng mi gii truyn bnh hoc gy vt thng to iu kin thun li cho vi khun ly nhim (cc loi rp, su v ba hi cam qut,...). - Bin php sinh hc, s dng ch phm sinh hc phng chng bnh vi khun, to iu kin thun li cho cc vi sinh vt i khng (Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus polymyxa,... hot ng tiu dit v c ch s pht trin ca vi khun hi cy.
Chng VII Virus gy bnh cy
I. Lch s nghin cu bnh virus hi thc vt * S pht hin ra virus hi thc vt A. Mayer (1886) pht hin s ly lan ca bnh khm thuc l nhng ng coi l mt bnh vi khun D.Ivanopski (1892) sau khi pht hin bnh ng cho rng l mt cht c. M i ti M.Bayerinck (1898) mi xc nh virus l mt nguyn nhn gy bnh mi nh b hn vi khun. Cc cng trnh ca A.Mayer, D.Ivanopski, M.Bayerinck v sau n y l ca Loeffler, Frosch, 1898 m u cho mn virus hc thc vt v sau n y l c mn virus hc ng vt v ngi pht trin v tr th nh mt ng nh khoa hc ln hin nay trong sinh hc hin i ca th gii. Cc cng trnh nghin cu virus tip sau dn xc nh chnh xc cc virus hi thc vt. Virus (TMV) ln u c quan st thy v o nm 1931 1939 trn knh hin vi in t u tin. T vic nghin cu hnh thi hc virus c pht trin nhanh chng ngi ta pht hin ra hnh thi nhiu virus. Phng php huyt thanh c s dng trong nhng nm 30 to chuyn bin ln trong nghin cu virus. Tuy vy, sau nhiu nm s dng cc phng php quan st huyt thanh thng thng khng c hiu qu cao, phng php Latex cng khng khc phc c. Nm 1977, Clark v Adams ln u tin pht trin phng php ELISA chn on cc cy bnh virus phng php n y thu c kt qu rt kh quan. n nm 1982 ngi ta s dng phng php DNA probe v phng php PCR (Polymeraza chain reaction). Phng php n y gip vic chn on virus thc vt chnh xc v nhanh chng trong trng hp cy ch c triu chng bnh rt nh hay bnh ho n to n dng n cng c th pht hin c. Cc tin b trn y cng c ng dng nghin cu to cy sch, to ging chng bnh. Ngi ta s dng gen ho m v protein ca virus gy min dch v phng php Cross protection (bo v cho) c ng dng c hiu qu. Ng y nay, vi cc ng gp ca Frankin, M.V.H. Van Regenmortel, C.M. Fauquet, D.H.L. Bishop v nhiu tc gi trong vic phn loi virus v nhiu nh khoa hc nghin cu sinh l, sinh ho, hnh thi, sinh thi hc, mn virus hc tr th nh mn khoa hc hin i v pht trin, tm ra nhiu quy lut v sinh hc mi. II. Nhng thit hi ca bnh virus thc vt. 2.1. Nhng thit hi chung ca bnh virus thc vt Bnh virus thc vt gy thit hi ln nht khng phi l cho cy trng b cht nhanh
chng m chnh l chng l m cho cy b thoi ho, gim sc sng, dn t n li. cy lu nm mt s virus sau khi gy bnh nng trong ma khi c thi tit v nhit n ho , nhng khi nhit thp hay qu cao thng gy nn hin tng mt triu chng (latent periode) l m cho ngi sn xut b nhm ln, khng pht hin c cy b bnh v mc nguy him ca bnh, ch n lc n o cy khng cn kh nng phc hi theo chu k bnh na, cy ho n to n t n li, khi mi bit th qu mun. Virus cng c th gy nn nhng thit hi nng n v nhanh chng ngay trong v trng ca cc cy thng nm nh virus gy bnh la v ng li bnh v ng l la, bnh xon l c chua, bnh virus khoai ty, bnh khm sc l h nh ty. Bnh virus hi la, virus hi sn tng hu dit h ng chc vn ha chu v chu Phi trong mt thi gian ngn cha ti 30 ng y t mt cnh ng xanh ti tr th nh v ng a, cht li. Thit hi quan trng th hai ca virus l nh hng ca bnh ti phm cht ca cc sn phm nng nghip: ht la b bnh v ng li thng b lp khng cho thu hoch, trong trng hp c thu hoch ht thng rt nh v ht go b en, khi n c v ng. Khoai ty b virus gy hi l m cho cy cn ci, l khm loang l, c khoai nh, h m lng tinh bt v cc cht dinh dng u thp. C trng hp bnh do mt chng c bit ca virus l m v qu, c c vt lot, bn gim gi tr thng phm, nh khi khoai ty b nhim mt chng virus Y. c chua b xon l qu b, mi kh v hoa rng; nng sut v phm cht u rt thp. Virus Tristeza hi cy cam ngt rt nng trn vng b bin a trung Hi, Trung M, ng Nam l m cho qu cam chn p v rng sm, qu cn non a v ng v, nc cam nht khng mi, v. Bnh virus cn nguy him ch: virus k sinh bt buc trong t b o cy k ch v vy khi t b o b hu hoi, cht, virus mi b mt hot tnh. Khi t b o non pht trin mnh, virus cng pht trin mnh, to ra nhng triu chng rt in hnh trn cy non hay b phn non ca mt cy. Chnh v vy khi nhn ging v tnh bng invitro, virus c kh nng ly lan rt ln trong vic pht trin cng ngh sinh hc v cc vng trng trt cng ngh cao. i vi nhng cy trng nhn ging v tnh nh cam, qut, khoai ty, khoai lang, sn nhn bng nui cy m, chit, ghp virus l nguy c hu dit rt ln i vi nhiu lo i cy trng. Chng kh pht hin v kh loi tr. Chnh v vy, chng tr th nh mt k th nguy him ca cng ngh sinh hc. cc nc pht trin, vic tiu dit bnh hi, loi tr bnh hi, to cy sch v cy chng chu virus, phytoplasma, viroide l mt cng vic quan trng trong sn xut nng nghip. 2.2. Thit hi ca bnh virus Vit Nam. Vit Nam l mt t nc c chiu d i gn 2000 km, kh hu nhit i gi ma. Trong nm c mt ma ng lnh pha bc. Chnh v vy, cy trng v thm thc vt Vit Nam bn ma xanh ti. y l iu kin bnh virus Vit Nam rt phong ph v
s lng v chng loi. Bnh gy ra rt nhiu thit hi nng n cho sn xut. V d: bnh v ng li t n ph h ng trm ng n ha la min ni, trung du v ng bng hai min Bc, Nam. Bnh v ng l cam, qut hu dit nhiu vn cam, nhiu vn khc trong tnh trng thoi ho, gim nng sut nghim trng. Cc cy bng, h tiu, ca cao u b bnh gy hi. Cy h c nh thuc l, c chua, khoai ty, cc loi rau bu, b, cc cy h u: u tng, u xanh, u en cc cy n qu nh chui, da, u .. u mc bnh. Ngo i cy lng thc, cy cng nghip, cy n qu.v.v. virus cn hi cc loi cy thuc, cy hoa, cy cnh c th ni rng virus l mt loi bnh nguy him, ph hoi hu ht cc loi cy trng. Bnh gy nn s thoi ho dn n t n li cy trng, thm ch c th hu dit nhanh chng nhng din tch ln trong sn xut trng trt. Bnh khng nhng l m gim nng sut cy trng m cn l m gim phm cp ca sn phm. V vy y l mt loi bnh gy hi to n din v rt nguy him cho ng nh trng trt nc ta cng nh trn th gii. III. c tnh chung ca virus hi thc vt.
3.1. Virus hi thc vt l nhng nucleoprotein rt nh b
Nhng virus dng cu nhm Luteo virus kch thc ch t 23- 24nm. Nhng virus dng cu nhm Ilavirus c kch thc bin ng t 26 - 35 nm. Hn mi nhm virus khc cng c kch thc bin ng trong khong 29nm, 30 - 34nm. Virus ln nht dng cu l Tomato spotted wilt cng ch c ng knh 80nm. Nhm Rhabdoviridae l virus dng vi khun to nht (135 - 380 x 45 - 95nm). Virus d i nht l cc virus dng si nhm Clostero virus d i 2000 x 12nm. Chng nh b nh vy nn vic tm kim pht hin chng i hi phi c nhng phng php c bit. 3.2. Virus k sinh mc t b o v chng c kh nng nhn ln trong t b o Ngi ta pht hin thy virus nhim cc c th nh b nh mycoplasma, vi khun, nm cho ti cc thc vt thng ng, ngi, ng vt Theo cc t i liu, hin nay ngi ta bit ti 2000 lo i virus gy bnh cho cc sinh vt trong c 1/2 ( khong hn 1000 lo i) l cc virus hi thc vt cha k n cc chng loi ca chng. 3.3. Virus c cu to rt n gin, chng c 2 th nh phn chnh l protein v axit nucleic. Li axit nucleic bn trong c bao bng mt lp v protein (capside). Thng axit nucleic ca virus gy bnh cy hu ht l cc virus c genom l ARN chui n (+), ch c mt s t genom ARN l mch kp v c rt t. Khong hn 25 lo i l virus c li ADN mch kp. Virus gy bnh cy thng ch c 1 loi protein.
3.4. Virus c kh nng hot ng chng chu vi cc iu kin ngoi cnh: xc nh kh nng chng chu n y bng 3 ch tiu: thi gian tn ti dng dch, ngng pha lo ng v nhit l m mt hot tnh (Q10 ). 3.5. Virus cn c kh nng bin d: virus d d ng to th nh chng (strain) mi khi cy k ch v mi trng sng thay i v virus c th mt hot tnh (ni cch khc l virus cht). Virus c nhiu c tnh khc, vi cc nguyn nhn gy bnh khc khng phi ch do chng nh b m do cu trc vt l, cu to ho hc, cch xm nhim, sinh sn v di chuyn trong t b o cy k ch, triu chng to th nh trn cy k ch cng rt khc bit. Tuy nhin, cho ti nay tri qua h ng trm nm khi virus c pht hin trn th gii cho ti nay cc nh virus hc vn cha i n mt kt lun chnh xc: virus c phi l mt sinh vt theo ng ngha ca n hay khng? Bn cnh nhng c im ging nh mt sinh vt nh c im xm nhim v gy bnh, s di truyn v bin d, c b mt hot tnh (cht). Virus li c th tch ARN v protein ring, ri ghp genom (ARN) ca n vi mt v protein khc, virus li tr li hot ng bnh thng. Virus cn c th to th nh dng kt tinh trong t b o cy. Nhng c im n y ho n to n khng phi l c im ca mt c th sng. Tuy nhin, cho n nay virus vn c xp v o nhm cc vi sinh vt gy bnh cho cy, cho ngi v cho gia sc, v chng c kh nhiu c im ging mt sinh vt nh b, s phn loi n y ch mang tnh tng i. IV. Triu chng bnh virus hi thc vt Vic phn loi triu chng bnh virus hi thc vt c ngha quan trng trong chn on, phng tr v nghin cu bnh hi. Tuy nhin, s phn loi bnh ch c tnh cht tng i v din bin triu chng bnh rt phc tp v cch phn loi cn tu thuc v o quan im ca mi tc gi khc nhau. Qua nghin cu bnh virus thc vt, nhiu tc gi chia bnh th nh cc nhm sau: 4.1. Khm l: Bnh virus thng xm nhim v o l cy gy ra hin tng khm l, loang l, ch xanh m, ch xanh nht, ch bin v ng. y l triu chng ph bin nht vi hu ht cc bnh virus hi cy. C th nu v d mt s bnh sau: virus khm thuc l, khm l t, khm l da chut, khm l u, khm l khoai ty. a) Khm m cht c hnh nhn Nh bnh m hnh nhn cy u , cy mn, cy thuc l, cy hoa cm chng b) Hin tng gn l cht, sng gn, bin dng, Virus khm l khoai ty (dng khm nhn) to ra cht gn cy khoai ty, gn l trong cy thuc l (bin dng gn do virus qun l gy ra) c) Hin tng khm l, ln cy Khm l km theo cy ln cng l mt dng bnh rt ph bin cy bnh virus: nh
bnh khm ln cy ng, bnh v ng ln cy la, xon ln cy bng, 4.2. Bin dng: nh xon l c chua, cun l khoai ty, xon l h tiu, xon l t, khm nhn l khoai ty,Ngo i bin dng l cn hin tng bin dng c qu. Nh bnh m ho c chua, bnh v ng ln khoai ty, bnh virus to, nho, mn cng gy bin dng qu. 4.3. Bin m u: nh bin v ng la, v ng l cy cam, v ng l cy u, 4.4. Hin tng t n li: cy ci cc, ln, mc tng bi nh bnh ln bi cy lc, bnh la c, bnh Tristeza cam, bnh chm ngn chui. 4.5. Gy vt cht thn cy: Bnh v ng l cam, gy ra vt lm thn cy cam chanh v virus sng c nh to. Cch chia nhm c trnh b y trn c ngha nhn bit bnh nhanh thng qua vic quan st thc t. Mt s tc gi chia triu chng bnh th nh cc nhm: Nhm bnh nhim h thng (nhim to n cy) v nhm bnh nhim b phn (gy vt cht cc b). Cch chia nhm n y gip cho vic chn on bnh hi s b lc u. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp n o c virus va gy cc vt cht va nhim h thng. Vic phn nhm vn ch c tnh cht tng i. Tuy nhin, y l cch chia nhm c gi tr cao hn cch chia nhm theo triu chng n thun.
4.6. Tnh chng chu ca virus thc vt
Virus l mt k sinh rt nh b, k sinh tuyt i trong t b o thc vt. Trong trng hp virus b tch ra khi t b o, nm trong dch cy, chng s rt kh tn ti. Nghin cu vn n y c ngha quan trng v nhm virus truyn c hc mun truyn bnh phi sng mt thi gian trong dch cy mi c th truyn n mt t b o sng khc ca thc vt. Nhiu tc gi i n nhn xt: cc yu t - s ko d i i sng ca virus trong mt dch cy b xi ho do mi trng, tc ng ca cc mc nhit cao, thp khc nhau, kh nng dch cha virus b pha lo ng do ma, mi trng, c nh hng rt r rt n vic bo tn sc ly bnh ca virus qua mt k ch mi. Vi nhn xt trn cc nh virus hc kho st kh nng chng chu ca virus vi mi trng bng 3 th nghim n gin: + Thi gian tn ti ca virus trong dng dch: ly 10 hay 20 ng nghim kh trng c nt kn, iu kin nhit trong phng th nghim v quy nh thi gian ly tng ng nghim ra ly bnh cho cy kho. Thi gian n o ko d i nht m dch cy vn cn kh nng ly nhim bnh ngi gi l thi gian tn ti trong dng dch ca virus. V d: - Virus Y khoai ty (PVY): 15 pht - 1 gi
- Virus khm l ma (SCMV): 1 ng y - Virus khm thuc l (TMV): 1 thng - Virus X khoai ty (PVX): 1 thng
+ Ngng pha lo ng: cng b tr th nghim tng t v ly bnh cho cy kho cc mc pha lo ng: 1 gi nguyn dch chit t l cy nhim virus, pha lo ng 1/2, 1/4,...1/8...1/16...1/32...1/64...1/128... ngng pha lo ng s l mc pha lo ng cao nht m dch cy cha virus cn gi c kh nng ly bnh. Sau mc pha virus khng ly bnh c na. V d: - Virus Y khoai ty (PVY) l 10-2 - Virus X khoai ty (PVX) l 10-5 - Virus khm thuc l (TMV) l 10-6 + Nhit l m mt hot tnh (Q10): l nhit trong bnh un cch thu (c nh nhit trong 10 pht) m nhit virus bt u mt ho n to n kh nng ly bnh. V d: - virus Y khoai ty (PVY) Q10 = 520C
Virus X khoai ty (PVX) Q10 = 720C
- Virus khm thuc l(TMV) Q10 = 930C - 960C tu theo chng Tu theo chng virus m Q10 c th dao ng 1 v i . V d virus TMV c th c chng c Q10 bin ng t 93 0C - 960C. V. Hnh thi v cu to ca virus thc vt 5.1. Hnh thi Virus thc vt v virus hi sinh vt ni chung c hnh dng v kch thc rt a dng. Chng c th c dng hnh gy ngn, hnh gy d i, hnh cu, hnh khi a din, hnh si ngn, si d i, hnh vi khun v nhiu dng khc. a) Nhm virus hnh gy - Virus khm thuc l (TMV) kch thc 15 x 300nm - Virus khm l u h lan kch thc 46 200 x 22nm - Virus khm sc l la mch kch thc 100 150 x 20nm b) Nhm cc virus c hnh si mm - Virus X khoai ty (PVX) kch thc 480 580 x 13nm (si ngn) - Virus A khoai ty (PVA) kch thc 680 - 900 x 13nm (si d i trung bnh) - Virus Tristeza hi cam, chanh v virus bin v ng c ci ng c kch thc t 800 - 2000 x 12 nm. (si d i nht) Thuc nhm Potex virus (d), Poty virus (e), Clostero virus (f). c) Nhm virus c cu to i xng dng hnh cu - Virus m cht l thuc l dng cu, ng knh 30 nm - Virus khm l da chut dng cu, ng knh 29 nm
- Virus khm l sp l dng cu, ng knh 50 nm Thuc nhm Tymo virus (g), Cucumo virus (h), Caulimo virus (i). d) Nhm virus c cu to i xng hnh vi khun - Virus m cht v ng rau dip, kch thc 300 x 52nm Nhm Alfaifa mosaic virus 28 58 x 18nm Thuc nhm Rhado virus (k). e) Cc nhm virus c hnh dng khc: l nhm Germini virus v Tenui virus. 5.2. Cu to a) Cu to Bnh thng mi mt virus u c cu to t protein v axit nucleic, mt s virus c bit cn cha c polyamin, lipit hoc men c hiu (nh thc th khun Bacteriophage). T l axit nucleic v protein thay i vi mi loi virus khc nhau. Axit nucleic thng chim t 5 - 40%, cn protein nhiu hn thng chim t 60 - 95%, lng axit nucleic thp v protein cao c th thy cc virus c hnh si d i tri li lng axit nucleic cao v protein thp c th thy cc virus c dng hnh cu. Trng lng to n c th ca virus cng rt khc nhau, t 4,6 triu n v trng lng phn t virus khm l c Brome, 39 triu virus khm l thuc l v 73 triu bnh virus gin thn thuc l,... b) Protein ca virus thc vt Cng c to th nh t nhiu axit amin nh alalin, acginin, sistein, glixin, lizin, lesin, fenilalamin, treonin, prolin, triptophan, tirozin, valin, axit asparagimic, axit alutamic,... Cc axit nucleic ca virus: ARN hay ADN quyt nh bn cht protein ca chng (th nh phn cu to, s sp xp,...). V d: virus khm thuc l (TMV) l virus c dng hnh tr ngn (hnh gy ngn) kch thc o c 300 x 15nm. Cc phn t protein c sp xp theo hnh xon (l xo) bao quanh, mt chui cc axit nucleic (ARN). gia hnh tr c mt li rng. Cc phn t protein cng sp xp dng xon bao quanh gi l v (capside) ca virus. Lp v ca virus khm thuc l c 161/3 n v phn t protein cho mt vng xon, v virus c 130 vng xon. cc virus hnh si xon mm nh nhm Potex virus, nhm Poty virus, nhm Clostero virus,... s sp xp ca li axit nucleic (ARN) v v protein cng tng t virus khm thuc l.
cc virus hnh cu nh nhm Luteo virus, nhm Cucumo virus,...cc phn t protein v axit nucleic sp xp i xng qua tm ca hnh cu ging nh mt khi a din. Cc virus c dng hnh vi khun, nh virus thuc h Rhaboviridae v Caulimoviridae l nhng virus c cu to i xng qua trc xuyn tm. i vi mt s virus ADN thuc h Caulimoviridae protein c xp vng quanh, cn cc si ADN nm th nh tng vng khp kn gia (hnh dng cc virus c m t trn hnh). c) Axit nucleic ca virus thc vt Phn ln cc virus thc vt c cu to genom l ARN chui (+) v v bc ngo i l protein. Mt s t c ARN chui kp, khong 25 virus thc vt cha li ADN chui kp, ngc li virus ng vt th phn ln l virus c genom l ADN. C ARN v ADN u l nhng chui phn t d i, cha h ng trm hay nhiu hn l h ng ng n cc n v nh c gi l nucleotit. Chui polynucleotit n y c phn t lng l 2,5.106 ( virus khm l thuc l). d) Th kt tinh ca virus Mt s virus trong iu kin nht nh ca mi trng c th to th nh tinh th. Nm 1935, W. M. Stanley tch c tinh th ca virus khm thuc l (TMV). Virus ch to th nh tinh th khi chng trng thi tnh (virion). Mt s virus to th kt tinh khi ta x l amonisunphat. Ng y nay, ngi ta c th to ra tinh th virus ngay trong ng nghim v bn cht ca hin tng n y l do tc dng ca cc lc ni kt gia cc phn t v ph thuc cu to l ho b mt ca cc vt th nh b khng phn bit l sinh vt hay phi sinh vt. Trong th nghim y hc ngi ta l m kt tinh virus gy bnh bi lit khi to ra im ng in trong ng nghim. Tinh th ca virus thc vt c quan st thy rt r di knh hin vi quang hc thng thng nht l cc virus thuc nhm Tabamo virus hay Poty virus,... Tuy nhin, s xut hin ca chng ph thuc v o tnh trng ca cy lc ly mu v iu kin mi trng. e) Chc nng axit nucleic v protein: trong cu to c th virus thc vt c nhng chc nng khc nhau: axit nucleic gi vai tr quyt nh tnh di truyn xm nhim v ly bnh ca virus thc vt, protein c tc dng bo v, bm gi v c vai tr quan trng trong khi virus truyn bnh qua mi gii truyn bnh. VI. S xm nhim v tng hp virus mi. 6.1. S xm nhim ca virus Virus xm nhp v o t b o qua cc vt thng nh do sy st v nh s tip xc ca git dch cha virus hoc do c st tip xc gia l cy bnh, cy kho m virus xm nhp v o t b o. Virus cn c th truyn bnh trong trng hp mt ht phn hoa b nhim virus c ri v o mt no n thc vt. Trong m cy b nhim bnh virus di chuyn trong t
b o cht ca t b o v c th i sang cc t b o khc thng qua cc si lin b o hay cc vt thng m ra vch t b o. 6.2. S ti sinh virus a) Khi nim S ti sinh (replication) hay sinh sn l s hnh th nh phn t virus mi t phn t virus ban u. Sau khi xm nhp v o t b o k ch, s ti sinh virus tri qua 4 giai on: 1. Tho v gii phng b gien virus 2. Tng hp protein virus 3. Tng hp b gien virus mi 4. Lp rp phn t virus b) c im chung S ti sinh virus, mc d khc nhau ty nhm, nhng u c c im chung sau 1. Virus s dng vt liu ca t b o k ch (amino acid, nucleotide) tng hp protein v acid nucleic ca chnh virus. 2. Virus s dng nng lng ca t b o k ch (ch yu di dng cc hp cht cao nng nh ATP) tng hp protein v acid nucleic ca chnh virus. 3. Virus s dng b my tng hp protein ca t b o k ch (ribosome, tRNA v cc enzyme lin quan) tng hp protein ca virus. Qu trnh tng hp s da trn khun mRNA ca virus. Tt c virus thc vt s dng ribosome 80 S ca t b o k ch. 4. Hu ht cc virus thc vt tng hp 1 hoc 1 s enzyme cn thit cho qu trnh tng hp b gien virus. V d: a. Tt c cc virus RNA m ha RdRp (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase). RdRp l mt enzyme polymer ha v c chc nng tng hp RNA trn khun RNA. b. Cc geminivirus (c b gien DNA si vng n) m ha Rep (replication) protein. Rep khng phi l mt enzyme c chc nng polyme ha nhng c chc nng ct v ni cc phn t DNA virus trong qu trnh tng hp si DNA virus. Tm li, s ti sinh virus ph thuc ho n to n v o b my tng hp protein v acid nucleic ca t b o k ch. S d nh vy l do virus ni chung v virus thc vt ni ring ch m ha mt s t gien; v d cc begomovirus ch m ha 5 - 8 gien, cc potyvirus ch m ha 10 gien. Do phi da ho n to n v o vt cht ca t b o thc vt sinh sn, cc virus pht trin mnh trn cy non v t b o non trong mt cy. cc cy gi ci, qu trnh n y s chm li hay hu nh ngng hn. Chnh v vy, tui cy non v phn non ca cy l ni virus sinh sn rt mnh. Cc iu kin ngoi cnh nh: nhit qu cao, thp, pH ca
mi trng, nh sng, ch dinh dng, chm sc. Mt cht c nhiu nh khoa hc xc nhn c bn cht protein tn l interferon c th sn sinh ra t b o k ch khi virus xm nhp. Vi nng thp khong mt phn triu gram c kh nng c ch sinh sn ca virus. Chnh v nhng l do trn bnh virus khng gy c tc hi hu dit ngay m thng gy thoi ho. S hu dit ch xy ra khi iu kin mi trng v cy bnh thun li cho virus sinh sn v ly nhim, nh trong cc trn dch ca bnh la v ng li nc ta nhng nm 1960. 6.3. S di chuyn ca virus trong t b o cy. Virus xm nhp v o t b o cy, chng di chuyn theo dng t b o cht hoc c trng hp virus di chuyn theo cc dng nha nguyn v dng nha luyn ca cy, ln v o s di chuyn ca cc cht dinh dng, nc hay mui khong ca mch dn thc vt. Virus di chuyn t t b o n y qua t b o khc qua cc cu ni nguyn sinh mt cch chm chp. Quan st mt virus khoai ty xm nhp v o ngn mt l k ch di thp ca cy khoai ty non, G. Samuel ghi nhn: sau 3 ng y virus mi nhim ht mt l n, sau 4 ng y mi nhim ht on gn ca l kp v mt phn on thn st gc, sau 5 ng y mi nhim ht dc theo gn chnh v mt l ngn (cc l khc cha h nhim virus). Sau 10 ng y mi nhim ht 2 l ngn, 1 thn chnh v l kp ni virus ly nhim v o u tin... ti 25 ng y sau virus mi nhim trn to n cy khoai ty b ly nhim. S dch chuyn ca virus trong to n cy to th nh mt cy bnh nhim h thng vi cc triu chng to n cy nh khm l, xon l, ln cy, ln bi... C trng hp virus cho ly nhim cc b trn l, to vt cht, khng ly lan to n cy thng gi l cy nhim bnh cc b: l dng vt cht hoi trn cy thuc l di, cy c c dc, cy cc bch nht... khi nhim cc virus TMV, PVX... VII. Phn loi virus thc vt Vic phn loi virus gy bnh c chn on theo U ban quc t v phn loi virus (International committee on taxonomy of viruses gi tt l ICTV) da v o c im cu to, hnh thi ca virus cng nh mi quan h huyt thanh v cc c tnh khc nh c im truyn lan, ly nhim, phm vi k ch c bit l cc c im di truyn ARN v ADN. Tn gi ca virus hi thc vt quy nh dng ting Anh bao gm tn ca cy k ch chnh, triu chng bnh trn cy k ch v cui cng l t virus. V d: virus gy bnh khm thuc l - Tobacco mosaic virus - vit tt l TMV. Theo Agrios G.N, 1997 trong h thng phn loi tt c cc lo i virus thc vt thuc ng nh virus (Kingdom: viruses). Trong ng nh tu theo cu to ca axit nucleic chng c chia l m 2 nhm ARN virus v ADN virus da v o axit nucleic ca virus l ADN hoc ARN. Chng ti s dng bng phn loi theo Claude Fauquet (2001). A/ Nhm ARN virus a) Cc virus c ARN si n dng (ss ARN +) + ARN virus dng hnh gy: gm 32 lo i
- 1 ssARN (+) Ging Tobamovirus - 2ssARNs Ging Tobravirus V d: Tobacco rattle virus V d: Tobacco mosaic virus (virus khm thuc l)
- 2-4 ssARNs: virus hnh gy truyn qua nm Ging Furovirus. ngun gc t t). - 3ss ARNsS Ging Hordeivirus. V d: Barley stripe mosaic virus (virus khm sc nh la i mch) + ARN virus dng si mm: 280 lo i - 1ssARN Carlavirus Trichovirus Potexvirus H Potyviridae - 1ssARN virus hnh si mm d i Ging Closterovirus: V d: Beet yellows virus (virus v ng l c ci ng) V d: Carnation latent virus (virus n hoa cm chng) V d: Apple cholorotic leafspot virus (virus m v ng l to) V d: Potato virus X (virus khm l khoai ty) V d: Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus (virus khm l la m c
+ ARN virus dng hnh cu: 165 lo i - 1ssARN (+) H: Sequivirisdae Waikavirus. la) H: Tombusviridae Ging: Tombusvirus chua) Ging Carmovirus Ging Machlomovirus Ging Necrovirus Ging Luteovirus V d: Carnation mottle virus (virus m l cm chng) V d: Maize chlorotic mottle virus (virus m v ng ng) V d: Tomato bushy stunt virus (virus chn ngn t n li c V d: Rice tungro spherical virus (virus tungro dng cu hi
V d: Tobacco necrosis virus (bnh m cht thuc l) V d: Barley yellow drawf virus (virus v ng ln)
Ging Sobemovirus V d: Southern bean mosaic virus (virus khm l u)

