1

H.B. APHOBL
CTHAHCTHKA
COBPEMEHHLH
AHIAHHCKHH R3LK
Yuennx nn nyson
Hamoe usauue,
ucnpaeueuuoe u onouueuuoe
Hayunmn peax1op H.E. BVXAPKHH
2
onymeno Mnnncrepcrnom opasonannx Pu
n xauecrne yuenoro noconx nx cryenron
ntcmnx yuentx saneenn, oyuammnxcx no
cnennantnocrn 033200 Anrnncxn xstx
Mocxna
Hsarentcrno unnnra
Hsarentcrno Hayxa
2002
VK 802.0
FFK 81.2 Anrn.
A 84
ueepantnax nenenax nporpamma Kyntrypa Poccnn
(nonporpamma Hoepxxa nonnrpa]nn n xnnronsannx Poccnn)
Apnont H.B.
Crnnncrnxa. Conpemennt anrnncxn xstx: Vuennx nx nyson. 5-e ns., ncnp. n on. - M.: unnnra:
Hayxa, 2002. - 384 c.
ISBN 5-89349-363-X (unnnra)
ISBN 5-02-022688-2 (Hayxa)
Ocnonnax saaua xnnrn nayunrt cosnarentno noxonrt x xyoxecrnennomy rexcry xax nenomy, paccmarpnnax
ero n enncrne ]opmt n nenoro coepxannx. Bce acnexrt crnnncrnxn, nsyuaemte conpemenntmn yuentmn,
namnn cnoe orpaxenne n anno xnnre. uynxnnonantnax crnnncrnxa, nexcnxonornuecxax crnnncrnxa, reopnx
opason, crnnncrnuecxn ananns na yponne ]onernxn n mop]onornn raxon anexo ne nonnt nepeuent nonpocon,
paccmarpnnaemtx n xnnre. Ananns ntpasnrentntx n nsopasnrentntx cpecrn ocymecrnnxercx na
nnnrnncrnuecxo ase, uro nosnonxer cryenram conepmencrnonart snanne xstxa. Teopernuecxn marepnan
noconx nnnmcrpnponan npnmepamn ns nponsneenn opnrnnantno nnreparypt. Ocooe mecro n noconn
orneeno omnm nponemam crnnncrnxn n ee cnxsn c pyrnmn ncnnnnnnamn.
nx cryenron ntcmnx yuentx saneenn, oyuammnxcx no cnennantnocrn Hnocrpannt xstx.
ISBN 5-89349-363-X (unnnra) Hsarentcrno unnnra, 2002
ISBN 5-02-022688-2 (Hayxa)
O1 peax1opa
Knnra, xoropym pacxptnaer ceuac unrarent, sannmaer ocooe mecro n oreuecrnenno anrnncrnxe, a n
noome n pyccxo nnnrnncrnuecxo nnreparype xax yueno, rax n nayuno.
C ono cropont, +ro yuennx, na uro yxastnaer nasnanne Crnnncrnxa conpemennoro anrnncxoro
xstxa. H xax yuennx paora Hpnnt Bnanmnponnt Apnont nonnocrtm orneuaer camtm crpornm
rpeonannxm: nx nee xapaxrepnt nonnora marepnana, nocneonarentnocrt ero paccmorpennx, ontmoe
xonnuecrno npexpacno noopanntx npnmepon, a camoe rnannoe sameuarentnoe ymenne nnxrno n
ocrynno nsnarart camte cnoxnte nonpoct, nserax nmecre c rem nx ynpomennx. Heapom
Crnnncrnxa... nontsonanact n nontsyercx nor yxe necxontxo ecxrnnern mnpouame
nonynxpnocrtm; mnorne rtcxun anrnncron n pasnnuntx ropoax Poccnn n tnmnx conercxnx pecnynnx
snaxomnnnct co crnnncrnuecxnmn nponemamn nmenno no annomy counnennm. Tpyno nepeonennrt
no+romy nosecrnne Crnnncrnxn conpemennoro anrnncxoro xstxa na yponent n xapaxrep
conpemennoro macconoro nayunoro cosnannx.
Ho c pyro cropont, xnnra +ra xnnxercx n ceptesntm nayuntm rpyom, xoropt n cymecrnenno
mepe crnmynnpyer rnopuecxym mtcnt, onpeenxx noxnnenne nontx n nontx nccneonann n pasntx
xstxoneuecxnx onacrxx. Hpnuem rnynna n ceptesnocrt xnnrn no mnorom onpeenxmrcx ee cncremntm
xapaxrepom oparnnmnct x crnnncrnxe anrnncxoro xstxa, xoropax neonoxparno cranonnnact
npemerom cnennantntx n connntx crare, ouepxon, monorpa]n n yuennxon, H.B. Apnont oomnna
3
mnoroe ns yxe cenannoro. Oomnna raxnm opasom, uro n pesyntrare nosnnxna ne xomnnnxnnx, a neuro
nnonne opnrnnantnoe.
3ro oxasanoct nosmoxntm noromy, uro n Crnnncrnxe conpemennoro anrnncxoro xstxa ne npocro
mexannuecxn oennent pasnnunte nen n nocrpoennx, n ne nosnnxaer nx cnnres, xoropt n
nepenonr nayunym mtcnt n nonoe xauecrno. H.B. Apnont ncera yxastnaer na ncrounnxn cnonx
xonnennn, ormeuaer cnom sanncnmocrt or roro nnn pyroro yuenoro, no cncremarnsnpyx, xasanoct t,
yxe oruacrn ntcxasannoe, ona cosaer nonnnno nnonepcxym paory. H xaxo t nponsnontno ne
oxasanact na nepnt nsrnx noonax napannent, Crnnncrnxa... H.B. Apnont nanomnnaer mnorne
paort ee cnepcrnnxa .C. Hnxauena. Oa +rnx yuentx npecrannrenn onoro noxonennx n ono
xyntrypno cpet cymenn cosart rpyt (xoneuno, pasnomacmrante n ouent nenoxoxne pyr na
pyra), n xoroptx xonnuecrnennte nsmenennx, yxe naxonnennte nayxo, ]axrt, nen n orentnte
xonnennnn nepemnn n nnoe xauecrno, pesyntrarom xoroporo oxasanoct nonoe nonnmanne npemera
nccneonannx n nenom: y .C. Hnxauena cpenenexono pyccxo nnreparypt, y H.B. Apnont
xyoxecrnennoro rexcra n ero cnoxntx n mnorocroponnnx cnxsxx c peueno exrentnocrtm n
ononpemenno nocnpnnnmammnm ero unrarentcxnm cosnannem.
Crnnncrnxa conpemennoro anrnncxoro xstxa ecrnnrentno ne npocro onnctnaer, xnann]nnnpyer
n oxcnxer nsanmoornomennx, cnxsn n nsanmoecrnnx pasntx coornocnrentntx uacrntx cncrem ]opm,
cnon n xoncrpyxnn nnyrpn enno crpyxrypt xstxa xax cncremt cncrem*, xax onpeennn saaun
crnnncrnxn B.B. Bnnorpaon. Hnreparypnoe nponsneenne paccmarpnnaercx n ne n xonrexcre ncero
xommynnxarnnnoro axra; ne onn rexcr, no n anrop, xonpymmn n nem onpeenennym nn]opmannm,
xanan cnxsn, no xoropomy +ra nn]opmannx nepeaercx, n pennnnenr, annym nn]opmannm
exonpymmn, oxastnamrcx sect oexramn nymunnoro n nnnmarentnoro nsyuennx. B pesyntrare
nosnnxaer crponax n nocneonarentnax xonnennnx +crernuecxn opnenrnponanno peueno exrentnocrn,
xonnennnx, nmemmax oruernnno pnropnuecxn xapaxrep.
* Buuoepaooe B.B. Crnnncrnxa. Teopnx no+rnuecxo peun. Ho+rnxa. M., 1963.-C. 5.
Tyr nao cxasart, uro Crnnncrnxy conpemennoro anrnncxoro xstxa. Crnnncrnxy exonponannx
cneonano t nasnart Pnropnxo xyoxecrnenno peun. Hnmt orcyrcrnne pnropnxn n nomenxnarype
]nnonornuecxnx cnennantnocre no npemx cosannx paort, r.e. npaxrnuecxax nenosmoxnocrt art
noonoe nasnanne, ne nosnonnnn anropy cenart +ro. Bet, no cyrn ena, n xnnre nsnoxeno uncro
pnropnuecxoe nonnmanne nnreparypnoro rnopuecrna, xoropoe, xcrarn cxasart, saxonomepno npnnonr x
ocyxennm n repmenenrnuecxnx nponem. Ha nx naxnocrt yxastnaer yxe nosarononox Crnnncrnxa
exonponannx, npenonarammn nsyuenne rexcra, yunrtnammee axrnnnym exrentnocrn unrarenx. H
ne ntstnaer ynnnennx antnemax nayunax +nonmnnx H.B. Apnont, npnnemax yuenoro nmenno x
repmenenrnxe n pnropnxe*. 3ro nnxenne nccneonarentcxo mtcnn n ntcme crenenn saxonomepno.
* Apuo.io H.B. Hponemt nanornsma, nnreprexcryantnocrn n repmenenrnxn. CH., 1995; Oua re. Cemanrnxa.
Crnnncrnxa. Hnreprexcryantnocrt. CH., 1999.
Btpaxax n cnoe xnnre pnropnuecxn noxo x xyoxecrnenno peun, H.B. Apnont ntcrynnna
nonnnntm n nacroxmnm nonaropom. Ee xonnennnx ]opmnponanact na pyexe 19601970-x roon, xora
pnropnxa nourn ne npnnnexana nnnmannx pyccxnx yuentx (nx cpannennx yxaxy, uro crartx cront
uyrxoro xo ncemy nonomy R.M. Hormana Pnropnxa arnpyercx 1981 room). H ne rontxo n pyccxo, no
n n mnpono nayxe Hpnna Bnanmnponna oparnnact x pnropnuecxnm nponemam n uncne nepntx;
oxnnnenne pnropnuecxnx nccneonann noome arnpyercx cepenno 1960-x roon, ee Crnnncrnxa...
ntmna n cner ncxope nocne snamennro Ome pnropnxn Htexcxo rpynnt (1970 ro) n nnonne
nesanncnmo or nee. Hayunax nposopnnnocrt H.B. Apnont, ee npennenne nepcnexrnnt pasnnrnx
nayuno mtcnn oxasannct cront nennxn, uro n ceuac, uepes rpn ecxrnnernx nocne cosannx xnnrn,
ntcxasannte n ne nen, rax xe xax n omn nsrnx na xyoxecrnennym peut, ocramrcx conpemenntmn,
coxpanxmr cnom axryantnocrt. O +rom cnnerentcrnyer ouent ntcoxn xo+]]nnnenr nnrnponannx +ro
paort. Fonee roro, xax pas n nocnenne rot noont noxo x cnonecnomy rnopuecrny cranonnrcx nce
onee n onee pacnpocrpanenntm, n cnxsn c uem Crnnncrnxa conpemennoro anrnncxoro xstxa.
Crnnncrnxa exonponannx npnnnexaer x cee nnnmanne nenpeptnno pacmnpxmmerocx xpyra
]nnonoron ne rontxo anrnncron n repmanncron, no n cnanncron, n uacrnocrn pycncron. Ceuac, xora
pnropnxa n repmenenrnxa ntstnamr ocot nnrepec, nnoxrcx n ynnnepcnrercxne nporpammt, a nx
meroonornuecxne ycranonxn nce, uame onpeenxmr nanpannenne rymannrapntx nccneonann,
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norpenocrt n xnnre H.B. Apnont cranonnrcx ocoenno ocrpo. 3rnm n oycnannnnaercx neoxonmocrt
ee nepensannx.
* * *
Hepnoe nsanne Crnnncrnxn conpemennoro anrnncxoro xstxa. Crnnncrnxn exonponannx ntmno n
1973 roy, n 1981 roy noxnnnoct nropoe nsanne, a n 1990 roy rperte. Hpnuem anrop nensmenno
nnocnna ononnennx, yunrtnax pasnnrne nayxn n cnon cocrnennte nccneonannx. Tax uro nacroxmee
nepensanne xnnxercx yxe uerneprtm. B nero nxnmuent ne nontx rnant o ncnontsonannn nonxrnx
xnanronannx n crnnncrnxe n o nnreprexcryantnocrn nponeme, ntstnamme n nocnenee ecxrnnerne
ocot nnrepec H.B. Apnont. Cymecrnenno pacmnpen ononnen n ononnen cnncox pexomenyemo
nnreparypt. Bmecre c rem nayunax nnreparypa, xoropax ynomnnaercx no xoy nsnoxennx, n
nocrpannuntx npnmeuannxx ocranact npexne, ne noneprnact moepnnsannn, n +ro npnnnnnnantnoe
pemenne: ona orpaxaer re nen n xonnennnn, na xoropte onnpanact H.B. Apnont, cosanax cnoe
nccneonanne, no+romy ee pacmnpenne, nxnmuenne n npnmeuannx paor, noxnnnmnxcx nocne noxnnennx
Crnnncrnxn..., npecrannxercx neymecrntm. 3ro t oruacrn napymnno ncropnuecxym nepcnexrnny, uro
memano t npannntnomy nonnmannm mecra xnnrn H.B. Apnont n ncropnn nayxn. Bet Crnnncrnxa
conpemennoro anrnncxoro xstxa, yyun xnntm n n ntcme crenenn axryantntm counnennem,
xnnxercx raxxe n naxno nexo n ncropnn rymannrapntx snann, cnoeopasntm ]nnonornuecxnm
namxrnnxom, cnnerentcrnymmnm o momnom norennnane pyccxo ]nnonornn, neoremnemo uacrtm
xoropo ona nancera ocranercx.
H. E. BVXAPKHH
Read not to contradict and confute, nor to
believe and take for granted, nor to find talk and
discourse, but to weigh and consider. Some books
are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some
few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books
are to be read only in parts; others to be read but not
curiously, and some few to be read wholly, and
with diligence and attention. Some books also may
be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by
others; but that would be only in the less important
arguments and the meaner sort of books; else
distilled books are, like common distilled waters,
flashy things. Reading maketh a full man;
conference a ready man; and writing an exact
man... Histories make men wise; poets, witty; the
mathematics, subtle; natural philosophy, deep;
moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend;
Abeunt studia in mores.*
* Studies form manners. (Bacon F. Of Studies. Quoted
from Language, Form, and Idea / Ed. by T.B. Strandness, H.
Hackett, H.H. Crosby. - N.Y., 1964. - P. 4.)
Hpencnonne
Hponemt crnnncrnxn c xaxtm room npnnnexamr x cee nnnmanne nce onee mnpoxoro xpyra
nnnrnncron n nnreparyponeon, a cama crnnncrnxa nce onee n]]epennnpyercx n pacnaaercx na
orentnte cnennannsnponannte ncnnnnnnt. Ho ononpemenno, rax xe xax n nmo pyro nayxe, sect
nponcxonr n npornnononoxno nanpannennt nponecc, a nmenno nnrerpannx, r.e. ycnnenne nsanmnoro
nnnxnnx pasntx orpacne snannx n noxnnenne nontx cnnrernuecxnx pasenon, oennxmmnx,
oomammnx annte ncnnnnnnt, npexe cunranmnxcx anexnmn. Oe renennnn onnaxono naxnt
nx nayunoro nccneonannx.
5
B nacroxme xnnre paccmarpnnamrcx re nonpoct n nonoxennx crnnncrnxn, xoropte nomoryr
cryenram nayunrtcx unrart c rnyoxnm nponnxnonennem n rexcr nponsneennx. 3ror nantx ouent
nonesen n antneme camocroxrentno paore na xstxom nx pasnnrnx camocroxrentno xpnrnuecxo
mtcnn. Fonee roro, raxax nororonxa nosnonxer yymemy npenoanarenm nyume onnaert meronxo
oyuennx cosnarentnomy urennm, npeynpenrt nonepxnocrnt noxo x nponsneennm, noxasart
ronxne orrenxn mtcnn n uyncrna, nponnxnyrt antme ]aynt n ome nen, nsexart mramna n
ronxonannn, pasnnrt +monnonantnym nocnpnnmunnocrt n +crernuecxn nxyc, cnonom, cosart ntcoxym
xyntrypy urennx xyoxecrnenno nnreparypt. Ocnonnoe nnnmanne no+romy yer cocpeoroueno na
crnnncrnxe nocnpnxrnx. Peut ner ne rontxo o rom, urot npannntno nonxrt coepxanne rexcra, no n
ymert nepeart cnoe nneuarnenne pyromy. Hpn +rom ononpemenno pasnnnamrcx nantxn axrnnnoro
nnaennx xstxom n onacrn rem, nanonee naxntx n c]epe xyntrypnoro omennx. 3nanne crnnncrnxn
cnococrnyer cosannm y yuamnxcx xcnoro npecrannennx o xonrexcrax n cnryannxx, n xoroptx moryr
trt ncnontsonant ncrpernnmnecx n rexcre nonte nx nnx xstxonte ennnnt.
Crnnncrnxa cnpanennno cunraercx ono ns orpacne npnxnano nnnrnncrnxn. Ona ne rontxo
pasnnnaer nantxn nymunnoro urennx, no n aer ocnony nx pasnnrnx xyoxecrnennoro nxyca,
cnococrnyer nopmannsannn xstxa n nomoraer xopomo n ntpasnrentno ronopnrt n nncart.
Crnnncrnuecxn pasop n ronxonanne rexcron na ypoxax nnocrpannoro xstxa anno nsnecrnt n
onpananmn cex na npaxrnxe meronuecxn npnem, a conpemennt yponent pasnnrnx nnnrnncrnxn
nosnonxer nocrannrt ero na npounym nayunym asy n raxnm opasom cenart onee +]]exrnnntm.
Hent annoro noconx pacxptrt reopnm crnnncrnxn xax omym cncremy npnnnnnon raxnm opasom,
urot n antnemem yuamnecx mornn npnmenxrt ee camocroxrentno.
Henosmoxno ocrnrnyrt ncuepntnammero, enncrnenno npannntnoro ronxonannx roro nnn nnoro
xyoxecrnennoro nponsneennx, a ero n trt ne moxer, no neoxonmo npeynpenrt nenpannntnoe,
ncxaxennoe nnn npnmnrnnnoe nonnmanne npounrannoro. Baxno, nontsyxct meroamn crnnncrnuecxoro
anannsa, nayunrtcx nnert n rexcre ontme, uem es nero. Onrnmantno n rono nx nmoro rexcra
nponeypt anannsa ne cymecrnyer n cymecrnonart ne moxer; onaxo snaxomcrno c pasntmn nosmoxntmn
npnemamn n ymenne couerart nx nomoramr nonyunrt npn urennn ontmym nn]opmannm.
urenne xopome nnreparypt, xoneuno, n camo no cee pasnnnaer nxyc n xpyrosop, nonyrno yrnynxx n
snanne xstxa. Onaxo +]]exr or urennx moxer trt snaunrentno ycnnen xopome nororonxo no
crnnncrnxe. Fontmoe +crernuecxoe yonontcrnne or urennx moxno nonyunrt n ne snax crnnncrnxn
ncrnnnoe nponsneenne ncxyccrna ncera ocrannxer cne n cosnannn unrarenx, no nx nororonnennoro
unrarenx +ror cne n conepexnnanne yyr n rnyxe, n nonnee.
B rpannnonnom ronxonannn rexcra, xax ono npononnoct n npomnom, axnenr enancx, c ono
cropont, na noxcnennx, xomnencnpymmne neocrarox ome nororonxn n xpyrosopa. Hoxcnxnnct
ncropnuecxne, nonnrnuecxne, ncropnxo-xyntrypnte, nnreparypnte, reorpa]nuecxne n pyrne peannn, a
raxxe namexn, annmsnn, naponponanne n r. n. Taxne noxcnennx, esycnonno, neoxonmt, no
neocrarount. Crnnncrnuecxn ananns cnonncx x onpeenennm ncxxoro poa crnnncrnuecxnx npnemon,
x nexo nnnenrapnsannn mera]op, +nnreron, napannentntx xoncrpyxnn n r.. Hpn +rom ]opma
orptnanact or coepxannx, n nenocrnoe nneuarnenne repxnoct. Conocrannennx orpannunnannct
xstxontm marepnanom nne annoro rexcra nnn cpannennem c xnnennxmn ponoro xstxa. Hpn nce nx
oxsarentnocrn +rn conocrannennx neocrarount. nx rnyoxoro nonnmannx rexcra neoxonmo ero
paccmorpenne xax nenoro, uro nopasymenaer conocrannenne n yuer nsanmoecrnnx ncex cpecrn
xyoxecrnennoro nsopaxennx nnyrpn rexcra. B antnemem nsnoxennn crnnncrnxn nocnpnxrnx +ror
npnnnnn yer onnm ns ocnonntx.
Hpn paspaorxe crnnncrnxn nocnpnxrnx mt yem ncxonrt ns roro, uro neocrarounoe n nenonnoe
nonnmanne, xoropoe moxer trt ncnpanneno cncremarnuecxo paoro no crnnncrnuecxomy anannsy,
ntstnaercx cneymmnmn npnunnamn:
1. Hsonnponannoe nocnpnxrne orentntx +nemenron, neymenne yuecrt nnnxnne xonrexcra, n rom
uncne rpammarnuecxne ocoennocrn nocrpoennx rexcra.
