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SQL & SQL * PLUS
( oracle 9i)

8 / 2009
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....
:
) ( sql

) (220
.

:
mmah_1550@hotmail.com
mmah_1550@yahoo.com
.
.

-2009-
2
/
4-3
: sql & sql * plus

1 -1 sql * plus
2 -1 sql
3 -1 sql & sql * plus
9-8
4 -1 sql * plus
10
5 -1
13 - 11
6 -1
16 - 13
7 -1
17
: select
1 -2
20 - 19
2 -2
22 - 21
3 -2 )| |(
23 - 22
4 -2 ) ( distinct
24
5 -2 ) ( where
31 - 25
6 -2 ) ( order by
33 - 31
7 -2 ) ( sql functions
52 - 33
8 -2
56 - 52
9 -2 ) ( subquery
61 - 56
10 -2
62
: ) ( Data Manipulating Language

1 -3
68 - 64
2 -3
69 - 68
3 -3
70 - 69
4 -3
71
3
: ) ( transection command
1 -4
73
2 -4
74
: ) ( Data Definition Language

1 -5 ) ( tables
88 - 76
2 -5 ) ( views
90 - 88
3 -5 ) ( sequences
91 - 90
4 -5 ) ( indexes
92 - 91
5 -5 ) ( synonym
93 - 92
6 -5 ) ( users
94 - 93
7 -5 ) ( system
96 - 94
8 -5
97
: ) ( Data Control Language

1 -6
100 - 99
2 -6
100
3 -6
101
102
103
4
/
( sql & sql * plus )
sql & sql * plus
5
/
1-1 ) ( sql
) Sql ( structure query language
: sql .
:
Data Retrieval -1
select DML
( Data Manipulating language ) DML -2

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( Data Definition language ) DDL -4
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.
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tiger
Connect and resource
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scott
demo
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sql :
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12
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) . ( scott
) ( dept
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15
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- ) : ( dual
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7 -1
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22
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) ( deptno
) ( .
31
/
10 ) . ( hiredate
desc :
) ( deptno
desc ) ( .
32
/
) ( deptno
) ( sal .
7-2 )( sql functions

-1
single row function
-2
multiple row function
-1 : single row function .

:
33
/
-1 :
lower
upper
initcap
concat
substr
length
instr
lpad
rpad
trim
ltrim
rtrim
-2 :
.
.
.
round
trunc
mod
34
/
-3 :
sysdate
months_between
add_months
next_day
last_day
round
trunc
new_time
-4 :
to_char
to_number
to_date
:
select . where
35
/
) lower -1 ( :
) upper -2 ( :
) initcap -3 ( :
- .
) concat -4 ( :
36
/
) substr -5 (:
.
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) instr -7 ( :
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8 ) ( maher
) . ( #
37
/
10 ) ( maher
) * ( .
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8 ) ( maher
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) ( from
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38
/

) ( trim .
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) . ( from
) ltrim -12 ( :
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39
/
. 0
) ( 1- .
) trunc -2 ( :
40
/
) mod -3 ( :
) ( sal ) . ( comm
) sysdate -1 ( :
) month_between -2 ( :
) add_months -3 ( :
41
/
) next_day -4 ( :
) last_day -5 ( :
) round -6 ( :
42
/
) trunc -7 ( :
.
) new_time -8 ( :
) (HST
) ( EST .
43
/

-1 :
)'to_char(date ,'fmt
-2 :
)'to_char( number ,'fmt
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)'to date ( char ,'fmt
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44
/
-4 :
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/
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46
/
) (10 ) ( ten ) (20 ) ( twenty ) (30 ) ( thirty

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.
) ascii -4 ( :
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47
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-2 ) ( : multiple row function

:
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sum
max,min,greatest,least . .
avg
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.
count
stddevdevttion
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:
) sum -1 ( :
. 10
48
/
) max -2 ( :
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. 10
) greatest -4 ( :
) z . ( a
49
/
) least -5 ( :
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) avg -6 ( :
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) count -7 ( :
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) ( deptno ) . ( sal
50
/
- group by .
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51
/
) : ( select
10
8500 .
select ) ( from
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8-2

. select
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- :
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-2 . non-equal join
-3 . outer join
-4 . self join
-5 .
52
/
-1 equal join

.
) ( emp , dept
) ( where ) ( deptno
) . ( dept
:
53
/
-2 non-equal join
.