Ging Tymovirus ci) - 2ssARN (+) H: Comoviridae Ging: Comovirrus Nepovirus - 3ssARN (+) H: Bromoviridae Ging: Ilavirus Cucumovirus Alfamovirus
V d: Turnip yellow mosaic virus (virus khm v ng cy c
V d: Cowpea mosaic virus (virus khm l cy u a) V d: Tobacco ringspot virus (virus m hnh nhn thuc l)
V d: Tobacco streak virus (virus sc ln thuc l) V d: Cucumber mosaic virus (virus khm l da chut) V d: Alfalfa mosaic virus (virus khm l c inh lng)
+ Cc virus c ARN si n m ( - ssARN): gm 90 lo i - 1(-) ssARN H: Rhadoviridae Nucleorhadovirus - 3 (-) ssARNs H: Bunyaviridae Ging: Tospovirus - 4 (-) ssARNs Ging: Tenuivirus b) ARN si kp (ds ARN) + Virus hnh cu: 40 lo i 2dsARN H: Reoviridae Ging: Fijivirus Oryzavirus B/ Nhm ADN virus a) ADN si kp (ds ADN): 21 lo i + ds ADN virus hnh cu: Ging Caulimovirus V d: Cauliflower mosaic virus (virus khm spl)
V d; Potato yellow dwarf virus (virus v ng ln khoai ty)
V d: Tomato spotted wilt virus (virus m ho c chua)
V d: Rice stripe virus (virus sc nh l la)
V d: Rice Fiji disease virus (virus bnh Fiji la) V d: Rice ragged stunt virus (virus xon ngn l la)
+ Virus hnh vi khun khng c v bc: Ging Badnavirus V d: Rice tungro baciliform virus (virus tungro dng vi khun hi la) b) ADN si n (ss ADN): 55 lo i + Virus hnh ch y Gy hi cy mt l mm, lan truyn qua r y H Geminiviridae Ging Geminivirus V d: Maize streak virus (virus sc l ln ng) Gy hi cy hai l mm, lan truyn qua b phn. V d: Bean golden mosaic virus (virus khm v ng cy u). + Virus hnh cu n V d: Banana bunchy top virus (virus chn ngn chui). VIII. S truyn bnh virus thc vt Virus thc vt xm nhp v o cy kho hoc truyn lan sang i sau ca cy trng bng nhiu con ng rt khc nhau hoc nh mi gii truyn bnh (vector) hoc khng nh mi gii truyn bnh. Nhng ni chung l virus khng th t lan truyn, chng lun phi nh mt s tr gip bn ngo i c th ly lan. Ta c th tm chia cch truyn bnh ca virus thc vt l m 2 nhm: 8.1. S truyn bnh virus khng nh mi gii. a) Truyn bnh qua nhn ging v tnh thc vt - Qua nui cy m: virus c th truyn d d ng qua nui cy m t b o thc vt. Nu t b o b nhim virus c em nui cy v nhn ln s lng ln th nhng cy con c to th nh c th b nhim bnh t 90 100% mc bnh khc nhau. - Truyn qua hom ging chit t cy b bnh, qua mt ghp, c nh ghp, chi ghp, gc ghp b nhim bnh. Cc cy trng nhn ging v tnh bng c nh khoai ty, mt s cy hoa, cy cnh, bng c v thn nh khoai lang, sn... lun c nguy c b virus ph hoi trn din tch ln, nu khng kim sot c ngun ging ban u. b) Truyn bnh qua ht ging v qua phn hoa Virus thng khng truyn qua ht ging Bnh virus truyn qua phn hoa khng ch nhim v o ht ging m c th nhim v o cy con hay mm mc t ht ging . Quan trng hn chng c th truyn qua trong qu trnh th phn hoa xm nhp v o cy m. Virus cng c th qua phn hoa m ly t cy
n y qua cy khc trn ng rung. C khong 100 virus lan truyn c qua ht ging. Tuy nhin, trong thc t ch c mt s t ht mang virus. Mt v i trng hp c bit nh: TRSV t l nhim bnh rt cao c th n 100% s ht cy bnh (cy u tng). BSMV nhim ht cy la mch t 50 100%, virus TMV nhim ngo i v ht (Barley). Ht cy h u b nhim nhiu loi virus (u tng v cc loi u n qu). Do cn ch chn lc ging sch bnh chng virus nhim ht to cy con b bnh th nh ngun bnh ban u nguy him cho cy trng ban u sau n y. c) Virus truyn bnh bng c hc, tip xc Truyn bnh virus bng c hc tip xc thng xy ra vi nhm cc bnh virus c tnh chng chu cao vi iu kin mi trng. Trong thin nhin khi cy mc d y, giao tn nhau bnh c th truyn khi l cy bnh c st v o l cy kho, c bit l cc rung trng rau v cc cy trng h ng nm. Thng trong ma ma b o nc ta, khi gi mnh t cp 3, 4 tr ln d gy ra vt thng cy nn t l cy nhim bnh c th cao hn. Cc vt thng gy nn do cn trng, cc ng vt khc, my mc, dng c. Khi chm bn, thu hi to cc vt thng thn cy, l, r, cy kho l iu kin cho virus dng git dch ly nhim t cy bnh sang. Cc virus khm khoai ty X, virus bnh khm l cy thuc l l cc virus d d ng ly bnh qua cc vt thng c gii, tip xc. Cc virus c kh nng chng chu km hn vi iu kin ngoi cnh nh virus Y, virus A khoai ty ly truyn c hc yu v truyn cn trng d d ng hn. Virus c kh nng truyn bnh qua cc vt thng nh. 8.2. S truyn bnh virus bng mi gii Mi gii (vector) l cc vt trung gian gip cho virus c th t mt cy bnh xm nhp v o cy kho thc hin qu trnh xm nhim, gy bnh. T nm 1895 Takata, 1901 Takami (Nht Bn) pht hin b ry Inazuma dorsalis v b ry Nephotettix cineticeps l mi gii truyn bnh la ln cy Nht Bn. Nm 1916 Doolittle pht hin ra rp Aphis gossypii truyn bnh khm l da chut. Nm 1920, O.Botjes thy rp Myzus persicae truyn bnh cun l khoai ty. Theo Harris (1981) c ti 381 lo i ng vt c th truyn bnh virus hi thc vt, trong 94% thuc ng nh chn khp (athropoda) v 6% thuc ng nh giun trn (Nematoda). Cn trng l nhm mi gii c bit quan trng chim ti 99% cc lo i thuc ng nh chn khp truyn bnh virus thc vt.
a) Cc phng thc truyn qua mi gii Virus truyn bnh bng mi gii c th c nhiu kiu truyn bnh khc nhau: - Truyn bnh theo kiu truyn sinh hc ngha l c mi quan h sinh hc gia virus v c th cn trng, virus c mt thi gian tim n trong c th cn trng, qua tuyn nc bt i v o h thng tiu ho thm qua th nh rut v o mu ri li tr v tuyn nc bt. Sau giai on tim n n y virus c th c tng nng do c c c hay trong mt v i trng hp virus c th sinh sn ngay trong c th cn trng. Cc tc gi chia cc kiu truyn bnh qua cn trng v cc ng vt th nh 3 nhm virus. + Nhm truyn theo kiu bn vng: l nhng virus c th sng bn vng trong c th cn trng mt thi gian v t mt v i ting n mt v i tun l mi c kh nng ly bnh cho cy. V d: - virus gy bnh xon l c chua (Tomato leafcurl virus) - Virus gy bnh cun l khoai ty (Potato leafroll virus) + Nhm truyn bnh theo kiu khng bn vng. Gm nhng virus khng c kh nng tn ti trong c th cn trng t mt v i pht ti 1 gi. l nhng virus ly bnh nhanh chng trong khong thi gian t 15 giy n 30 pht chnh ht cy bnh sau c th ly lan ngay. in hnh l virus thuc nhm Potyvirus nh: - Bnh khm ln cy ng (Maize dwarf mosaic virus) - Bnh khm v ng l u (Bean yellow mosaic virus) + Nhm truyn bnh na bn vng Nhng virus thuc nhm n y c kiu truyn bnh trung gian gia hai nhm trn. C th k in hnh l virus Tungro hi la, virus Tristeza hi cam chanh... b) Cn trng truyn virus Cn trng chim ti 99% s lo i thuc ng nh chn khp (athropoda, Harris, 1981), cc lo i cn trng c th truyn bnh virus hi thc vt thuc cc b: -B cnh u (Homoptera) -B cnh na (Hemiptera) -B cnh cng (Coleoptera) -B cnh thng (orthoptera) - B cnh t (Thysanoptera) l nhng b c nhiu h v lo i cn trng truyn bnh. Cc h rp mui (Aphididae), h ve su (Cicadellidae), h mui bay (Delphasidae), h ve su sng
(Menbracidae), h b phn (Aleyrodidae), h rp gi (Pseudococcidae). Cc b, h cn trng gm rt nhiu lo i. Theo A.Gibbs v B. Harrison (1976) c khong 400 lo i v c th truyn hn 200 virus khc nhau gy nhiu bnh hi cy trng. Ch ring rp o (Myzus persicae) thuc h rp mui c th truyn ti 60 bnh virus. Cc lo i rp, b ry, b phn,v.v... phn ln u chch ht dch cha virus t b mch phloem ca cy, virus c truyn c th thuc nhm bn vng, khng bn vng hay na bn vng tu thuc c tnh ca virus thuc nhm n o v mi quan h gia chng vi cn trng. C lo i rp c th truyn c 3 lo i virus thuc 3 nhm, c lo i ch truyn 1 virus thuc mt nhm, iu n y ph thuc v o mi quan h sinh hc gia cn trng v virus. C lo i rp khi ht virus persistant n c th gi virus c i trong c th, song khi ht virus non - persistant n ch gi virus tuyn nc bt trong khong 15 giy n 30 pht nh rp o, b ry (Nephotettix apicalis) c th gi virus bnh la ln qua c th c i v c th truyn qua trng ti 7 i sau. Tui ca cn trng cng rt quan trng, ni chung cc cn trng t tui 3 - 5 c kh nng truyn bnh nhiu hn cc cn trng cn non. c) Nhn truyn virus thc vt Nhn thuc lo i tm chn, chng c mt kh cao trn cc cy k ch nhng phm vi k ch ca nhn hp hn cc lo i cn trng khc. Theo kt qu nghin cu ca nhiu tc gi, nhn l mi gii truyn mt s lo i thuc h eriophyidae, c kch thc khong 0,2mm, y l nhng lo i nhn rt nh v c phm vi k ch hp. Lo i nhn h Tetranyhidae c kch thc di 1mm c phm vi k ch kh rng. Lo i Tetranychus telarius (Schultz, 1963) hay lo i T. urticac (Koch) c th truyn virus PVY. Lo i nhn Aceria tulipae truyn virus gy bnh khm sc l la m, chng c th chch ht trong 15 pht. Virus khng truyn qua trng nhn (Slykhui, 1955). d) Virus truyn bnh nh tuyn trng C hn 20 virus c truyn nh tuyn trng, cc ging Trichodorus, Paratrichodorus, Longidorus ging Xiphinema... Cc lo i tuyn trng thng truyn nhng virus khng bn vng nh bnh ho nu sm u H Lan (Pea early browning), bnh gin l thuc l (Tabacco rattle virus) truyn bnh bng nhng tuyn trng trng th nh ca hai ging Trichodorus v Paratrichodorus. Mt s ging tuyn trng c th gi trong c th chng mt thi gian kh d i, mt v i thng thm ch h ng nm (Van Hoof, 1970). Cc nhm Tobraviruses, Nepoviruses l nhng nhm virus thng truyn bnh nh tuyn trng. e) Bnh virus truyn nh nm Mt s lo i nm gy bnh cy, trong qu trnh gy bnh xm nhp v o cy kho c kh nng mang theo virus thc vt xm nhp v gy bnh cho cy, c bit l cc lo i nm
sng di t nh nm Olipidium, Polymyxa v Spongospora. Cc nm n y thng sinh b o t ng (zoospore) xm nhp v o r cy kho v gy bnh cho cy. Nm Olipidium thng truyn cc loi bnh virus: -Virus gy m cht hoi thuc l (Tabacco necrotic virus) -Virus gy m cht hoi da chut (Cucumber necrotic virus) -Virus ci cc cy thuc l (Tabacco stunt virus) Nm Polymyxa truyn bnh khm l la m (Wheat mosaic virus) v bnh m cht v ng gn cy c ci ng (Beet necrotic yellow vein virus). Nm Spongospora truyn bnh qut ngn khoai ty (Potato moptop virus). f) Virus truyn bnh bng dy t hng Qu trnh truyn bnh n y thng xy ra chm, n ph thuc v o s sinh trng v pht trin ca cy t hng. Trong trng hp cy t hng pht trin trn cy bnh nhanh v mc lan sang cy kho sm th bnh cng c th ly nhanh, ngc li, cy t hng pht trin chm trn cy bnh th vic truyn bnh s ko d i. Thi gian ko d i t 5 6 thng hoc lu hn. Bnh thng ly cay di, cy ly g, cy n qu. IX. Phng tr bnh virus hi thc vt Hin nay trn th gii ngi ta pht hin ra khong 650 loi virus hi thc vt (Yohashiro v ctv, 1991), trong c nhiu bnh hi c ngha kinh t. Bnh virus khng ch l m gim nng sut cy trng m cn l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy thoi ho ging cy trng. Theo Reesman A. J., 1970 chu u virus cun l l m gim nng sut 50%, virus Y v virus A l m gim nng sut 50% vi triu chng nng, virus X v virus S l m gim nng sut 25%. Bnh virus hi c chua l m gim nng sut t 15 25% (Broadbent, 1976), bnh virus hi thuc l l m gim thit hi 5,2 triu la trong nm 1978 ti nam Carolina (Gooding v Main, 1981). Bnh khm l cy ng cc gy thit hi c tnh t 3 14 triu USD (Sill v ctv, 1955) M. Bnh Tungro Philipines nm 1971 gy thit hi trn na triu tn thc,v.v. i vi cy lu nm nh cam, chanh, mn, l, to bnh virus khng nhng l m mt hoc gim nng sut, cht lng qu m cn l ngun bnh nguy him cho nhng nm sau. Virus c th truyn qua tip xc c hc, qua ht ging, hom ging, nui cy m, cn trng mi gii, nm, tuyn trng, thc vt thng ng k sinh,... Do tnh cht gy hi ch yu trong h mch dn, kh nng pht tn nhanh chng qua con ng trao i ging v s truyn lan ca cn trng mi gii nn bnh c mc pht trin mnh, d gy th nh dch. y l mt trong nhng loi bnh kh phng tr, cc bin php ho hc t c tc dng. 9.1. Cc bin php phng tr bnh virus hi thc vt Trn th gii nhiu bin php phng tr bnh virus hi thc vt c p dng nh loi b ngun bnh, tiu dit cn trng mi gii, dit c di, lun canh cy trng, dng
ging sch bnh hoc ging chng bnh, chu bnh. Da v o c im ca tng loi virus gy hi, c tnh cy trng ngi ta ra nhng bin php phng tr cho tng nhm bnh theo kh nng truyn lan v s tn ti ca ngun bnh.
* S dng ht ging, cy trng sch bnh
Mt loi virus c kh nng truyn qua ht ging v d: - Virus khm l u tng (SMV) (Jame v ctv, 1982) - Khm m cy lc (PMV) (Jame v ctv, 1982) - Virus khm m xanh l da chut (CGMV) (Holling v ctv, 1975) - Virus khm l thuc l (TMV) (Tsuzuki v ctv, 1967; Nagai, 1981) Bin php: - Chn ht ging t cy kho, sch bnh (Jame v ctv, 1982; Y.Honda v ctv, 1977). - X l ht ging l bin php tch cc loi tr v phng bnh ly lan trn vn m: + X l nhit (ht t, c chua, da) x l khng kh nng 700C trong 2 3 ng y, x l nhit khoai ty ging 360 C trong 40 ng y c th hn ch c virus cun l (Duriat, 1989). + X l ht ging bng ho cht nh Trisodium photphat 10% hay c th dng Monazon hn ch bnh lan truyn qua tip xc c hc (Yokashi v ctv, 1991, Yohachiro v ctv, 1991). -Bin php nui cy m t nh sinh trng cng x l nhit, bin php n y c ng dng rng r i trong v ngo i nc nhn ging cc loi cy nh khoai ty (Kasanis, 1957; Pett, 1974; Nozeran, 1977). Qu trnh x l nhit nhit 32 380 C trong thi gian 7 ng y n 7 tun sau nui cy nh sinh trng c th loi tr c virus A, xon l, virus X v virus Y trong khi virus M v virus S cng gim i ng k. i vi cc loi rau c vt liu sch ban u ngi ta phi dng bin php nui cy m, sau em nhn ging v tnh vi s lng ln dng sn xut ht (Walley v ctv, 1974). Cy n qu thng l cy d i ng y lun chu tc ng ca cc tc nhn truyn bnh, thi gian bnh thng ko d i, gy kh khn cho vic l m sch virus. Virus nui cy nh sinh trng v x l nhit i vi cy thn g kh khn hn nhiu so vi cy thn c do kh nng ti sinh chi yu. Qu trnh x l nhit thng c tin h nh ch yu nhng giai on c nh mang mt ghp sau n y. Theo Nyland v Gohhen (1969) x l nhit c th loi tr c 6 loi virus cy anh o, 2 virus cy phc bn t, 2 loi virus cy nho, 7 loi virus cy to. Th nh cng trong x l virus cy n qu kh t 100%. Nui cy nh sinh trng cy n qu nay mi ch c s dng trn nhng i tng sau: to (Walley, 1972), du (Putz, 1974) v nc ta cng nh mt s nc trn th gii nui cy m cy chui, du ty c s dng rng r i trong vic to ngun ging sch bnh cho
sn xut. Trn i tng l cy hoa, k thut nui cy m nhn ging v tnh c ng dng ti nhiu nc trn th gii. nc ta vi mt s lo i hoa qu nh phong lan, thu tin, cc cng s dng phng php n y,.. H Lan, Anh, c vic sn xut cy sch bnh l vic l m thng xuyn v c cc c s chuyn nhn v l m sch virus trn cy hoa. Bin php nui cy m to ngun ging sch bnh kt hp chn lc v sinh ng rung trn cy khoai ty c nghin cu v ng dng Vit Nam (Nguyn Quang Thch, Hunh Minh Tn, V Triu Mn v ctv, 1990 - 1992). Nng sut khoai ty trong h thng chn lc v sinh ng rung tng t 2,4 4 tn/ha trn din tch rng (V Triu Mn, 1986). 9.2. Chn on v phng tr bnh virus hi thc vt Phng php chn on virus thc vt rt ph bin hin nay l chn on bng triu chng, bng khng huyt thanh v kit ELISA, bng phng ph PCR, phng php cy ch th v bng knh hin vi in t ( trnh b y chi tit trn phn chn on bnh cy).
chng VIII Phytoplasma gy bnh cy (dch khun bo)