2. Hexcnuecxne rpynocrn. Hennnmanne x crnnncrnuecxnm, +monnonantntm, onenountm,
+xcnpeccnnntm xonnorannxm. Hennnmanne x neotuno coueraemocrn cnon. Henonnmanne cnon,
ynorpenenntx n pexnx, ycrapenmnx nnn cnennantntx snauennxx.
3. Honepxnocrnocrt nonnmannx npounrannoro, neymenne samernrt ornomenne anropa x
nsopaxaemomy, ero nponnm nnn capxasm, neuyncrnnrentnocrt x norexcry, necnoconocrt
camocroxrentno ononnnrt neocxasannoe.
6
4. Hpensxroe mnenne. unrarent nepexo oxnaer, uro noopaxaemoe nm pemenne ro nnn nno
nponemt connaaer c pemennem anropa. Taxomy unrarenm rpyno nocnpnnnmart nonoe, neoxnannoe
nx cex. On sapanee ynpomaer n orpynxer rexcr, ne moxer pearnponart na nonte nx cex mtcnn n
uyncrna, nonpocry ne sameuaer nx. Camo coo pasymeercx, uro n +rom cnyuae urenne oorarnrt ne moxer.
Ha ycrpanenne ncex +rnx rpynocre n nanpannent reopnx n npaxrnxa crnnncrnxn nocnpnxrnx.
Crnnncrnuecxn ananns ne xnnxercx n yuenom nponecce camonentm. 3ro nnmt xarannsarop
nosnanarentnoro, nenoro, +monnonantnoro n +crernuecxoro nosecrnnx nnreparypt. Ananns
neorennm or cnnresa, noccranannnnammero xyoxecrnennym nenocrnocrt nponsneennx,
noxastnammero mecro xaxoro +nemenra n crpyxrype nenoro n ononpemenno yunrtnammero mecro
+nemenron n cncreme xstxa. Hnaue ronopx, xaxt orentnt +nemenr paccmarpnnaercx ne
nsonnponanno, a n ero cnxsxx n ornomennxx c pyrnmn +nemenramn, co nce crpyxrypo xyoxecrnennoro
rexcra n co nce cncremo xstxa. Ananns onxen yunrtnart cnnrarmarnuecxne n napanrmarnuecxne
cnxsn.
Vnacneonannt eme or anrnuno pnropnxn yannsm ]opmt n coepxannx, npornnonocrannenne roro,
uro cxasano, romy, xax +ro cxasano, npeoonen n conpemenno crnnncrnxe eme anexo ne nonnocrtm, n nce
xe conpemennax nayxa cronr na nyrn ntpaorxn nayuntx meroon anannsa, crannr nonpoc o
xyoxecrnennom macrepcrne n ero cnxsn c nenocrtm nponsneennx, ntxnnxer ]ynxnnonantnte cnxsn
+nemenron rexcra n nx ornomennn x neno-xyoxecrnennomy enncrny nponsneennx.
uopmt pacxptrnx xyoxecrnennoro nponsneennx nnn orptnxa moryr trt nectma pasnoopasnt.
Hapxy co crnnncrnuecxnm ronxonannem onn nxnmuamr n ntpasnrentnoe urenne, n nnreparypnt
nepeno c ocyxennem ero coornercrnnx opnrnnany, n napa]pas nnn nepecxas. uacro ntcxastnanoct n
ntcxastnaercx mnenne, uro xyoxecrnennt rexcr nepecxasart nnn napa]pasnponart nentsx, rax xax
nepecxas orptnaer coepxanne or ]opmt n rem camtm orpactnaer ononnnrentnte snauennx n
acconnannn, ncxnmuaer norexcr, oenxer n ncxaxaer rexcr. 3ro yrnepxenne cnpanennno rontxo
oruacrn. Hepecxas moxer trt ouent nonesntm +nemenrom anannsa, ecnn, yunrtnax ero orpannuennocrt,
coennxrt ero c ronxonannem, yxasannem na norexcr, anannsom n urennem. Hepecxas ne onxen samenxrt
nocnpnxrne, no on moxer nomout ero yrnynrt, rax uro npn nonropnom urennn nocnpnxrne, npenapennoe
nepecxasom, craner onee nonntm.
Hao nayunrtcx unrart, saepxnnaxct na rpyntx n ocoenno naxntx mecrax, nepeunrtnax nx, nnnxax
n erann, xoropte nponnnamr cner na rnannoe.
annoe nocone npenasnaueno nx cryenron crapmnx xypcon ]axyntreron anrnncxoro xstxa
nearornuecxnx nncrnryron. Ono onxno osnaxomnrt yymero npenoanarenx anrnncxoro xstxa c
conpemenno crnnncrnxo nocnpnxrnx, crnnncrnxo nonoro rnna, uro orneuaer saauam
npo]eccnonantno nororonxn yunrenx na conpemennom yponne nnnrnncrnuecxo nayxn. Hacroxmee
nsanne xnnxercx uerneprtm. Co npemenn nepnoro nsannx n crnnncrnxe exonponannx n cmexntx c ne
onacrxx nnnrnncrnxn, ocoenno n cemacnonornn n reopnn rexcra, tnn ocrnrnyrt nonte pesyntrart.
Hoxnnncx nent px nayuntx paor no xonrexcry, rnnam ntnnxennx, nenopmarnnno xomnnaropnxe,
mop]onornuecxo crnnncrnxe n pyrnm nonpocam. Pesyntrart +rnx nccneonann, a raxxe sameuannx
penensenron na npetymne nsannx n annom noconn tnn yurent.
Hasnanne xnnrn Crnnncrnxa conpemennoro anrnncxoro xstxa npenonaraer paccmorpenne ncero
oema nonxrn, ornocxmnxcx x npnnnnnam ]ynxnnonnponannx nexcnuecxnx, rpammarnuecxnx n pyrnx
cpecrn xstxa n pasntx ycnonnxx omennx, x nx ntpasnrentnomy norennnany n nomenxnarype.
Hpo]eccnonantnax nearornuecxax nanpannennocrt xypca oycnonnna, onaxo, neoxonmocrt
ntopounoro pacnpeenennx rem. Hcxox ns saau, croxmnx nepe ]axyntreramn nnocrpanntx xstxon,
ynop enaercx na reopernuecxne ocnont ronxonannx xyoxecrnennoro rexcra, a ne na ]ynxnnonantnym
crnnncrnxy. 3ra opnenrannx orpaxena n nosarononxe. Paccmorpenne ]ynxnnonantntx crnne,
pasymeercx, ne ncxnmuaercx ns xypca, no nm ornonrcx onee cxpomnoe mecro n xonne xnnrn. Omne
nonpoct crnnncrnxn paccmarpnnamrcx npn nsyuennn nnonoro xypca.
B cnxsn c nponemo ]ynxnnonantntx crnne neoxonmo ormernrt cneymmee. Knaccn]nxannx
]ynxnnonantntx crnne ocymecrnnxercx pasntmn nccneonarenxmn ouent no-pasnomy. Cnopntm, n
uacrnocrn, xnnxercx ntenenne ]ynxnnonantnoro crnnx xyoxecrnenno nnreparypt. B +ro xnnre
npecrannena rouxa spennx rex anropon, xoropte ncne sa axaemnxom B.B. Bnnorpaontm, npo]. A.B.
ueopontm n pyrnmn cunramr, uro ronopnrt o cymecrnonannn n npeenax nannonantnoro xstxa ocooro
]ynxnnonantnoro crnnx xyoxecrnenno nnreparypt nenpanomepno n cnny mnoroopasnx ee xonxperntx
7
]opm n cnenn]nuecxoro ncnontsonannx n ne ]ynxnnonantntx crnne, connantntx, pernonantntx n
pyrnx napnanron xstxa.
Kpyr nonpocon, nonnexaemtx n onacrt crnnncrnuecxoro nccneonannx, nce npemx pacmnpxercx,
coornercrnenno pacmnpxercx n uncno nontx orpacne crnnncrnxn. K coxanennm, nnny orpannuennoro
oema xypca or cncremarnuecxoro osopa cymecrnymmnx nanpannenn n reopn npnxonrcx orxasartcx
n cocpeorounrt nnnmanne na nsnoxennn nayuntx ocnon ronxonannx xyoxecrnennoro rexcra.
H. B. APHOHB
IAABA I. OBmHE BOHPOCL
1. Hpeue1 n saaun c1nnnc1nxn
C1nnnc1nxon nastnaercx orpacnt nnnrnncrnxn, nccneymmax npnnnnnt n +]]exr ntopa n
ncnontsonannx nexcnuecxnx, rpammarnuecxnx, ]onernuecxnx n noome xstxontx cpecrn nx nepeaun
mtcnn n +monnn n pasntx ycnonnxx omennx.
B +ro rnane yyr paccmorpent pasnnunte npnnnnnt nopasenennx +ro omnpno n
pasnernnenno nayxn: crnnncrnxa xstxa n crnnncrnxa peun, nnnrnocrnnncrnxa n nnreparyponeuecxax
crnnncrnxa, crnnncrnxa or anropa n crnnncrnxa nocnpnxrnx, crnnncrnxa exonponannx n p.
C1nnnc1nxa nsmxa nccneyer, c ono cropont, cnenn]nxy xstxontx nocncrem, nastnaemtx
]ynxnnonantntmn crnnxmn n noxstxamn n xapaxrepnsymmnxcx cnoeopasnem cnonapx, ]paseonornn n
cnnraxcnca, n, c pyro cropont, +xcnpeccnnnte, +monnonantnte n onenounte cnocrna pasnnuntx
xstxontx cpecrn. C1nnnc1nxa peun nsyuaer orentnte peantnte rexcrt, paccmarpnnax, xaxnm opasom
onn nepeamr coepxanne, ne rontxo cneyx nopmam, nsnecrntm rpammarnxe n crnnncrnxe xstxa, no n na
ocnone snauamnx orxnonenn or +rnx nopm.
nx roro urot xcnee npecrannrt cee npemer crnnncrnxn, samernm, uro n pasntx cnryannxx xstx
xax cpecrno omennx ncnontsyercx no-pasnomy. Coomenne o onom n rom xe ]axre ecrnnrentnocrn
moxer npnnnmart pasnte ]opmt n sanncnmocrn or roro, nanpnmep, nponcxonr nn omenne n
o]nnnantno, enono nnn trono ocranonxe, or roro, xaxont connantnax npnnanexnocrt
coecennxon n ornomennx mexy nnmn, or roro, xaxono cyexrnnnoe, +monnonantnoe ornomenne
ronopxmero x npemery pasronopa, n or roro, naxonen, xax on pacnennnaer ocranonxy. Bce +rn
nparmarnuecxne ]axropt xommynnxarnnno cnryannn ]axyntrarnnnt, r. e. n axre omennx onn
neoxsarentno npoxnnxmrcx nce ononpemenno.
Hpn ronxonannn rexcra naxno nomnnrt, uro nnqopuannn n peun moxer trt nyx nnon:
a) nn]opmannx, ne cnxsannax c ocranonxo axra xommynnxannn, a cocrannxmmax camt npemer
coomennx;
) nn]opmannx ononnnrentnax, cnxsannax c ycnonnxmn n yuacrnnxamn axra xommynnxannn.
Paccmarpnnax, coornercrnenno, nn]opmannm, coepxamymcx n coomennn na yponne cnon, moxno
samernrt, uro cnona, napxy c eno1a1nnnmu snauenneu, yxastnammnm na npemer peun, nmemr eme
xonno1a1nnnoe snauenne (xonno1annn), xoropoe cxnatnaercx ns +monnonantnoro, +xcnpeccnnnoro,
onenounoro n ]ynxnnonantno-crnnncrnuecxoro xomnonenron. Tax, nanpnmep, cnona girl, maiden, lass,
lassie, chick, baby, young lady nmemr onnaxonoe enorarnnnoe snauenne n moryr nastnart ony n ry xe
enymxy, no ynorpenenne roro nnn nnoro cnona ns +roro pxa yer onpeenxrtcx ne rontxo n ne
crontxo cnocrnamn camo enymxn, cxontxo ornomennem x ne ronopxmero n connantno cnryanne.
Hepnoe ns +rnx cnon girl crnnncrnuecxn nerpantno n xnnxercx omnnanro ncero cnnonnmnuecxoro pxa,
r. e. moxer samennrt nce ocrantnte. Vsyantntx, saxpennnmnxcx n xstxe xonnorann ono ne nmeer. Bce
ocrantnte cnona +ro rpynnt nmemr xaxym-nnyt xonnorannm. Maiden apxanunoe n no+rnuecxoe
cnono. Lass n ocoenno lassie nmemr +monnonantnym xonnorannm: +ro nacxonte cnona, xpome roro, onn
npnnanexar nanexry. Forart xonnorannxmn n pyrne cnona pxa. Chick n baby npnnanexar cnenry,
npnuem baby nmeer nonoxnrentnym onenounym xonnorannm, oosnauax npenmymecrnenno xopomentxym
enymxy. Young lady nepexo nponnuno. Kax enorarnnnte, rax n xonnorarnnnte snauennx moryr trt
ysyantntmn xstxontmn n oxxasnonantntmn, r. e. sanncert or xonrexcra. Konnorannn xax uacrt
nexcnuecxoro snauennx ne cneyer cmemnnart c acconnannxmn, xoropte moxer ntstnart n anno
xyntrype oosnauaemt npemer n xoropte nastnamrcx nmnnnxannonntmn cnxsxmn nnn
8
nmnnnxannonanom. Oo ncem +rom yer nopono cxasano n rnane o nexcnuecxo crnnncrnxe.
Vxasannoe pasnnune nyx rnnon nn]opmannn moxno npecrannrt cee n n necxontxo nnom nnane, a
nmenno ncxox ns qynxnnn nsmxa. Hepnt nn nn]opmannn cnxsan c nnrennexryantno-
xommynnxarnnno ]ynxnne xstxa. Bropo, r.e. ononnnrentnax nn]opmannx (ee raxxe nastnamr
nparmarnuecxo), co ncemn ocrantntmn ]ynxnnxmn, a nmenno: c +mornnno ]ynxnne, r.e. c nepeaue
uyncrn ronopxmero, c nonmnrarnnno ]ynxnne, r.e. c nonensxnnennem n noyxennem apecara x
xenaemomy ecrnnm, annenxrnnno ]ynxnne, r.e. npnnneuennem nnnmannx cnymarenx, noyxennem
ero x nocnpnxrnm coomennx, c xonraxroycranannnnamme ]ynxnne n cnryannxx, xora nentm
ntcxastnannx xnnxercx ne nepeaua coomennx, a rontxo npoxnnenne nnnmannx x npncyrcrnnm pyroro
nnna (nanpnmep, n ]opmynax nexnnnocrn), n, naxonen, c +crernuecxo ]ynxnne, r.e. nosecrnnem na
+crernuecxoe uyncrno. Pasnte anropt (K. Fmnep, P. xocon n pyrne) npenarann pasnte
xnaccn]nxannn ]ynxnn xstxa. Onaxo npenoxennax ntme xnaccn]nxannx oxastnaercx ocrarouno
nonno nx paccmarpnnaemoro n crnnncrnxe xpyra nonpocon, n no+romy em moxno orpannunrtcx*.
* Anrnncxne yuente M. Xonnne, x. Hnu n pyrne pasnnuamr rpn ]ynxnnn: xonnenryantnym, rexcronym n
nnrepnepconantnym. Cm.: Leech G.N., Short M.H. Style in Fiction. A linguistic introduction to English fictional prose. Ldn, 1981.
B nocnenee ecxrnnerne +rn nonpoct nomnn n xomnerennnm nparuannnrnnc1nxn. Hnrepec x
nsyuennm xstxa n nparmarnuecxo ]ynxnnn nenpeptnno pacrer, no ne cneyer satnart, uro
nparmannnrnncrnxa naxonrcx n crann cranonnennx, a ]ynxnnonnponanne xstxa xax naxnemero
cpecrna omennx ncera cocrannxno ocnony xstxosnannx.
3aaue crnnncrnuecxoro onncannx n crnnncrnuecxoro anannsa rexcra xnnxercx paccmorpenne
nsanmoecrnnx npemerno-nornuecxoro coepxannx coomennx, r.e. nnqopuannn nepnoro poa c
nnqopuannen n1oporo poa, r.e. c npoxnnennxmn +mornnno, nonmnrarnnno, annenxrnnno,
xonraxroycranannnnamme n +crernuecxo ]ynxnn xstxa, c ntpaxennem cyexrnnnoro ornomennx
ronopxmero x npemery ntcxastnannx, coecennxy n cnryannn omennx. Crnnncrnuecxoe onncanne
rpeyer paccmorpennx rexcra no ncem orarcrne rexcrontx, xstxontx n +xcrpannnrnncrnuecxnx cnxse,
nsyuennx nsanmoecrnnx xonnorarnnntx n enorarnnntx snauenn cnon n xoncrpyxnn, nx cnxse n nx
ponn n xyoxecrnennom nenom.
Baxno nouepxnyrt, uro, npnsnanax nosmoxnocrt pasrpannunrt nn]opmannm nepnoro n nroporo poa,
enorarnnnte n xonnorarnnnte snauennx, cyexrnnnoe n oexrnnnoe n coomennn, mt enaem +ro
rontxo nx nene anannsa, nx yocrna nosnannx; n ecrnnrentnom xe rexcre onn opasymr enncrno,
pasnte cropont onoro nenoro, n nn o xaxom nocrnennom xapaxrepe crnnx, nn o xaxom enennn na
]opmy n coepxanne onn ne ronopxr.
urot noxcnnrt saaun crnnncrnxn npnmepom, oparnmcx x crnnncrnuecxomy anannsy nauana ot H.F.
Bennn K xanoponxy.
TO A SKYLARK
Hail to thee, blithe spirit!
Bird thou never wert,
That from heaven, or near it,
Pourest thy full heart
In profuse strains of unpremeditated art.
Higher still and higher,
From the earth thou springest,
Like a cloud of fire;
The blue deep thou wingest,
And singing still dost soar, and soaring ever singest.
Ho+r nastnaer nrnny cuacrnnntm yxom, ooxecrnnxer ee. 3ro xe npnsnanne y nrnnt
cnepxecrecrnenno oxecrnenno cnnt nouepxnnaercx noxnnennem nosntmennoro cnona heaven, a ne
ero nerpantnoro cnnonnma sky. eno n rom, uro n uncno snauenn cnona heaven nxonr snauenne cqepa,
eoe ooumamm ooeu. Hnnrnncrt nastnamr raxo rnn snauennx o1paaennmu. nnenne orpaxennoro
snauennx cocronr n rom, uro xora mnorosnaunoe cnono ynorpeneno n onom ns cnonx napnanron, ro
pyrne ero snauennx moryr oxasartcx ne nonnocrtm +nnmnnnponanntmn, ocoenno, ecnn +rn pyrne
9
napnanrt nmemr xpxo ntpaxennte xonnorannn. B annom cnyuae, xorx heaven ynorpeneno n snauennn
ueoo, unrarent snaer o cymecrnonannn y nero mn]onornuecxoro napnanra; rax nonyuaercx nexoropoe
cemanrnuecxoe cornaconanne co cnonom spirit, uro ycnnnnaer ropxecrnennocrt n npnnonxrocrt rona.
Hpemerno-nornuecxax nn]opmannx cocronr n rom, uro ntcoxo n nee napnr n noer cnom necnm
xanoponox. Ho coepxanne crpo]t +rnm ne ncuepntnaercx. Opas, ntpannt H.F. Bennn, n ]opma ero
nonnomennx ronopxr o nacrpoennn n mnpocosepnannn no+ra. Opamenne x xanoponxy snyunr
ropxecrnenno naroapx xonnorannxm ynorpenenntx cnon n ]opm. Hnnrnncrnuecxn noxo nomoraer
crnnncry oparnrt nnnmanne na nexcnuecxn apxansm hail n apxanuecxne rpammarnuecxne ]opmt nroporo
nnna enncrnennoro uncna: to thee, thou never wert, pourest thy heart, thou springest, thou wingest, thou
singest.
B manentxo nrnne, nonxnmecx ntcoxo n neo, mt nnnm yx xnsnn n cnoonoro rnopuecrna. Tema
ncxyccrna nnonrcx cncremo opason n ynorpenennem cnona art: n cnoe necne nrnna nsnnnaer cnoe
cepne n orartx menonxx nenocpecrnennoro ncxyccrna (in profuse strains of unpremeditated art).
unrarent acconnnpyer c +rnm nsnerom nrnnt ntcoxoe nasnauenne no+ra. Cpannenne c onaxom ornx
ornocnrcx n x nrnne, n x no+ry. Oa nponnxnyra paocrtm xnsnn. Bocxnmenne enncrnom n xpacoro
npnpot ntpaxaercx ne rontxo n cnonax, no n n camom pnrme ot, n unrarent ne moxer ne omyrnrt
+roro.
Konnenrpnpyx nnnmanne na nsanmoecrnnn ntopa opason, cnon, mop]onornuecxnx ]opm,
cnnraxcnuecxnx crpyxryp npn nepeaue coepxannx, mt moxem rnyxe nponnxnyrt n cyrt nponsneennx
n cocrannrt cee nonxrne o mnponosspennn n nacrpoennn, ntpaxenntx n oe*.
* 3ror orptnox n ero cncremy opason nnrepecno conocrannrt c reponxo-pomanrnuecxo Hecne o Fypenecrnnxe M.
