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T T EO T EP P R N T O KS C R Y I L F H A E : E W R E U IT & C YT G AH RPORP Y E A ID M IL : C N A TN .: OTC O sr a th n 2 @m il.c m ik n so i1 3 g a o +199611 994963, +189775 994368

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H w v r, a g n ra o e ie o n tw rk s c rity a d o ee e e l v rv w f e o eu n c p g p y is p v e a d v rio s a o m a T is p p r ry to ra h ro id d n a u lg rith s re h a e a s to p v e a b a re ie o im ro id ro d v w f c y to r p y r p ga h n tw r se u ity a d e ok c r n

, w p rtic la re a to d ita sig a re ith a u r g rd ig l n tu s.

N tw rk se u a d c p g p y is a su je t to w e ra g g e o c rity n ry to ra h b c o id n in to c v ra e a o t h wto p te t in rm tio in d ita fo a d oe g bu o ro c fo a n ig l rm n to p v e se u s rv e d u e . Ad ta d re ie o th ro id c rity e ic s. isc ss d e ile v w f e su je t o b c f sig a r s n tu e n tw r se u ity a d c y to r p y e ok c r n r p ga h is th n p s n d T e p rp se o a e re e te . h u o f in d ita ig l

d ita s n tu e ig l ig a r

is top v e a m a s fo a e titytob dits id n toap c o ro id en r n n in e tity ie e f in rm tio . T e c m o a c s o d ita sig a re w s fo a n h o m n tta k n ig l n tu a re ie e . T e first m th dw s th R Asig a resc e e w ic v wd h e o a e S n tu h m, h h re a s to a o e o th m st p c a a d v rsa te h iq e m in d y n f e o ra tic l n e tile c n u s a a b . F t-S a ir sig a re sc e e D A a d re te v ila le ia h m n tu h m s, S n la d sig a re sc e e a tw o e m th d re ie e . D ita n tu h m s re o th r e o s v w d ig l sig a re h v m n a p a n in in rm tio s c rity n tu s a e a y p lic tio s fo a n e u , in lu in a th n a n d ta in g , a d n n p d tio w s c d g u e tic tio , a te rity n o -re u ia n a re ie e . v wd

IN R D C IO TOUT N T e o je tiv o th p p r is top v e th re d r w a in h h b c e f is a e ro id e a e ith n sig t in re e t d v lo m n in th fie o n tw rk se u to c n e e p e ts e ld f e o c rity a d n c p g py w ry to ra h , ith p rtic la re a to d ita sig a re a u r g rd ig l n tu s .c p g p y w s u e a a to l to p te t n tio a se re a d ry to ra h a s d s o ro c a n l c ts n stra g s. T e p life tio o c m u rs a d c m u ic tio s te ie h ro ra n f o p te n o m n a n sy m in th 1 6 s b u h w it a d m n fro th p a ste s e 9 0 ro g t ith e a d m e riv te se to fo m a s to p te t in rm tio in d ita fo a d to c r r en ro c fo a n ig l rm n p v e se u se ic s. D S th D ta E c p n S n a , is ro id c rity rv e E , e a n ry tio ta d rd th m st w ll-k o n c p g p ic m c a ism It re a s th e o e n w ry to ra h ehn . m in e sta d rd m a s fo se u g e c n c m e e fo mn na en r c rin le tro ic o m rc r ay fin n ia in tio s a u d th w rld T e m st strik g a c l stitu n ro n e o . h o in d v lo m n in th h ry o c p g p y c m in 1 7 w e ee p et e isto f ry to ra h a e 96 hn D iffiea dH llmnp b e n e a u lish d Ad ita sig a re ig l n tu N wD c n inC p g p e ire tio s ry to ra h y .

o a m ssa e is a n m e d p n e t o so e f e g u br e e dn n m

se re k o n o ly to th sig e a d a d n lly o th c n n c t nw n e n r, n , d itio a , n e o te t o th m ssa e b in sig e . S n tu s m s b v rifia le if a f e e g e g n d ig a re u t e e b ; d u a s a tow e e a p rtysig e ad c m n (c u db isp te rise s h th r a n d o u e t a se y e e a ly g sig e try g to ith r in n r in re u ia p d te a sig a re it d c a , n tu id re te

o a fra d le t c im n a u b se th p rty sh u b a le r u u n la a t), n n ia d ird a o ld e b to re lv th mtte e u b , w o t re u g a c ss to th so e e a r q ita ly ith u q irin c e e sig e s c t in rm tio (p a k y n rs e re fo a n riv te e ). T e first m th d d o e d w s th R A sig a re h e o isc v re a e S n tu sc e e h h re a s to a o e o th m st p c a a d h m ,Wic min d y n f e o ra tic l n