I. Lch s nghin cu Mycoplasma hi ng vt c pht hin t nm 1898 nh bc hc Php l Nocar v Roux. Ng y nay mycoplasma hi thc vt c gi l Phytoplasma. Bnh phytoplasma hi thc vt ln u tin c pht hin Nht Bn (J.Doi v ctv, 1967) vi hin tng cy khoai ty b bnh ln bi. Cho ti nay ngi ta pht hin hn 200 loi bnh khc nhau do phytoplasma gy ra h ng trm lo i cy. II. Triu chng v tc hi ca bnh Phytoplasma xm nhp v o b mch libe v gy ra hin tng bin v ng cy bnh. Hu ht cc cy b phytoplasma u c l m u nht, h m lng chlorophyl gim, bnh thng gy ra cc triu chng sau: - Bnh ho g c chua l m thn cy cng, l nh v nht m u, chu c c bnh chi ln c chua, n c bnh xon ngn ta c chua, i Loan c bnh trng l ma. - Bnh cun l khoai ty do phytoplasma l m l cun trn c m u ta, c nhiu vt cht thn, mch dn bin m u, cy mc n thn nh cao v cht non. - Bnh ln bi: l m cy mc th nh nhiu thn xo ra nh mt ci chi, hoa c m u xanh, mch g cht nh dng gn mng li. Phytoplasma gy ra rt nhiu bnh hi cy trng khc nh: bnh bin v ng cy cc ty, bnh ln cy la min, bnh ln cy ng chu u v chu M, bnh ho xanh v qu cam, chanh cc vng trng cam trn th gii. Bnh bin v ng cy la vng trng la ng Nam c dng do phytoplasma gy ra. Thit hi ca bnh ging nh bnh virus thc vt, phytoplasma gy thoi ho cy trng dn n nng sut v phm cht gim, cy dn dn thoi ho v t n li. III. Nguyn nhn gy bnh Phytoplasma c xp v o b Phytoplasmatales, lp Mollicutes (theo Bergey) chng c c tnh trung gian gia virus v vi khun c triu chng ging cc bnh virus thc vt v bnh do mi trng nn cn phn bit r khi gim nh. Phytoplasma thng c hnh bu dc, hnh ovan, hnh trn, i khi dng khng nh hnh v c kch thc ng knh nh nht khong 40 - 60 nm, thng gp 175 - 250 nm v ln nht t 300 800 nm. Nhiu tc gi cho rng l nhng giai on pht trin
ca c th phytoplasma. Phytoplasma khng c m ng vng chc nh vi khun, nhng c th ca chng c bao bc bng 2 lp m ng c tnh n hi d y t 75 - 100 A0. Ngi ta c th quan st thy cc si nhn t b o bao gm c ADN v ARN, trong ADN t hn ARN,... Phytoplasma c hn 40 loi men. Phytoplasma c h thng nng lng v qu trnh trao i cht ring bit. c bit Spiroplasma, mt loi phytoplasma c dng xon c th nui cy c trn mi trng nhn to. Spiroplasma thng ly bnh trn cy cam vng a trung hi. Do nhng c im trn ngi ta coi Phytoplasma l c th sng nh b nht c th tn ti mt cch c lp. Phytoplasma khng c kh nng sinh sn phn i nh vi khun. Khi chng sinh sn to th nh cc ht th si hoc cc th v quy tc, cui cng tch ra th nh nhiu th mycoplasma nh ging nh c th phytoplasma ban u. Phm vi k ch ca bnh kh rng, v d: bnh c chua ho g hi 350 lo i cy thuc 34 h. Phytoplasma lan truyn ch yu qua ghp cy, qua c ging, c nh gim v tnh, qua cy t hng, qua cn trng theo kiu truyn bn vng (persistant). V d: bnh ln bi khoai ty truyn bng b ry Ophila (nh Sleroracus flavopictus, S. dasidus, S. balli...). Bnh c chua ho g truyn bng b ry (Macroteles fascifron, Hyalesihes obsoletus, Convulvulus arvensis). IV. Chn on v phng tr Phytoplasma c chn on bng triu chng bnh hay bng cy ch th vi phng php ghp cy hoc phng php hin vi in t. Ng y nay ngi ta cn dng phng php sinh hc phn t DNA hay PCR xc nh bnh. Phng tr phytoplasma dng cc bin php phng tr virus thc vt gm: chn ging chng bnh, s dng cy sch bnh, dit mi gii truyn bnh v trong mt s trng hp c th dng thuc nhm Tetracycline x l mm bnh hn l phun thuc.
Chng IX viroide gy bnh cy
I. Lch s nghin cu Trong nhng nm 1917 1921, Schulrt v Folsom pht hin bnh hi l m c khoai ty c hnh thoi. Lc u gi l virus c hnh thoi hi khoai ty (Potato spindle tuber virus). Ti nm 1966, do pht hin ca T. Diener v W. Raymer bnh mi c xc nh l do mt loi vi sinh vt mi t tn l viroide gy ra. T , nhiu bnh hi do viroide ln lt c pht hin. II. Triu chng, tc hi Bnh viroide thng gy hi trn cy h c , c bit l cy t, c chua, thuc l; cy thuc h cam, chanh, h cc,... Bnh hi khoai ty thng gy ra cc triu chng nh: l cy c m u xanh nht, l nh, cy cn ci, c thng c hnh thoi v c m u hng, i khi c vt cht hay vt nt. mt s ging, l tr nn mnh v d i hn, mp l hi cun ln pha gc l. Gia thn cy v cung l thng to th nh mt gc hp, nh hn bnh thng. Cy c xu hng mc ng thng. Trong th nghim ly bnh nhn to, ging Azimba b nhim viroide l thng nh, m u nht, thn mnh v c c hnh thoi (V Triu Mn v D. Spire, 1978). Bnh viroide gy hi cy cam (Citrus exocortis) thng to triu chng in hnh l gc cy b nh rng, cy cn, l nht m u. Canada, M c nhng vng bnh gy thit hi ti 80% nng sut khoai ty. Bnh gy hi nhiu vng trng cam trn th gii. Bnh cadang cadang, do viroide gy hi nhiu vng trng da Indonesia, Philippin, Malaysia, ... III. Nguyn nhn gy bnh Viroide c c th rt nh b, khng c protein, khng to virion, chng khng phi l cc nucleprotein. Khc hn virus, viroide l nhng ARN t do c trng lng phn t rt nh b (PM 100.000 125.000). Viroide c tnh truyn nhim v gy bnh cho cy. Viroide khng thng qua giai on to ADN trong chu k sng ca n. ARN ca chng sao chp trc tip ging nh cc ARN khc v khng nhp v o b gen ca cy ch. Viroide truyn bnh qua phn hoa, ht ging, cy t hng v ly bnh bng git dch qua vt thng c gii, chng c th truyn qua mt ghp, c nh ghp v chit. Cha thy viroide truyn bnh bng cn trng.
IV. Chn on v phng tr Viroide l mt bnh rt nguy him, v chng k sinh mc t b o, do vic loi tr chng trc khi trng l rt quan trng. m bo phng tr bnh viroide thc vt ngi ta s dng cc ging chng bnh dng cy ch th v phng php PCR chn on xc nh cy sch bnh cho ngun ging ban u. Trong sn xut, s dng Sodium hypoclorit 0,25% hay calcium hypoclorit 1% kh trng dao v dng c l m vn trch ly nhim bnh. Thc hin chn lc, v sinh thng xuyn trn ng rung bo v cy kho.
Chng X TUYN TRNG THC VT
I. I CNG V TUYN TRNG THC VT Tuyn trng thc vt l nhm sinh thi tuyn trng thch nghi vi i sng k sinh thc vt ang pht trin. Nhm tuyn trng n y c mt s c trng quan trng so vi nhm k sinh ng vt v cc nhm sinh thi khc nh: thng c kch thc hin vi; phn ming c cu to kim ht chuyn ha chm chch m thc vt v ht cht dinh dng; kch thc ca trng ln so vi kch thc c th; i sng ca chng c quan h bt buc v trc tip vi thc vt ang pht trin. Trong , cu to kim ht chuyn ha l c khc bit quan trng nht. V mt phn loi hc, tuyn trng k sinh thc vt gm 4 nhm lin quan n 4 b tuyn trng l : b Tylenchida (ch tr mt s lo i tuyn trng h Tylenchidae); b Aphelenchida; cc lo i tuyn trng h Longidoridae ca b Dorylaimida; cc lo i tuyn trng h Trichodoridae thuc b Triplonchida. Trong cc nhm k sinh trn th nhm lo i thuc b Tylenchida l nhm tuyn trng k sinh ng o nht v c tm quan trng nht i vi nng nghip. Tuyn trng thc vt sng v k sinh tt c cc phn ca thc vt ang pht trin, hoa, l, ht, thn v r, trong r l ni gp nhiu nhm tuyn trng k sinh nht. Tuyn trng k sinh thc vt c nhng tp qun dinh dng rt khc nhau, mt s lo i dinh dng trn nhng m ngo i ca thc vt, mt s khc thm nhp v o cc m su hn, v mt s khc c th l m cho cy ch to ra nhng ngun dinh dng c bit ti ni chng k sinh. Tc hi do tuyn trng gy ra i vi thc vt thng l tng i nh, tuy nhin khi mt k sinh ln chng c th gy hi nghim trng, thm ch chng c th gy cht thc vt. Ngo i ra, mt v i tuyn trng c th l m gim kh nng ca thc vt khng li s xm nhp ca cc tc nhn vi sinh vt gy bnh khc v l m cho tc hi i vi thc vt c ng trm trng thm. Mt s tuyn trng k sinh chuyn ha c kh nng mang truyn virus gy bnh cho thc vt. Tuyn trng k sinh c th l m gim 12,5% sn lng cy trng v thit hi do tuyn trng k sinh i vi cy trng nng nghip c tnh l h ng trm t la M mi nm. Trong thc t hu ht tuyn trng k sinh thc vt cng phn b trong t, trong nc cng vi cc nhm sinh thi khc, v vy, khi nghin cu tuyn trng thc vt gp khng t kh khn, c bit trong vic phn loi nhn dng cc lo i tuyn trng k sinh thc vt. S hiu bit y v cc bnh do tuyn trng k sinh gy ra i hi s dng nhiu lnh vc sinh hc khc nhau. Sinh thi t l m sng t cc yu t nh hng n s phn b, s tn ti v cc chu k qun th ca tuyn trng. Sinh ha ca tuyn trng v thc vt phn tch c ch hnh th nh bnh. Sinh l hc thc vt tp trung v o hiu ng tc
hi th cp ca l v r. Di truyn hc gp phn to nn cc ging thc vt khng tuyn trng. N cng gip tm hiu s xut hin lin tc ca cc chng mi, kh nng tn cng cc ging chng chu. Tp tnh ng vt kt hp cht ch vi sinh l thn kinh gp phn nghin cu s dn d ca m thc vt v cc cht ha hc n tuyn trng. Gn y nht l sinh hc phn t gp phn l m sng t v mt phn loi, quan h h h ng, chng loi pht sinh cng nh bn cht ca cc qu trnh sinh hc tuyn trng. Tm li, do nhn thc v tuyn trng thc vt ng y c ng pht trin, c bit p ng cho mt nn nng nghip bn vng vi trnh sn xut cao trong s hin din ca tuyn trng k sinh, cn phi nghin cu mi kha cnh ca mi quan h qua li gia tuyn trng thc vt v thc vt trn c s s dng kin thc tch ly c ca nhiu ng nh sinh hc v cc lnh vc lin quan p dng cho i tng tuyn trng thc vt. II. CU TO HNH THI GII PHU TUYN TRNG THC VT 1. Hnh dng tuyn trng Hu ht tuyn trng c dng hnh giun, hnh thoi d i, mt s lo i con ci trng th nh ca mt s nhm k sinh c dng hnh qu l, hay qu chanh, qu bu, qu b xanh. Nhn chung tuyn trng thc vt c kch thc hin vi, hu ht cc lo i c chiu d i 0,2 - 1 mm, mt s trng hp d i ti 4 mm, c bit c th ti 10 mm.
Hnh 1. Hnh dng ca mt s tuyn trng A. Hemicriconemoides; B. Aorolaimus; C. Heterodera; D. Rotylenchulus; E. Tylenchulus; F. Xiphinema; G. Meloidogyne; H. Trophotylenchulus; I. Sphaeronema; J. Nacobblus
2. Cu trc c th tuyn trng C th tuyn trng bao bc bng v cutin, trn v cutin thng c cu to phn t ngang hoc c thm cc cu to trang im rt khc nhau, c bit nhm tuyn trng vng (H Criconematidae). Cu to vn dc cng thng gp mt s lo i tuyn trng. hu ht tuyn trng phn t u c cu trc vng bn gm c cc r nh dc cn gi l ng bn. Bn di v cutin l mt lp h b v c. Nm xen k gia h b v c l 4 b h b chy dc c th, bn trong cha cc b thn kinh, trong hai b bn thng pht trin mnh hn b bng v lng. Bn trong h b l xoang c th cha dch c qunh c vai tr nng cc cu trc bn trong nh h tiu ha, h sinh sn v h b i tit.
Hnh 2. Cu to tuyn trng thc vt 1. u; 2. Kim ht; 3. Thc qun trc; 4. iu gia; 5. Vng thn kinh; 6. L b i tit; 7. Diu tuyn; 8. Rut; 9. Bung trng; 10. ng dn trng; 11. Ti cha tinh; 12. T cung; 13, 14. Hu mn; 15. Vng bn; 16. Phasmid; 17. C vn chuyn kim ht; 18. Gc kim ht; 19. L ca tuyn thc qun lng; 20. ng dn thc qun.
Cu to c th tuyn trng gm 3 phn chnh: Phn u cn gi l vng mi. Mt trc u c cu to dng 6 thy in hnh, gia l l ming, xung quanh l cc c quan xc gic khc nhau, bao gm amphids thng c dng vng ngang. u thng c phn bit vi phn thn bng mt eo tht. Bn trong u c mt b khung kitin ha c vai tr nng cc cu trc u v gn c vn chuyn kim ht. Phn thn l phn tip gip gia u v hu mn. Bn trong thn cha hu ht cc c quan nh tiu ha, b i tit, sinh sn. Phn ui l phn t hu mn n tn cng c th. C nhiu dng khac nhau: hnh chp nhn, chp t, hnh trn, hnh d i si ch n hnh tr, v.v. H tiu ha bao gm kim ht, thc qun, rut v rut cng. Kim ht c cu to hnh ng, pha trc vut nhn v c mt l dng vt, phnh n v pha sau v tn cng l 3 nm trn hoc trn vt. Thc qun im hnh gm: phn tr hp pha trc (procorpus), phn tip theo phnh rng to th nh diu gia (metacorpus) c cu to c v c cc tm van gia, tip theo l phn tht thc qun (isthmus), phn sau phnh rng v ko d i l tuyn thc qun, gm 3 tuyn: 1 tuyn nm pha lng v 2 tuyn nm pha bng bn. Thc qun tuyn thng c th c dng bng n c ngn cch r r ng vi rut hoc c dng thy tri d i, bao ph ln phn u ca rut. Thc qun tuyn thng c 3 t b o tuyn: mt tuyn lng v hai tuyn bng bn. T kim ht n gianh gii rut-thc qun c mt ng gia gi l ng thc qun c chc nng vn chuyn thc n v cht tit t tuyn thc qun. Cht tit ca tuyn thc qun lng v o ng thc qun gn gc kim ht, cn cht tit ca tuyn bng-bn v o bn trong diu gia. Rut l mt ng ln khng phn ha, c m ra ngo i qua rut cng ti hu mn hoc con c trng th nh l huyt. mt s ging tuyn trng h tiu ha con c tiu gim hoc khng c chc nng. H sinh sn c 2 ging c v ci u c cu to dng ng. H sinh dc ci c th gm 2 nhnh sinh dc thng nm i xng nhau gi l kiu sinh dc i, hoc ch c mt nhnh gi l kiu sinh dc n. kiu th 2, nhnh sinh dc sau tiu gim ch cn l ti t cung sau, hoc ho n to n khng c. Mi nhnh sinh dc ci gm c 4 phn chnh l : bung trng, ng dn trng, t cung v m o. Ngo i ra thng c mt cu trc chuyn ha ti t cung cha tinh trng gi l ti cha tinh. m o c m ra ngo i qua m h c dng khe ngang nm pha bng gia hoc phn sau ca c th. H sinh dc c l mt ng sinh dc n gm no n ho n, ng sinh tinh dch v ng n tinh c m ra bn ngo i qua mt l huyt chung vi hu mn. C quan giao cu gm gai giao cu dng kp cng mt mng dn hoc gai m. Gai giao cu c kitin ha mnh m m h con ci v phng tinh v o ng sinh dc ci. ui con c thng c cu to cutin loe rng gi l cnh ui tr gip khi giao phi. H b i tit: gm mt t b o tuyn n nhn thng qua ng tit ni vi l b i tit nm pha bng phn trc c th, l n y thng nm tng ng vi vng thc qun nhng cng c trng hp nm pha sau. H thn kinh: bao gm vng thn kinh l mt cu trc b dng vng bao quanh eo tht thc qun, mng li thn kinh c ni ti cc c quan v cc xc gic khc nhau.
Cc c quan xc gic ca tuyn trng hu nh nm trn u (gi l cc sensillae v amphids), phn thc qun (cephalids, derids, hemizonid v hemizonion) v phn ui (phasmids). III. TM TT PHN LOI CC B TUYN TRNG THC VT 1) B Tylenchida V cutin phn t, c cu to vng bn, c cu to phasmids phn ui. Kim ht c 3 nm gc pht trin. Thc qun c diu gia pht trin hnh trn hinh thoi hoc ovan, diu sau dng tuyn c ranh gii r r ng vi rut hoc ko d i v ph ln phn u ca rut. L ca tuyn thc qun lng pha trc thc qun sau gc kim ht. Hu ht cc lo i ca b Tylenchida l k sinh cc phn khc nhau ca thc vt, ch yu l r. B Tylenchida bao gm 9 h l Tylenchidae, Anguinidae, Dolichodoridae, Belonolaimidae, Hoplolaimidae, Pratylenchidae, Heteroderida, Criconematidae v Tylenchulidae. Ngoi tr h Tylenchidae cn cc h cn li u l cc h k sinh in hnh thc vt. 2) B Aphelenchida (H Aphelenchidae) Phn bit vi b Tylenchida bng cc c im sau: kim ht nh, km pht trin, c nm gc hoc khng. Diu gia ln, ni bt, ng knh diu gia gn bng chiu rng c th. L ca tuyn thc qun lng bn trong diu gia. Hu ht cc lo i trong b Aphelenchida l tuyn trng dinh dng bng nm hoc n tht cc ng vt nh khc ch c mt s t lo i thuc h Aphelenchidae l k sinh thc th cc phn thc vt trn mt t. 3) B Dorylaimida (H Longidoridae) C th c kch thc ln, thng d i hn 1mm n 10 mm. V cutin nhn, khng c vng bn, khng c cu to phasmids. Kim ht c dng hnh kim rt d i v mnh, c nm gc khng in hnh hoc khng c. Thc qun ch gm 2 phn chnh: pha trc hnh tr hp, phn sau loe rng hnh bu tr, c cu to c v cc t b o tuyn. Hu ht cc lo i tuyn trng thuc b Dorylaimida sng t do trong t v nc ch cc lo i thuc h Longidoridae l nhng lo i ngoi k sinh r, mt s lo i c kh nng mang truyn virus gy bnh virus cho thc vt. H Longidoridae gm 5 ging l Longidorus, Longidoroides, Paralongidorus, Xiphinema v Xiphidorus. 4) B Triplonchida (H Trichodoridae) C th c dng ngn, mp ging ci lp sng. Kch thc c th nh (0,3 n hn 1mm). V cutin nhn v thng phng dp trong dung dch c nh c axit. Kim ht d i, mnh v cong hnh vng cung. Phn trc thc qun hnh tr hp, phn sau loe rng hnh diu. Con ci c 2 bung trng i xng nhau (trng hp con ci 1 bung trng ch gp Nam M). Cc c quan giao cu nh m o, m h con ci v gai giao cu con c rt pht trin. ui c con c v ci u ngn v trn.