Ioptxoro, re n coornercrnnn c conepmenno nntm mnponosspennem n uyncrnamn no+ra paccxas o nrnne, ropo pemme na
mopem, npenpamaercx n crpacrnt npnstn x penonmnnonno opte.
Pont unrarenx cocronr n rnyoxom n ronxom nonnmannn nnreparypnoro rexcra n conepexnnannn.
Bennuamn xyoxnnx cnona H.H. Toncro nncan: Hcxyccrno ecrt exrentnocrt uenoneuecxax,
cocroxmax n rom, uro onn uenonex cosnarentno nsnecrntmn nnemnnmn snaxamn nepeaer pyrnm
ncntrtnaemte nm uyncrna, a pyrne nmn sapaxamrcx +rnmn uyncrnamn n nepexnnamr nx*.
* O ponn +crernuecxoro cornopuecrna unrarenx, spnrenx, cnymarenx cm.: Huxa:ee .C. Hecxontxo mtcne o nerounocrn
ncxyccrna n crnnncrnuecxnx nanpannennxx. - B c.: Phylologica. H., 1973.
Amepnxancxn yuent M. Pn]]arep, nontsyxct nonxrnxmn n repmnnonorne conpemenno reopnn
cnxsn n reopnn nn]opmannn, aer oomennym ]opmynnponxy saau crnnncrnxn, onpeenxx ee xax
nayxy, xoropax nsyuaer re cropont ntcxastnannx, xoropte nepeamr nnny, npnnnmammemy n
exonpymmemy coomenne, opas mtcne nnna, xonpymmero coomenne*. Tax nosnnxaer repmnn
c1nnnc1nxa exonponannn. Hpornnonocrannennm crnnncrnxn or anropa (crnnncrnxa xonponannx) n
crnnncrnxn nocnpnxrnx (crnnncrnxa exonponannx) nocnxmen n antnemem cnennantnt naparpa].
Ham npecronr neonoxparno nontsonartcx reopernxo-nn]opmannonno rpaxronxo crnnncrnuecxnx
nponem. 3ect xe neoxonmo yxasart, uro, npnnnmax npenoxennt M. Pn]]arepom repmnn
crnnncrnxa exonponannx, mt cunraem ero ]opmynnponxy nenonno. B ecrnnrentnocrn, xax xcno ns
cnon H.H. Toncroro, coomenne, saxnmuennoe n nponsneennn ncxyccrna, nepeaer exonpymmemy ne
rontxo opas mtcne, no n uyncrna ornpannrenx coomennx. 3aaua crnnncrnxn exonponannx,
npecrannenno n +ro xnnre, cocronr n rom, urot nomout pasnnrnm ntcoxo xyntrypt urennx na
ocnone nsyuennx xoon nnreparypt n cosannx nexoroporo noonx anropnrmon exonponannx nx
pasntx yponne xstxa. Hoponee o xoax xax o cncremax snaunmtx ennnn n npannn nx coennennx npn
nepeaue coomenn no saanntm xananam peut noer nnxe, n 4. 3ect mt samernm rontxo, uro xstx
xyoxecrnennoro nponsneennx opasyer nenym cncremy xoon, naxnemnm ns xoroptx xnnxercx ror
nannonantnt xstx, na xoropom nanncano nponsneenne. Marepnan nx onncannx +rnx xoon yxe n
snaunrentno crenenn nororonnen n pamxax crnnncrnxn xstxa n nnreparyponeuecxo crnnncrnxn, o
xoroptx noer peut n cneymmem naparpa]e.
* Riffaterre M. The Stylistic Function. Proceedings, of the 9th Intern. Congr. of Linguistics / Ed. by Lunt. Cambr. Mas., 1964.
P. 316.
B saxnmuenne annoro naparpa]a neoxonmo ormernrt, uro nonxrne xo tno npnnxro
nnnrnncrnuecxo nayxo anexo ne cpasy, o cnx nop pasamrcx ronoca, nospaxammne npornn
ynorpenennx +roro repmnna*. O rom neopasymennn, na xoropom +ro nospaxenne ocnonano, yer
10
cxasano nnxe. 3ect ocrarouno ormernrt, uro n paorax ontmnncrna crnnncron +ror repmnn renept
npnnxr xax neuro camo coo pasymemmeecx. (Cm. paort H.P. Iantnepnna, R.M. Hormana, B.A.
Kyxapenxo, E.H. Pnsent, E.H. Benentc n p., a sa pyexom C. Hennna, x. Hnua, M. Pn]]arepa, P.
xocona n ouent mnornx pyrnx.)
* Cm.: Crpeouee P.M. Ouepx reopnn crnnncrnxn. Ioptxn, 1975
2. Annrnoc1nnnc1nxa n nn1epa1yponeuecxan c1nnnc1nxa. Yponnn anannsa
Crnnncrnxy npnnxro nopasenxrt na nnnrnoc1nnnc1nxy n nn1epa1yponeuecxym c1nnnc1nxy,
npnuem cymecrnymr pasnte napnanrt nx oennennx n nepnax moxer cnyxnrt aso nx nropo. Hpn
paspaorxe crnnncrnxn nocnpnxrnx neoxonmt n ra n pyrax. Onn cranonxrcx nymx acnexramn ono
nponemt, n nao ymert ne rontxo nnert pasnnune, no n enncrno mexy nnmn.
Annrnoc1nnnc1nxa, ocnont xoropo tnn sanoxent B. Fannn*, cpannnnaer omenannonantnym
nopmy c ocotmn, xapaxrepntmn nx pasntx c]ep omennx nocncremamn, nastnaemtmn
qynxnnonantnmun c1nnnun n nanexramn (nnnrnocrnnncrnxa n +rom ysxom cmtcne nastnaercx
qynxnnonantnon c1nnnc1nxon) n nsyuaer +nemenrt xstxa c rouxn spennx nx cnoconocrn ntpaxart n
ntstnart +monnn, ononnnrentnte acconnannn n onenxy. B npnneennom ntme anannse nauana ot
Bennn ncnontsonancx npenoxennt n paspaorannt B. Fannn mero nen1nqnxannn, xoropt
cocronr n conocrannennn nsyuaemoro +nemenra rexcra c nornuecxn +xnnnanenrntm emy, no crnnncrnuecxn
n +monnonantno nerpantntm +nemenrom. B. Fannn, onaxo, ncnontsonan +ror mero rontxo nx
nnnrnocrnnncrnxn, a x crnnncrnxe nnreparyponeuecxo ornocnncx cxenrnuecxn.
* Ba..u L. upannyscxax crnnncrnxa. Hep. c ]pann. K.A. onnnnna. M., 1961.
Hnrencnnno pasnnnammecx orpacntm crnnncrnxn xnnxercx conoc1ann1entnan c1nnnc1nxa,
napannentno paccmarpnnammax crnnncrnuecxne nosmoxnocrn nyx n onee xstxon. Hocxontxy
conocrannrentnax crnnncrnxa nepasptnno cnxsana c xyoxecrnenntm nepenoom, ona, rax xe xax
crnnncrnxa nocnpnxrnx, ne moxer trt nsonnponana or crnnncrnxn nnreparyponeuecxo*.
* Cm.: 4eoopoe A.B. Ouepxn ome n conocrannrentno crnnncrnxn. M., 1971; Ko+uccapoe B.H. Cnono o nepenoe. M.,
1973; Vinay J.P. er Darbelnei J. Stylistique compare du francais et de l'anglais. London & Paris, 1961; Malblanc A. Stylistique
comparee du francais et de rallemand. Stuttgart, 1961.
An1epa1yponeuecxan c1nnnc1nxa nsyuaer conoxynnocrt cpecrn xyoxecrnenno ntpasnrentnocrn,
xapaxrepntx nx nnreparypnoro nponsneennx, anropa, nnreparypnoro nanpannennx nnn neno +noxn, n
]axropt, or xoroptx sanncnr xyoxecrnennax ntpasnrentnocrt. Cymecrnyer nemano paor conercxnx n
sapyexntx nnreparyponeon no crnnncrnuecxo cncreme n xstxy Bexcnnpa, Cnencepa, Mnntrona,
Fapona, Knrca n pyrnx. Hocxontxy snaunrentnax uacrt crnnncrnuecxnx anannson nocnxmena pasopy
xyoxecrnenntx rexcron, ro +ro cnoe uacrtm crnnncrnxa nxonr n no+rnxy n reopnm nnreparypt.
Ho+1nxon nastnaercx nayxa o crpoennn nnreparypntx nponsneenn n o cncreme ncnontsyemtx n nnx
+crernuecxnx cpecrn*. Cymecrnyer n onee ysxoe nonnmanne no+rnxn xax nayxn, nccneymme
no+rnuecxn xstx. B +rom cnyuae ne crnnncrnxa xnnxercx uacrtm no+rnxn, a nanpornn, no+rnxa ecrt
uacrt crnnncrnxn, xoropax sannmaercx cnenn]nxo ncnontsonannx xstxa n pasntx c]epax omennx, n
rom uncne cnenn]nxo xstxa yuentx counnenn, raser, pexnamt n r.. Mnoro rpya nonoxnnn
nnreparyponet na nccneonanne raxnx nponem no+rnuecxoro xstxa, xax ornomenne nncarene x
ponomy xstxy, cnnxenne no+rnuecxo peun c xnno napono peutm, +crernuecxne nsrnxt nncarene,
rpannnx n nonaropcrno n xstxe nncarene, nponema opasnocrn, xstxono opas anropa-
nonecrnonarenx, cnocot nepeaun peun nepconaxe n r..**
* Cm.: Buuoepaooe B.B. Ho+rnxa n ee ornomenne x nnnrnncrnxe n reopnn nnreparypt//Bonp. xstxosnannx. N 5. 1962;
Heauoe B.B. Crartx Ho+rnxa n Kparxo nnreparypno +nnnxnonenn. T. 5. M., 1968; up+vucru B.M. Teopnx crnxa.
H., 1975; Tiuuoe P.H. Ho+rnxa. Hcropnx nnreparypt. Knno. M., 1977.
** Cm. npnneennte n omem nnnorpa]nuecxom cnncxe paort H.. txxonono n E.H. Knnmenxo.
Cm. raxxe paort H.C. Fapxyapona, A.H. omamnena, B.H. Ipnroptena n A.B. ueopona n nnnorpa]nn.
Hopasenenne na nnnrnocrnnncrnxy n nnreparyponeuecxym crnnncrnxy uacrnuno, no ne nonnocrtm,
connaaer c pyrnm naxntm nopasenennem, a nmenno c enennem na crnnncrnxy xstxa n crnnncrnxy
peun, o xoropom yxe ronopnnoct ntme. Crnnncrnxa peun paccmarpnnaer ne rontxo xyoxecrnennte, no n
noome nmte peuente nponsneennx. Coornomenne crnnncrnxn xstxa n crnnncrnxn peun xnnxercx
11
ono ns ocnonntx nponem nsnecrno xnnrn no crnnncrnxe no peaxnne O.C. Axmanono. Baxnemee
pasnnune mexy +rnmn nymx rnnamn crnnncrnxn cocronr n rom, uro nnnrnocrnnncrnxa nccneyer
ntpasnrentnte nosmoxnocrn xstxa, a nnreparyponeuecxax crnnncrnxa ocoennocrn ncnontsonannx
+rnx nosmoxnocre rem nnn nntm anropom, nanpannennem nnn xanpom.
Hnreparyponeuecxax crnnncrnxa, nsyuax xstxonte n pyrne cpecrna nnreparypno-xyoxecrnennoro
nsopaxennx ecrnnrentnocrn, xnnxercx, xax n no+rnxa, pasenom reopnn nnreparypt n sannmaer
naxnoe mecro n ncropnn nnreparypt.
Xyoxecrnennax nnreparypa nsyuaercx ne rontxo crnnncrnxo, no n, npexe ncero, ncropne n
reopne nnreparypt, a raxxe +crernxo, ncnxonorne n pyrnmn nayxamn. Kaxax ns nnx nmeer cnon
cnenn]nuecxne saaun, cno noxo, cno mero paccmorpennx, no xaxax ncnontsyer nnn, no ncxxom
cnyuae, onxna ncnontsonart pesyntrart, nonyuennte ocrantntmn. Ocmtcnenne xyoxecrnennoro
nponsneennx c nomomtm rpex pocrnenntx rymannrapntx ncnnnnnn: nnreparyponeennx, ncropnn n
xstxosnannx nosnonxer ncxptrt omecrnenno-ncropnuecxne n omecrnenno-neonornuecxne ocnont
nnnnnyantntx crnnncrnuecxnx ocoennocre.
Onnctnax xstx n crnnt xyoxecrnennoro nponsneennx, crnnncrnxa onnpaercx na nsyuenne
omecrnenno xnsnn n nepno nanncannx nponsneennx, crpant, n xoropo ono cosano, xyntrypt n
xstxa +noxn. 3aaua nnreparyponeuecxo crnnncrnxn rnyoxoe nponnxnonenne n rnopuecxn mero
anropa n n cnoeopasne ero nnnnnyantnoro macrepcrna*. Hpn +rom crnnncrnuecxn ananns n
nocneymmn crnnncrnuecxn cnnres ne onxnt cnonrtcx x ncropnuecxnm, renernuecxnm n pyrnm
nosmoxntm xommenrapnxm. Kommenrnponanne neoxonmo, no ono ne samenxer nsyuennx camoro
nponsneennx xax neno-xyoxecrnennoro nenoro**.
* Cm.: Buuoepaooe B.B. O xstxe xyoxecrnenno nnreparypt. M., 1959. C. 171. Cm. raxxe: Robinson P. Using English.
Oxford, 1983.
** Cm.: Ivroecru I.A. Hsyuenne nnreparypnoro nponsneennx n mxone. M.; H.. 1966.- C. 99.
Pasnte anropt npenaramr pasnte cnocot nopasenennx nnnrnocrnnncrnxn n nnreparyponeuecxo
crnnncrnxn. nx nene annoro xypca npecrannxercx nenecoopasntm nopasenenne, npnnxroe n
nnnrnncrnxe, a nmenno: nopasenenne no yponnxm na nexcnuecxym, rpammarnuecxym n ]onernuecxym
crnnncrnxy.
3ro, rax cxasart, ropnsonrantnoe ceuenne nao ononnnrt nexoroptmn omnmn nponemamn:
onncannem ]ynxnnonantntx crnne, reopne opason, reopne xonrexcra n xonrexcryantntx npnemon
ntnnxennx, paccmorpennem nponemt nopmt n orxnonenn or nee n nexoroptmn pyrnmn.
Hopasenenne no yponnxm onpanano noromy, uro xstx, yyun naxnemnm cpecrnom omennx,
npecrannxer coo cnoxnym snaxonym cncremy, n xoropo npn ee nsyuennn ntenxercx necxontxo
nocncrem, yponne, nnn xpycon, xaxt ns xoroptx nmeer cnom ocnonnym ennnny, cnom cnenn]nxy,
cnon xareropnn. Vponnn nsanmocnxsant n orentno pyr or pyra ]ynxnnonnponart ne moryr. Mexy
ennnnamn onoro yponnx cymecrnymr ncrpnyrnnnte ornomennx n xoonte npannna, onpeenxmmne
nx coueraemocrt. Mexy ennnnamn cmexntx yponne ornomennx oxastnamrcx nnrerparnnntmn:
ennnnt xaxoro nnsmero yponnx cnyxar xax t xnpnnunxamn, ns xoroptx no onpeenenntm npannnam
crpoxrcx ennnnt cneymmero. B nnnrnncrnxe ne cymecrnyer enncrna n ornomennn xnaccn]nxannn,
nomenxnarypt n uncna yponne, no camo enenne no yponnxm nospaxenn ne ntstnaer, n n crnnncrnxe
coxpanxercx nanonee mnpoxo pacnpocrpanennoe nopasenenne.
Hexcnuecxomy yponnm coornercrnyer nexcnuecxan c1nnnc1nxa. Ona nsyuaer crnnncrnuecxne
]ynxnnn nexcnxn n paccmarpnnaer nsanmoecrnne npxmtx n nepenocntx snauenn. Hexcnuecxax
crnnncrnxa, xax nnreparyponeuecxax, rax n nnnrnncrnuecxax, nsyuaer pasnte cocrannxmmne
xonrexcryantntx snauenn cnon, n n ocoennocrn nx +xcnpeccnnnt, +monnonantnt n onenount
norennnan n nx ornecennocrt x pasntm ]ynxnnonantno-crnnncrnuecxnm nnacram. nanexrnte cnona,
repmnnt, cnona cnenra, pasronopnte cnona n ntpaxennx, neonornsmt, apxansmt, nnocrpannte cnona n
r.. nsyuamrcx c rouxn spennx nx nsanmoecrnnx c pasntmn ycnonnxmn xonrexcra. B crnnncrnxe
naxonr npnmenenne ne rontxo onncarentnax cnnxponnax nexcnxonornx, no n ncropnuecxax
nexcnxonornx, ocoenno n cnxsn c rem, uro nexoropte anropt nospoxamr crapte snauennx cnon, n rora
+rnmonornuecxne cneennx moryr cnococrnonart onee nonnomy pacxptrnm +xcnpeccnnnocrn rexcra.
Hexcnuecxax crnnncrnxa moxer raxxe nsyuart +xcnpeccnnnt norennnan nexoroptx
cnonoopasonarentntx moene, nexoroptx rnnon coxpamenn, moene cnonocnoxennx n r.. Kaxt
pasen nexcnxonornn moxer art ouent nonesnte nx crnnncrnxn cneennx. Baxnym pont n
12
crnnncrnuecxom anannse nrpaer pasop ]paseonornuecxnx ennnn n nocnonnn.
Ipauua1nuecxan c1nnnc1nxa nopasenxercx na uopqonornuecxym n cnn1axcnuecxym.
Mopqonornuecxan c1nnnc1nxa paccmarpnnaer crnnncrnuecxne nosmoxnocrn pasnnuntx
rpammarnuecxnx xareropn, npncymnx rem nnn nntm uacrxm peun. 3ect paccmarpnnamrcx, nanpnmep,
crnnncrnuecxne nosmoxnocrn xareropnn uncna, npornnonocrannenn n cncreme mecronmenn, nmenno n
rnarontnt crnnn peun, cnxsn xyoxecrnennoro n rpammarnuecxoro npemenn n r.. nx anrnncxoro
xstxa +ror pasen rontxo naunnaer paspaartnartcx. Cnn1axcnuecxan c1nnnc1nxa nccneyer
+xcnpeccnnnte nosmoxnocrn nopxxa cnon, rnnon npenoxennx, rnnon cnnraxcnuecxo cnxsn. 3ra
onacrt nmeer nexonte rpannnn n orarym nnreparypy. Baxnoe mecro sect sannmamr rax nastnaemte
]nrypt peun cnnraxcnuecxne, crnnncrnuecxne nnn pnropnuecxne ]nrypt, r.e. ocote cnnraxcnuecxne
nocrpoennx, npnammne peun oanounym ntpasnrentnocrt. K cnnraxcnuecxo crnnncrnxe ornocxrcx
raxxe nccneonannx crpyxrypt n cnocrn asana n paccmorpenne pyrnx crpyxryp, pasmept xoroptx
npentmamr pasmept npenoxennx. Kax n nnnrnocrnnncrnxe, rax n n nnreparyponeuecxo crnnncrnxe
mnoro nnnmannx yenxercx pasntm ]opmam nepeaun peun nonecrnonarenx n nepconaxe: nanor,
necocrnenno-npxmax peut, norox cosnannx n pyrne nonpoct, nexamne na rpannne crnnncrnxn n reopnn
rexcra, paccmarpnnamrcx no mnornx paorax.
monoc1nnnc1nxa, nnn ]onernuecxax crnnncrnxa, nxnmuaer nce xnnennx snyxono oprannsannn crnxon
n npost: pnrm, annnrepannm, snyxonopaxanne, pn]my, acconanct n r.n. n cnxsn c nponemo
coepxarentnocrn snyxono ]opmt, r.e. nannunx crnnncrnuecxo ]ynxnnn.
Cma xe ornocnrcx paccmorpenne necranaprnoro nponsnomennx c xomnuecxnm nnn carnpnuecxnm
+]]exrom nx noxasa connantnoro nepanencrna nnn nx cosannx mecrnoro xonopnra*.
* uononornuecxym nnrepnperannm pasnnunx n nponsnomennn, oycnonnennoro cocnonntm, npo]eccnonantntm n
xyntrypntm unenennem omecrna, an H.C. Tpyenxo. Cm.: Tpvoero H.C. Ocnont ]ononornn. M., 1960. C. 2829.
Xyoxecrnennte saxonomepnocrn snyxono ]opmt crnxa nsyuamrcx ouent anno, no nnm cymecrnyer
oraremax nnreparypa n mnoxecrno pasnnuntx reopn. B xypcax crnnncrnxn otuno amrcx xparxne
annte o crnxoneennn, rnanntm opasom no paseny +n]onnn (narosnyunx) n merpnxn; n antnemem
mt nx raxxe xocnemcx, no ne xax anronomntx cncrem, a n nnane ntxnnennx coepxannx rexcra.
Hocxontxy saaun annoro xypca ne ncuepntnamrcx anannsom xstxa nponsneennx, a on onxen
nomout yymemy yunrenm oxnarnrt nce +nemenrt ]opmt n coepxannx nnreparypnoro rexcra n nx
enncrne, mt ne moxem oopnart ronxonanne nponsneennx na uncro nnnrnncrnuecxnx yponnxx.