) . ( salgrade
-3 outer join
.
54
/
40
) ( dept ) (+ ) ( deptno .
-4 self join
.
) ( KING ) (.
-5

) . ( 1
.....
and or .
55
/
) . ( where
9-2 ) ( subquery
:
) : ( WARD
56
/
30 ) . ( ALLEN

- :
-1 ) . ( single row subquery

-2 ) . ( multiple row subquery
-3 ) . ( multiple column subquery

57
/

- .
- .
: select
where having . from
-1 ) : ( single row subquery

) ><. ( <,>,<=,>=.
) . ( WARD
) . ( 7934
58
/
-2 ) : ( multiple-row subquery
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. ( exist , not exist, >any , =all , <all , >all
-3 ) : ( multiple-column subquery
.
59
/
) ( emp e
. m
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) . ( intersect
60
/
) ( minus
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61
/
10 -2
-1 7566
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) . ( SALESMAN , CLERK
62
/
:

Data Manipulating Language
( DML)
63
/
) : ( Data Manipulating language

:
-1 ) . ( insert
-2 ) . ( update
-3 ) . ( delete
1-3
) ( insert :
)insert into table name ( column1 , column2 , ..

; )values ( value1 , value2 , ..
:
. insert - .
. - .
- scott
) ( emp2
) : ( emp2
64
/
) . ( dept2
65
/
) (/
) (R :
66
/
). ( emp2
67
/
) ( : substitution variables

) ( sql ) ( sql
) & ( .
2-3
) ( update :
update table name set column1= value , column2= value
; where condition
) . ( MAHER
) ( loc . 50
68
/
8000 8001
8001 :
3-3
) ( delete :
delete from table_name
; where condition
) . ( rollback - .
- .
69
/
) . ( KING
truncate
delete
rollback . delete
70
/
4 -3
-1 : emp
, job = MANAGER , mgr = 7839, = empno = 7777 , ename

hiredate = 15-SEP-09 , sal = 5000 , comm=NULL, deptno = 30 .
-2 ) ( deptno . 20
-3 .
71
/
:

Transection command
72
/
1-4 ) ( transaction command

) (
:
.
.

commit
Auto commit
rollback
. commit
. rollback
savepoint
: commit .
: auto commit .
- : rollback
commit
.
: savepoint . rollback
73
/
2 -4
.
74
/
:

Data Definition Language
75
/
) : Data Definition Language ( DDL

) ( create ) ( alter ) ( drop .
1-5 ) ( tables
) : ( creating tables ) . ( create

number
date
char
varchar2
2 .
4 .
long
long row
4 clob-blob .
dfile
4 .
- 30 .
) . ( create ) ( # , $ , _ , , - .
- .
38 . 240 . 9 . - .
76
/
create
:
( create table table name
column1
data type
column2
data type
)column(n
;) data type
) ( emp :
) ( empno 4
) ( NOT NULL ) ( ename
15 ) ( job 15
) ( mgr 4 ) ( hiredate
) ( sal
) (5,2 ) ( comm
) ( 5,2
) ( deptno . 2
77
/
) ( emp :
) ( emp :
) ( emp 10 20 .
) ( emp
12 ) . ( annual_salary
78
/
- ) : ( altering table
alter
) ( alter :
-1 .
:
;))1- alter table_name add ( column_name type(size
) . ( dept2
-2 .
:
;))2- alter table_name modify ( column_name type(size
) ( deptno 2 . 3
79
/

) ( .
-3 .
:
; 3- alter table_name drop column column_name
) ( ) . ( comm
-4 .
:
; 4- rename old_name to new_name
) ( emp2 ) . ( emp22
80
/
-5 .
:
; 5- drop table table_name
) ( ) . ( emp22
-6 .
:
; ' 6- comment on table table_name is ' statement
) . ( dept2
) . ( not null . - ) ( .
) ( . - .
-1 .
-2 ) ( oracle server :
- ) _ ( user .
) _ ( all .
- ) _ ( dba
81
/
) : ( constraints .
): ( types of constraints : ( not null ) -1 .

: ( unique ) -2 .
: ( primary key ) -3 )
( .
: ( foreign key ) -4 .
: ( check ) -5 .
: ( default ) -6 .
- :
) ( not null
) ( .
) ( not null ) . ( name
) ( unique
- :
) ( dname .
82
/
- :
) ( dname .
) (primary key

.
- :
) ( dname .
- :
) ( dname
83
/
) ( foreign key

) ( primary key
.
- :
) ( deptno ) . ( primary key
) ( foreign key ) ( deptno

) ( primary key ) ( dept8 .
84
/
- :
) ( deptno ) . ( primary key
) ( foreign key ) ( deptno