B Triplonchida (H Trichodoridae) ch c 2 h l Diphterophoridae v Trichodoridae, trong Trichodoridae gm cc lo i ngoi k sinh in hnh r thc vt. Mt s lo i ca h n y c kh nng mang truyn virus gy bnh virus cho thc vt. H Trichodoridae c 4 ging l Trichodorus, Paratrichodorus, Monotrichodorus v Allotrichodorus, trong 2 ging u phn b rng khp th gii cn 2 ging sau ch phn b mt v i nc Nam M. IV. SINH THI HC TUYN TRNG THC VT 1. Sinh sn v pht trin ca tuyn trng thc vt Tuyn trng thc vt c 2 kiu sinh sn: Sinh sn n tnh (amphimictic), c c v ci ring r; Sinh sn lng tnh (parthenogenetic): khng c c hoc c c nhng khng c chc nng sinh sn. Mt s lo i c con c nhng rt him v trong trng hp n y con c khng c vai tr bt buc. a s tuyn trng trng c tng ci ra ngo i t hoc v o trong m thc vt. nhm ni k sinh c nh nh Meloidogyne tuyn trng ci h ng lot v o mt ti gelatin c n tit ra, cn tuyn trng b o nang (h Heteoderidae) khi con ci giai on cui, trng c gi li bn trong c th v to th nh mt ci bc cha trng (cyst). Cc cu to dng ti trng v cyst nh trn l cu to tin ha ca tuyn trng bo v trng. Vng i ca tuyn trng pht trin qua 6 giai on: Trng, 4 giai on u trng t u trng tui 1 n tui 4 v giai oan trng th nh. b Tylenchida, u trng tui 1 lt xc th nh tui 2 bn trong trng, t trng n ra ngo i l u trng tui 2 cn Longidoridae t trng n ra u trng tui 1 v mt s lo i ch c 3 giai on u trng. 2. nh hng ca cc yu t mi trng i vi tuyn trng thc vt Nc: Mc d chim lnh nhiu kiu hnh sinh thi khc nhau, tuyn trng thc cht l ng vt nc hn l ng vt t. Tuyn trng thc vt cn ti thiu mt m ng mng nc cho s vn chuyn v v tt c cc lo i u c mt phn i sng pht trin hoc tn ti trong t, v vy nc cha trong t l yu t sinh thi chnh i vi tuyn trng. Nhiu lo i tuyn trng c th b cht trong t kh, nhiu lo i khc c th tn ti trong trng th i tim sinh kh (anhydrobiosis). Ngc li, qu nhiu nc cng c th dn ti tnh trng thiu oxy v tuyn trng c th cht. Tuy nhin, mt s ging nh Hirschmanniella mt s lo i thuc ging Ditylenchus, Paralongidorus vv. li c th tn ti rt tt trong mi trng nh vy. Nhit : Nhit t l mt yu t khng c bit quan trng v n hng ti duy tr s n nh theo ma. Hu ht tuyn trng nhit i khng tn ti qua ng di 100C v mt s lo i trong t nhit 500C, nu chng c thi gian thch nghi dn v chuyn sang trng thi anhydrobiosis. Hu ht tuyn trng khng hot ng nhit gia 5 - 150C, nhit ti u trong khong 15 - 300C, nhit cao khng hot ng t 30 - 400C, trn nhit n y tuyn
trng thng b cht. t: Cu trc ca t cng c nh hng quan trng i vi tuyn trng v kch thc l trong t l yu t gip cho s vn chuyn ca chng. Nhn chung t ct l mi trng tt nht, cn t tht hoc t c clay cao cn tr s di chuyn ca tuyn trng, tuy nhin, s b o ha clay ca t c th tr th nh mi trng thch hp cho mt s nhm tuyn trng nh Hirschmanniella v mt s Paralongidorus. pH: pH ca t cng c nh hng nht nh i vi tuyn trng, tuy nhin cn rt t s liu nghin cu v cc lo i nhit i v cn nhit i p sut thm thu: do nng mui khc nhau trong c th tuyn trng v trong t c th gy ra cc hin tng mt nc, kch thch hoc l m mt kh nng n ca trng, nh hng n tp tnh ca tuyn trng. Ngo i cc yu t khng sinh hc trn y tuyn trng thc vt cng b nh hng ca cc yu t sinh hc khc trong quan trong nht l thc vt do hot ng trao i cht tit ra cc cht quyn r hoc gy ngn i vi tuyn trng. Ngo i thc vt nhiu yu t sinh hc khc nh vi khun, nm, nguyn sinh ng vt, Tardigrades, Enchytraeid, Tubellaria, nhn v tuyn trng n tht khc nh Seclonema, Nygolaimus, Mononchus, Mylonchus, Seinura cng c vai tr quan trng i vi tuyn trng thc vt. 3. Cc kiu xm nhp v k sinh ca tuyn trng thc vt Trng ca nhiu tuyn trng thc vt c pht trin n l trong t hoc trong m thc vt v chng c n ra bt k s c mt ca thc vt hay khng min l cc yu t khc thun li. Tuy nhin, nhiu loi tuyn trng k sinh chuyn ha trng jc bao bc trong mt ti gelatine v hnh th nh mt khi trng (nh Meloidogyne spp.), hoc trng c gi li bn trong c th con ci phnh ra, cuticle to th nh ci nang bo v (nh Heterodera spp., Globora spp.). Trng ca tuyn trng b o nang cn c s kch thch ca cc cht tit ra t r thc vt ch n v v vy chng c ph vt ch rt hn ch. Tuyn trng c hp dn r thc vt bng h ng lot yu t m n nay c ch ca chng vn cn cha c sng t. Cc yu t dn d nh vy c th c tc dng mt khong cch ng k-n mt mt Meloidogyne. Trong mt thc vt ch c th c 3 hnh thc k sinh nh sau: Ngoi k sinh: tuyn trng khng xm nhp v o bn trong m thc vt m bm bn ngo i b mt r, chng dinh dng bng vic s dng kim ht chm chch v ht cht dinh dng trong t b o thc vt. Bn ni k sinh: ch phn u ca tuyn trng xm nhp v o trong r, cn phn sau c th tuyn trng vn ngo i t. Ni k sinh: to n b tuyn trng xm nhp v o r. Nhm n y c chia 2 nhm nh: Ni k sinh di chuyn: tuyn trng vn gi kh nng di chuyn trong m thc vt v chng chuyn ng t m n y n m khc dinh dng. Ni k sinh c nh: sau khi xm nhp v o r, tuyn trng dinh dng ti mt ni c nh (to
nn cc t b o dinh dng), chng mt kh nng di chuyn v tr nn phnh to ra (bo ph).
Hnh 3: S cc kiu dinh dng khc nhau ca tuyn trng trong m r thc vt 1. Ditylenchus. 2. Tylenchorhynchus. 3. Rotylenchus. 4. Hoplolaimus. 5. Helicotylenchus. 6. Rotylenchulus. 7. Meloidogyne. 8. Heterodera. 9. Hemicycliophora. 10. Criconemella. 11. Tylenchulus. 12. Pratylenchus. 13. Hirschmanniella. 14. Nacobbus.
Cc kiu k sinh trn y khng loi tr ln nhau v mt s ging tuyn trng c th l bn ni k sinh hoc ngai k sinh di chuyn ph thuc v o vt ch. tuyn trng sn r (Meloidogyne) v tuyn trng b o nang (Heterodera/Globora) u trng tui 2 l giai on xm nhp v o r, nhng cc ngoi k sinh v hu ht ni k sinh di chuyn tt c cc giai on c th dinh dng v xm nhp v o r. mt s tuyn trng (nh Rotylenchus), con ci trc trng th nh l giai on xm nhp, cn u trng v con c vn trong t v khng dinh dng. V. CC NHM TUYN TRNG K SINH GY HI QUAN TRNG THC VT Trong s tuyn trng k sinh thc vt c 10 ging tuyn trng c coi l nhm k sinh quan trng nht trn phm vi to n th gii l : Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus,
Ditylenchus, Globodera, Tylenchulus, Xiphinema, Radopholus, Rotylenchulus v Helicotylenchus (Sasser & Freckman, 1987). y l cc ging tuyn trng k sinh chuyn ha v gy hi cho cy trng nng nghip v thng phn b rng trn phm vi th gii. Di y s ln lt gii thiu cc nhm, lo i tuyn trng k sinh quan trng nht thuc cc ging trn, mt s nhm v lo i tuyn trng k sinh quan trng cy trng Vit Nam cng s c cp trong phn n y. 1. Tuyn trng sn r Melodogyne spp Tuyn trng sn r (root-knot nematodes) c coi l nhm tuyn trng k sinh quan trng nht. Nhm tuyn trng n y phn b rng khp th gii v k sinh hu ht cc cy trng quan trng cc vng kh hu khc nhau. Chng gy nn gim sn lng thu hoch cng nh cht lng sn phm cy trng. Hin nay thng k khong gn 80 lo i k sinh thuc ging n y, trong c 4 lo i k sinh gy hi quan trng nht l : M. incognita, M. arenaria, M. javanica v M. hapla. y l cc lo i phn b rng v gy hi ln cc vng nng nghip trn th gii. Ngo i ra mt s lo i khc mc d cng gy hi quan trng nhng chng ch gy hi 1 - 2 cy trng v phn b hp. c trng sinh hc Trng ca tuyn trng sn r c con ci ra ngo i trong mt bc gelatin (cn gi l bc trng) nm trn b mt ca sn r. i khi cc bc trng n y cng c th nm bn trong nt sn. Sau qu trnh pht trin phi thai, trng pht trin th nh u trng tui 1 ngay bn trong trng. Ln lt xc th nht xy ra trong trng v pht trin th nh u trng tui 2. Trng n ra u trng tui 2 dng cm nhim (infective juvenile = IJ2) khng cn c s kch thch ca r thc vt . Khi chun b xm nhp v o r IJ2 tp trung dc theo cc t b o non ngay ti pha sau vng nh r. IJ2 thng tn cng v o cc m phn sinh nh r, ni cc r bn mc ra to nn im xm nhp cho cc IJ2 khc v l m cho b mt r b tn thng. Khi IJ2 tip xc vi b mt r chng thng dng kim ht chm chch v xm nhp ngay v o trong r. S xm nhp ca chng c th xy ra bt k pha n o ca r. Sau khi xm nhp v o trong r tuyn trng di chuyn gia cc t b o v r l m cho cc t b o b tch dc ra, sau tuyn trng nh v ti vng m phn sinh ca v r v bt u qu trnh dinh dng. Khi dinh dng tuyn trng cm phn u v o cc cc t b o m mch ca r, tit men tiu ha l m cho qu trnh sinh l sinh ha ca m r thay i v hnh th nh cc im dinh dng cho tuyn trng. Vng n y gm 5 - 6 t b o khng l (t b o c nhiu nhn) c to th nh trong vng nhu m hoc vng m libe, ni u tuyn trng. y l s thch nghi chuyn ha cao ca t b o, chng c to ra v duy tr bng tuyn trng k sinh. Cng vi s hnh th nh t b o khng l cc m r xung quanh ni tuyn trng k sinh cng phnh to ra to th nh sn r (gall hoc root-knot). Sn r thng c to th nh trong vng 1 - 2 ng y sau khi tuyn trng xm nhp. Kch thc ca nt sn lin quan n cy ch, s lng IJ2 xm nhp v lo i tuyn trng k sinh.
Bn thn tuyn trng cm nhim, sau khi xm nhp v o r cng bt u mt cch nhanh chng qu trnh thay i v hnh thi: c th chng phnh ra v cc ni quan cng dn c pht trin. Qu trnh pht trin ca tuyn trng trong r t IJ2 tri qua 3 ln lt xc v t n trng th nh. Ln lt xc cui cng l s bin thi tht s i vi con c, t dng cun gp khc trong IJ4 chng c n ra v c dng hnh giun, trong khi con ci c dng hnh trn nh qu l hay qu chanh. Tuyn trng Meloidogyne spp. sinh sn bng 2 cch: mt v i lo i sinh sn hu tnh-giao phi bt buc (amphimixis) v phn ln cc lo i sinh sn lng tnh (parthenogenessis) khng cn con c. i vi cc lo i hu tnh th con c cp i ngay vi con ci sau ln lt xc cui cng. Tuyn trng sn r c quan h mt thit vi cc iu kin mi trng trong cy ch, nhit v cc yu t sinh thi t nh m, cu trc t, thong kh, kim,v.v... C th phn bit 2 nhm sinh thi lin quan n nhit l nhm a nng (cc lo i in hnh nh M. incognita, M. javanica, M. exigua) v nhm a lnh (cc lo i in hnh nh M. hapla, M. chitwooodi v c th c M. naasi) lin quan n pha chuyn ha lipit ca tuyn trng xy ra 100C. Tc hi do tuyn trng gy ra i vi cy trng thng c lin quan n loi t kim, l mi trng to ra cc sc bt li (stress) cho thc vt. Cc lo i quan trng M. incognita. L lo i ph bin nht, k sinh gy hi trn nhiu cy trng khc nhau v phn b trn mt vng a l rng t 40 v bc n 33 v nam trn phm vi to n th gii. y cng l lo i k sinh gy hi ph bin nht trn cy trng Vit Nam, trong chng k sinh gy hi ph bin nht : h tiu, c ph, c chua, b , u , cc cy h c , h u, chui, v.v... M. javanica. L lo i ph bin th 2 sau lo i trn v c di phn b tng t. y l lo i c kh nng chu ng qua ma kh hn trong thi gian 3 - 6 thng. Vit Nam, lo i n y k sinh tng i ph bin sau lo i M. incognita, gy hi chnh cho cc cy lc, chui. M. arenaria. L lo i ph bin th 3 sau, phn b khp th gii gn ging nh cc lo i M. incognita v M. javanica. y cng l lo i k sinh gy hi tng i ph bin Vit Nam trn cc cy u, lc. M. graminicola. K sinh gy hi chnh cho la cn vng nhit i v cn nhit i (ng Nam , Nam Phi, M). ta lo i n y k sinh tng i ph bin trn la cn (giai on la non, khi cha ngp nc) ng bng sng Cu Long. 2. Tuyn trng b o nang Globodera spp. v Heterodera spp Tuyn trng b o nang (cyst nematodes) cng c coi l mt trong nhng nhm k sinh quan trng trong nng nghip, phn b rng khp th gii, c bit vng n i. Hin nay th gii pht hin khong 60 lo i, trong c mt s lo i phn b rng nh Heterodera avenae, H. crucierae, H. glycine v H. trifolii. c bit 2 lo i tuyn trng b o nang khoai ty l Globodera rostochiensis v G. papilla phn b rng v gy hi khp th
gii. Mt s lo i ch phn b gii hn vng kh hu nng nh H. sacchari trn cy ma v la v H. oryzae trn la v chui. Cc lo i khc thng c din phn b hp. Cho n nay cha pht hin thy loi tuyn trng n y cy trng Vit Nam ni chung v khoai ty ni ring, tr mt s pht hin v s c mt ca nhm tuyn trng n y cy rng Vit Nam. Mc d vy, theo chng ti, cn phng kh nng lan ca chng t ngo i v o nc ta. c trng sinh hc hu ht cc lo i tuyn trng Heterodera u trng n ra t trng v tn cng cy ch bi s kch thch bng cc cht tit ra ca r thc vt ch. Tuy nhin, mt s yu t khc nh m ca t, thong kh, nhit v tp tnh ngh cng c vai tr quan trng n ma n ca u trng tui 2. Khi u trng tui 2 (IJ2) n ra t trng, chng di chuyn v pha r vt ch v tm ra im thch hp thng nh r hoc chi bn ni sinh ra r con xm nhp v o trong r. Sau khi xm nhp tuyn trng di chuyn theo vch gia cc t b o v r v pha mch dn, gn vi phn g s cp. Ti y tuyn trng dng kim ht chm chc cc t b o bao quanh cho n khi im dinh dng c la chn v tit men tiu ha ca tuyn thc qun lng v o t b o to th nh cc t b o sinh dng. Sau khi dinh dng tuyn trng phnh ra rt nhanh v ln lt xc cui cng cng c kt thc, hnh th nh con ci dng bo ph hnh cu v con c hnh giun. Con ci cha y trng v tr th nh mt bc trng gi l nang (cyst) khi cht. Sau vng hu mn b chc thng khi IJ2 n ra t trng. Thi gian ho n th nh mt vng i nh vy khong 30 ng y, ph thuc v o iu kin mi trng. Hu ht cc lo i tuyn trng b o nang sinh sn hu tnh bng kiu giao phi bt but. Ngoi l lo i H. trifolii khng c con c v sinh sn kiu lng tnh. Con c ca cc lo i hu tnh c hp dn tm con ci bng cc cht dn d c con ci tit ra. S giao phi c th xy mt v i ln cho mi th h. T l gii tnh khng cn bng c th do t l cht khc nhau trong nhng iu kin bt li ca mi trng. Con ci thng cht khi lng thc n gim st v kh nng cnh tranh gi nh ni dinh dng b gim. Con c cn t thc n hn con ci v chu ng tt hn trong qun th ln. Nhit v m l yu t nh hng quan trng n s n ca IJ2 mt s lo i. Cc lo i khc nhau c kh nng thch nghi khc nhau i vi nhit v iu kin kh ca t. Nhit thay i lun phin l yu t quan trng kch thch s n ca cc lo i Globodera rostochiensis v Heterodera avenae. Cc lo i quan trng G. rostochiensis v G. papilla. L hai lo i tuyn trng b o nang khoai ty l nhng lo i gy hi chnh v rt quan trng cho khoai ty vng n i. Tuy vy, cc lo i n y cng c th gp cc vng khc ca th gii. Ngun gc phn b ca tuyn trng b o nang khoai ty l t Nam M, c du nhp sang chu u v sau i khp ni. Ph vt ch ca cc lo i n y hn ch trong cc cy khoai ty v c chua. Hai lo i n y thuc i
tng kim dch thc vt ta. 3. Tuyn trng ni k sinh di chuyn Pratylenchidae Cc lo i tuyn trng thuc cc ging Pratylenchus, Radopholus v Hirschmanniella ca h Pratylenchidae l nhng lo i tuyn trng ni k sinh di chuyn r ca cc thc vt bc cao. y l nhm tuyn trng k sinh tng i ph bin v kh quan trng cy trng Vit Nam. c bit, gn y cc lo i Radopholus spp. cng c pht hin c mt Vit Nam, khng nhng th chng cn c xem l i tng k sinh v gy hi quan trng trn su ring v c ph mt s tnh Ty Nguyn. c trng sinh hc Cc lo i tuyn trng ca nhm k sinh n y sng v di chuyn cc phn di mt t ca thc vt nh: r, thn r hoc thn c. Sau khi xm nhp v o trong r chng c th sinh sn nhanh v tng s lng k sinh ln rt ln. Tt c cc dng u trng v trng th nh u c kh nng xm nhp v o trong r. Chng cng c th i ra khi m thc vt v o bt k lc n o, sng mt thi gian trong t v tm n vt ch mi. Trc khi xm nhp tuyn trng thng tp trung b mt r v tn cng cc t b o ca r nh vi s chm chch ca kim ht. Khi kim ht cm c v o bn trong t b o tuyn trng bt u tit men tiu ha v o ha tan cc cht trong t b o dinh dng. Bng s co bp ca diu gia, tuyn trng ht thc n c ha tan v o rut. Qu trnh dinh dng ca tuyn trng tip tc xy ra bng s chm chch nhiu ln nh vy, kt qu l m cho r b hy hoi mt phn. Men tiu ha do tuyn trng tit ra cng l m trng n nhn t b o r. Trong ma sinh sn ca tuyn trng con ci thng mi ng y mt qu trng v o m thc vt v sau thi gian ngn trng n th nh u trng l m cho qun th tuyn trng k sinh tng ln nhanh chng. To n b chu k sng ca tuyn trng ni k sinh di chuyn c th xy ra bn trong m thc vt. Mi th h thng xy ra t 6 - 8 tun. Theo s tn cng xm nhp ca tuyn trng thng l cc sinh vt gy bnh khc, c bit l cc loi nm bnh cng xm nhp v o r l m cho r b thng tn, xm en c th quan st c trn b mt r tng nt en. V vy cc lo i k sinh thuc cc ging Pratylenchus, Radopholus ca nhm tuyn trng n y cn c tn gi l tuyn trng gy thng tn. Cc lo i tuyn trng ging Hirschmanniella thng c mt chim u th trong mi trng m. Chng c th c pht hin ph bin trong r ca thc vt nc c bit rt ph bin la nc. Cc lo i n y phn b ch yu vng nhit i v cn nhit i. Gia cc ma v chng c th sng cc cy c, cc cy ch khc v trong gc r khng b thi ra. Ngay c khi khng c cy ch chng cng c th tn ti trong t trong mt thi gian tng i lu h ng nm. Trong iu kin kh hn kh nng tn ti ca chng c th tng ln bng tri qua trng thi tim sinh. Cc lo i tuyn trng ging Hirschmanniella c d d ng pht tn bng h thng thy li.