Heoxonmo yuecrt n re yponnn, xoropte nsyuamrcx nnreparyponeennem.
Cotrnx, nen, xapaxrept, nesaxn n pyrne cocrannte uacrn nnreparypnoro nponsneennx
ntpaxamrcx n cnonax n npenoxennxx n nnaue xax cnonamn ntpaxent trt ne moryr. nx conocrannennx
xstxono nocncremt, npecrannenno pasnpaemtm nnreparypntm nponsneennem, c omnm xstxontm
ysycom nepnoa, n xoropom +ro nponsneenne nanncano, crnnncry neoxonma ceptesnax
nnnrnncrnuecxax nororonxa. Anannsnponart nnreparypnt rexcr moxno rontxo c yuerom ero
nnnrnncrnuecxo ocnont n nmecre c rem xax nponsneenne ncxyccrna, ne cmemnnax c ]axramn
ecrnnrentnocrn, xoropte n rexcre npecrannent. Hocxontxy mtcnn n uyncrna anropa xonpymrcx npn
nomomn xstxa, ro, ecrecrnenno, n npn exonponannn nao onnpartcx npexe ncero na ]axrt xstxa.
Amepnxancxne cnennanncrt no reopnn nnreparypt P. V+nnex n A. Voppen, opasno noxcnxx +ry mtcnt,
nnmyr: stx xnnxercx marepnanom nncarenx n camom yxnantnom cmtcne cnona. Kaxoe nnreparypnoe
nponsneenne xnnxercx, rax cxasart, ntopxo ns annoro xstxa conepmenno rax xe, xax mpamopnax
cxyntnrypa moxer paccmarpnnartcx xax rnta mpamopa, or xoropo orxonort nexoropte xycxn*.
* Wellek R., Warren A. Theory of Literature. - N.Y., 1962. P. 177.
Axaemnx H.B. Bepa nncan, uro nentm ronxonannx xyoxecrnenntx nponsneenn xnnxercx noxas
rex nnnrnncrnuecxnx cpecrn, nocpecrnom xoroptx ntpaxaercx nenoe n cnxsannoe c nnm
+monnonantnoe coepxanne nnreparypntx nponsneenn. uro nnnrnncrt onxnt ymert npnnonrt x
cosnannm nce +rn cpecrna, n +rom ne moxer trt nnxaxoro comnennx. Ho +ro onxnt ymert enart n
nnreparyponet, rax xax ne moryr xe onn onontcrnonartcx nnrynnne n paccyxart o nexx, xoropte
onn, moxer trt, nenpannntno ntunrann ns rexcra*.
* Lepoa H. B. Ontr nnnrnncrnuecxoro ronxonannx crnxornopennx Cocna Hepmonrona n cpannennn c ee nemenxnm
nporornnom. B xn.: Lepoa H.B. Hspannte paort no pyccxomy xstxy. M., 1957. C. 7.
Hnnrnocrnnncrnuecxn ananns nnreparypt ntxnnxer nsanmoecrnne n enncrno coepxannx n
13
ntpaxammnx ero xstxontx cpecrn. pyrnmn cnonamn, cosanne ntcoxo xyntrypt urennx rpeyer
ronxonannx, oennxmmero ueprt nnnrnocrnnncrnxn n nnreparyponeuecxo crnnncrnxn.
3ro rpeyer pacmnpennoro, no cpannennm c npnneenntm ntme, nonnmannx repmnna yponent. B
raxom pacmnpnrentnom cmtcne yponent ecrt nepapxnuecxax crynent n oprannsannn ]opmt n coepxannx
rexcra.
Hpn raxom noxoe nnreparypnoe nponsneenne moxer paccmarpnnartcx na cneymmnx yponnxx,
nepeuncnenntx nnxe raxnm opasom, uro xaxt npetymn oxastnaercx coepxannem
nocneymmero, a xaxt nocneymmn ]opmo nx npetymero.
1. Heno-remarnuecxoe coepxanne nnreparypnoro nponsneennx nect xomnnexc ]nnoco]cxnx,
npancrnenntx, connantntx, nonnrnuecxnx, ncnxonornuecxnx n pyrnx nponem n xnsnenntx ]axron n
cotrn, xoropte nsopaxaer xyoxnnx, a raxxe rex +monn, xoropte +rn ]axrt n nen n nem
ntstnamr.
2. Komnosnnnx n cncrema opason, n xoroptx +ro coepxanne pacxptnaercx: ]ayna, xapaxrept,
ocranonxa. Btpaxenne pacxptnaercx npnntuno, no nerouno. B ecrnnrentnocrn na +rom yponne
nponcxonr xomnpeccnx nonyuenno or xnsnn nn]opmannn.
3. Hexcnuecxoe n rpammarnuecxoe ntpaxenne cncremt opason peuente nsopasnrentnte n
ntpasnrentnte cpecrna. Ha +rom yponne nponcxonr antnemax xomnpeccnx nn]opmannn n ee
xonponanne.
4. 3nyuanne rexcra n ero rpa]nuecxoe nsopaxenne, r.e. cneymmn yponent xonponannx.
Hpnneennt nopxox yponne coornercrnyer noxoy or anropa, unrarent ner oparntm nyrem. On
mtcnenno nepenonr rpa]nuecxne snaxn n snyxonym peut, anee n cnona, o]opmnennte rpammarnuecxn,
sarem n opast, uyncrna n mtcnn n noxonr x crpom ne nponsneennx n x nx onenxe c nosnnn cnoero
npemenn n cnoero mnpoomymennx.
Tpern n uerneprt yponnn rpeymr nx cnoero nsyuennx nayuno-nnnrnncrnuecxo ast. 3ra asa
onxna trt cnennannsnponanno: ocoenno naxnoe mecro n ne sannmamr nexcnxonornx n cnnraxcnc.
Mop]onornx, ]onernxa, +rnmonornx, nanexronornx raxxe moryr oxasartcx neoxonmtmn. stx rexcra
cpannnnaercx c nopmo xstxa, pasnnuntmn ]ynxnnonantntmn crnnxmn, nanexramn n pyrnmn
nocncremamn xstxa. Crnnncrnuecxym ]ynxnnm xstxonoro +nemenra n rexcre moxno ycranonnrt rontxo
snax, n uem ero ornnune nnn connaenne c xstxono nopmo. 3ro eno nnnrnncrnuecxo crnnncrnxn.
Heoxonmo nouepxnyrt, uro n rexcre nce yponnn cymecrnymr n enncrne. Mexy yponnxmn,
paccmarpnnaemtmn nnnrnncrnxo n reopne n ncropne nnreparypt, nx unrarenx nponacrn trt ne
moxer. Vponnn recno nsanmocnxsant n nx nnnrnncrnxn, nocxontxy conpemennax nama nnnrnncrnxa
ncxonr ns npnsnannx omecrnenno npnpot xstxa n nanexrnuecxo cnxsn mexy ero nnemne
oycnonnennocrtm n nnyrpenne crpyxrypo. H nnnrnocrnnncrnxa n nnreparyponeuecxax crnnncrnxa
paccmarpnnamr xstxonte +nemenrt na ]one nx oxpyxennx, no nx nnnrnocrnnncrnxn ynop enaercx na
napanrmarnuecxom oxpyxennn n ponn annoro +nemenra n cncreme xstxa, a nx nnreparyponeuecxo
na cnnrarmarnuecxom oxpyxennn n ponn +nemenra n crpyxrype annoro rexcra.
Crnnncrnuecxax reopnx, xoropo nocnxmena +ra xnnra, nanpannena na ronxonanne rexcra n nmeer cnon
saaun, cnon ocote nponemt, cnnresnpymmne saaun n nponemt xax nnnrnncrnuecxo, rax n
nnreparyponeuecxo crnnncrnxn n nenocpecrnenno ntrexammne ns nnrnponanntx ntme cnon H.B.
Bept.
B antnemem nsnoxennn nam npecronr yunrtnart oa rnna ornomenn.
3. C1nnnc1nxa o1 an1opa n c1nnnc1nxa nocnpnn1nn
B npetymem naparpa]e mt npornnonocrannxnn crnnncrnxy nnnrnncrnuecxym n
nnreparyponeuecxym n npnmnn x ntnoy, uro nx nororonxn yymnx npenoanarene nnocrpanntx
xstxon nyxnt oe, no c yuerom xonxperntx nene n saau nororonxn yunrenx.
Cneymmn naxnt nonpoc xacaercx axnenra na ro nnn nnoe nanpannenne ronxonannx rexcra, r.e.
ntopa rouxn spennx, c xoropo paccmarpnnaercx rexcr xax nepeanaemoe coomenne. Crnnncrnuecxn
pasop moxno necrn, xonnenrpnpyx nnnmanne nno na nnxymnx cnnax rnopuecxoro nponecca nncarenx,
r.e. or anropa, nno na nocnpnxrnn camoro rexcra unrarenem. Hepnt noxo connaaer c
nnreparyponeuecxo crnnncrnxo, ero raxxe moxno tno t nasnart renernuecxnm. Bropo
npecrannen n crnnncrnxe exonponannx.
14
nx roro urot noxasart cymnocrt noxoa or anropa, oparnmcx x paore E.H. Knnmenxo o crnne
pannnx nponsneenn x. Fapona*. Anannsnpyx XXXVIII crpo]y nepno necnn Hanomnnuecrna
uant Iaponta, E.H. Knnmenxo ormeuaer, uro sect oomamrcx ntnot, x xoroptm no+r npnmen n
pesyntrare npenpnnxroro nm c nentm nonnrnuecxoro camoopasonannx nyremecrnnx no mry Enpont. Bo
npemx +roro nyremecrnnx on tn cnnerenem nont n Hcnannn, oponmecx sa cnom nesanncnmocrt
npornn Hanoneona. Kaprnna ox: ronor xone, rpoxor nrnt, oarpennte xpontm meun nepepacraer n
npnstn x opyxnm. B xonne crpo]t nnonrcx oomennt opas ncannxa, onnnernopxmmn nony:
Hark! Heard you not those hoofs of dreadful note?
Sounds not the clang of conflict on the heath?
Saw ye not whom the reeking sabre smote.
Nor saved your brethren ere they sank beneath
Tyrants and Tyrants' slaves? the fires of Death,
The bale-fires flash on high: from rock to rock
Each volley tells that thousands cease to breathe;
Death rides upon the sulphury Siroc,
Red Battle stamps his foot, and Nations feel the shock.
(G. Byron. Childe Harold's Pilgrimage)
* Cm.: K.u+euro E.H. Crnnt pannnx nponsneenn Fapona//Vu. san. HIV. 1955. N 184. - Cepnx ]nnon. nayx. - Btn.
22.- C. 124-126. Cm. raxxe ee onee nosnne paort, nanpnmep Hponemt crnnx n anrnncxo nnreparype nepno rpern XIX
nexa. H., 1959, C. 102.
Hpoonxax ananns, E.H. Knnmenxo ormeuaer, uro noonoe pasnnrne no+rnuecxo mtcnn cxarocrt,
na]oc, +nernuecxax cxopt no yrpauenno nannonantno camocroxrentnocrn n nnamnuecxn
+monnonantnt npnstn x opyxnm nanmaercx n n pyrnx uacrxx no+mt, n npnxonr x ntnoy o
xapaxrepnocrn ntopa n rpaxronxn +rnx rem nx no+snn x. Fapona. Ananns or anropa npenonaraer
ntenenne ero ocoennocre no cpannennm c pyrnmn anropamn. Crpemxct onpeennrt, uem ornnuaercx
ncnontsonanne omenapontx xstxontx cpecrn y nsyuaemoro em no+ra n annt nepno ero
rnopuecrna, E.H. Knnmenxo cpannnnaer ero xstx c xstxom A. Hona n ero +nnronon n noxastnaer, n
uacrnocrn, xax +nnrer y x. Fapona yrparnn cnenn]nuecxym nx xnaccnnncron XVIII nexa ycnonnym
ornneuennocrt.
Taxoe ronxonanne rexcra nnoornopno, nnonne npanomepno n c neoxonmocrtm ntrexaer ns
ncropnxo-nnreparypntx saau crnnncrnuecxoro anannsa, no ono ne xnnxercx enncrnenno nosmoxntm.
Pasnnune saau crnnncrnxn or anropa n crnnncrnxn nocnpnxrnx cocronr eme n n rom, uro nepnax
nnrepecyercx ontme anropamn, uem nx nponsneennxmn, paccmarpnnax nponsneenne xax nexoe
cnecrnne, o npnunn xoroporo nyxno oncxartcx. Crnnncrnxa nocnpnxrnx n, cneonarentno, crnnncrnxa
exonponannx paccmarpnnamr nnreparypnoe nponsneenne xax ncrounnx nneuarnenn nx unrarenx.
Paccmorpnm renept ry xe crpo]y c rouxn spennx crnnncrnxn nonyuarenx peun. Hpexe ncero unrarenm
pocnrcx n rnasa ontmoe +monnonantnoe nanpxxenne cepnn tcrpo cmenxmmnx pyr pyra nonpocon-
nocxnnnann: Heard you not...? Sounds not the clang...? Saw ye not whom...?
3rn pnropnuecxne nonpoct xnemxr naccnnntx, npnstnamr x opte. Cnona Death n Tyrants
nouepxnyrt nonropom n nanncannem c sarnanno yxnt. Cnono cmeprt ne rontxo nonropeno camo, no
eme ycnneno opasntm cemanrnuecxnm nonropom: reaking sabre smote, brethren sank, thousands cease to
breathe.
Inannoe n crpo]e: rnpannx necer cmeprt n pacrno, mnpnrtcx c ne nentsx.
Ha]oc cosaercx ne rontxo nnamnxo cnnraxcnuecxnx xoncrpyxnn, no n nexoropo apxansanne
xstxa: hark, ye, smite, brethren, ere.
Bcmorpenmnct n nexcnxy, samernm +xcnpeccnnnocrt cnon, osnauammnx yapt: hoofs of dreadful note,
clang of conflict, smote, stamps his foot, shock.
C yapamn acconnnpyercx n cnnraxrnxo-pnrmnuecxoe nocrpoenne. Opasnax cncrema crpo]t
xonxperna: yapt xontr, snon caent, noxapt. B ro xe npemx xaxt opas cnmnonnuen n onaaer
ontmo oomamme cnno. Ocoenno rpannosno saxanunnammee crpo]y cnmnonnuecxoe
onnnernopenne cmeprn n nont n opasax snonemnx ncannxon*.
15
* O nonxrnxx cnmnona n opasa cm. c. 113123.
Ananns moxno tno t npoonxnrt, no n cxasannoro ocrarouno, urot yenrtcx n rom, uro oa
nyrn neyr x ono nenn n pacxptnamr crpo]y xax npnstn x nrne npornn rnpannn. Connaax no
xoneuntm pesyntraram, +rn ne meronxn nsanmno nornepxamr npanomepnocrt xaxo. B npaxrnxe
anannsa nx uacro xomnnnpymr, no nx ne cneyer cmemnnart.
Hnreparypno-crnnncrnuecxn ananns c rouxn spennx nonyuarenx peun R.C. Crenanon nastnaer
c1nnnc1nxon nocnpnn1nn*.
* Cm. rnany Crnnncrnxa nocnpnxrnx n xn.: Cmenauoe P.C. upannyscxax crnnncrnxa. - M., 1965. - C. 284-298.
Ona paspaorana mentme, uem crnnncrnxa or anropa, r.e. or ornpannrenx peun, no nmeer ouent ontmoe
snauenne n cnere saau ntcme mxont.
nx roro urot npenoxnrt oocnonannoe ronxonanne namepenn anropa, nyxno xopomo snart
nnreparypnym, xyntrypnym, connantnym n nonnrnuecxym ocranonxy +noxn, pyrne nponsneennx +roro
xe anropa, ero rnopuecxym n nnunym norpa]nm. Bce +ro nxonr n xomnerennnm ncropnn nnreparypt: n
ncropnn nnreparypt crnnncrnuecxn ananns n ecrt npexe ncero ananns or anropa.
Onaxo axe npn nannunn omnpntx cneenn ntmeyxasannoro xapaxrepa oraxn o namepennxx
anropa n yrnepxennx rnna anrop xouer cxasart, anrop xouer noxasart, +ror opas nneen c
nentm... n r.n. uacro npnnoxr x nponsnontntm n nonepxnocrntm onenxam.
axe cam nncarent anexo ne ncera moxer art ocrarouno rounte cneennx o cnonx namepennxx.
Crnnncrnxa nsyuaer nponsneenne, a ne namepennx anropa nnn ero norpa]nm. I.A. Iyxoncxn
conepmenno npan, xora nnmer, uro nn nnctma, nn nennnxn, nn nocnomnnannx nncarenx nnn ero
conpemennnxon, nn conpemennax nncarenm xpnrnxa ne ecrt oxasarentcrno ncrnnnocrn cyxenn o
nenom coepxannn ero nponsneenn... 3ro rontxo noconte marepnant nx nccneonannx*.
Inynna coepxannx pacxptnaercx camnm rexcrom.
* Ivroecru I.A. Vxas, cou. C. 6566.
Hnrepecnte coopaxennx no +romy nonoy naxonm y yxe ynomxnyrtx ntme amepnxancxnx
reopernxon nnreparypt P. V+nnexa n A. Voppena. Onn cunramr, uro n rex cnyuaxx, xora mt pacnonaraem
cnnerentcrnom conpemennnxon nnn axe npxmtm saxnnennem anropa o ero namepennxx, raxne annte,
xorx nx n cneyer nenpemenno yunrtnart, ne onxnt cnxstnart conpemennoro unrarenx, nx nao
pacnennnart xpnrnuecxn n cnere roro, uro aer camo nponsneenne xax raxonoe. Hamepennx anropa moryr
snaunrentno npenocxonrt ro, uro on cosaer n saxonuennom nponsneennn ncxyccrna: onn moryr trt
ntpaxennem nnanon n neanon, a ncnonnenne moxer pacxonrtcx c nnanamn nnn ne ocrnrart nx. Ecnn
t mt mornn nsxrt nnrepntm y Bexcnnpa, nac, nepoxrno, ne yonnernopnnn t ero oxcnennx o
namepennxx, xoroptmn on pyxonocrnonancx npn nanncannn Iamnera. Mt cnpanennno nacrannann t
na rom, uro naxonm n Iamnere (nmenno naxonm, no ne npnymtnaem camn) mtcnn, xoropte cam
Bexcnnp cosnarentno nx cex ne ]opmynnponan... Pacxoxenne mexy cosnarentntm namepennem n
pesyntrarom rnopuecrna xnnxercx otuntm xnnennem n ncropnn nnreparypt*.
* Wellek R., Warren A. Op. cit. P. 148149.
Hoontx npnsnann moxno narn nemano n y camnx nncarene. B +rom nonpoce oxastnamrcx
enntmn mnennx ]pannyscxoro no+ra-pomanrnxa A. e Mmcce, no+ra-moepnncra T.C. 3nnora n carnpnxa
O. Xaxcnn. A. e Mmcce npn +rom enaer axnenr na axrnnno ponn unrarenx, na snauennn unrarentcxoro
nocnpnxrnx: Bcxxn sameuarentnt crnx ncrnnnoro no+ra coepxnr n na-rpn pasa ontme roro, uem
cxasan cam no+r. Ha onm unrarenx ocraercx ononnnrt neocrammee no mepe cnonx cnn, mnenn,
nxycon*. O. Xaxcnn n pomane Hoxyxnte nncrtx myrnr: Hncarent npenonaraer, a unrarent
pacnonaraer. T.C. 3nnor coornocnr nponsneenne c samtcnom anropa: ...cmtcn crnxornopennx moxer
oxasartcx snaunrentno mnpe, uem cosnarentnt samtcen anropa, n ouent oranenntm or ero ncroxon**.
* Hnr. no crarte H. xynncxoro O snyxax crnxornopnoro xstxa. B c.: Ho+rnxa. 1916.- N 1.
** Eliot T.C. Selected Prose. Penguin Books, 1958. P. 57.
nx crnnncrnxn or anropa xpnrnuecxoe nsyuenne nenenanpannenno paort nncarenx na xstxom ero
nponsneenn, nsyuenne nneennoro nm nonoro noxaynxpa n crarncrnuecxoe ocneonanne ero nexcnxn
nrpamr ne menee naxnym pont, uem ero ntcxastnannx o nnreparypnom rnopuecrne n nnctmax, nennnxax
16
n nnreparypno-xpnrnuecxnx crartxx. Coepxanne nponsneennx nonnomeno n cnoxnom xomnnexce ero
+nemenron, n nx cncreme. Ho snauenne nponsneennx ncxyccrna ne moxer paccmarpnnartcx nsonnponanno
or ro ecrnnrentnocrn, n xoropo ono nosnnxno. Crnnncrnuecxn ananns or anropa oxsarentno
rpeyer ne rontxo snannx ]axron rnopuecxo norpa]nn nncarenx, renesnca nponsneennx, snannx +noxn,
n xoropym nponsneenne tno cosano, n +noxn, xoropax n nem onnctnaercx, no n nce ncropnn
nnreparypt. Xyoxecrnennoe nponsneenne cpannnnaercx n conocrannxercx co ncem rem, uro tno
cosano o nero, onennnaercx n pamxax cymecrnymme nnreparypno-+crernuecxo rpannnn.