) ( check

.
- :
) ( deptno ) (5 ) (85
85
/
- :
) ( default
:
) ( default ) ( st_age . 25
- :
) ( alter :
alter table table_name
; add constraint constraint_name constraint_type
) ( foreign key ) ( emp .
86
/
) ( primary key
- .
: :
) ( .
cascade
disable
enable
) ( primary key ) . ( dept2
) ( foreign key ) . ( emp
) ( primary key ) ( .
87
/
) ( dept3 ) ( primary key

.
) ( dept3 ) . ( primary key
- :
) . ( primary key
) . ( foreign key
) ( check ) . ( not null
) . ( unique
) ( emp ) ( dept
) . ( user_constraints
2-5 ) ( views
) : ( creating views

.
88
/
create view view_name as select

; column1 , column2 , from table_name
) ( emp
. 2500
) : ( emp_view
) ( emp_view
89
/
) : ( canceling view ) ( drop :
3-5 ) ( sequences
) : ( creating sequences
) ( primary key .
increment by
Start with
maxvalue
.
.
.
.
cache
nocache
Cycle
nocycle
) ( empno ) ( emp 1
) ( 1 ) ( 50 .
90
/
) : ( altering sequences ) . ( alter
2 ) . (100
) : ( canceling sequences ) . ( drop
) ( emp2 ) . ( empno
4-5 ) ( indexes
) : ( creating indexes :
) . ( dba_indexes
:
create index index_name

; ) on table_name ( column1 , .
) ( dept3 ) . ( deptno
91
/

- 16 .
- ) ( null .
- .
) : ( canceling indexes ) . ( drop
) ( dept3 ) . ( deptno
5-5 ) ( synonym
) : ( creating synonyms :
.
create synonym synonym_name

; for table_name
:
) . ( dept3
92
/
- ) : ( canceling synonyms
) . ( drop
:
) . ( dept3
6-5 ) ( users
- ) : ( creating user
; create user user_name identified by password

) ( system ) . ( sys
93
/
) : ( altering users ). ( the_fire_heart
7-5 ) ( system
: : connect -1

) ( connect
.
94
/
) : resource -2 (
: Dba -3
.
: ) . ( exp_full_database - ) . ( imp_full_database
- ) : ( creating roles
.
.
) ( maher
.
) ( maher .
) ( identified ) ( by :
95
/
: :
:
) ( maher :
.
:
:
96
/
8 -5
-1
-1 :
) ( s_no . ) ( name . - ) ( age .
) ( birth_date . - ) ( grade .
-2 ) ( grade ) . ( mark
-3 ) ( primary key ) . ( s_no
-4 ) ( check ) ( age ) . ( 38-18

-5 .
-2
-1 ) ( user ) . ( maher
-2 .
-3
-1 ) . ( stud
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
-5 .
-6 .
97
/

Data Control Language
98
/
) : Data Control Language ( DCL

) ( users ) . ( roles
1-6
) ( grant :
grant privilege1 , privilege2 , ..
; on table_name to user_name or role_name
:
) ( connect ) ( resource ) ( dba
) . ( the_fire_heart
) ( the_fire_heart
:
) ( create table ) . ( maher
:
-1 :
-2 ) ( maher :
99
/

- .
) ( emp .
2 -6
) ( revoke :
revoke privilege1 , privilege2 , ..
; from table_name to user_name or role_name
) ( connect ) ( resource ) ( dba
) . ( the_fire_heart
) ( create table ) . ( maher
100
/
3 -6
-1 ) ( connect ) ( resource .
-2 ) ( create table ) ( alter table ) ( stud
.
-3 ) ( connect ) ( resource .
-4 ) ( create table ) ( alter table ) ( stud

.
101
/

sql international 9i -1 . oracle
-2 oracle 8i / / .
oracle 9i -3 / / .
-4 ) oracle 9i ( sql & sql * plus & pl/sql / .
-5 ) ( .
102
/
103
/
:
:
1989 - 11 18 :
: -
-
:
104
/

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: sql & sql * plus

3 -1 sql & sql * plus

: ) ( Data Manipulating Language

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: ) ( Data Definition Language

: ) ( Data Control Language

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( sql & sql * plus )

sql & sql * plus

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( Data Manipulating language ) DML -2

( Data Definition language ) DDL -4

( Data Control language ) DCL -5

) American National Standards ( ANSI. Institute

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2-1 sql * plus

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3-1 sql & sql * plus

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4-1 sql * plus

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( sql & sql * plus )

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select * or columns , aliases

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) ( ename ) ( name ) ( sal

) ( sal 12 ) ( annual salary .

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) ( ename ) ( name ) ( comm

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in , any , all , < any , < all , > all .

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) ' ( ' _m%

) ' ( ' %m% . m

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7-2 )( sql functions