Cc lo i quan trng Pratylenchus coffeae: Phn b rng khp th gii. Gy hi nghim trng c ph, chui v cc cy h cam chanh, nhng cng k sinh trn nhiu cy trng khc. nc ta, lo i n y k sinh gy hi ph bin trn chui, c ph, thuc l v nhiu cy trng quan trng khc. P. zeae.: L lo i phn b to n cu, tuy nhin t ph bin hn vng n i. K sinh trn nhiu loi cy trng h ha tho (Poaceae) nh ng, k, la, la min, ma, thuc l, lc v cy c khc. nc ta, lo i n y cng k sinh rt ph bin trn cc cy trng cn trong c cy ng cc. P. penetrans: y l lo i phn b to n cu, tuy nhin t ph bin hn vng n i. C ph vt ch rng, vi mt s kiu bnh trn cc vt ch khc nhau. Hirschmanniella oryzae. K sinh v phn b ch yu la nc. Rt ph bin cc vng la nc chu , chu Phi, Nam v Trung M. Ngo i ra chng cng c th gp k sinh trn mt cy trng khc nh ng, ma, bng... nc ta, lo i n y k sinh rt ph bin hu ht la nc. H. mucronata. y cng l lo i k sinh ph bin cc vng la nc n v cc nc ng Nam nh Vit Nam, Thi Lan. nc ta, lo i n y k sinh gy hi kh ph bin la nc, sau 2 lo i H. oryzae v H. shamini. Ngo i la nc, cn gp lo i n y trn mt s cy trng cn khc nh chui, ma, thuc l. Radopholus similis. L lo i k sinh v gy bnh ln (topping - over diseases) chui. L lo i gy hi ln cho nhiu nc trng chui chu Phi, Trung M v chu (Philippine, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thi Lan, n ). Ngo i cy chui lo i n y cng l k sinh quan trng gy bnh v ng l h tiu n , c ph Indonesia, chng cng k sinh trn mt s cy cnh khc. nc ta, lo i Radopholus mi c tm thy su ring v c ph Ty Nguyn khng thuc lo i R. similis nhng cc kt qu nghin cu bc u cho thy y cng l i tng k sinh gy hi kh nghim trng, c bit i vi cc vn m su ring ti Bun Ma Thut. R. citrophilus. c trng ca lo i n y l ch k sinh ch yu cc cy trng thuc ging cam chanh (Citrus) v chui (Musa) v hin ti lo i n y ch gp trn cc cy c mi M. Khi k sinh lo i tuyn trng n y c th phi hp vi nm gy bnh suy gim lan ta (spreading decline) cho cc cy trng trn. 4. Tuyn trng bn ni k sinh Rotylenchulus spp. v Tylenchulus spp Cc lo i tuyn trng bn ni k sinh xm nhp v o r ch phn trc c th ca chng, phn sau c th vn nm bn ngo i r v phnh to ra. Do kiu k sinh n y tuyn trng mt i kh nng chuyn ng v tr th nh k sinh ti ch hoc bn ni k sinh. Cc lo i tuyn trng bn ni k sinh thuc 2 ging l Rotylenchulus v Tylenchulus. y cng
l nhm k sinh gy hi kh ph bin nhiu cy trng trn th gii v cy trng Vit Nam. u trng tui 2 (IJ2) c n ra t trng do kch thch ca cc cht c tit ra t r thc vt. giai on n y chng khng dinh dng mc d cng c kim ht, sau chng tri qua 3 ln lt xc trong t v tr th nh con trng th nh non. S lt xc cui cng cn c s kch thch ca r thc vt. Khi gp vt ch con ci non xm nhp phn trc c th v o m ngo i ca r dinh dng v phnh rng pha sau c th. Con ci th nh thc trng v o mt ti gelatin to th nh bc trng. Ti n y thng bao bc phn bn ngo i ca c th con ci.Tc dng do tuyn trng k sinh gy ra cho r l khc nhau cc lo i v ging khc nhau: lo i R. reniormis gy ra s bin i t b o xung quanh vng u ca chng; lo i R. macrodoratus to nn mt t b o khng l phn ni b ca r v l m bin dng trc r; lo i T. semipenetrans to ra cc t b o sinh dng xung quanh kim ht phc v cho vic dinh dng ca chng. IJ2 ca T. semipenetrans c th ngng s pht trin ca chng khi khng c mt cy ch v tn ti trong t trong mt thi gian mt v i nm. Khi cy ch xut hin IJ2 t n tuyn trng trng th nh v xm nhp v o vt ch. Vng i ca chng c quan h cht ch v c iu khin bng cy ch v s thay i ma trong mi trng t. Cc lo i tuyn trng bn ni k sinh c th sinh sn bng hu tnh hoc lng tnh. Lo i R. reniormis sinh sn hu tnh, tuy nhin mt v i qun th sinh sn khng c con c. S sinh sn ca lo i T. semipenetrans xy ra vi s c hoc khng c con c. V mt sinh thi: Lo i R. reniormis c th chu c iu kin nhit khc nghit, tuy vy, nhit ti u cho s pht trin ca chng l 25 - 290C v pH thch hp t 4,8 5,2. S sinh sn ca chng c th b hn ch 360C. y l lo i a t mn vi bn hoc ct tng i cao. Lo i T. semipenetrans thch nghi rng vi cc loi t v iu kin mi trng khc nhau, tuy nhin mn cm vi s kh hn. Nhit ti u ca chng l 250C v pH thch hp t 6 - 8. S lng qun th ca T. semipenetrans thng tng khi ma xun n v r thc vt sinh trng. Nhit v m trong ma h l thch hp cho s pht trin ca tuyn trng trong sut cc thng ma h. Lo i tuyn trng n y c th c pht hin su n 4 m, tuy nhin mt phong ph nht ca chng thng di lp t su 30 cm. Cc lo i quan trng Rotylenchulus reniformis. K sinh vi mt qun th rt ln cc cy trng chnh nh bng, ng, ch, cc loi u, u a, u tng, da, khoai lang. Tc hi do lo i n y k sinh thng tng ln do ko theo cc bnh nm (Rhizosstonia, Fusarium, Verticillium). nc ta, lo i n y k sinh gy hi kh ph bin trn nhiu cy trng khc nhau nh da, chui, h tiu v c bit, lo i n y k sinh gy hi rt ph bin cc vn m. Tylenchulus semipenetrans. K sinh gy hi chnh cc cy ging cam chanh (Citrus) v phn b hu khp cc vng trng cam chanh. Ngo i ra cng gp lo i n y k
sinh trn cy oliu v bi. Lo i n y c coi nh lo i k sinh gy hi nguy him i vi cam chanh M. nc ta, cng gp lo i n y k sinh trn mt v i vng cam chanh, nhng khng ph bin. Cc lo i nm Fusarium oxysporum v F. solani c kh nng l m tng hiu ng gy hi ca lo i n y. 5. Tuyn trng thn Ditylenchus spp Ging tuyn trng Ditylenchus gm khong 50 lo i khc nhau trong ch c 3 lo i k sinh gy hi rt quan trng cc phn thn v c ngm di t, thn v cc phn khc trn mt t nn thng gi chng l tuyn trng thn. Phn ln cc lo i khc sng trong t v dinh dng bng nm (thc cht l k sinh cc lo i nm nh). Cc lo i k sinh quan trng Ditylenchus dipsaci. L lo i ni k sinh di chuyn. Tt c cc giai on pht trin ca chng u c kh nng xm nhp v k sinh thc vt, trong , u trng tui 4 (IJ4) l giai on nhim quan trng nht do chng c kh nng chu ng tt vi s kh bng kh nng tim sinh. Lo i tuyn trng n y dinh dng cc nhu m (m mm) ca thn nhng cng c th tm thy chng trong cc phn khc ca thc vt nh l, chi cy, thn r, thn b, v bp qu. Chng xm nhp v o m thc vt qua l kh khng hoc xm nhp trc tip v o phn gc ca thn v nch l. Khi k sinh tuyn trng l m v cc vch t b o v l m cho im k sinh phnh ln v cong queo li. S th nh thc ca con ci, qu trnh trng v pht trin xy ra bn trong m thc vt. Vng i ca tuyn trng t 17 - 23 ng y nhit 13 - 220C, ph thuc v o vt ch v iu kin mi trng. Mi tuyn trng ci c th 200 - 500 trng. Trong m thc vt kh tuyn trng thng t tp li cng vi nhau th nh tng b. u trng giai oan trc trng th nh thng c xu hng pht tn ra ngo i m thc vt, c bit khi cc m n y mc thi hoc cht. Chng c th tn ti trong t h ng thng n h ng nm khi khng c thc vt ch. Nu qu trnh kh xy ra t t IJ4 c th tr th nh dng tim sinh v tn ti rt lu. Cy trng b nhim lo i k sinh n y thng to th nh tt, cong queo, thp ln; l thng mo m v nh hn bnh thng; phn ngn c th b thi ra. Lo i n y cng c nhiu chng sinh hc theo cc ph vt ch khc nhau c hnh th nh do s chuyn ha ca vt ch. D. dipsaci phn b khp th gii, c bit rt ph bin vng n i nh cc nc chu u, Nga v M v gy hi nghim trng cho cc cy trng nng nghip nh c ci, ng, cy linh lng, c ba l , la mch en v yn mch. Chng cng k sinh t ph bin hn h nh, du ty, cy hoa dng bp nh tulip. Lo i n y cng c coi l lo i gy hi cho cc loi u v h nh cc nc vng a Trung Hi; h nh, ti v c inh lng cc nc chu M Latinh, n , Australia v Iran. y l lo i thuc i tng kim dch thc vt ta.
Ditylenchus destructor. L lo i ni k sinh di chuyn cc phn di mt t ca thc vt. Tuyn trng xm nhp v o thn c qua cc chi, l nh trn thn hoc cc mt ca thn c. S sinh sn v pht trin ca D. destructor c th xy ra bin nhit ln, t 5 - 300C, tuy nhin, nhit thch hp l 20 - 270C. S pht trin ca mt vng i tri qua 18 ng y. Lo i n y phn b ph bin cc nc vng n i nh cc nc chu u, M, Canada. Ngo i ra cng c tm thy cc phn ca chu v chu Phi. y l lo i a thc, v vy c th tm thy chng k sinh nhiu cy trng khc nhau, trong khoai ty l cy ch quan trng nht. Khi khng c thc vt ch, tuyn trng c th dinh dng v sinh sn mt s lo i nm. Triu chng tuyn trng gy ra cho khoai ty l u tin xut hin cc chm trng lp di biu b ca l, sau tng dn v kch thc, bin dn th nh m u ti v m l tr nn xp. Thn c b nhim nng to th nh cc vt lm, vt nt v to th nh v nh giy. Thng thng khi nhim tuyn trng thn thng ko theo cc bnh nm, vi khun l m cho bnh c ng tng ln. Cng nh lo i D. dipsaci lo i n y cha thy xut hin ta v vy n c a v o danh lc kim dch thc vt. Ditylenchus angustus. y l lo i tuyn trng k sinh chuyn ha thn la nn cn gi l tuyn trng thn la. D. angustus dinh dng ngoi k sinh cc m non v phn mm ca thn la. Trong thi k m t tuyn trng di chuyn t t dc theo thn ca cy non v xm nhp v o im sinh trng k sinh v gy hi. Trong iu kin kh v khi la chn tuyn trng cun li v chuyn sang trng thi khng hot ng. Khi cui ma v tuyn trng c xu hng tp trung li v to th nh cc bi nh bi bng v chuyn sang trng thi tim sinh. Chng s hot ng tr li ngay lp tc khi iu kin m t tr li. S tim sinh cho php tuyn trng c th tn ti hn 15 thng trong iu kin khng c cy ch hoc iu kin mi trng kh hn. Nhit ti u cho sinh sn v pht trin ca D. angustus l 20 - 300C. Triu chng ban u do tuyn trng k sinh gy ra la l cc l la trn cng b a v ng hoc c sc vn. L la cng c th b cong queo v to th nh d tt. Mt s tuyn trng tn cng v o phn bng ng c th vn li bn trong bao l, trong khi thn bin dng nh kiu phn nhnh phn b nhim gi l tim t sn (swellen ufra). Bnh n y l mt trong nhng vn chnh cc vng la trng chu , chu Phi, c bit Bangladesh, Min in, Thi Lan v Vit Nam. Tuy nhin, t nhng nm 1990 tr li y do h thng thy li c pht trin vng ng bng sng Cu Long, khng cn la ni na nn tc hi ca lo i n y cng gim i nhiu. Nhn chung, cc lo i tuyn trng thn l nhng lo i sinh sn hu tnh bt buc. Trng c ra nhit ti u l 15 - 180C. Cc lo i tuyn trng thn c kh nng khng rt tt vi nhit thp - chng c kh nng tn ti 18 thng nhit 1500C. Cc qun th tuyn trng ph bin trong t st v kh nng tn ti ca chng b gim nhanh chng trong t ct pha.
6. Tuyn trng ngoi k sinh r c im chung ca hu ht cc lo i thuc nhm n y l khi k sinh chng ch dng kim ht chc v o m r dinh dng m c th vn nm ngo i b mt ca r. Tuy nhin trong s cc ging ngoi k sinh ngi ta cng xc nh mt s lo i thuc cc ging nh Tylenchorhynchus, Helicotylenchus, Scutellonema i khi cng gp bn trong r nh l nhng lo i ni k sinh r. Tuy nhin, kiu ni k sinh n y ca chng khng phi l ni k sinh ieern hnh v cng khng phi l phng thc bt buc m ch l tm thi. Mc khc cc lo i n y khng to ra mt c ch chuyn ha nh nhng nhm ni k sinh in hnh. Cc nhm lo i k sinh Nhm tuyn trng ngoi k sinh c s lng lo i rt ng o, trong mt s ging dinh dng trn cc m b mt r nh Paratylenchus, Trichodorus, Tylenchorhynchus. Cc ging khc dinh dng cc m bn di b mt r nh Belonolaimus, Helicotylenchus, Hoplolaimus, Rotylenchus, Scutellonema, Hemicycliophora, Longidorus, Xiphinema. Hu ht cc lo i tuyn trng ngoi k sinh c kim ht rt d i v khe. Chng dng kim ht chc thng m ng t b o ca r v cm su v o cc lp bn trong ca v r ht dch t b o. i khi tuyn trng cm c u v o r v thm ch xm nhp c c th v o bn trong r vt ch. Mt s chng cng c quan h vi mt s nm trong t. Ngo i vai tr k sinh gy hi trc tip cho thc vt, mt s lo i thuc ging Xiphinema, Longidorus, Paralongidorus (h Longidoridae), Trichodorus v Paratrichodorus (h Trichodoridae) c coi l k sinh quan trng trong nng nghip do chng c kh nng mang truyn virus gy bnh cho thc vt. 7. Tuyn trng hi chi l Ngo i 6 nhm tuyn trng trn y mt s lo i tuyn trng k sinh chuyn ha thuc b tuyn trng Aphelenchida cng l nhng lo i k sinh v gy hi kh quan trng cho thc vt sau y. Tuyn trng hi chi, l (Aphelenchoides fragariae v A. ritzemabosi). Hai lo i n y l nhng lo i k sinh khng bt buc thc vt nhng chng cng c kh nng gy hi ng k cho chi v l ca mt s thc vt. V vy, cc lo i tuyn trng n y cn c gi l tuyn trng l hoc tuyn trng chi. Khi k sinh tuyn trng cng gy thi ra cc chi cy, chng cng c th to th nh cc bu d dng trn cy. Tuyn trng bc l la (Aphelenchoides besseyi). Lo i tuyn trng k sinh chuyn ha trn cy la. S k sinh ca chng l m cho u l la b trng v sau hoi t. Tuyn trng k sinh cng gy cho cc l bao bng la b cong queo v xon li, l m cn tr s tr bng, l m gim kch thc bng, s lng v kch thc ht la, trong nhiu ht b lp.
Khi bng la chn tuyn trng chuyn sang trng thi tim sinh v chng c th tn ti 2-3 nm trong ht kh. Tuyn trng gy bnh bc trng u l la rt ph bin cc vng trng la trn th gii. nc ta lo i n y tr nn kh ph bin trong nhng nm gn y khi nhp la lai t Trung Quc. V vy, trc y lo i n y c xc nh l i tng kim dch thc vt nc ta nhng t nm 2000 b loi khi danh lc kim dch thc vt. Tuyn trng vng da (Rhabdinaphelenchus cocophilus) l lo i tuyn trng k sinh chuyn ha cc cy ging da nh da, c, c du. Chng khng tn ti trong t v khng xm nhp trc tip t mi trng t v o r cy m c mang truyn bng mt loi cn trng hi da khc gi su c thn da (Rinchopholus palmarum) thuc h vi voi (Curculionidae). Tuyn trng ch nhim v o cc nhu m ca r, thn v l. Tuyn trng k sinh to th nh mt vng hp c m u (rng 2 - 4 cm) nn cn gi l bnh vng cc m hoi t trong thn, cch v ngo i thn 3 - 5 cm. Cho n nay lo i tuyn trng n y ch phn b hn ch cc nc vng Caribbe v chu M Latinh Tuyn trng ho cht thng (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) cn c gi l tuyn trng g thng v triu chng chng gy ra cho cc lo i mn cm ca ging thng Pinus. Cng nh lo i R. cocophilus, lo i B. xylophilus c mang truyn bng cn trng. Cc lo i cn trng l vector ca tuyn trng n y ch yu l cc lo i cn trng xn tc ging Monocamus. y cng l nhng lo i su hi thng. Lo i n y c pht hin Bc M v sau c du nhp theo g b nhim tuyn trng n Nht Bn, i Loan. nc ta, tuy c iu kin sinh thi kh gn vi cc vng trn y, nhng cha ghi nhn bnh n y xut hin Vit Nam. VI. C S PHNG TR TUYN TRNG Mc tiu phng tr l : gim mt qun th tuyn trng ban u v gim s cy trng b nhim tuyn trng. Ni dung phng tr tuyn trng bao gm: i) Git tuyn trng bng l m mt ngun dinh dng tuyn trng cht i. ii) Git trc tip tuyn trng bng ha cht hoc bt k mt k thut khc c p dng trc khi gieo trng. iii) S dng cc ha cht mt cch hp l chng li tuyn trng trn ng rung c cy trng. Cc bin php phng tr tuyn trng 1. Ngn nga Ngn nga hoc phng nga l gii php u tin quan trng nht trong qun l tuyn trng, v n l bin php n gin gii quyt tuyn trng trc khi chng tr th nh vt hi c xc nh trn ng rung. Ngn nga s pht tn ca tuyn trng c th cn c xem xt cc mc khc nhau: trang tri (nh mt n v sn xut), quc gia v quc t. quy m quc t, cc vn kim dch thc vt quan trng c qun l bng cc cng c kim dch thc vt.