B crnnncrnxe nocnpnxrnx nnnmanne xonnenrpnpyercx ne na nncarene, a na pesyntrare ero rnopuecrna,
na nosecrnnn, xoropoe rexcr oxastnaer na unrarenx, r.e. na camoro anannsnpymmero. ecrnnrentno,
nnreparypnoe nponsneenne peannsyercx n cosnannn, n nocnpnxrnn unrarenx. Hponecc xyntrypnoro
pasnnrnx omecrna nponecc nycroponnn. 3ro ne rontxo cosanne xyntrypntx nennocre, no n
nepepaorxa nx unrarenxmn, cnymarenxmn, spnrenxmn, nx cornopuecrno. Hpnnnnn opa1non cnnsn (no
oparno cnxstm nonnmaercx nosecrnne pesyntraron ]ynxnnonnponannx xaxo-nno cncremt na
xapaxrep antnemero ]ynxnnonnponannx +ro xe cncremt) nrpaer n +rom nponecce ouent ontmym
pont.
Oparnax cnxst ouent naxnoe nx reopnn xommynnxannn nonxrne. Ona xapaxrepnsyer nnamnxy
nsanmoornomenn mexy naprnepamn. 3ro, no cymecrny, nmo nn oparnoro cnrnana, noxastnammero
+]]exrnnnocrt nonnmannx co cropont npnnnmammero, nosnpamammerocx x ornpannrenm n
xoppexrnpymmero ero antnemym exrentnocrt. Ho unrarent ne cymecrnyer nne npemenn n
npocrpancrna. Kaxax xyntrypa, xaxax +noxa, xaxt nepno n ncropnn xyntrypt n, naxonen, xaxt
orentnt unrarent nmemr cnon xpnrnuecxne renennnn n rpeonannx, cnoe nocnpnxrne rnopuecrna
nncarene. B npeenax ono +noxn nponecc oxastnaercx nycroponnnm: nncarent pearnpyer na
rpeonannx npemenn n coopasyer c nnmn cnoe rnopuecrno. B npeenax pasntx +nox n xyntryp nospacraer
pont unrarenx n ero rnopuecxax axrnnnocrt. unrart Bexcnnpa rnasamn Bexcnnpa mt ne moxem n ne
onxnt. Conpemennt unrarent npexnnxer x ncxyccrny npomnoro cnon rpeonannx, nontsyercx
cnonmn xpnrepnxmn onenox, ornnuntmn or ecrnonanmnx n ry +noxy, xora nponsneenne cosananoct,
n or +nox, nexamnx mexy npemenem cosannx rexcra n npemenem npourennx. 3ro, pasymeercx, ne snaunr,
uro npomnoe xyntrypt espasnnuno nx conpemennoro nocnpnxrnx: npemecrnymmne ocrnxennx
xyntrypt axxymynnpymrcx n ee conpemennom cocroxnnn, no npourenne rennen npomnoro no-nonomy, n
coornercrnnn c ontrom n uyncrnamn xaxoro nonoro noxonennx, ecrecrnenno n saxonomepno. Koneuno,
+ro npourenne onxno trt nmenno npourennem, a ne nponsnontntm ]anrasnponannem n
]nnoco]crnonannem na re xe remt. unrarent noccosaer n cnoem cosnannn rexcr, a ne rnopnr ero sanono.
Crnnncrnxa exonponannx xax reopernuecxax ocnona nnrepnperannn rexcra npn ero nocnpnxrnn yunr
opamart nnnmanne na cnxsn nnyrpn rexcra, sameuart n nem ro, uro nencxymennt unrarent moxer
nponycrnrt, npnyuaer cocrannxrt o rexcre cocrnennoe mnenne. Bosmoxnax npn +rom nsnnmnxx
cyexrnnnocrt ymentmaercx, ecnn unrarent npnyuaercx ncxart n rexcre oexrnnnte nnnrnncrnuecxne
nornepxennx cnoe oraxe. 3nauenne crnnncrnxn exonponannx cnxsano n nepnym ouepet c
rpeonannem cosannx ntcoxo xyntrypt urennx.
Conocrannxx onnosnnnn nnreparyponeuecxo n nnnrnncrnuecxo crnnncrnxn, n crnnncrnxn or
anropa, n crnnncrnxn nocnpnxrnx, nao oparnrt nnnmanne na ro, uro nepnte unent onnosnnn, r.e.
nnreparyponeuecxax crnnncrnxa n crnnncrnxa or anropa, nourn connaamr. B ornomennn
nnnrnocrnnncrnxn n crnnncrnxn unrarenx (crnnncrnxn nocnpnxrnx) eno ocronr necxontxo nnaue:
crnnncrnxa nocnpnxrnx onxna yunrtnart n nnnrnocrnnncrnxy, n nnreparyponeuecxym crnnncrnxy,
noromy uro nx ronxonannx rexcra naxen n nnyrpennn n nnemnn xonrexcr. B antnemem nsnoxennn
crnnncrnxn exonponannx ynop yer cenan na nropte unent +rnx onnosnnn.
Hpoonxnm namy nnrary ns crartn axaemnxa H.B. Bept: yxe neonoxparno ntcxastnancx ycrno
n neuarno o rom, uro name xyntrype nsanna ne xnaraer ymennx nnnmarentno unrart n uro nam nao
nayunrtcx +romy ncxyccrny y ]pannyson. 3ro ocoenno naxno ceuac, xora mt cosaem nonte xapt n
unrarene n nncarene. H x yy cuacrnnn, ecnn mon ontrt nepecaxnnannx ]pannyscxoro explication du
texte (rax nastnamrcx coornercrnymmne ynpaxnennx no ]pannyscxnx mxonax, cpennx n ntcmnx) nayr
nopaxarene n nomoryr eny crponrentcrna nono connanncrnuecxo xyntrypt n name crpane*.
* Lepoa H.B. Vxas. cou. - C. 97.
3rn cnona npenocnant ero, cranmemy xnaccnuecxnm, anannsy crnxornopennx M.R. Hepmonrona
Cocna n cpannennn c ero nemenxnm nporornnom. B anannsax H.B. Bept sanoxent ocnont crnnncrnxn
17
nocnpnxrnx, xoropax nonyunna cnoe pasnnrne n paorax pxa conercxnx anropon*.
* Cm., nanp.: Cmenauoe P.C. upannyscxax crnnncrnxa. M., 1965. C. 284299.
Hponemt nocnpnxrnx xyoxecrnennoro rexcra npnnnexamr nnnmanne n sapyexntx anropon, n
uacrnocrn yxe ynomxnyrtx ntme x. Hnua n M. Pn]]arepa n nsnecrnoro cemacnonora n nnreparypnoro
xpnrnxa H. Pnuapca*.
* Richards I.A. Practical Criticism. N.Y., 1955.
Cranx nepe coo saauy pasnnrnx y yymnx npenoanarene nnocrpanntx xstxon ntcoxo
xyntrypt urennx, mt nmeem n nny, uro cnoconocrt nocnpnnnmart nnreparypnoe nponsneenne no ncem
mnoroopasnn orrenxon cmtcna, no ncem mnororpannom nenom n +monnonantnom orarcrne nenocrnoro
rexcra, cnoconocrt pasopartcx no ncem xomnnexce nsopaxaemtx cnoxntx xnsnenntx ]axron, r.e.
ocmtcnenno unrart, moxno snaunrentno pasnnrt.
3ra cnoconocrt rpeyer ne rontxo nsnecrno oapennocrn n unrarentcxoro ontra, no n cnennantnoro
oyuennx. Hororonnennocrt unrarenx ne ncuepntnaercx snannem xstxa, na xoropom nanncano
nponsneenne. Fonee roro, nx rex, xomy apeconana +ra xnnra, npnxonrcx yunrtnart xax pas nenonnoe
snanne xstxa n neoxonmocrt +ro snanne yconepmencrnonart. Bosnnxaer rpynax, no ne nentnonnnmax
saaua nayunrt unrart rax, urot +monnonantnoe n +crernuecxoe nocnpnxrne nsanmoecrnonano t c
nonyuennem nnnrnncrnuecxo nn]opmannn.
Hpo]eccnonantnax nanpannennocrt nearornuecxoro nysa rpeyer, urot cryenr ne rontxo nayunncx
nonnmart rexcr cam, no n mor n antnemem nocnnrtnart nymunntx unrarene n cnonx yuennxax,
couerax +ro c paoro no ]opmnponannm nx nnunocrn. unrarent, xoroporo mt roronnm, +ro unrarent
+monnonantno n +crernuecxn nocnpnnmunnt. Ecrecrnenno, uro, nocnpnnnmax nenoe coepxanne
nennxnx nponsneenn npomnoro nnn nyumnx opasnon conpemenno emy nnreparypt, on yer sameuart
npexe ncero ro, uro cosnyuno ero cocrnenntm nnrepecam n yxonntm sanpocam, no +ro ne onxno
necrn x rnyxore n nenocnpnnmunnocrn no ornomennm x uyncrnam n mtcnxm, eme ne snaxomtm. Cosart
ntcoxym xyntrypy urennx snaunr npeornparnrt +monnonantnym nenocnpnnmunnocrt, nsexart
ncxxoro poa nonepxnocrnocrn.
Paccmarpnnax oyuenne xax axr xommynnxannn, mt nnnm, uro n pamxax crnnncrnxn exonponannx
nparmarnuecxax cymnocrt nnrepnperannn rexcra na xstxe, xoroptm unrarent nnaeer ne nonnocrtm, r.e.
npn paore na rexcrom n xstxonom nyse, cocronr n opnenrannn cryenra na nente n +crernuecxne
nennocrn nnreparypnoro nponsneennx napannentno c nonyuennem nnnrnncrnuecxo nn]opmannn.
Kommynnxarnnnt axr anrop-unrarent oxastnaercx npn +rom nxnmuenntm n xommynnxarnnnt axr
oyuennx, no ne naxrnuecxn, a +npncrnuecxn, xax nncrpyxrnnnt, rax n cyrrecrnnnt. He rontxo
meroncrt, no n nncarenn (xon uayns, nanpnmep) cunramr, uro unrarenx nao ne noyuart, a nomorart
emy yunrtcx camomy.
B repmnnax reopnn xommynnxannn, cneonarentno, cymnocrt saaun cocronr n nocrpannannn
nocnpnnnmamme cncremt cryenra x cpecrnam nosecrnnx, n ynpannennn mtcnnrentntm,
+monnonantntm n +crernuecxnm nocnpnxrnem. Hocxontxy peut ner o xyoxecrnenno nnreparype, emy
neoxonmo noxasart, xaxnm opasom n xstxe rexcra orpaxaercx nparmarnxa xommynnxarnnntx axron
mexy nepconaxamn, +monnonantnoe n onenounoe ornomenne nepconaxe pyr x pyry n onnctnaemo
cnryannn n anropcxoe ornomenne xo ncemy nsopaxaemomy. 3ra saaua narn nyrn cosannx
opnenrnponouno ocnont unrarentcxoro nocnpnxrnx-cornopuecrna ncera tna n crnnncrnxe
exonponannx ono ns rnanntx, a n nacroxmee npemx ona oxastnaercx ocoenno axryantno n n
omennnrnncrnuecxom n n omenearornuecxom nnane n cnxsn c cnntno nospocmnm nnrepecom x
nparmannnrnncrnxe.
Bmecre c rem naxno nouepxnyrt, uro unrarent onxen ram, re +ro nao, npornnonocrannrt cnom
rouxy spennx rouxe spennx anropa*.
* 3ect ymecrno npnnecrn mnenne axa. .C. Hnxauena: Hponnxnonenne n cymnocrt crapo xyntrypt ne rpeyer npnnxrnx
ee neponann n otuaen. Honnmanne uyxnx yexenn ne ecrt npnnxrne +rnx yexenn. Hosnanne ne ecrt pacrnopenne
nosnammero n nosnanaemom. Ona xyntrypa moxer nonnmart n rnyoxo nponnxart n pyrym. 3ro ouent naxnoe xnnenne. He
rontxo nente napot n +noxn, no n orentnt uenonex moxer o xonna nonxrt pyroro uenonexa, ne nepecranax trt camnm
coo, a nnmt ooramaxct nosnanarentno. (pennepyccxax xyntrypa n conpemennocrt. Fecea c naypearom Iocyapcrnenno
npemnn un.-xop. AH CCCP .C. Hnxauentm // Bonp. ]nnoco]nn, 1969. N 11. Cm. raxxe n pyrne paort .C. Hnxauena.)
Hororonxa nysoncxnx n mxontntx npenoanarene nnocrpanntx xstxon nmeer mnoro omero c
18
nororonxo rearpantntx pexnccepon. Hoono pexnccepy n rearpe, npenoanarent onxen ne rontxo
cam rnyoxo n n coornercrnnn c nponemamn, xoropte nonnymr ero conpemennnxon, npouecrt
nponsneenne, no n pacxptrt ero pyrnm. Hpn +rom pacxptrt rax, urot nomout unrarenm, spnrenm,
cryenry paspemnrt nonpoct, xoropte nonnymr nx camnx, n nonxrt uyncrna n rpynocrn oxpyxammnx
nme.
Taxax nororonxa rpeyer cosannx cnennantntx meroon nnrepnperannn xyoxecrnennoro rexcra.
3rn merot opasymr cncremy, xoropym moxno coomnrt yuamemycx. Conpemennoe cocroxnne
nnnrnncrnxn yxe aer nosmoxnocrt cenart raxo ananns crporo nayuntm, onrtcx roro, urot
ntcxastnannx no nonoy rexcra tnn oocnonanntmn n yenrentntmn.
4. C1nnnc1nxa nocnpnn1nn xax c1nnnc1nxa exonponannn. O npnuenennn 1eopnn
nnqopuannn x nponeuau c1nnnc1nxn
Hpnmenenne reopnn nn]opmannn x nonpocam nnnrnncrnxn, no+rnxn, crnnncrnxn n +crernxn sa
nocnenne na ecxrnnernx nenpeptnno pacrer. Hoenoe mecrnne +ro nayxn nxnmuaer nce orpacnn
snannx, n rom uncne ecrecrnennte n rymannrapnte nayxn, a raxxe nnrencnnno pasnnnammymcx
xommynnxarnnnym nnnrnncrnxy*.
* Honxrnx n, coornercrnenno, repmnnt reopnn nn]opmannn mnpoxo npnmenxmrcx renept n paorax no crnnncrnxe n
no+rnxe xax y nac, rax n sa pyexom. Hasonem nx npnmepa rontxo necxontxnx pyccxnx anropon: B.B. Faencxn, H.P.
Iantnepnn, B.A. 3apenxn, P.A. Kncenena, B.A. Kyxapenxo. B.H. Komnccapon, R.H. Hennn, R.M. Horman, E.H. Pnsent, R.C.
Crenanon, E.H. Benentc n mnorne pyrne.
nx roro urot noxasart, nouemy crnnncrnxa nocnpnxrnx moxer pasnnnartcx xax crnnncrnxa
exonponannx, neoxonmo ocranonnrtcx na nexoroptx ocnonntx nonxrnxx reopnn nn]opmannn n nx
ananorax n crnnncrnxe.
Hennocrt nonxrn reopnn nn]opmannn nx rymannrapntx nayx cocronr n rom, uro onn nosnonxmr
ycmorpert omee n raxnx xnnennxx, xoropte na nepnt nsrnx xaxyrcx conepmenno pasnnuntmn, pemart
ocnonnte nonpoct nepeaun pasno nn]opmannn n nanonee omem nne n onnctnart nx n enno
cncreme repmnnon n nonxrn. 3ro nosnonxer nsanmno oorarnrt mnorne o cnx nop anexne pyr or pyra
onacrn snannx, a, xax nsnecrno, nporpecc nayxn nponcxonr sa cuer nyx npornnononoxntx nponeccon:
nce ontme n]]epennnannn xaxo nayxn n nnrerpannn ee c pyrnmn nayxamn. Hpn +rom oxastnaercx,
uro nmenno na crtxax nayx yaercx onrtcx camtx nnrepecntx n nontx pesyntraron. Herpyno nnert,
uro omnocrt nonxrnnoro annapara cnococrnyer raxomy nsanmnomy ooramennm, a
repmnnonornuecxn xstxono aptep raxomy nsanmonponnxnonennm npenxrcrnyer.
Hn]opmannonnte nponecct ro nnn nno npnpot nsyuamrcx c nomomtm reopnn nn]opmannn no
mnornx orpacnxx nayxn, no npexe uem ocranonnrtcx na ee ananorax, nonesntx npn nnrepnperannn
xyoxecrnennoro rexcra, nanomnnm, uro cam cosarent reopnn nn]opmannn K. Bennon npeocreperan
npornn snoynorpenennx nmn. B cnoe crarte Fannaron (cnono annaron osnauaer n CBA
nonnrnuecxym naprnm, nponoxmym mymnym nsnparentnym xamnannm; nepnonauantno rax nastnanact
ontmax pasyxpamennax nonosxa, n xoropo xannar pasesxan no ynnnam no npemx nsnparentno
xamnannn n conponoxennn xas-opxecrpa). K. Bennon nnmer, uro sa nocnenne necxontxo ner reopnx
nn]opmannn npenparnnact n cnoero poa annaron or nayxn. Teopnx nn]opmannn xax mont
ontxnxmmn nannrox xpyxnr ronont ncem noxpyr n antme: Honcx nyre npnmenennx reopnn
nn]opmannn n pyrnx onacrxx ne cnonrcx x rpnnnantnomy nepenocy repmnnon ns ono onacrn nayxn
n pyrym. 3ror noncx ocymecrnnxercx n nnrentnom nponecce ntnnxennx nontx rnnores n nx
+xcnepnmenrantno nponepxe*.
* Leuuou K. Paort no reopnn nn]opmannn n xnepnernxe. M., 1963. C. 5.
Hamxryx +rn cnona, naxno, npexe uem nontsonartcx repmnnamn, art cee xcnt oruer n rom, uro onn
snauar. B +rom naparpa]e yyr paccmorpent raxne nonxrnx, xax nn]opmannx, xo, xonponanne,
coomenne, cnrnan, cncrema nepeaun nn]opmannn, xnanronanne, resaypyc, n nexoropte pyrne.
Oparnmcx npexe ncero x camomy nonxrnm nnqopuannn. Tepmnnonornuecxoe snauenne +roro cnona
mnpe npnntunoro, onxonoro. Mt npnntxnn nonnmart nn]opmannm xax nexoropym cymmy
coomaemtx xomy-nno cneenn. B conpemennom nayunom nonnmannn nn]opmannx ecrt nnyrpennee
coepxanne nponecca orpaxennx ocoennocre onnx oexron peantno ecrnnrentnocrn n nne
19
nsmenennx cnocrn pyrnx oexron*. 3ro snaunr, uro nn]opmannx ecrt cne, ocrannennt onnm
xnnennem na pyrom. Hepeaua n nonyuenne nn]opmannn ocnonant na naxnemem cnocrne marepnn
o1paaennn. Orpaxenne moxer trt ynopxouenntm n xaornuecxnm. B nn]opmannonntx nponeccax,
npoxoxmnx c yuacrnem uenonexa, nanpnmep, n xnepnernuecxnx cncremax nnn n cnoxntx aanrnnntx
cncremax, xaxnmn xnnxmrcx nnrepecymmne nac nponecct xyoxecrnennoro rnopuecrna n nocnpnxrnx
ncxyccrna, nn]opmannx xapaxrepnsyercx ynopxouennocrtm orpaxennx.
* Cm.: Bvea H.H. Ocnont reopnn cnxsn n nepeaua anntx. u. I. H., 1968. -C. 7-10.
Bosecrnne nnreparypnoro nponsneennx na unrarenx moxno ynoonrt xnepnernuecxnm
nponeccam, nocxontxy xnepnernxy onpeenxmr xax nayxy, sannmammymcx nsyuennem ynpannxmmnx
cncrem. 3crernuecxne nennocrn n cnoe opasno-nosnanarentno ]ynxnnn ooramamr cosnanne
unrarenx, npeopasymr ero xax nnunocrt, nosecrnymr na ero noneenne, r. e. moryr paccmarpnnartcx
xax ynpannxmmne cncremt. Opamenne x +rnm nonxrnxm ornmt ne osnauaer nx nac erymannsannn
crnnncrnxn nnn npenpamennx ee n rounym nayxy, no ono nectma nonesno +npncrnuecxn, rax xax nosnonxer
ncnontsonart nonte cnxsn n nonte ornomennx. Crnnncrnxa exonponannx, onnpaxct na reopnm
nn]opmannn, sannrepeconana npexe ncero n +monnonantnom n nenom nosecrnnn nnreparypt, n rex
nepexnnannxx, xoropte nnreparypnoe nponsneenne moxer ntsnart n unrarene*.
* Cm.: 4u.uniee P.A. Cnrnant +crernuecxo nn]opmannn. M., 1971.
Cncremy anropxnnraunrarent mt paccmarpnnaem xax cncremy nepeaun nn]opmannn. Hepeaua
mtcne n uyncrn anropa unrarenm nponcxonr c ontmnm pasptnom no npemenn n npocrpancrne.
Xorx K. Bennona nnrepeconana nepeaua nn]opmannn concem pyroro rnna (necemanrnuecxax),
npenoxennax nm cxema cnxsn noxonr n nx nnrepecymme nac cnryannn, neoxonmo rontxo
ycranonnrt ananornm mexy +ranamn cxemt n rom n pyrom cnyuae n nx cnenn]nxy*.
* Cxema +ra yxe neonoxparno ncnontsonanact npnmennrentno x no+rnxe. C pasntmn mon]nxannxmn ona npnmenxnact P.
xoconom, A. Pnuapcom, A. apnmnpom, X. mya n mnornmn pyrnmn.