v rsa te h iq e a a b . S b e u n re a h h s re u d e tile c n u s v ila le u -s q e t se rc a s lte in m n a rn tiv d ita sig a re te h iq e T e F ig -F ta y lte a e ig l n tu c n u s. h e e ia S a ir sig a res h m re u s ao e a h shfu c n hm n tu c e e q ire n -w y a n tio . In rm tio se u a dc p g p y fo a n c rity n ry to ra h C p g p y a u d rsta d g o issu s re te to in rm tio ry to ra h , n n e n in f e la d fo a n se u c rity in g n ra is n c s ry In rm tio se u ee l e e sa . fo a n c rity mn sts a ife itse in m n w y a c rd g to th situ tio a d re u m n lf a y a s c o in e a n n q ire e t. O e th c n rie , a e b ra se o p to o a d m c a ism v r e e tu s n la o te t f ro c ls n e h n s h s b e c a dtod a w in rm tio se u issu s w e th a e n re te e l ith fo a n c rity e hn e in rm tio is c n e e b p y a d c m n O n th fo a n o v y d y h sic l o u e ts. fte e o je tiv s o in rm tio se u b c e f fo a n c rity c n o so ly b a h v d a n t le e c ie e th u h m th m tic l a o m a dp to o a n , b t re u ro g a e a a lg rith s n ro c ls lo e u q ire p c d ra te h iq e a d a id n e o la s to a h v .T e ro e u l c n u s n b a c f w c ie e h c n e to ocp f in rm tio fo a n w b ta e tob a u d rsto dq a tity ill e k n e n n e o u n .

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sig a re c rre o d ge e tok o no c o nm s g s. n tu s o sp n in ith r n w r h se e sa e Mssa ea c s c nb fu e s b iv e in th ec sse e g tta k a e rth r u d id d to re la s: (a Kn w -m ssa e a c ) o n e g tta k. A a v rsa h s sig a re fo a s t n d e ry a n tu s r e

o m ssa e w ic a k o n to th a v rsa b t n t c o e b f e g s h h re n w e d e ry u o h s n y h . im (b ) Ch se -m ssa e a c o n e g tta k. A a v rsa o ta s v lid n d e ry b in a

sig a re fro a c o n list o m ssa e b fo a m tin to n tu s m h se f e g s e re tte p g b a th sig a re sc e e T is a c is re k e n tu h m . h tta k se s th t m ss g s a c o n b fo a y sig a re a se n n e a e a e re h se e re n n tu s re e . nn dp e o -a a tiv in th e

C o n e a e a c s a a st sig a re sc e e a a a g u h se -m ss g tta k g in n tu h m s re n lo o s to c o e c h r te t a c s a a st p b -k y e c p n h s n ip e x tta k g in u lic e n ry tio sc e e h m s. (c Ad p e c o n e g a c ) a tiv h se -m ssa e tta k. A a v rsa is a w dto n d e ry llo e

u th sig e a a o c ; th a v rsa m y re u st sig a re se e n r s n ra le e d e ry a q e n tu s o m ssa e w ic d p n o th sig e p b k ya dh my f e g s h h e e d n e n rs u lic e n e a re u st sig a re o m ssa e w ic d p n o p v u qe n tu s f e g s h h e e d n re io sly o ta e sig a re o m ssa e b in d n tu s r e g s. T eR Asig a r sc e e h S n tu e h m T e m ssa e sp c a d c h r te t sp c fo th R Ap b -k y h e g a e n ip e x a e r e S u lic e e c p nsc e e a b thZn={ , 1 2 n }w e n=p is n ry tio h m re o 0 , -1 h re q th p d c o tw ra d m c o n d c p e n m e e ro u t f o n o ly h se istin t rim u b rs. S c th e c p n tra sfo a n is a b c n , d ita in e e n ry tio n rm tio ije tio ig l sig a re c nb c a db re e gth ro s o e c p na d n tu s a e re te y v rsin e le f n ry tio n d c p n T e R Asig a re sc e e is a d te in e ry tio . h S n tu hm e rm istic d ita ig l sig a re sc e e w ic p v e m ssa e re o e . T e sig in n tu h m h h ro id s e g c v ry h n g sp c M ae
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2 C m u n=p a d=(p-1 - 1 . o p te q n )(q ). 3 S le t ara d min g r e 1<e< su hth t g d(e = . . e c n o te e , , c a c , ) 1 4 Ue th e te d d E c e n a o m (A o m 2 0 ) to . s e x n e u lid a lg rith lg rith .1 7 c m u th u iq e in g r d 1 < d su h th t e 1 (m d o p te e n u te e , < , c a d o ). 5 A p b k yis (n e A p a k yis d . s u lic e , ); s riv te e .

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to a p b k y so th t a so e la r tim , o e e titie c n u lic e , a t m te e th r n s a a th n a a p b k y w o t a u e tic te u lic e ith u ssista c fro a tru d th ne m ste ird p rty a .

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