2. Lun canh Lun canh c coi l bin php qun l tuyn trng n gin. Tuyn trng thc vt l nhng k sinh bt buc, chng cn mt vt ch cho s pht trin v nhn nui s lng. Mi lo i tuyn trng thc vt c mt ph vt ch, ph n y d c th l rng nht nhng khng bao gm tt c cc lo i cy trng. Mt tuyn trng tng cc cy ch thch hp v suy gim cy ch khng thch hp. Trong lun canh cy trng qun l cc cy trng mn cm vi mt lo i tuyn trng c trng lun canh vi cc cy khng hoc min nhim tuyn trng. Thng cc cy trng kinh t l cc cy mn cm vi tuyn trng v cc cy trng lun canh l cc cy km kinh t hn. S lun canh cn phi trng nh th n o mt qun th tuyn trng mc thp nht khi trng cy trng chnh. Cc cy lun canh l cy min nhim hoc c kh nng chng chu cao vi mt hoc mt v i loi tuyn trng n o . Kh nng min nhim ca chng c th l min nhim t nhin. 3. Bin php canh tc Ty tng loi tuyn trng k sinh v loi cy trng m c th la chn, iu chnh mt s bin php canh tc nh: gieo trng sm, l m kh rung, l m ngp nc, bn cht hu c vv. cng c th gim mt tuyn trng v trnh mt s tc hi gy ra do tuyn trng gy ra. 4. Cc bin php vt l Li ch ln ca bin php vt l phng tr tuyn trng l khng li d lng, c t nh thuc ha hc. Bn cht ca cc bin php vt l l phng tr tuyn trng bng x l nhit. Tuyn trng nhn chung rt mn cm vi nhit. Hu ht tuyn trng cht nhit cao trn 600C. Phng php vt l c p dng rng r i bng nhiu bin php khc nhau nh: x l khi, dng hi nc nng x l t, phi nng, kh trng bng nhit in, bng nhit vi sng, t ng sau khi thu hoch, kh trng nguyn liu gieo trng bng nhit, chiu x vv. 5. Chn ging khng v ging chng chu bnh Trng cc cy chng chu tuyn trng k sinh c th p ng cho mt phng php l tng l duy tr mt qun th tuyn trng di ngng gy hi. Cc cy trng khng tuyn trng c mt s u im vt tri hn cc phng php khc cho mc tiu qun l tuyn trng hi: (a) c th ho n to n ngn nga s sinh sn ca tuyn trng, khng ging mt v i phng php khc nh phng tr ha hc; (b) s p dng chng cn t hoc khng cn cng ngh v hiu qu kinh t; (c) cho php lun canh trong thi gian ngn; (d) khng li d lng c. Ngo i tnh khng (resistance) vi tuyn trng k sinh, cy khng cng cn phi chng chu (tolerance); nhng cy khng chng chu s phi chu thit hi nng n nu trng trn t nhim tuyn trng nng. Cc cy chng chu m khng khng c xu hng tng mt qun th tuyn trng n s lng tuyn trng cao c th dn n gy hi.
6. Bin php sinh hc Tuyn trng k sinh thc vt cng b tn cng bng nhiu thin ch tn ti trong t nh virus, vi khun, nm, Rickettsia, n b o, Tardigrade, Tuberlaria, Enchytraeid, ve bt, cn trng v tuyn trng n tht. V vy, nghin cu s dng thin ch ca tuyn trng c tm quan trng rt ln trong vic l m gim mt qun th hn ch tc hi do tuyn trng k sinh gy ra cho cy trng. C 2 dng phng tr sinh hc (PTSH): PTSH nhn to bng cch nhn nui cc tc nhn sinh hc a ra ng rung v PTSH t nhin bng cch duy tr ngun thin ch sn c trong t nhin hn ch mt tuyn trng. Hin ti, bin php phng tr sinh hc cha thay th thuc ha hc do tc ng chm, gi th nh cc ch phm sinh hc cn cao v khng p ng y nhu cu sn xut. Tuy nhin, PTSH rt ph hp trong h thng qun l tng hp tuyn trng. Cc tc nhn sinh hc s dung trong phng tr sinh hc Vi khun Pasteuria penetrans: L loi vi khun k sinh bt buc mt s tuyn trng k sinh thc vt nh cc loi u trng ca Melodogyne spp., Pratylenchus spp., v.v. Tuyn trng d d ng b nhim vi vi khun n y trong t khi chng tip xc vi ni b o t. Vi khun Pasteuria penetrans rt c v c th gim mt qun th tuyn trng Melodogyne trong chu n 99% trong vng 3 tun. Vi khun Pasteuria penetrans c th tn ti mt s nm trong t c l m kh bng kh m khng h suy gim kh nng sng v b nh hng rt t bi cc iu kin t hoc thuc phng tr tuyn trng. Nm by tuyn trng: y l cc lo i nm c kh nng to ra nhng mng by dng li dnh bt gi v n tht tuyn trng. Hu ht cc loi nm by c xem nh khng c kh nng to khun lc nhanh, kh nng cnh tranh thp trong mi trng hoi sinh v khng sn s ng n nh khi b sung v o trong t. Tuy nhin, khi b sung mt ngun carbohydrate v o t thay cho tuyn trng s gip nm mc nhanh hn. Cc lo i nm by khc nhau c kh nng bt tuyn trng khc nhau, nhng hu ht chng u t chuyn ha i vi i tng lo i tuyn trng mi, v thng thng mt khi cc by c to ra hu ht cc dng tuyn trng u b bt by. Do hot ng by hn ch v t chuyn ha trong t nhin nn nhng loi nm n y kh khn xc lp vai tr ca mt tc nhn phng tr sinh hc. Nm ni k sinh tuyn trng: y l cc lo i nm c kh nng dnh v xm nhp v o c th tuyn trng k sinh gy bnh cho tuyn trng. Mt s lo i nm nh Nematoctonus spp., Meria coniospora c th nghim v cho kt qu nht nh. C th phn bit 2 nhm nm ni k sinh l : a) Nm ni k sinh c th tuyn trng sn xut ra cc b o t nh cc b o t n y cng cha cc nng lng nh bt u qu trnh khun lc trong t. T y cc b o t duy tr s u th cho n khi chng dnh bm v o tuyn trng i qua. Sau b o t ny mm v xm nhp qua v cutin to khun lc trong c th vt ch tuyn trng. Lo i Nematoctonus concurrens v N. haptocladus thuc nhm nm
n y nhng c hiu lc khng ln i vi tuyn trng. Lo i Hirsutella rhossiliensis cng c lin quan vi tuyn trng Criconemella xenoplax. Tuy nhin, hin ti rt t kt qu p dng thc t. b) Nm ni k sinh trng tuyn trng c kh nng k sinh tuyn trng ci v trng ca mt s tuyn trng b o nang v tuyn trng sn r trc khi u trng n ra. Tuy nhin, nhng nm n y khng c kh nng git u trng dng hot ng trong t. Hu ht trng tuyn trng u mn cm hn vi s xm nhp ca nm trc khi pht trin u trng tui 2. Nu con ci b nm k sinh th kh nng sinh sn ca chng s b gim. V vy, nhng nm n y rt hiu qu nu chng c kh nng k sinh con ci v khi trng sm sau khi chng c n ra trong r. Cc nm k sinh trng l k sinh tm thi nn chng c th c nhn nui invitro v s tn ti ca chng trong t c th khng ph thuc v o s hin din ca truyn trng. Hu ht s nhim xy ra khi con ci v b o nang c mt trong r v chng s khng b nhim khi pht tn v o trong t, v vy thi im thun li nht cho vic p dng nm n y l trc khi gieo trng, khi nm tn ti mt v i tun trong t t c s lng ti u cho vic phng tr th h mi ca tuyn trng. Nm k sinh trng khng tiu dit pha u trng tuyn trng, v vy, t nhim tuyn trng nng, tc hi ln cy trng s khng gim sau khi x l, c bit i vi cc lo i tuyn trng ch c mt th h trong mt v. 7. Bin php ha hc T nhng nm 1950 tr li y cc loi thuc ha hc khc nhau c s dng rng r i phng tr tuyn trng k sinh thc vt. Tuy nhin, ngo i nhng mt c li khng th chi c i trong vic phng tr su bnh hi tng sn lng cy trng, vic s dng khng hp l cc cht ha hc cng gy nhng hu qu xu i vi mi trng v sc khe cng ng. c bit, thuc ha hc cng l m cho nhiu loi tuyn trng tr nn khng thuc. Mc d hin nay sn xut c nhiu loi thuc c hiu qu tt hn, chuyn ha hn i vi vic phng tr tuyn trng v cng t c hi hn i vi mi trng. Tuy nhin cng ch nn dng thuc ha hc trong nhng trng hp cn thit c khuyn co di y v c bit phi s dng chng mt cch hp l. Nguyn tc s dng: Ch dng thuc ha hc phng tr tuyn trng trong cc trng hp sau: i) Cy trng khng c x l bng cc bin php t tin khc. ii) Cc phng php khc khng c hiu qu. iii) Cng tc bo v thc vt cn phi p dng mc ti a. iv) Ngo i tuyn trng cc vt k sinh gy hi khc cng cn c phng tr. Cc loi thuc ha hc tr tuyn trng (nematicides) C th chia tt c thuc ha hc dit tuyn trng ra 2 nhm chnh sau y: Nhm thuc xng hi (fumigant): L nhng thuc dng lng, d bay hi v c kh nng khuch tn v ha tan trong dung dch t. Kh nng ha hi to p sut cao l m cho kh thm trc tip qua cc l trong t. Hu ht cc loi thuc xng l c t thc vt v trc tip git tuyn trng v trng. C th phn bit 2 dng chnh sau: a) Halogenated
aliphatic hydrocarbons: Methyl bromide, Ethylene dibrromide (EDP); cc hn hp 1,3Dichloropropene, 1,2-Dibromo-3-Chloropane (DBCP) v Chloropicrine. b) Methyl isothiocyanate: Metham sodium, Dazomet, v cc hn hp Methyl Isothiocyanate: cc dung dch trong xylol hoc c trn vi hn hp 1,3- Dichloropropene. Nhm thuc khng xng hi (non-fumigant): Cn gi l nematostats. Nhm thuc n y khng trc tip git cht tuyn trng m gy hiu ng ln tp tnh ca n (hu ht cc thuc n y c tc dng thm thu) l m cho tuyn trng mt kh nng pht trin v klh nng gy hi. Thuc c th c s dng khi gieo trng nhng cng c th x l mun hn. C th phn bit 2 nhm ch yu: a) Organophotphates: Fenamphos, Ethoprophos, Thionazin v Fensulphotion. b) Oxim-carbamates: Aldicarb, Oxamyl, Carbofuran v Methomyl. Cc phng php p dng thuc ha hc X l vt liu ging trc khi trng. Mt v i tuyn trng c kh trng trn vt liu gieo trng nh ht, chi v c nh gim. X l ha cht cc vt liu ging c th trnh s pht tn v lan truyn vt hi n vng mi. Mt s tuyn trng ht nh Aphelenchoides besseyi v Anguina tritici c th b git bng thuc xng Methyl bromide trong mt phng kn kh. Liu x l (nng x thi gian x l) ca thuc ph thuc v o h m lng du v nc cha trong ht. Trc khi trng nhng chi chui ging trong cc loi thuc khng bay hi (nh fenamiphos, 100 ppm, 5 pht) c coi l gii php tiu chun. i vi tuyn trng chui R. similis chi ging c nhng v o t st v nc c thm v carbofuran v ethoprophos mang li hiu qu rt tt. Ngm cy ging trc khi chuyn trng mi bng ha cht khng bay hi khng nhng x l c tuyen trng sn c trong r cy m cn ngn nga s tn cng sm ca tuyn trng i vi cy ging non. X l t: i vi cc loi thuc xng hi. Tuyn trng c bo v kh tt trong t n d r v t trn ng rung. V vy, hiu qu kh trng tt nu t n d c tch ra t t v nu t c c y nh, ln lung trong thi im x l thuc. Thuc c a v o t hoc di dng nc hoc di dng kh bng my ko c lp theo gi n phun pha sau. Tuy nhin, do s bay hi v c t ca thuc, v nng cao hiu qu x l cn phi ph nylon kn ngay sau khi phun thuc. i vi cc loi thuc khng bay hi. V c c t cao i vi ng vt c v nn cc hp cht Carbamates v Organophosphates thng c sn xut cho s dng dng ht. liu khuyn co, cc thuc n y t hoc khng gy c cho thc vt v vy chng c th c s dng trc khi trng hoc trong nhiu trng hp chng c x l sau khi trng. Cc loi thuc khng bay hi c th dng x l theo di rng hoc tng bng nh sau che ph b mt t. Hu ht cc loi thuc nhm n y c sn xut di dng nh ha. Cc thuc n y c phun v o t trc khi c trn u lp t d y 10 cm. Mt s thuc c x l bng h thng ti phun hoc thy li. Tuy nhin trnh tip xc trc tip vi cc ha cht c c t cao.
Chng XI Protozoa gy bnh cy(1)
I. S pht hin v tc hi ca bnh Protozoa l loi ng vt nguyn sinh gy hi trn cy trng c tm thy t nhng nm 1900. Chng thuc lp Euglenozoa, b Kinetoplastida, h Trypanosomatidae v l lo i ng vt c cu to mt t b o c nucleic rt n gin. Loi protozoa c lng roi c th k sinh trn nhi u loi cy trng, cn mt s loi khc th ch xut hin v gy bnh trn mt s loi cy trng nht nh. Theo nguyn tc Koch cho th y lo i ng vt nguyn sinh c lng roi nh protozoa cha c coi l loi k sinh cy trng mt cch y nh Phytoplasma v vi khun hi b mch cy. II. c im chung ca Protozoa v phn loi protozoa hi thc vt Protozoa l mt loi c cu to mt t b o, th sinh trng l Plasmodium (dng nguyn sinh b o) c th quan st qua knh hin vi, a s di ng v c nhn nucleic c bit, chng c mt lng roi m t u, sng n l hoc th nh tng m, c th sng t do, sng cng sinh hoc k sinh. Mt v i lo i protozoa sng c trong cc c th khc nh vi khun, nm men, to v ng vt nguyn sinh khc. Mt v i lo i sng hoi sinh c trng ha nhp vi mi trng xung quanh. Chng c hnh th c sinh s n v tnh sinh ra bo t ng (zoospore) Hin nay cc cng b cho thy ch c loi protozoa c lng roi l c mi lin quan vi bnh trn cy trng. Trong chu k pht trin ca chng c th quan st th y lo i protozoa c mt lng roi. Rt nhiu loi protozoa l lo i hoi sinh v mt v i lo i th ht ( nhum m u) c sc t, c loi xm nhp v o dip lc t, cn loi khc th k sinh trn ngi v ng vt bi u hi n l nh ng tc nhn gy bnh quan trng. Loi k sinh c lng roi trn ngi l loi k sinh trong mu Trypanosoma l nguyn nhn gy bnh bun ng chu Phi, lo i ny c kh nng truyn bnh qua con rui T x (tsetse). ng vt nguyn sinh c lng roi c tm thy ln u tin c lin quan n cy trng v o nm 1909 ti Mauritius, khi Lafont cng b rng: chng l loi k sinh trn t b o sinh sn nha m trn cy i kch Euphorbia (h Euphorbiaceae). C th phn bit chng vi Protozoa k sinh trn ngi v ng vt. Protozoa trn cy trng c xp ging mi c tn gi l Phytomonas, theo Lafont th c mt lo i c m t c tn l Protozoa davidi, ti p sau c nhng cng b mt v i lo i khc trong ging Phytomonas c mt trn cy trng nm trong h Asclepiaceae (nh lo i P. elmassiani trn cy c sa), h Moraceae c lo i P. bancrofti trn ficus), h Rubiaceae (lo i P.
Ghi ch: (1) Lc dch theo Phytopathology
leptovasorum trn cy c ph) v h Euphorbiaceae c lo i P. francai trn cy sn); c mt lo i cha xc nh c mt trn cy c da v cy du da. Tt c lo i c lng roi trn cy trng l thuc b Kinetoplastide, h Trypanosomatidae. Kt qu nghin cu nhng nm gn y cho thy Protozoa c lng roi c phn lp t qu c chua. Hin nay, vic phn loi cc lo i Phytomonas vn cha c thc hin ho n chnh. Ging n y bao gm Trypanosomatid c lng roi l nhng lo i k sinh v chu k sng ca chng ho n th nh trong 2 loi k ch: trn cy trng v ng vt. Trong cy, mt v i lo i sng mch dn trn cc loi cy khng c nha m, nh c da, du da v c ph, chng c xc nh l nhng lo i k sinh. Mt s khc chng sng nhng loi cy c nha m v chng khng phi l nhng lo i k sinh. Mc d vy, nghin cu cho kt qu xc nh lo i Phytomonas francai c mi lin quan ti b r v l m suy gim s hnh th nh c cy sn, Khi cn l nhm Trypanosomatid c lng roi, mt v i lo i l Phytomonas, mt v i lo i khng thuc Phytomonas, chng k sinh v l nguyn nhn gy b nh ch y u trn mt v i loi cy n qu. Nh ng lo i c lng roi nm trong mch libe ca cy k ch, Phytomonas k sinh cy trng c mi quan h gn gi gia lo i n y vi lo i khc nhng c s khc nhau vi lo i c tr nha c ca qu mt v i c im. S khc nhau c th nm trong mi quan h huyt thanh, h ng lot cc enzym. Cc mu DNA c tch ra bi cc men gii hn trong nhn, kch thc chui nh ca nhn DNA c th c virus k sinh trong chng dng si n RNA. Ngo i ra, mc d tt c Phytomonas c th mc trn mi trng dinh dng c bit, Phytomonas c th tn ti mch phloem th trc tin chng phi pht trin qua mt v i mi trng khc nh: cy trn m t b o cn trng trc khi chng c th pht trin trn mi trng t b o t do. Rt nhiu cc nh nghin cu iu tra Protozoa c lng roi trong loi cy c nha m (laticiferous) cho thy tuy chng sng trn cy chng sng bn ngo i nha m nhng cy trng khng b bnh. Mt khc li cho rng loi c lng roi khng gy bnh trn nhng loi cy trng n y. Mt v i cng b cho thy, triu chng biu hin r r ng khi protozoa xm nhim trn cc cy trng c nha m v cng ch ra rng nguyn sinh ng vt c lng roi l nhng lo i k sinh. Trong nhng r sn rng b bnh th Protozoa c lng roi xut hin l m cho b r khng pht trin tt, cy ci cc t ra c. c im triu chng bi u hi n r nt nh t l cc lo i Phytomonas xm nhim trn nhng loi cy khng c nha m nh c ph, cy da l y qu v du da v l bnh mang tnh gy hi c ngha kinh t. Loi protozoa c lng roi gy bnh libe biu hin gy ra v t b nh hoi t trn c ph, l m thi cy da v cht ho t t trn cy du da Nam M. Protozoa khng biu hin r s gy bnh c gii trn cy trng. Khi xm nhim qua libe tia c, chng gy bnh l m tc nghn s vn chuyn sn phm quang hp ti b r.
Trn cy c nha m th chng sn sinh ra enzym l m gim pectin v cellulose nhng nhng enzyme n y vn cha c nghin cu trn cc lo i Phytomonas khc. Phytomonas thng gy bnh mt phn ca qu, song trn vt bnh n y cng thy xut hin c c nm v vi khun. Phytomonas protozoa c th lan truyn theo gc ghp cy trng v mt s lo i cn trng thuc cc h Pentatomidae, Lygaeidae v Coreidae. Mt v i lo i cn trng thuc ging Lincus v Ochlerus trong h Pentatomidae truyn lan gy bnh thi da qu v cht ho t t trn cy du da. Trypanosomes c th xut hin trn nhng loi cy c nha m nh m t trn, nhng cc loi c di c nha m mc ti cc vng trng da v c ph khng phi l ngun bnh ly nhim Phytomonas sang da hoc c ph. Mt khc khi da b ho c th c mt s ging chng bnh hoc triu chng khng r do Phytomonas trypanosomes, c th l ngun bnh t n t i ca Phytomonas trn mt s ging da. Bin php phng tr Protozoa c lng roi gy bnh trn cy trng trnh dng cy ging vn m b bnh v trng cy ging sch bnh. C th thc hin phng tr cn trng mi gii truyn bnh hoc s dng lo i cn trng c ch dit mi gii.
Chng XII Thc vt thng ng k sinh