Ho K. Bennony, cxema cnxsn cocronr ns nxrn rnanntx uacre: 1) ncrounnx nn]opmannn, cosammn
coomenne nnn nocneonarentnocrt coomenn, xoropte onxnt trt nepeant na npnemnt xonen; 2)
nepearunx, xoropt nepepaartnaer nexoroptm opasom coomenne n cnrnant, coornercrnymmne
xapaxrepncrnxam annoro xanana; 3) xanan, r.e. cpea, ncnontsyemax nx nepeaun cnrnana or
nepearunxa x npnemnnxy; 4) npnemnnx, xoropt ntnonnxer onepannm, oparnym no ornomennm x
onepannn, nponsnonmo nepearunxom, r.e. noccranannnnaer coomenne no cnrnanam; 5) apecar +ro
nnno (nnn annapar), nx xoroporo npenasnaueno coomenne.
B nnreparype, xax rexnnuecxo, rax n nnnrnncrnuecxo n crnnncrnuecxo, cymecrnyer mnoro pasntx
napnanron +ro cxemt; npnnonrt nx sect ner neoxonmocrn, mt orpannunmcx rem, uro nontraemcx
noxasart npnmennmocrt cxemt K. Bennona nx namnx saau.
Hepnt xomnonenr cxemt, r. e. ucmo:uur uuqop+auu mt ncronxontnaem xax oxpyxammym nncarenx
peantnym ecrnnrentnocrt. Hncarenx moxno paccmarpnnart xax nropo xomnonenr cxemt
nepeoam:ur, nocxontxy on nepepaartnaer +ry nn]opmannm n xonpyer ee, noccosanax
ecrnnrentnocrt n xyoxecrnenntx opasax, n rax oprannsyer nx crpyxrypy, uro onn nonyuamr
cnoconocrt nosecrnonart na nonm, mtcnn n uyncrna unrarenx, r.e. nsmenxrt cnocrna pyrnx
oexron. Kaua.o+ nepeaun nn]opmannn n namem cnyuae xnnxercx nnreparypa: pomant, nonecrn,
paccxast, crnxn. uerneprtm xomnonenrom cxemt npue+uuro+, noccranannnnammnm coomenne no
cnrnanam, xnnxercx unrarent. Hocxontxy xyoxecrnennt rexcr npenasnauen ne onomy orentnomy
unrarenm, a omecrny, ro ncrnnntm aopecamo+ coomennx xnnxercx oxpyxammax unrarenx
omecrnennax ecrnnrentnocrt.
Ocranonnmcx na ncex +nemenrax npenoxenno ananornn onee nopono. Hepnonauantntm
ncrounnxom nn]opmannn xnnxercx oxpyxammax nncarenx ecrnnrentnocrt. Hs ncero xomnnexca
]nnoco]cxnx, npancrnenntx, nonnrnuecxnx n pyrnx nponem n ]axron xnsnn nncarent ornpaer re,
xoropte on xouer nepeart unrarenm, coomnn emy n +monnonantnoe ornomenne x nnm, ntstnax
nosmymenne nnn, nanpornn, nocxnmenne nmn. Hs ro nn]opmannn, xoropym nncarenm aer ero
xnsnennt ontr, on enaer onpeenennt orop, nonepraer ero xomnpeccnn n xonponannm. Ero
macrepcrno no nnaennn xoamn oecneunnaer nomexoycrounnocrt nepeaun. Hocxontxy cncrema n
nenom nosnonxer nepeart nmoe coomenne, yxe camt orop xnnenn n nponem n no+rnuecxom rexcre
20
ecrt ]axr ncxyccrna. Hn]opmannx npeopasyercx n xomnosnnnn nponsneennx, cncreme opason, n
xapaxrepax, ocranonxe, ]ayne n xonpyercx xstxontmn cpecrnamn rax, uro coomenne nonyuaer cnoe
nexcnuecxoe n rpammarnuecxoe nonnomenne.
Hcrounnx nn]opmannn na nepeammem xonne cneyer eme nopasennrt na peantnym
ecrnnrentnocrt n moent +ro ecrnnrentnocrn n cosnannn nme, npeopasyemym anropom n
xyoxecrnennym ecrnnrentnocrt. 3ra nocnenxx n rexcre orpaxaercx uacrnuno +xcnnnnnrno, a
uacrnuno nmnnnnnrno. Hepeamrcx rontxo xnanrt nn]opmannn, no xoroptm unrarent noccranannnnaer
nenoe.
Ko npecrannxer coo cncremy snaxon n npannn nx coennennx nx nepeaun coomennx no
onpeenennomy xanany. Ecrecrnennt xstx xnnxercx rnanntm, no ne enncrnenntm xoom nnreparypt.
pyrne xot nrpamr npenmymecrnenno ncnomorarentnym pont n nepeamrcx n nnreparype uepes
xstxono xo; raxont, nanpnmep, xot otuaen n +rnxera, xot cnmnonon, cnocrnennte ro nnn nno
no+rnxe, xot pyrnx nnon ncxyccrn. Cneyer nouepxnyrt, uro n npnneennom onpeenennn xoa
nnuero ne ronopnrcx o rom, ncxyccrnennax nnn ecrecrnennax +ro cncrema, npocrax nnn cnoxnax,
nepnnunax nnn nropnunax, nsmenxercx ona nnn ner. ecrnnrentno, cymecrnymr n pyrne ecrecrnennte n
nectma cnoxnte xot, nanpnmep nonornuecxn, renernuecxn, xo xomnnann amnnoxncnor n
nporennon, couerannx xoroptx onpeenxmr nacnecrnennte ueprt oprannsma. Connantnax
oycnonnennocrt xstxa ne orenxer ero or ncxyccrnenntx xoon, nanpnmep or xoa opoxntx snaxon,
xoropt roxe nopoxaercx nyxamn omecrna. uro xacaercx nepnnunocrn nnn nropnunocrn cncremt, ro,
ecnn n moxno cornacnrtcx c remn, xro yrnepxaer, uro ecrecrnennt xstx n ocnonnom cncrema nepnnunax
(uro ne ouent yono, nocxontxy H.H. Hannon nastnaer ero nropo cnrnantno cncremo), ro
cymecrnymr cnennantnte noxstxn, nanpnmep xstx nnnomarnuecxnx oxymenron, xoropte xnnxmrcx
no ornomennm x omenaponomy xstxy nropnuntmn cncremamn. Hrax, necmorpx na ro, uro ncxxn
ecrecrnennt xstx ncropnuecxn nsmenunn n cnocoen npncnocannnartcx x rem coomennxm, xoropte c
ero nomomtm onxnt nepeanartcx n nocroxnno menxmmemcx mnpe, necmorpx na ro, uro on cnoxen,
connantno oycnonnen n moxer paccmarpnnartcx xax nepnnunax snaxonax cncrema, a xo Mopse npocr,
nensmenen n cosan ncxyccrnenno onnm uenonexom, oe +rn cncremt oennxmrcx n omem nonxrnn
xo. Kot, xoroptmn pacnonaraer unrarent, n ero resaypyc, r.e. coepxanne ero namxrn, ne connaamr c
raxontmn y anropa. 3ro ecrecrnenno. Ecnn t onn connann, rexcr ne npecrannn t nnuero nonoro nx
unrarenx, ero nentsx tno t cunrart xyoxecrnenntm. Ecnn t onn nonnocrtm pasomnnct, unrarent
nnuero ne nonxn t.
Conoxynnocrt orpaxaemtx n paccmarpnnaemt nepno npemenn cnocrn ncrounnxa nastnaercx
coomenneu. nx crnnncrnxn coomennem xnnxercx rexcr paccmarpnnaemoro nnreparypnoro
nponsneennx nnn ero orptnox raxo nnnt, xoropax npnsnaercx neoxonmo n ocrarouno, urot
trt +crernuecxn snaunmo n neno-coepxarentno, xora n yuennxe nnn na sanxrnxx
paccmarpnnaercx rontxo uacrt nponsneennx. O nonxrnn rexcr peut noer n +ro xe rnane n 6.
Bpemenno nponecc, oropaxammn coomenne, nastnaercx cnrnanou. B xyoxecrnenno
nnreparype cnrnan nonnomaercx n cnoxnom nepennerennn ]onernuecxnx, nexcnuecxnx,
mop]onornuecxnx, cnnraxcnuecxnx n rpa]nuecxnx xstxontx cpecrn n nmeer mecro n nponecce urennx,
nonnmannx n conepexnnannx. B nonxrne marepnantno npnpot cnrnana xnepnernxa nnecna ouent
cymecrnennt nxna, noxasan, uro ecrnne cnrnana conepmenno neconsmepnmo c ero cocrnenno
+neprne; cnrnan ecrnyer ne cnonmn nemecrnenntmn cnocrnamn nnn +neprne, a cnonm
nn]opmannonntm snauennem. 3ro npnnoxnmo n x nnreparype. Koporxoe crnxornopenne, coner,
nanpnmep, moxer trt oraue nn]opmanne n ntsnart onee cnntnym peaxnnm, uem ontmo poman.
Hrax, xananom nepeaun nn]opmannn (rpern +nemenr cxemt) nx nac xnnxercx nnreparypa. Teopnx
nn]opmannn pasnnuaer xanant neantnte (es nomex) n xanant c mymamn. Hepnte amr na npnemnom
xonne nencxaxennoe coomenne, exonponanne npn +rom onosnauno. Hnreparypa xanan, n xoropom
nomexn nensexnt n onosnaunoro exonponannx trt ne moxer. Connantno-ncropnuecxne n
xyntrypnte nsmenennx, uepes xoropte rexcr oxonr o cnoero unrarenx (uerneprt +nemenr cxemt)
cxnost npemx n npocrpancrno, oxsarentno n xaxo-ro mepe nepeocmtcnnnamr rexcr. Fonee roro,
xyoxecrnennoe nponsneenne rem n xapaxrepno, uro necer n cee mnoxecrno nosmoxntx cmtcnon n
npourenn. H ne rontxo noromy, uro, xax mt rontxo uro nnenn, nncarent, orpaxax ecrnnrentnocrt,
ocrannxer mnoroe neocxasanntm, npeocrannxx unrarenm ononnnrt neocrammee, ne rontxo n cnny
mnorosnaunocrn xyoxecrnennoro opasa, no n noromy, uro xot n resaypyc nocnpnnnmammero ncera
ornnuamrcx or xoon n resaypyca nepeammero: unrarent ne moxer trt xyntrypno, nnrennexryantno n
21
+monnonantno roxecrnen anropy rexcra.
Pasnnune xyoxecrnennoro meroa anropon rpeyer pasnnuno crenenn axrnnnocrn unrarenx. unrarent
nocnpnnnmaer rexcr na ]one cocrnennoro ontra, n sanncnmocrn or coepxannx cnoe namxrn, cnoero
resaypyca. Coepxanne namxrn exonpymmero oxastnaer na nponecc exonponannx ontmoe nnnxnne.
Tepmnn namxrt nonnmaercx n annom cnyuae mnpe, uem npnnxro n ncnxonornn. Ho+romy ero nnora
samenxmr repmnnom resaypyc, uro raxxe neyono n cnny mnorosnaunocrn nocnenero. Haun1t +ro
ncx ra nn]opmannx, xoropym unrarent nmen o annoro urennx. B nee nxoxr n nnunte nepexnnannx, n
nacnecrnennte ueprt, opasonanne, +crernuecxn ontr n ocoenno naunrannocrt, r.e. acconnannn c
nocnpnxrnem pyrnx noontx nponsneenn. Inynna nocnpnxrnx nmoro nonoro nx unrarenx
nponsneennx n coornercrnne npnnxroro coomennx nepeannomy npeonpeenxmrcx nce
conoxynnocrtm npemecrnymmero urennx n yxe cosanntmn nantxamn nponnxnonennx n rexcr.
Hpn nepeaue, nosnnxnonennn n xpanennn cnrnan ncntrtnaer ncxaxennx, xoropte nastnamrcx
mymom nnn nomexamn. B pasntx cncremax nomexn npnnnmamr pasnym ]opmy: mopox n rene]onno
rpyxe nnn naymnnxax, nonoct na +xpane renennsopa, oneuarxn n rexcre nce +ro pasnnunte nnt
nomex. nx paccmarpnnaemo n crnnncrnxe cncremt nponeccom nepeaun cnrnana xnnxercx urenne, a
nomexn cnxsant npenmymecrnenno c neocrarountm resaypycom unrarenx nenonntm snannem nexcnxn
nnn rpammarnxn, nsonnponanntm nocnpnxrnem +nemenron, neymennem yuecrt xonrexcr nnn annmsnn n
r.n. O +rnx npnunnax nenonnoro nonnmannx yxe mna peut n npencnonnn.
Hponecc exonponannx n cncreme anropunrarent cocronr n mnorouncnenntx nepexonponxax,
nocxontxy n xyoxecrnennom nponsneennn mnoro yponne, coornocxmnxcx rax, uro xaxt
nocneymmn xnnxercx coepxannem npetymero. Hponecc nonnmannx, r.e. nnyrpenne nnrepnperannn
rexcra unrarenem, nponcxonr xax nponecc nornepxennx n orxnonennx rnnores, orpactnannx
nerontx n antneme paspaorxn nornepnnmnxcx*.
* 3ect moxer trt nonesno ananornx c npnnnnnom oparno cnxsn (c. 23). Oparnax cnxst, r. e. nosecrnne pesyntraron
]ynxnnonnponannx xaxo-nno cncremt (n namem cnyuae mtmnennx unrarenx) na xapaxrep antnemero ]ynxnnonnponannx
+ro xe cncremt, ocymecrnnxercx sect xax xoppexrnponxa unrarenem cnoero nonnmannx no xonrexcry na pasntx yponnxx.
exonpyx saxnmuennoe n nnreparypnom rexcre coomenne, unrarent ne moxer trt naccnnntm. On
onxen oxcnxrt n onennnart, conocrannxrt rexymym nn]opmannm c nonyuenno panee, r.e., nonyuax
nn]opmannm, on ee ononpemenno nepepaartnaer. uopmnponanne ornomennx x ecrnnrentnocrn
nponcxonr ne rontxo xax npnxrne ornomennx nncarenx, no n n mtcnenno nonemnxe c nnm.
exonpyercx npn urennn ne rontxo ]ayntnt cmtcn rexcra, no n ero +monnonantno-+crernuecxoe
coepxanne.
Baxno eme pas nouepxnyrt yxasannoe ntme nonnmanne nen xax enncrna cyxenn n +monn,
neorennmoe n xyoxecrnennom nponsneennn or ero crpyxrypntx ocoennocre. Coornercrnne mexy
npemerno-nornuecxnm coepxannem nn]opmannn n remn +monnxmn, xoropte ona moxer ntsnart y
unrarenx, enaer +monnonantnt nacrpo nponsneennx raxxe nocnrenem nn]opmannn, nn]opmannn
oomenno, ocrannxmme mnpoxne nosmoxnocrn nx xonxpernsannn, no +crernuecxn ecrnenno.
pyrnmn cnonamn: nenoe coepxanne nponsneennx ornmt ne cnonrcx x cymme ntpaxenntx n rexcre
cyxenn, a nmeer xonxperno-opasnym n +monnonantnym cymnocrt n nosecrnyer na unrarenx,
ntstnax n pasnnnax n nem onn +monnn n crpemnennx n ntrecnxx n npeoonenax pyrne*.
* Ivroecru I.A. Vxas. cou. C. 101.
Hen n opast xyoxecrnenno nnreparypt ne rontxo orpaxamr nponcxoxmee n mnpe, no n
ntcrynamr nonentm nosynrenem, cosamr noneno nacrpo x romy nnn nnomy noneennm*.
* Cm.: 3aperu B.A. Opas xax nn]opmannx // Bonp. nnr. 1963. N 2 n pyrne ero paort; 4u.uniee P.A. Vxas. cou.
Crenent nosecrnnx nnreparypnoro nponsneennx na unrarenx nnnnnyantna, no ona oxsarentno
sanncnr or nororonnennocrn unrarenx. Tax mt noomnn x nocnenemy +nemenry cxemt xommynnxannn
x omecrnenno xnsnn n oxpyxamme unrarenx ecrnnrentnocrn, x neoxonmocrn pasnnrnx
rnopuecxnx cnn nnunocrn n coornercrnnn c saauamn nepexnnaemo +noxn.
Cymecrnenno ocoennocrtm nn]opmannonntx nponem, paccmarpnnaemtx n crnnncrnxe, xnnxercx
ro, uro ueprt xyoxecrnenno nn]opmannn, xoropte npecrannxmr nx nee nanontmn nnrepec,
nenocpecrnenno nsmepnrt nentsx*.
* Bo nsexanne neopasymenn neoxonmo oronopnrtcx, uro peut ner ne o nenosmoxnocrn npnmenennx crarncrnxn n
crnnncrnuecxnx nccneonannxx, a o nenosmoxnocrn xonnuecrnenno onenxn +xcnpeccnnnocrn nnn opasnocrn.
22
Crnnncrnxa exonponannx onnpaercx na reopnm nn]opmannn ne n cmtcne ncnontsonannx
xonnuecrnenno mept nn]opmannn, a c rouxn spennx ee omnx ne n +npncrnuecxo nonesnocrn. eno
concem ne n rom, urot no ]opmyne K. Bennona ntuncnnrt nepoxrnocrt noxnnennx roro nnn nnoro
+nemenra. Tem onee uro +ra ]opmyna nmeer n nny necemanrnuecxym nn]opmannm. eno n rom, uro
oem nn]opmannn n coomennn paccmarpnnaercx reopne nn]opmannn xax ]ynxnnx uncna nosmoxntx
antrepnarnnntx coomenn. Konrpacr mexy onee nepoxrntm (rpannnonno oosnauammnm) n menee
nepoxrntm (cnryarnnno oosnauammnm) ntnnraer onpeenennte +nemenrt rexcra xax onee naxnte,
nouepxnnax nx n cosanax onpeenennym nepapxnm snauenn nnyrpn rexcra. Mexy rem naxneme
uepro crnnx, no M. Pn]]arepy, xax pas n xnnxercx nouepxnnanne onnx +nemenron n sarymentnanne
pyrnx.
Fonee ntcoxoe, uem otuno, cxonnenne xaxnx-nno +nemenron, napannentnoe nnn xonrpacrnoe
pacnonoxenne +nemenron n nx xnaccon nce +rn cnocot nepeaun cmtcna moryr trt ntpaxent n
repmnnax npecxasyemocrt nenpecxasyemocrt.
Bce +ro coornercrnyer cymecrny ]opmynt Bennona, rax xax xonnuecrno nn]opmannn onpeenxercx
uepes neonpeenennocrt, +nrponnm, nocxontxy nonyuenne nn]opmannn ncera cnxsano c nsmenennem
crenenn neocneomnennocrn nonyuarenx nn]opmannn. 3nrponnx cncremt co cuerntm uncnom ncxoon
ecrt cnyuanax nennunna, pannax nsxro c oparntm snaxom cymme nponsneenn nepoxrnocre ncex
ncxoon na norapn]mt +rnx nepoxrnocre*.
* K. Bennon npenoxnn paccmarpnnart nponecc nepeaun nn]opmannn xax cnyuanym ntopxy peannsannn cnrnanon ns
an]annra ncrounnxa. Pasnnrne xnepnernxn npnneno x rnyoxomy nnepennm nepoxrnocrntx meroon n reopnm cnxsn n
pyrne nayxn.
Hcrounnx nn]opmannn X npecrannxncx n nne xoneuno cncremt nexoroptx +nemenron (X
k
), saanntx cnonmn
nepoxrnocrxmn (P
k
), re k = 1, 2, ..., n.
Cncrema X onaaer neonpeenennocrtm, nocxontxy nonyuarenm n nyumem cnyuae nsnecrnt nnmt anpnopnte nepoxrnocrn
(P
k
) noxnnennx +nemenron (X
k
), no nensnecrno, xaxo +nemenr yer nepean ]axrnuecxn n annt momenr npemenn.
Bennon paccmarpnnan nn]opmannm xax ]axrop, ycrpanxmmn +ry neonpeenennocrt, n n xauecrne mept xonnuecrna
nn]opmannn npenoxnn nsxrt crenent neonpeenennocrn cncremt X. On noxasan, uro npn nepannonepoxrntx n
nexoppexrnponanntx +nemenrax (X
k
) neonpeenennocrt ncrounnxa onennnaercx ntpaxennem
re
0
nonoxnrentnt xo+]]nnnenr, onpeenxmmn ennnny nsmepennx (Fyra H.H. Vxas. cou. - C. 13).
Ecrecrnenno, nosnnxaer nonpoc, npanomepno nn opamartcx x TH npn pemennn nponem, x xoroptm
nenosmoxno npnnoxnrt annapar maremarnuecxo crarncrnxn, xora nepoxrnocrn, o xoroptx ner peut,
ntuncnnrt nentsx. Kax +ro nn napaoxcantno, no na raxo nonpoc moxno ornernrt nonoxnrentno,
nocxontxy nonemne +xcnepnmenrantnte nccneonannx noxasann, uro nocnrenn xstxa nnaemr
nepoxrnocrntmn saxonomepnocrxmn xstxa; nx nnrynrnnnoe onpeenenne uacrornocrn no nxrnanntno
mxane coornercrnonano anntm crarncrnuecxnx nocueron n connaano y pasntx ncntryemtx, r.e.
nmemrcx +xcnepnmenrantno nponepennte annte o naexnocrn unrarentcxo nnrynnnn*. Kaxoro
unrarenx moxno ynoonrt cnoeopasno 3BM.
* 4pv+ruua P.M. Bepoxrnocrt +nemenron rexcra n peuenoe noneenne. M., 1971; Oua re. Oexrnnnte n cyexrnnnte
onenxn nepoxrnocrn cnon // Bonp. xstxosnannx. 1966. N 2. Cm. raxxe: 4pv+ruua P.M. Crarncrnuecxne merot n crparernx
nnnrnncrnuecxoro nccneonannx // Hsn. AH CCCP. Cep. nnr. n xs. - 1975. - T. 34. - N 2.
Hocxontxy npecxasyemocrt nnn nenpecxasyemocrt roro nnn nnoro +nemenra crnnncrnuecxn
penenanrna, a ynennuenne nosmoxnocre ntopa ecrt saxon oprannsannn xyoxecrnennoro rexcra n
nosmoxnocrt xyoxecrnenno snaunmoro napymennx npecxasyemocrn cocrannxer ocnony
+xcnpeccnnnocrn, ]opmyna Bennona nosnonxer npnnecrn n cncremy namn npecrannennx o oprannsannn
xyoxecrnennoro rexcra, xorx paccmarpnnaemte em cnyuan npome.
Ho +romy nonoy ymecrno npnnecrn ntcxastnanne axaemnxa A.H. Konmoropona o rom, uro
ncxnmunrentnoe ynneuenne, rocnocrnymmee ceuac, cnonrt nce nonpoct x nocuery xonnuecrna
nn]opmannn, onxno cmennrtcx noncxamn onee nonno xapaxrepnsannn pasnnuntx nnon nn]opmannn,
ne nrnopnpyx nx xauecrnennoro cnoeopasnx*.
* Hnr. no crarte R. unnnntena Hn]opmannonnte cnrnant n nponema xyoxecrnennocrn. B c.: Knepnernxa
23
oxnaemax xnepnernxa neoxnannax. M., 1968. C. 245.
nx nncarenx, nnreparyponea, xpnrnxa naxnt oa xonna nnnnn cnxsn, onaxo axnenr npnntuno
enaercx na nepeammem xonne, r. e. na ncrounnxe nn]opmannn n na nepearunxe. Hx ontme nnrepecyer
ro, xax n nouemy ornpaercx nmenno +ra nn]opmannx n xax ona xonpyercx opasntmn n pyrnmn
xstxontmn cpecrnamn. nx nororonxn unrarenx n cosannx ntcoxo xyntrypt urennx nao nsyunrt
raxxe nponecc exonponannx n nosmoxnte npn +rom ncxaxennx n nenonnory nonnmannx. Crnnncrnxa
exonponannx, coornercrnenno, cocpeorounnaer nnnmanne na npnemnom xonne.
Cotrnx, xapaxrept, nen, +monnn, ornomenne anropa x nsopaxaemomy xonpymrcx n nnreparype
cpecrnamn xstxa. Onn npenpamamrcx n 1exc1. nx unrarenx rexcr onxen nnont crart nexmn n
opasamn, unrarent onxen noccranonnrt coomenne, nontsyxct cnonm snannem xoon n xoontx
xomnnann xstxa n pyrnx cemnornuecxnx cncrem. Crnnncrnxa exonponannx nccneyer, xax +ro
nponcxonr.
Hpn nmom noxoe unrarent onxen trt n cocroxnnn nnert nnyrpennee enncrno ncex +nemenron
rexcra, nounnenntx enno xyoxecrnenno saaue. Crnnncrnxa ne cnaxaer unrarenx naopom mnenn
n rorontx onenountx cyxenn, nsannxmmnx ero or rpya rnopuecxn nocnpnnnmart nponsneenne
ncxyccrna.
5. Knan1onanne
Ionopx o npoyxrnnnocrn npnmenennx reopnn nn]opmannn x pemennm nonpocon crnnncrnxn
exonponannx, cneyer ocranonnrtcx na nonxrnn xnanronannx.
Cyrt +roro nonxrnx saxnmuaercx n cneymmem: or oxpyxamme nac peantno ecrnnrentnocrn mt
nonyuaem nenpeptnnt norox nn]opmannn; n +rom xonrnnyyme mt moxem ntennrt orentnte ennnnt
xnanrt, conoxynnocrt xoroptx npecrannxer xonrnnyym n nenom. Knanronannem n reopnn cnxsn
nastnaercx samena uenpepieuo qvuruu conoxynnocrtm ee oucrpemuix snauenn, orcunranntx uepes
onpeenennte nnrepnant, xoropte ntnpamrcx n coornercrnnn c saanno rounocrtm nocnponsneennx
]ynxnnn. uynxnnx, oropaxennax nocneonarentnocrtm ncxperntx snauenn, xnnxercx reaumoeauuo.
Hnrepnan mexy nymx cocennmn yponnxmn xnanronannx opasyer uae reaumoeauu. Ecnn ncxpernte
snauennx ntpant npannntno, ro xnanrt nn]opmannn nosnonxmr cynrt o nce ]ynxnnn n nenom.
pyrnmn cnonamn, ecnn xnanronanne ntnonneno c yuerom cnexrpantntx cnocrn ]ynxnnn, ro, necmorpx
na ro, uro nepeamrcx rontxo ncxpernte ee snauennx, ]ynxnnx moxer trt nocnponsneena
nonyuarenem cxont yrono rouno. Hent crartn - noxasart nosmoxnocrt oomennoro paccmorpennx c
nomomtm nonxrnx xnanronannx nepeaun n nnreparype rnnnuecxnx uepr ecrnnrentnocrn c nomomtm
orentntx xyoxecrnenntx opason n ntpasnrentntx cpecrn; nepeaun, rpeymme or unrarenx
camocroxrentnoro nocnpnxrnx neoronopennoro. Ha nosmoxnocrt raxo ananornn anropy yxasan npo].
H.H. Fyra.
Hnrepecno, uro yxe n nepntx xnnrax no xnepnernxe cymnocrt ncxpernoro cnrnana oxcnxercx
nmenno na nnnrnncrnuecxnx n nnreparypntx npnmepax. H.A. Honeraen, nanpnmep, noxastnaer, uro raxoe
ncxpernt cnrnan, paccmarpnnax xnanronanne na yponne cnon n nnctmennom rexcre. Hmeer ornomenne x
nnreparype ero sameuanne o rom, uro npn nosnnxnonennn cnrnana nponcxonr npnmepno ro xe, uro
cnyuaercx c roncrtm pomanom, xora ero nsnaramr na nnocrpannom xstxe nx nerxoro urennx. anee, +ror
xe anrop nnmer, uro raxo nenpeptnnt nponecc, xax pasronop no rene]ony, moxer, npn onpeenenntx
ycnonnxx, trt npecrannen n nne naopa ncxperntx nennunn*.
* Ho.emaee H.A. Cnrnan: (O nexoroptx nonxrnxx xnepnernxn) // Conercxoe pano. M., 1958. C. 40.
Maremarnuecxn +ro ycnonne c]opmynnponano B.A. Korentnnxontm. B 1933 roy B.A. Korentnnxon
ycranonnn, uro ]ynxnnn c orpannuenntm cnexrpom onaamr sameuarentntm cnocrnom: peannsannx
cnyuanoro nponecca, saannax n nnrepnane < t < + n onaammax cnexrpom, orpannuenntm
nonoco uacror (0, F
c
), onpeenxercx nocneonarentnocrtm ncxperntx snauenn n rouxax,
pannoyanenntx pyr or pyra na nnrepnan npemenn
24
Cneonarentno, npannntno ntpan rouxn xnanronannx mrnonenntx snauenn nenpeptnno
nsmenxmmecx, no orpannuenno nennunnt F
c
, no npemenn moxno oecneunrt nyxnym rounocrt
nepeaun.
nx narnxnocrn noxcnnm cxasannoe reomerpnuecxo nnrepnperanne reopemt Korentnnxona, xax ona
ana n xnnre A.A. Xapxennua. Bcxxax nenpeptnnax xpnnax onpeenxercx na xoneunom nnrepnane
ecxoneuntm mnoxecrnom rouex, n nx nocrpoennx xpnno nyxno snart nce ee rouxn. Kpnnax xe,
npecrannxmmax ]ynxnnm c orpannuenntm cnexrpom, moxer trt nocrpoena npn saannn na xoneunom
nnrepnane xoneunoro uncna rouex*.
* Xapreeu: A.A. Ouepxn ome reopnn cnxsn. M., 1955. C. 24.
Camo coo nanpamnnaercx nospaxenne: reopema Korentnnxona xacaercx xonnuecrnenno cropont
cnrnana, a xax ee onpeennrt n ro cnoxno cncreme, xaxo xnnxercx xyoxecrnennt rexcr? Crnnncrnxy
nnrepecymr raxne cropont rexcra, xoropte noxa xonnuecrnenno ne opaartnannct; nmemmnecx n
nnreparype crarncrnuecxne nccneonannx no crnnncrnxe paccmarpnnamr rontxo neontmym uacrt
crnnncrnuecxo nponemarnxn.
Taxo nonpoc nnonne saxonomepen. Cneyer, onaxo, samernrt, uro na annom nauantnom +rane peut
ner ne o ]opmannsonanntx meroax xonnuecrnenno onenxn nn]opmannn, a o onncannn ono ueprt,
npncyme nn]opmannonntm nponeccam n nnreparype (xnanronannn), o ntxnnennn ee npnpot n
npnnnnnon ecrnnx. O xonnuecrnenno onenxe na conpemennom yponne namnx snann o nponeccax
nocnpnxrnx ronopnrt eme pano. Mexannsm ncnontsonannx uenonexom anntx rexcra nx nepepaorxn
nonyuaemo nn]opmannn nsyuen eme neocrarouno*.
* Onaexnnammne nepcnexrnnt nx xonnuecrnenno onenxn nnrepecymmnx nac xnnenn, xax nam npecrannxercx,
cnxsant c nono nayxo o nepoxrnocrn npornosnponannx n noneennn uenonexa. Ho nepoxrnocrntm npornosnponannem
nonnmamr cnoconocrt uenonexa ncnontsonart nmemmnecx n ero namxrn annte npomnoro ontra nx onpeenennx
nepoxrnocrn nacrynnennx rex nnn nntx cotrn n npecroxme cnryannn. Hpomnt ontr npn +rom coepxnr ne rontxo
namxrt o npexnnx cotrnxx, no n o nx uacrore. 3xcnepnmenrantnte nccneonannx nocnpnxrnx n pacnosnanannx peun npn
urennn noxasann, uro cyexrnnnte onenxn uacror pasnnuntx +nemenron rexcra nacrontxo naexnt, uro moryr
ncnontsonartcx nmecro rpyoemxnx nocueron. Cm., nanpnmep: 4pv+ruua P.M. Bepoxrnocrt +nemenron rexcra n peuenoe
noneenne. M., 1971. C. 23 n p.
Hpenonoxenne o ncxpernom xapaxrepe cnrnanon no ncex snentxx crpyxrypt coomennx xnnxercx
npnnnxenno neannsanne ee cnocrn. Ho nentsx satnart, uro ncxxoe moennponanne nnmt
npnnnxenno coornercrnyer ecrnnrentno npnpoe xnnenn, ntenxx n nnx rontxo ueprt,
cymecrnennte nx pemennx nocrannenno saaun. Teopema Korentnnxona aer nam omee npecrannenne
n nomoraer rnyxe nponnxnyrt n nsyuaemt npemer.
Hnrepecno ormernrt, uro n reopnn cncrem anromarnuecxoro ynpannennx neannsnponannt noxo n
rpaxronxe ]nsnuecxo cymnocrn maremarnuecxoro onncannx ncnontsyercx ouent mnpoxo. B reopnn +rnx
cncrem npeopasonanne nenpeptnnoro cnrnana n ncxpernt, r.e. xnanronanne, moxer paccmarpnnartcx
nno xax nponcxoxmee n ecrnnrentnocrn, nno ocymecrnnxrtcx mtcnenno*.
* Cm.: Bepemeuu A.A., Pvouuru B.E. Ocnont rexnnuecxo xnepnernxn n anromarnxn. u. 2 / HBHKA nm. A.u.
Moxacxoro. H., 1969. C. 180.
Fonee roro, reopema Korentnnxona nmeer ne rontxo rexnnuecxoe, no n rnyoxoe ]nnoco]cxoe
snauenne, rax xax aer maremarnuecxym moent nanexrnuecxoro enncrna npornnononoxnocre
nenpeptnnoro n ncxpernoro*.
* Bvea H.H. Ocnont reopnn cnxsn n nepeaun anntx. u. 1 / HBHKA nm. A.u. Moxacxoro. - H., 1968. C. 13.
Kax xe npecranneno xnanronanne n nnreparype? Kax coornocxrcx xnanronanne n npnnnnn
nenocrnocrn xyoxecrnennoro rexcra?
Haennte B.A. Korentnnxontm saxonomepnocrn cnpanennnt nx peuentx coomenn n
nnreparypntx rexcron, n uacrnocrn, nocxontxy nepeaua no +rnm xananam roxe xapaxrepnsyercx
orpannuennocrtm cnexrpa, yyun orpannuena noporamn uenoneuecxoro nocnpnxrnx.
Baxnocrt nponemt xnanronannx (pasymeercx, es ynorpenennx camoro repmnna) omymanact
nncarenxmn n nnreparyponeamn yxe anno. Paccmarpnnancx +ror nonpoc npenmymecrnenno
npnmennrentno x reopnn xyoxecrnennoro opasa. B name nnreparyponeuecxo rpannnn +ra
nponema ocoenno recno cnxsana c nmenem A.H. uexona. Hosnonnm cee npnnecrn nsnecrnt npnmep.
25
10 max 1886 roa Anron Hannonnu uexon nncan cnoemy pary Anexcanpy Hannonnuy: ...B onncannxx
npnpot nao xnarartcx sa menxne uacrnocrn, rpynnnpyx nx raxnm opasom, urot no npourennn, xora
saxpoemt rnasa, ananact xaprnna. Hanpnmep, y rex nonyunrcx nynnax nout, ecnn rt nannmemt, uro na
mentnnuno nnornne xpxo snesouxo mentxano crexntmxo or pasnro yrtnxn n noxarnnact mapom
uepnax rent coaxn nnn nonxa n r.. Hpnpoa xnnxercx oymennenno, ecnn rt ne pesryemt ynorpenxrt
cpannenne xnnenn ee c uenoneuecxnmn ecrnnxmn n r.. B c]epe ncnxnxn roxe uacrnocrn. Xpann or or
omnx mecr. Hyume ncero nserart onnctnart ymennoe cocroxnne repoen; nyxno crapartcx, urot ono
tno nonxrno ns ecrnn repoen...*.
* Uexoe A.H. Cop. cou. M., 1955. T. XI: Hnctma. - C. 95. 3ra xe mtcnt , nonropena n uaxe n cnonax Tpennena.
3rnm npnnnnnam A.H. uexon ecrnnrentno cneonan n cnoe rnopuecxo npaxrnxe. B.B. Bnnorpaon
npnnonr, nanpnmep, cneymmn orstn Comepcera Mo+ma: Hentsx npnmennrt x paccxasam uexona
anantnoe ntpaxenne xycox xnsnn, noromy uro xycox orpesaercx or nenoro, a y nac npn urennn nx
nosnnxaer conepmenno npornnononoxnoe uyncrno: cxopee ontmax cnena, na xoropym nt cmorpnre
cxnost nantnt: npn +rom nnna rontxo uacrt ee, no nt snaere, uro ecrnne nponcxonr n n pyrnx
mecrax, xoropte nam ne nnnt*.
* Buuoepaooe B.B. O reopnn xyoxecrnenno peun. M., 1971. C. 39.
Hrax, nonnnnt xyoxnnx ynannnnaer nnrepnan xoppenxnnn orentntx xnanron nmecro cnnomnoro
noroxa nneuarnenn or nynno noun, xoropt npecrannxn t coo xonrnnyym na xnanra: cnepxanne
crexntmxa or yrtnxn na mentnnuno nnornne n rent xnnornoro. Boopaxenne unrarenx ononnnr
ocrantnoe. Emy ne nao nepeuncnxrt n oxcnxrt, uro crexntmxo cnepxano n nynnom nyue, uro coaxa
exana sa nonosxo, n pnconart pyrne npnmert centcxo mecrnocrn. unrarent n cam snaer, uro
mentnnunax nnornna ne moxer noxnnrtcx n oxpyxennn ropocxoro nesaxa, n cnnmxom recnoe
xnanronanne emy rontxo nacxyunr.
3ect ymecrno ncnomnnrt npenoxenne A.A. Xapxennua onpeenxrt nennocrt nn]opmannn xax
npnpamenne nepoxrnocrn ocrnxennx nenn n namem cnyuae cosannx xaprnnt nynno noun n
pesyntrare nonyuennx nn]opmannn*.
* Xapreeu: A.A. O nennocrn nn]opmannn // Hponemt xnepnernxn. 1961. N 4.
Hpn ontmem mare xnanronannx unrarent onee axrnnen, uem npn urennn nponsneenn c mentmnm
marom xnanronannx.
Hnreparyponeon n xpnrnxon nnrepeconano, nnpouem, ne unrarentcxoe nocnpnxrne, a rnopuecxn
mero A.H. uexona, r.e. nce paccmarpnnanoct c nosnnn ornpannrenx nn]opmannn. Bo mnornx paorax,
nocnxmenntx rnopuecrny A.H. uexona, ormeuaercx +xonomnocrt n ntope ntpasnrentntx cpecrn,
cxarocrt n conmemenne ]ynxnn. H. 3penypr nncan, nanpnmep, uro uexon ocnoonn paccxas or
nnrentntx ncrynnenn, pasxcnnrentntx +nnnoron, noponoro onncannx nnemnocrn repoen n nx
norpa]nn. 3penypr nastnan +ro peannsanne npnnnnna cxarocrn.
H.. Vcmanon, y xoroporo mt sanmcrnyem +ro ntcxastnanne H. 3penypra, nocnxrnn npnnnnny
cxarocrn y uexona cnennantnym crartm*. B +ro crarte H.. Vcmanon enaer nontrxy noxasart, uro
npnnnnn cxarocrn n conmemennx ]ynxnn xnnxercx y uexona onnm ns ocnonntx nyre npeopasonannx
rpannnonno no+rnxn. enaer +ro Vcmanon, rnanntm opasom, paccmarpnnax yponent xomnosnnnn.
Bnnmanne ero cocpeoroueno na ycnoxnennn ]ynxnn anropcxoro nonecrnonannx, n xoropom onncanne
ecrnn, noprperon n norpa]nn repoen conmemaercx c pasneprtnannem nnyrpennnx nepexnnann
rnannoro nepconaxa. 3rn npnnnnnt xnanronannem ne nasonemt: sect onnctnaercx nanonee +xonomnax
apanxnponxa yxe oropanntx xnanron. Hpecrannxercx neoxonmtm ornnuart xnanronanne
nn]opmannn or ee xomnpeccnn, xoropax xnnxercx pesyntrarom xnanronannx, no moxer nmert n pyrne
npnunnt. B anno crarte nnnmanne cocpeoroueno na xnanronannn, xoropoe paccmarpnnaercx
npenmymecrnenno c rouxn spennx exonpymmero.
* Vc+auoe H.. Hpnnnnn cxarocrn n no+rnxe nosnero uexona-ennerpncra n pyccxn peannsm xonna XIX nexa //
Ho+rnxa n crnnncrnxa pyccxo nnreparypt. H., 1971.
Eme n 1923 roy F.A. Hapnn nncan, uro n onacrn crnnncrnxn nentsx ynycxart ns nny nenocrnocrn
xyoxecrnennoro rexcra, n nouepxnnan npn +rom, uro rontxo ns nenoro moryr trt npannntno nonxrt
cyrrecrnnnocrt n neoronopennocrt*. Onaxo nponema neoronopennocrn, o xoropo on nncan, ne
26
npnnnexna nnnmannx nocneymmnx nccneonarene. Mexy rem xyoxecrnennoe nponsneenne
nosecrnyer na unrarenx ne rontxo camnmn opasamn, ananornxmn, xonrpacramn n r.., ono rpeyer,
urot unrarent no +rnm opasam, xonrpacram, ananornxm ononnnn n noccranonnn ro, uro onymeno, no
nopasymenaercx. unrarent, xax ronopxr cnennanncrt no reopnn cnxsn, ntnonnxer ]ynxnnn ]nntrpa
nnxnnx uacror. F.A. Hapnn nocrannn n pyrym naxnym nponemy, o xoropo renept nnmyr, cctnaxct na
amepnxancxoro nnnrnncra V. Banpaxa, xorx V. Banpax npnmen x +rnm coopaxennxm na necxontxo
ecxrnnern nosxe F.A. Hapnna. Vxe 50 ner romy nasa F.A. Hapnn nncan o ro+ouuupoeauuix
npupaueuux c+ic.a, ormeuax, uro oanount cmtcn moxer nosnnxart ne rontxo ns nocrannennoro
pxom (nmenno Hapnn nnen nonxrne recnort pxa), no n ns neoronopennoro. Komnnaropnte
npnpamennx cmtcna nosmoxnt, no ero mnennm, n npeenax ]past, asana, rnant, nenoro pomana.