I. Khi nim chung v thc vt thng ng k sinh C mt s t loi thc vt thng ng cng sng k sinh trn cy trng gy ra nhng nh hng xu n i sng ca cy v c tc hi nht nh trong sn xut. Thc vt thng ng k sinh l nhng thc vt khng c kh nng t mnh tng hp ra nhng vt cht hu c, ho n to n mt dip lc t hoc thoi ho i nn phi sng bm trn nhng cy trng khc. Khong 1700 loi thc vt thng ng k sinh u l loi b hoa song t dip thuc 20 h khc nhau nhng quan trng nht l h tm gi Loranthaceae, h t hng Cuscutaceae, h lit ang Orobanchaceae, Santalaceae v Balanophoraceae. Phn ln nhng h n y u ph bin nhng vng nhit i, mt s t vng n i. Cn c v o mc v hnh thc k sinh c th chia cc loi thc vt thng ng k sinh l m hai nhm: k sinh khng ho n to n v k sinh ho n to n. * Nhm k sinh khng ho n to n L nhm cy k sinh c l xanh, c dip lc t, c th tin h nh quang hp nhng phi sng n bm trn cc cy khc ht ly cc cht khong ch yu l mui v c v nc. l nhng lo i trong h Loranthaceae v Santalacea. V mt quan h k sinh th sau khi xm nhp v o b phn cy k ch, cc vi ht c hnh th nh v cc h thng mch dn ca chng c ni lin thng sut vi h thng mch dn ca cy k ch, do vy m chng c th trc tip ht nc v cc mui v c trong cy k ch sng. V vy, nhng loi k sinh khng ho n to n khng c r mc t m li mc trn cc c quan ca cy trng. * Nhm k sinh ho n to n L cc loi cy k sinh khng c l xanh hoc l b thoi ho ho n to n th nh dng vy c khng tin h nh quang hp c, do ho n to n phi ly cc cht hu c, v c v nc ca cy k ch sng. Cc b mch g v mch libe ca chng c ni thng vi cc b mch g v mch libe ca cc cy k ch, hoc thng qua cc vi ht m ra chng cht nh r gi cm su v o trong cc b mch dn ca cy k ch, nh vy c th ht c y s lng nc v mui v c cng nh cc cht hu c trong mch g v mch libe ca cy k ch. l trng hp k sinh ca cc lo i trong h Cuscutaceae. Nhng lo i thc vt thng ng k sinh cng c mt phm vi k ch khc nhau. C loi phm vi k ch rt hp nh cc lo i t hng hi ci bp, nhng cng c lo i c phm vi k ch rt rng, phn ln l cc lo i trong h Loranthaceae.
C loi thc vt thng ng k sinh ch chuyn k sinh b phn r cy trng nh h orobanchaceae, Scrophilariaceae. C loi ch k sinh trn cc b phn thn c nh ca cy k ch nh cc lo i t hng (Cuscutaceae) v tm gi. Tuy nhin, cng c loi va c th k sinh r, va c th thn c nh nh Santalaceae. Cy trng khi b k sinh th t c nhng bin i ln v mt hnh thi, nu c th ch v tr m cy k sinh tip gip bm cht v cy k ch c hin tng thay i ni u sng nhng v mt sinh trng th b c ch mnh biu hin ra ngo i: cy ln chm, yu t, l b kh rng, qu rng hoc trn cc c nh b k sinh khng c qu, mt s on thn c nh hoc to n cy dn dn b kh a cht. II. Tc ng gy hi ca thc vt thng ng k sinh vi cy trng Tc ng c hi c bn ca thc vt thng ng k sinh i vi cy k ch khng phi l tc ng ca cc c t, cng khng phi l n chim ot ht tt c nhng vt cht dinh dng ca cy k ch, m ch yu l phn ln nc trong cy b chim ot l m cho cc chc nng sinh l v tc dng ng ho ca cy trng b ph hoi. Mt s loi thc vt thng ng k sinh ch yu ph hoi trn cc cy nng lm nghip, cy n qu thng thy nc ta l nhng loi thuc h Loranthaceae v Cuscutaceae. Cc loi cy tm gi nh : Loranthus chinensis D.C, Loranthus parasiticus (Linn) Merr, Loranthus sampsoni Hance thng sng k sinh trn thn, c nh cc cy ch, o, mt, chanh, bi v cc cy g rng. l nhng loi c l xanh, dng hnh cy bi nh, c hoa qu v ht. Ht chn ri v i do gi, chim chc m lan truyn i xa, bm trn thn, c nh cy gp iu kin tt, m t s ny mm m r tit ra dch nhn phn gii m biu b cy, mc ra cc vi ht (r gi) xm nhp v o tng v cy ri m nhnh to th nh mt chm r gi lan rng trong lp v cy, v sau li tip tc m ra nhng vi ht mi chc qua tng m sinh trng v o ti mch g. T tr i nhng vi ht n y phn ho th nh nhng mch dn ni thng vi mch dn ca cy k ch do m ht c cc vt cht v c v nc do cy k ch ht t t v cy tm gi cng ln dn ln t mm th nh thn l xanh tt. Nhng loi thc vt thng ng k sinh ho n to n thng gp trn cc loi cy ci bp, cy cc tn, vi, nh n, cy ch l nhng loi t hng Cuscuta v Cassytha. l nhng loi cy khng c l xanh, khng c r, ch c thn nh l loi thn dy leo, mu hi v ng hoc hng nht, c qu v ht. Ht qua mt thi gian tnh c th ny mm trong t mc ra mt on mm m m xung t bm cht trn cc ht t, cn on u pha trn vn ln ra xung quanh tm bm v o cy k ch. Khi gp cy k ch v leo qun xung quanh thn thi lp tc mc ra cc vi ht (dng r cc) xuyn v o trong m thn cy, chc thng ti cc b mch dn ca cy k ch bt u ht cc cht dinh dng v nc. Lc n y on dy pha di ca t hng co teo li, tch la khi mt t v t ta ch cn thy nhng thn dy t hng leo qun chng cht l lng trn cy k
ch. Dy t hng pht trin rt nhanh, c th b leo t cy n y sang cy khc. Do c th thy tng chm ln cy b t hng ph hoi, l m cho cy trng sinh trng yu, kh v ng, ng thi di tc ng ca chng c th l m th nh cc u sng trn ch b hi. Cc loi thc vt thng ng k sinh mc d so vi cc loi bnh truyn nhim khc th t ph bin v t tc hi hn nhng trong mt chng mc n o cng c th gy ra nhng thit hi nht nh. Vy tu theo trng hp c th m phi tin h nh cc bin php tr dit. Cn ct b nhng cy tm gi trn thn c nh. i vi nhng ch b t hng ph hoi cn g b i, thu sch em t khng st li nhng mu thn. Cn c y t su vi lp cc ht t hng xung lp t su l m cho mt sc ny mm. Trong nhng trng hp cn thit nn dng cc loi ho cht tr phun Acsenit natri 30 kg/ha ho trong 500 - 750 lt nc, phun dung dch 4% Dinitrophenolat amon, phun dung dch Pentachlorephenolat natri 30 kg/ha ho trong 600 - 1000 lt nc, hoc dng mt v i loi thuc tr c khc.
Ph lc (thuc bo v thc vt) Tn hot cht v tn thng mi mt s thuc c tc dng tr cn trng chch ht (Rp, ry, b phn, b tr, vv...) mi gii truyn bnh virus hi cy trng: Acephate (TTM: Anitox 50SC; Binhmor 40EC; Lancer 4G, 40EC; Monster 40EC, 75WP; orthene 97Pellet; Viaphate 40EC, 75BHN). Acetamiprid (TTM: Domosphi 20EC; Mopride 20WP; Mospilan 3EC, 20SP; Otoxess 200SP). Acrinathrin (TTM: Rufast 3 EC). Alpha-cypermethrin (TTM: Alphacide 50EC; 100EC; Bestox 5 EC; Fastac 5EC; Fastocide 5 EC; Motox 205EC, 5EC, 10EC; Vifast 5ND, 10SC;). Amitraz (TTM: Mitac 20 EC). Beta-cyfluthrin ( TTM: Buldock 025 EC). Buprofezin (TTM: Aklaut 10 WP, Aperlaur 10 WP; Apolo 10WP, 25 WP; Applaud 10WP, 25 SC; Butal 10 WP; Butyl 10 WP, 40WDG, 400 SC; Difluent 10WP, 25 WP; Encofezin 10 WP, 25 WP; Map-Judo 25 WP; Profezin 10 WP; Ranadi 10 WP; Viappla 10 WP): Carbaryl ( TTM: Sevin 43 FW, 85 S; Sebaryl 85 BHN). Carbosulfan (TTM: Carbosan 25 EC; mashal 200 SC). Chlorpyrifos ethyl (TTM: Chlorban 20 EC, 48 EC; Virofos 20EC). Deltamethrin (TTM: Decis 2.5 EC). Diafenthiuron (TTM: Pegasus 500SC). Diazinon (TTM: Agrozinon 60EC; Basudin 10 G, 50 EC; Diaphos 10 G, 50 EC; Diazol 10 G, 60 EC; Kayazinon 40 EC, 50 EC, 60 EC; Vibasu 40 ND, 50ND). Dimethoate (TTM: Arriphos 40 E C; Bi-58 40EC; Bian 40 EC, 50EC; Binh -58 40 EC; Bini 58 40 EC; Bitox 40 EC, 50 EC; imecie 40 EC; Dimenat 40 EC; Dithoate 40 EC; Fezmet 40 EC; Forgon 40 EC, 50 EC; Nugor 40 EC; Pyxoate 44 EC; Tigithion 40 EC, 50 EC; Vidithoate 40 ND; Watox400EC). Esfenvalerat (TTM: Alphago 5EC; Sumisana 5EC). Etofenprox (TTM: Trebon 10EC, 20 WP, 30 EC). Fenobucarb (TTM: Anba 50 EC; Bascide 50 EC; Bassan 50 EC; Bassatigi 50ND; Dibacide 50 EC; Excel Basa 50ND; Forcin 50 EC; Hopkill 50 ND; Hoppecin 50 EC; Nibas 50 ND;Pasha 50 ND; Super kill 50 EC; Tapsa 50 EC; Triray 50 EC; Vibasa 50 ND; Vitagro 50EC). Fenpropathrin (TTM: Daniton 10 EC).
Fenthion ( TTM: Lebaycide 50 EC, 500 EC; Sunthion 50 EC). Fenvalerat (TTM: Dibatox 10 EC, 20 EC; Encofenva 20 EC, Fantasy 20 EC; Pyvalerate 20 EC; Sagomycin 10 EC, 10 ME, 20 EC; Sanvalerate 200 EC; Sumicidin 10 EC; Sudin 20 EC). Imidacloprid (TTM: Admire 050 EC; Admitox 050 EC; Amico 10 EC; Armada 50EC; Gaucho 70 WS, 020FS, 600FS; Confidor 100SL, 700 WG; Conphai 10 WP, 15 WP, 000S; Just 050 EC; Miretox 10 WP; Midan 10 WP; Sahara 25 WP; Sectox 10 WP; Yamida 10 WP). Soprocarb (TTM: Capcin 20 EC, 25 WP; Mipcide 20 EC, 50 WP; Tigicarb 20 EC, 25 WP; Vimipc 20 ND, 25 BTN). Methidathion (TTM: Supracide 40 EC; Supathion 40 EC). Nereistoxin (TTM: Binhdan 10 H, 18 SL, 95 WP; Dibadan 18 SL, 95 WP; Vithadan 18 SL, 95 WP). Phenthoate (TTM: Elsan 50 EC; Nice 50 EC; Rothoate 50 EC). Phosalone (TTM: Pyxolone 35 EC; Saliphos 35 EC). Pirimicarb (TTM: Ahoado 50 WP). Profenofos (TTM: Binhfos 50 EC; Selecron 500 EC). Pyridaphenthion (TTM: Ofunack 40 EC). Silafluofen (TTM: Silatop 7 EW, 20 EW). Thiamethoxam (TTM: Actara 25 WG). Triazophos (TTM: Hostathion 20 EC, 40 EC).
Ghi ch: TTM: Tn thng mi ca thuc.
Ti liu tham kho
* T i liu trong nc 1. B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn, 2005. Danh mc thuc Bo v thc vt c php s dng, hn ch s dng v b cm s dng Vit Nam nm 2005. 2. V Triu Mn, L Lng T (ch bin), 1998 (ti bn 2001). Bnh cy Nng nghip. NXB Nng nghip. 3. L Lng T, V Triu Mn, 1999. Bnh vi khun v virus hi cy trng. NXB Gio dc. 4. V Triu Mn, 2003. Chn on nhanh bnh hi thc vt. NXB Nng nghip. 5. Nguyn Trn Onh, Nguyn Vn Vin, 1996. Gio trnh Ha bo v thc vt, Trng i hc Nng nghip I. 6. L Vn Thng, 1982. Nghin cu mt s bin php tng nng sut da trn t i v t phn. Lun n PTS Nng nghip, 1982. 7. L Trng, Nguyn Trn Onh, o Trng nh, 2005. T in s dng thuc bo v thc vt Vit Nam". 8. V Hu Ym, L Vn Hch, Lu Hng Nga, Nguyn Th Sp, Nguyn Tin Dng, 1980. nh hng ca magi trong t v trong cy n bnh ho l da trong v rt v bin php khc phc. Bo co Khoa hc K thut Nng nghip - Trng HNN I. NXB Nng nghip, 1980, trang 52-59. 9. V Hu Ym, 1982. Ch phn bn cho da trn vng t i ph sa c bc mu. Lun n PTS nng nghip, 1982. 10. V Hu Ym, L Lng T, 1987. Vai tr ca Bo trong thm canh da. Thng tin Khoa hc k thut trng HNN 1 s 1/1987, trang 1-12. T i liu ngo i nc 11. CDS Tomlin., 2000, The Pesticide Manual, Published by British Crop Protection Council. 12. Brow J.F and H.J.Ogle, 1997, Plant pathogens and plant disease, APPS Edited by Australia plant pathology society. 13. George N. Agrios, 1997, Plant pathology, Fourth edition, Academic Press. 14. Hooper D.J, 1986, Extraction of free living stages from soil laboratory methods for work with plant and soil nematodes London, pp 5-30. 15. Mathews Ref, 1991, Plant Virology, Third edition, Academic Press, INC Sandiago. Newyor, Boston, London, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto.
16. Mehan V.K, S.B Liao, Y.J Tan, A.C Hayward, 1994, Bacterial wilt of groundnut, No 35, ICRISAT, India, 23p. 17. H. David Thurston, 1998, Tropical plant disease, Second edition, APS Press. 18. A.Hadidi, P.K Khetarpal and H. Koganezawa, 1998, Plant virus disease control, APS Press. 19. Miguel Ulloa and Richard T. Hanlin, 2000, Illustrated dictionary of mycrologys, APS Press. 20. N.W Shaad, J.B Jones and W. Chun, 2001, Plant pathogenic Bacteria, Third edition, APS Press. 21. Rajendra Prasad- James F. Power, 1997, Soil fertility management for sustainable agriculture- CRC Press-Lewis Publishers, 1997. 22. Achim Dobermann and Thomas Fairhurt, 2000, Rice nutrient disorders and nutrient management, IRRI. 22. Nyle C. Brady & Ray R. Weil., 2002, Nature and properties of soils, The 13th edition., Prentice Hall, 2002.
Mc lc
Chng I. Khi nim chung v bnh cy I. Bnh cy v sn xut nng nghip 1.1. Lch s khoa hc bnh cy 1.2. Nhng thit hi kinh t do bnh cy 1.3. i tng nghin cu ca khoa hc bnh cy 1.4. Nhng bin i ca cy sau khi b bnh 1.5. nh ngha bnh cy 1.6. Cc triu chng do bnh cy gy nn II. c tnh ca k ch v k sinh gy bnh cy 2.1. S tc ng ca vi sinh vt gy bnh v o cy 2.2. Phn chia tnh k sinh 2.3. Qu trnh tin ho ca tnh k sinh 2.4. Kh nng gy bnh ca vi sinh vt gy bnh cy 2.5. Phm vi gy bnh ca vi sinh vt gy bnh cy 2.6. Nhng khi nim v k ch III. Chn on bnh cy 3.1. Mc ch 3.2. Cc iu kin cn thit chn on bnh cy 3.3. Khi qut v cc bc chn on bnh cy 3.4. Cc phng php chn on bnh cy Chng II. Sinh thi bnh cy 2.1. Dng tn ti v v tr tn ti ca ngun bnh 2.2. Qu trnh xm nhim ca vi sinh vt gy bnh cy 2.3. Chu k xm nhim ca bnh 2.4. Cc iu kin pht sinh bnh cy v dch bnh cy 2.5. Bnh cy v mi trng Chng III. Phng php phng tr bnh cy 3.1. Mc ch
1 1 3 5 6 7 8 9 9 11 11 12 13 14 14 13 15 15 15 15 21 23 25 27 27 29 28 30
3.2. Nhng nguyn tc xy dng bin php phng tr 3.3. Cc bin php phng tr bnh cy Chng IV. Bnh do mi trng 4.1. c im chung 4.2. Nhng bnh c ngun gc t t v phn bn 4.3. Bnh do ch nc 4.4. Bnh do iu kin thi tit 4.5. Bnh do cht c, kh c gy ra 4.6. S lin quan gia bnh do mi trng v bnh truyn nhim Chng V. Nm gy bnh cy 5.1. c im chung ca nm 5.2. Hnh thi v cu to ca si nm 5.3. Bin thi ca nm 5.4. Dinh dng k sinh v trao i cht ca nm 5.5. Sinh sn ca nm 5.6. Chu k pht trin ca nm 5.7. Xm nhim v truyn lan ca nm 5.8. Phn loi nm gy bnh cy Chng VI. Vi khun gy bnh cy I. Lch s nghin cu v tc hi ca vi khun hi cy II. Hnh thi v cu to ca vi khun III. c im sinh sn ca vi khun gy bnh hi cy IV. c tnh sinh l v sinh ho vi khun V. Tnh bin d di truyn vi khun VI. Ngun gc v tin ho ca tnh k sinh vi khun gy bnh cy VII. Phn loi vi khun gy bnh cy VIII. Triu chng bnh vi khun IX. c im xm nhim v truyn lan ca vi khun 1. Tnh chuyn ho k sinh 2. c im xm nhim gy bnh
30 31 48 50 50 54 55 56 56 55 57 57 58 59 61 67 69 72 83 85 85 86 86 91 93 94 97 98 98 98
3. c im truyn lan ca vi khun X. Ngun bnh vi khun 100 XI. Chn on bnh vi khun 101 1. Phng php chn on da v o triu chng bnh 2. Phng php vi sinh 3. Phng php sinh ho 4. Phng php huyt thanh XII. Phng tr tng hp bnh vi khun 1. Nguyn tc xy dng bin php phng tr bnh do vi khun 2. Mt s bin php ch yu thng c p dng phng tr bnh do vi khun gy ra Chng VII. Virus gy bnh cy I. Lch s nghin cu bnh virus hi thc vt II. Nhng thit hi ca bnh virus thc vt 2.1. Nhng thit hi chung ca bnh virus thc vt 2.2. Thit hi ca bnh virus Vit Nam. III. c tnh chung ca virus hi thc vt IV. Triu chng bnh virus hi thc vt V. Hnh thi v cu to ca virus thc vt 5.1. Hnh thi 5.2. Cu to VI. S xm nhim v tng hp virus mi. 6.1. S xm nhim ca virus 6.2. S ti sinh virus 6.3. S di chuyn ca virus trong t b o cy. VII. Phn loi virus thc vt VIII. S truyn bnh virus thc vt 8.1. S truyn bnh virus khng nh mi gii. 8.2. S truyn bnh virus bng mi gii IX. Phng tr bnh virus hi thc vt
99
101 101 102 102 103 103 103 103 105 105 105 106 107 108 110 110 111 112 112 113 114 114 117 117 118 121
9.1. Cc bin php phng tr bnh virus hi thc vt 9.2. Chn on v phng tr bnh virus hi thc vt Chng VIII. Phytoplasma gy bnh cy I. Lch s nghin cu II. Triu chng v tc hi ca bnh III. Nguyn nhn gy bnh IV. Chn on v phng tr Chng IX. Viroide gy bnh cy I. Lch s nghin cu II. Triu chng, tc hi III. Nguyn nhn gy bnh IV. Chn on v phng tr Chng X. Tuyn trng thc vt I. i cng v tuyn trng thc vt II. Cu to gii phu tuyn trng thc vt 1. Hnh dng tuyn trng 2. Cu trc c th tuyn trng III. Tm tt phn loi cc b tuyn trng thc vt IV. Sinh thi hc tuyn trng thc vt 1. Sinh sn v pht trin ca tuyn trng thc vt 2. nh hng ca cc yu t mi trng i vi tuyn trng thc vt 3. Cc kiu xm nhp v k sinh ca tuyn trng thc vt V. Cc nhm tuyn trng k sinh gy hi quan trng thc vt VII. C s phng tr tuyn trng 1. Ngn nga 2. Lun canh 3. Bin php canh tc 4. Cc bin php vt l 5. Chn ging khng v ging chng chu bnh 6. Bin php sinh hc
121 123 122 124 124 124 125 124 126 126 126 127 126 126 127 129 130 130 131 133 133 134 133 143 145 146 146 146 146 147
7. Bin php ha hc Chng XI. Protozoa gy bnh cy I. S pht hin v tc hi ca bnh II. c im chung ca Protozoa v phn loi protozoa hi thc vt Chng XII. Thc vt thng ng k sinh I. Khi nim chung v thc vt thng ng k sinh II. Tc ng gy hi ca thc vt thng ng k sinh vi cy trng T i liu tham kho
148 148 150 150 151 153 154 158

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B

Ch bin : GS.TS. V TRI U MN

GIO TRNH B NH CY I CNG

Tr ng i h c Nng nghi p 1 Gio trnh B nh cy i cng -------------------------------------------

Tr ng i h c Nng nghi p 1 Gio trnh B nh cy i cng ---------------------------------------------------

Chng I Khi nim chung v bnh cy

Tr ng i h c Nng nghi p 1 Gio trnh B nh cy i cng ---------------------------------------------------

Tr ng i h c Nng nghi p 1 Gio trnh B nh cy i cng ---------------------------------------------------

Tr ng i h c Nng nghi p 1 Gio trnh B nh cy i cng ---------------------------------------------------

Tr ng i h c Nng nghi p 1 Gio trnh B nh cy i cng ---------------------------------------------------

Tr ng i h c Nng nghi p 1 Gio trnh B nh cy i cng ---------------------------------------------------

Tr ng i h c Nng nghi p 1 Gio trnh B nh cy i cng ---------------------------------------------------

Tr ng i h c Nng nghi p 1 Gio trnh B nh cy i cng ---------------------------------------------------

Tr ng i h c Nng nghi p 1 Gio trnh B nh cy i cng ---------------------------------------------------

Chng II Sinh thi bnh cy

Tr ng i h c Nng nghi p 1 Gio trnh B nh cy i cng ---------------------------------------------------

Tr ng i h c Nng nghi p 1 Gio trnh B nh cy i cng ---------------------------------------------------

Tr ng i h c Nng nghi p 1 Gio trnh B nh cy i cng ---------------------------------------------------

- Nm Pythium v trn cc cy rau.

Phytophthora khng xut hin khi nhit cao v m thp

Tr ng i h c Nng nghi p 1 Gio trnh B nh cy i cng ---------------------------------------------------

Chng III PHng php phng tr bnh cy

Tr ng i h c Nng nghi p 1 Gio trnh B nh cy i cng ---------------------------------------------------

Tr ng i h c Nng nghi p 1 Gio trnh B nh cy i cng ---------------------------------------------------

Dng hi nng x l t nhit 600C trong 60 pht dit nm bnh.

o r cy n qu phi nng dit nm r (kt hp dng thuc) vng a Trung

Tr ng i h c Nng nghi p 1 Gio trnh B nh cy i cng ---------------------------------------------------

Tr ng i h c Nng nghi p 1 Gio trnh B nh cy i cng ---------------------------------------------------

Tr ng i h c Nng nghi p 1 Gio trnh B nh cy i cng ---------------------------------------------------

Tr ng i h c Nng nghi p 1 Gio trnh B nh cy i cng ---------------------------------------------------

Tr ng i h c Nng nghi p 1 Gio trnh B nh cy i cng ---------------------------------------------------

Tr ng i h c Nng nghi p 1 Gio trnh B nh cy i cng ---------------------------------------------------

Tr ng i h c Nng nghi p 1 Gio trnh B nh cy i cng ---------------------------------------------------

Th tc dch v kim tra h ng ho

Ly mu theo kim dch bao gm:

T khai kim quy nh ca th tc kim dch

Chng IV Bnh do mi trng (Bnh khng truyn nhim)

Tr ng i h c Nng nghi p 1 Gio trnh B nh cy i cng ---------------------------------------------------

Tr ng i h c Nng nghi p 1 Gio trnh B nh cy i cng ---------------------------------------------------

Tr ng i h c Nng nghi p 1 Gio trnh B nh cy i cng ---------------------------------------------------

Tr ng i h c Nng nghi p 1 Gio trnh B nh cy i cng ---------------------------------------------------

Tr ng i h c Nng nghi p 1 Gio trnh B nh cy i cng ---------------------------------------------------

Tr ng i h c Nng nghi p 1 Gio trnh B nh cy i cng ---------------------------------------------------

Tr ng i h c Nng nghi p 1 Gio trnh B nh cy i cng ---------------------------------------------------

Hnh 4: Dng c nh b o t phn sinh v b o t phn sinh

Tr ng i h c Nng nghi p 1 Gio trnh B nh cy i cng ---------------------------------------------------

Hnh 6 : Qu trnh hnh th nh m v b o t m (Basidiospore)

Tr ng i h c Nng nghi p 1 Gio trnh B nh cy i cng ---------------------------------------------------

C quan sinh sn v tnh

C quan sinh sn hu tnh (bo tn)

Xm nhim V gieo trng Pht tn - tip xc Pht tn - tip xc

Giai on k sinh Ngun bnh

Giai on bo tn (khng k sinh)

Tr ng i h c Nng nghi p 1 Gio trnh B nh cy i cng ---------------------------------------------------

Tr ng i h c Nng nghi p 1 Gio trnh B nh cy i cng ---------------------------------------------------

Tr ng i h c Nng nghi p 1 Gio trnh B nh cy i cng ---------------------------------------------------

Tr ng i h c Nng nghi p 1 Gio trnh B nh cy i cng ---------------------------------------------------

Phn loi nm gy bnh cy (tm lc) B - H Loi Lo i

Physarum., Mucilago Plasmodiophora brassicae Spongospora, S. subterranea

1. Sparolegniales 2. Peronosporales Pythiacea Peronosporaaceae Albuginaceae 3. Entomophthorales Entomophthoraceae

Tr ng i h c Nng nghi p 1 Gio trnh B nh cy i cng ---------------------------------------------------

3. Diaporthales 4. Clavicepitales Loculoascomycetes 1. Dothideales 2. Pleosporales

Lp Discomycetes Ng nh Basidiomycota Lp Hemibasidiomycetes (m a b o)

3. Capnodiales 1. Helothia Helothiaceae 1. Ustiaginales Ustiaginaceae 2. Uredinales - Pucciniaceae - Melampsoraceae