* Hapuu B.A. O pasnonnnocrxx xyoxecrnenno peun: (Cemanrnuecxne +rmt) // 3crernxa cnona n xstx nncarenx. H.,
1974.
nx nsyuennx unrarentcxoro nocnpnxrnx n crnnncrnxe exonponannx nce +ro nmeer nepnocrenennoe
snauenne. ecrnnrentno snaunrentnax axrnnnocrt no nocnonnennm neocrammero rpeyercx or
nonyuarenx nn]opmannn ne rontxo na ntcmem cemanrnuecxom, no n na nexcnuecxom, mop]onornuecxom n
]onernuecxom yponnxx. Cnymammn, nanpnmep, pasnnuaer ]onemt, nosnonxmmne nocrponrt cnona, npn
+rom on nocosnarentno ntnpaer nexoropte axycrnuecxne xnnennx, conocrannxx nx c nmemmnmncx n
namxrn opasnamn, nenrn]nnnpyer n npeopasyer, cosanax raxnm opasom asy nx nepexoa x
cneymmemy yponnm nexcnxe, re roxe nponcxonr conocrannenne c nmemmnmncx n cnonapnom sanace
unrarenx opasnamn. Bce +rn nponecct nponcxoxr ne nocneonarentno, a n cnoxnom nsanmoecrnnn.
Cncrema npnnnmaemtx cnymammnm nnn unrarenem pemenn cocrannxer, opasno ronopx, crparernm
exonponannx.
H cnymarenm n unrarenm npnxonrcx nenpeptnno ncnpannxrt neconnaennx, nosnnxammne mexy
npnnnmaemtm cnrnanom n nmemmnmncx n ero pacnopxxennn opasnamn. Hpnmepon moxno npnnecrn
ouent mnoro. Cma cneyer ornecrn n opty c nomexamn, xora cnymarent npannntno nonnmaer
ncxaxennte e]exramn peun nnn neocrarountm snannem xstxa ycrnte ntcxastnannx nnn npannntno
unraer nsonnymmn oneuarxamn rexcr. nx crnnncrnxn raxne cnyuan nennrepecnt, xomnnaropnte
npnpamennx, o xoroptx nncan F.A. Hapnn, nanpornn, npecrannxmr ontmo nnrepec. Hpnneem
xonxpernt npnmep:
The evil that men do lives after them;
The good is oft interred with their bones.
(Shakespeare, Julius Caesar, Act III)
Bet sno nepexnner
Hme, opo xe norpeamr nmecre c nnmn.
(Bexcnnp. P.u Hesapi, arm III)
B +rnx cnonax Anronnx na renom ynroro saronopmnxamn Hesapx cnono inter nonyuaer naxnoe
npnpamenne cmtcna no cpannennm c yxasanntmn nx nero n cnonapxx snauennxmn. Ono snaunr yxe ne
rontxo norpeart nnn saxantnart n semnm, no nonyuaer nepenocnoe snauenne trt satrtm,
ymepert. 3ro snauenne ecrt npnpamenne cmtcna, nosnnxmee naroapx ocrarouno recnore pxa no
ornomennm x cnony lives, c xoroptm ono cnxsano napannennsmom. Moent anronnmnunoro napannennsma
saana roxe n ycnonnxx ocrarouno recnort pxa cnonamn evil n good. Hpecrannxercx no+romy
onpananntm paccmarpnnart nneennoe F.A. Hapnntm n paspaorannoe R. Ttnxnontm nonxrne recnort
pxa n repmnnax xnanronannx. B npnneennom namn npnmepe xnanronanne cnyxnr ncrounnxom
oanouno +xcnpeccnnnocrn: Anronn aer corpaxanam nonxrt, uro onn satnamr, xax mnoro Hesapt
cenan nx Pnma.
Knanronanne n rexnnxe moxer trt xax pannomepntm, rax n nepannomepntm. B nnreparype nosmoxno
rontxo nocnenee, r.e. n nnreparype xnanronanne npnnnnnnantno nepannomepno. Xyoxecrnennoe npemx,
npocrpancrno, cotrnx, ecet n pasmtmnennx repoen nce +ro pacnpeeneno n rexcre nepannomepno.
Ha nexoroptx yuacrxax rexcra nonecrnonanne aercx c ouent ontmnm marom xnanronannx, na pyrnx,
27
nanpornn, c ouent mantm. Hn onn poman ne coepxnr ncex nocrynxon repoen, ncex oxpyxammnx nx
nesaxe, nnreptepon, ocroxrentcrn n r.. Knanronanne nmeercx n nnreparype ncera, no xapaxrep ero
moxer trt pasntm.
Paccmorpnm renept crparernm exonponannx na nenocrnom n npnrom cnntno xnanronannom rexcre
crnxornopennn Poepra upocra Tene]on, nnepnte onynnxonannom n 1916 roy.
THE TELEPHONE
When I was just as far as I could walk
From here today,
There was an hour
All still
When leaning with my head against a flower
I heard you talk
Don't say I didn't, for I heard you say
You spoke from that flower on the windowsill
Do you remember what it was you said?
First tell me what it was you thought you heard.
Having found the flower and driven a bee away.
I leaned my head,
And holding by the stalk.
I listened and I thought I caught the word
What was it? Did you call me by the name?
Or did you say
Someone said Come I heard it as I bowed.
I may have thought as much, but not aloud.
Well, so I came.
R.Frost
Houemy crnxornopenne nastnaercx Tene]on? Kro-ro ronopnr no rene]ony? Kro n c xem? Kaxnmn
xnanramn nn]opmannn, nomnmo nasnannx, pacnonaraer unrarent? Texcr pasenen xantuxamn na nnnnte
n xoporxne pennnxn. Fyxnantno coepxanne +rnx pennnx ouent npocro, no ne ouent nonxrno: xro-ro
ronopnr, uro npnmen (nnn moxer trt, npnmna: rpammarnuecxn crpo anrnncxoro xstxa ne nosnonxer
sect cynrt, myxunna ronopnr nnn xenmnna), noromy uro ero (ee) nosnan ronoc ns nnerxa. Bropo ronoc
xoporxo n yxnonunno orneuaer. Crnxornopenne xonuaercx ropxecrnymmnm Hy, nor x n npnmen
(npnmna)!. 3ro nce, no +rnm xnanram unrarent onxen noccranonnrt n ecrnymmnx nnn n nx
xapaxrept n ncm +ry ncnonnennym ronxoro ncnxonornsma cnenxy.
3axnmunrentnax ]pasa noxastnaer, uro pasronop nponcxonr ne no rene]ony. Koporxne pennnxn:
First tell me what it was you thought you heard, I may have thought as much but not aloud, cyx no nx
sacrenunno xoxernnnocrn, npnnanexar enymxe. Ocrantnte, onee nnnnte n macxnpymmne cmymenne
mnome. Hnxaxoro rene]ona oxastnaercx n ne tno. Hpocro monoo uenonex, oxcnxx cnoe
noxnnenne, orxponenno ]anrasnpyer n myrnnno ynepxer enymxy, uro nann or nee on nsxn c
nooxonnnxa nnerox, npnrxnyn ero sa creenex x yxy rax, xax epyr rene]onnym rpyxy, n ycntman ee
ronoc. Eme ne concem ynepennt n rom, xax ona +ro npnmer, on n ee nrxrnnaer n cnom ntymxy:
cnpamnnaer, nomnnr nn ona, uro ona emy cxasana. Ona nonnmaer ero c nonycnona, no cnauana enaer nn,
uro conpaercx nospaxart. unrarent nonnmaer +ro ns npoctt mnomn ne ornnpartcx: Don't say I didn't,
for I heard you say.
Horom ona npnnnmaer nrpy, xoxernnno npenaraer emy, uro on cam nce cxasan: First tell me what it
was you thought you heard n, naxonen, cornamaercx, uro nosmoxno nosnana ero, no nerpomxo.
Taxo orner napnx nnonne ycrpannaer, on operaer ynepennocrt: ero noxnnenne oxcneno n
oxcnenne npnnxro. unrarent noccranannnnaer ncm cnryannm no optnxam pasronopa.
Cnocot npecrannennx xnanronannx n rexcre moryr trt nectma pasnoopasntmn. B xauecrne eme
28
onoro npnmepa moxno npnnecrn rax nastnaemt +xnnnanenr rexcra (repmnn R. Ttnxnona), r.e.
noxasannte rouxamn snauamne nponycxn n rexcre. C +xnnnanenramn rexcra mt ncrpeuaemcx, nanpnmep, n
nexoroptx paccxasan K. M+nc]nn. Tax nocrpoen nect paccxas Cnyxanxa. enymxa paccxastnaer
ropecrnym ncropnm cnoe xnsnn. Pennnxn cnymamme ee amt oosnauent rouxamn, coepxanne +rnx
pennnx nonxrno, onn connaamr c rem, uro ymaer unrarent.
Taxoe nocrpoenne nomoraer cocpeorounrt nnnmanne na 3nen n nonnee pacxptnaer ee xapaxrep.
Bo ncex rpex paccmorpenntx sect cnyuaxx unrarent cam no orentntm npnmeram oratnaercx o
neocxasannom, naroapx uemy ntnonnxercx ocnonnoe ycnonne +]]exrnnnocrn cnxsn: maxcnmym
coomennx npn mnnnmyme cnrnana.
Ecnn yuecrt, uro uncno cocroxnn n ornomenn n oxpyxamme nncarenx n unrarenx ecrnnrentnocrn
ecxoneuno, a uncno snaxon n rexcre n ornomenn mexy +rnmn snaxamn xoneuno, npnmenenne x
anannsy rexcra nonxrnx xnanronannx npecrannxercx onpananntm. Paccmarpnnax omne npnnnnnt
xnanronannx n xyoxecrnennom rexcre, mt moxem nanmart nanexrnuecxoe enncrno ecxoneunoro
mnoroopasnx oropaxaemoro mnpa n xoneunoro mnoxecrna ncxperntx opason xnanron,
oropaxammnx peantnym ecrnnrentnocrt n nnreparype.
6. Texc1 xax npeue1 nsyuennn c1nnnc1nxn
Ono ns ocnonntx nonoxenn crnnncrnxn exonponannx rnacnr, uro oexrom crnnncrnuecxoro
nccneonannx onxen trt nenoc1nmn 1exc1. Orentnte crnnncrnuecxne npnemt, rnnt ntnnxennx,
]ynxnnonantno-crnnncrnuecxne nnacrt nexcnxn n pyrne noonte nonpoct nxoxr n crnnncrnxy
exonponannx ne xax camonent, a xax pacunenenne nce saaun n nenom na ee cocrannte xomnonenrt,
uro neoxonmo no ncxxom nayunom nosnannn.
uncno paor no ome reopnn rexcra nenpeptnno pacrer, rexcr n ero reopnx sannmamr n nnnrnncrnxe
nce ontme mecra, pacrer ononpemenno n uncno cnopntx nonoxenn. Hexcno, nanpnmep, uro xnnxercx
xoncrnrynpymmnm ]axropom rexcra, orenxmmnm ero or pyrnx ]axron peun. Kaxont rpannnt rexcra?
Onpeenxmrcx nn onn pasmepom? nnxercx nn ]nxcannx na nnctme oxsarentntm npnsnaxom rexcra?
Kaxono nsanmoornomenne rexcra n pyrnx ennnn n yponne xstxa? Bce +rn nonpoct nam npecronr xorx
t xparxo paccmorpert n +rom naparpa]e.
Haunem c nocnenero nonpoca, r.e. oparnmcx x coornomennm rexcra n pyrnx ennnn xstxa: ]onemt,
mop]emt, cnona, npenoxennx. Moxno nn cunrart, uro n xstxe cymecrnyer rexcrono yponent, a rexcr
xnnxercx ennnne +roro yponnx? Ho-nnnmomy, raxax yponnenax cxema onpanana. B xstxe xaxt
nocneymmn yponent nmeer +nemenrt, cocroxmne ns +nemenron npetymero: ]onemt oennxmrcx,
opasyx mop]emt; mop]emt oennxmrcx n cnona; cnona n npenoxennx, a nocnenne n rexcr.
Moxno tno t eme oannrt npomexyrounte ]axyntrarnnnte yponnn, a nmenno yponent
cnonocouerann n ]paseonornuecxnx enncrn, yponent cnepx]pasontx enncrn. Onaxo ecnn mop]emt
]ynxnnonnpymr n peun rontxo n cocrane cnona, a cnono es mop]em rax xe nenosmoxno, xax mop]ema es
]onem nnn npenoxenne es cnon, ro anexo ne nce npenoxennx coepxar ]paseonornsmt n anexo ne
nce rexcrt moxno cermenrnponart na cnepx]pasonte enncrna.
Paccmorpennax ntme cxema yponne xnnxercx omexstxono (cm. raxxe 2). C rouxn spennx
crnnncrnxn, r.e. n peun, moxno tno t n nopxxe ocyxennx npenoxnrt raxym nocneonarentnocrt
yponne: rpa]nuecxn yponent, snyxono yponent, nexcnuecxn yponent, cnnraxcnuecxn yponent n
]axyntrarnnno: yponent crnnncrnuecxnx npnemon, yponent opason, yponent rnnon ntnnxennx, yponent
rexcra.
Baxno nouepxnyrt nnrepecnym ananornm mexy ennnnamn pasntx yponne n maremarnuecxnm
nonxrnem mnoxecrna. Hoono romy xax n maremarnxe mnoxecrno ocraercx mnoxecrnom, axe ecnn ono
coepxnr rontxo onn +nemenr, a nosmoxnt n nycrte mnoxecrna, rax n n xstxe cnono moxer cocroxrt
rontxo ns ono mop]emt, a npenoxenne rontxo ns onoro cnona n, coornercrnenno, rexcr ns onoro
npenoxennx.
Hanonee crpornm nam npecrannxercx onpeenenne rexcra xax ynopxouennoro onpeenenntm
opasom mnoxecrna npenoxenn, oennenntx enncrnom xommynnxarnnnoro saannx. 3ro
onpeenenne npnnonrcx n coepxarentnom oxnae I.B. Erepa n B.H. Rxra na nayuno xon]epennnn
no nnnrnncrnxe rexcra*. Ono rpeyer rontxo ono oronopxn nopasymenaercx nenycroe mnoxecrno.
3amernm nonyrno, uro ncrpeuammeecx nnora yrnepxenne, uro n rexcre onxno coepxartcx xorx t
na cnona, concem nenornuno: rexcr xax ennnna onepannonnax (xommynnxarnnnax) ne moxer
29
nenocpecrnenno cermenrnponartcx na cnona, rexcr cermenrnpyercx na npenoxennx.
1
Eeep I.B., Pxm B.H. K nocrpoennm rnnonornn rexcra. B c.: Hnnrnncrnxa rexcra. Marepnant nayuno xon]epennnn.
u. 1. M., 1974.
Taxnm opasom, uncno ennnn, opasymmnx rexcr, nx ero onpeenennx nepenenanrno. Mt pasenxem
rouxy spennx M. Xonnnex, cunrammero, uro rexcr cocronr ns npenoxenn, uncno xoroptx n ne moxer
trt mentme, no moxer trt cxont yrono ontme 1
M. Xonnne nnmer: Texcr onepannonnax ennnna xstxa, noono romy xax npenoxenne ecrt ero
cnnraxcnuecxax ennnna; rexcr moxer trt nnctmenntm nnn ycrntm; on nxnmuaer xax cnenn]nuecxym
pasnonnnocrt nnreparypno-xyoxecrnennt rexcr, yt ro xaxy* nnn romeponcxn +noc. Oexrom
crnnncrnuecxoro nccneonannx xnnxercx nmenno rexcr, a ne xaxoe-nnyt cnepx]pasonoe enncrno, rexcr
nonxrne ]ynxnnonantno-cemanrnuecxoe n pasmepom ne onpeenxercx**.
* Xaxy (xoxxy) nnpnuecxoe xnoncxoe crnxornopenne ns rpex crpox n cemnanarn cnoron. uncno npenoxenn ne
pernamenrnponano, na npaxrnxe n nem otuno ono npenoxenne.
** Halliday M.A.K. Linguistic Function and Literary Style. In: Explorations in the Functions of Language. Ldn, 1974. P.
107.
Taxnm opasom, onpeenenne M. Xonnnex, c xoroptm nentsx ne cornacnrtcx, aer orner
ononpemenno na necxontxo nepeuncnenntx ntme nonpocon, n, n uacrnocrn, oxsarentna nn nnctmennax
]opma npesenrannn rexcra. ecrnnrentno, nnctmennax ]opma ncrpeuaercx uame, no ona neoxsarentna.
He rontxo romeponcxn +noc, no n nmax naponax necnx, axe o roro xax ee sanncan ]ontxnopncr,
onaann ontmnm uncnom xapaxrepntx rexcrontx npnsnaxon nn]opmarnnnocrtm, cnxsnocrtm,
xommynnxarnnno nanpannennocrtm n r.n.
Hecmorpx na ro uro nccneonannx n onacrn rexcra sa nocnenee npemx snaunrentno nponnnynnct,
mnorne nonpoct ocramrcx ncxyccnonntmn. B cnoe nsnecrno xnnre no nnnrnncrnxe rexcra 3..
Typaena npnsnaer, uro nosmoxno nonnmanne rexcra n xax npoyxra ycrno, n xax npoyxra nnctmenno
xommynnxannn. Ho n saxnmuenne paort, cneyx nsrnxam H.P. Iantnepnna, nce-raxn onpeenxer rexcr
xax orpesox nnctmenno peun*.
* Ia.inepuu H. P. O npnnnnnax cemanrnuecxoro anannsa crnnncrnuecxn mapxnponanntx orpesxon rexcra. B c.:
Hpnnnnnt n merot cemanrnuecxnx nccneonann. M., 1976. Hoonax ]opmynnponxa nenpnemnema raxxe n noromy, uro n
moxer trt panno n 0, n 1, n 2 n r..
Tesnc o rom, uro pasmep ne moxer cnyxnrt xpnrepnem nx orrpannuennx rexcra or nerexcra cranonnrcx
nce onee omenpnnxrtm n nornepxaercx mnoxecrnom paor o maccontx cpecrnax xommynnxannn,
nanpnmep, n pexnamoneennn. B xyoxecrnenno nnreparype rexcrt ns onoro npenoxennx, n nomnmo
nasnanntx Xonnneem xaxy, concem ne pexocrt.
Hmontrno, uro, xorx nx onpeenennx nonxrnx rexcr n nx roro, urot ornnunrt rexcr or ne
rexcra, nnna no nnnmanne ne npnnnmaercx n nepenenanrna, ona nmeer cymecrnennoe snauenne nx
xnaccn]nxannn rexcron no xanpam n nnreparypntm ]opmam. Tax, nanpnmep, xparxocrt nxonr
oxsarentntm xomnonenrom n onpeenenne nocnonnn nourn nce nocnonnnt cocroxr ns onoro
npenoxennx. Poman, nanpornn, xapaxrepnsyercx xax ontmax ]opma +nnuecxoro xanpa, ornnuammaxcx
ontmnm no cpannennm c pyrnmn xanpamn oemom.
B no+snn, xax nsnecrno, cymecrnenntm napamerpom xnnxercx ne rontxo merpnxa, no n uncno crnxon.
Hpnuem +ror xonnuecrnennt noxasarent recno cnxsan c coepxannem.
Tax, nanpnmep, n anrnuno no+snn ncnontsonanact a]opncrnuecxax ]opma crnxornopnoro noyuennx
nnno n onn crnx, rax nastnaemt monocrnx. Bnpoxo nsnecrno ]opmo mnpono no+snn xnnxercx
nycrnmne, nonnomammee n opasno ]opme oomennx ]nnoco]cxoro, +rnuecxoro n pyroro xapaxrepa.
Hpnmepom moxer cnyxnrt snamennroe nycrnmne P. upocra.
THE SPAN OF LIFE
The old dog barks backward without getting up
30
I can remember when he was a pup.
Btme yxe ynomnnannct xnoncxne rpexcrnmnx xaxy. Hepenecennte na enponecxym nouny, onn
nnora moryr trt ne nnpnuecxnmn, a ]nnoco]cxnmn. 3ro ]opmo mnpoxo nontsonancx V. Oen.
Needing above all
silence and warmth, we produce
brutal cold and noise.
Hepcncxne uernepocrnmnx pyan O. Xaxma nocxpecnn na anrnncxo noune 3. unnxepant.
Pyan n nocrouno no+snn nmemr npenmymecrnenno reonncrnuecxoe coepxanne.
pennxx ]opma xnoncxo no+snn ranxa cocronr ns nxrn crpox n rpnnarn nyx cnoron.
Hxrt crpox oxsarentnt npnsnax myrountx, nepnonauantno ]ontxnopntx crnxon nnmepnxon, n
xoroptx onee nnnnte nepnax n nropax crpoxn pn]mymrcx c nxro, a onee xoporxne rpertx n uerneprax
mexy coo. Hnmepnxn crann mnpoxo nsnecrnt no ncex crpanax naroapx anrnncxomy no+ry 3.
Hnpy.
There was a young lady of Niger
Who rode with a smile on a tiger;
They returned from the ride
With the lady inside
And the smile on the face of the tiger.
uncno crpox, uncno cron n uncno pn]m cymecrnennte n]]epennnantnte npnsnaxn crpo]t.
Mnnnmantnax crpo]a nycrnmne. Ho crpo]nxa snaer n cexcrnnt (cexcrert), cenrnmt, oxrant
(oxrert), nont. ecxrncrnmnax crpo]a xapaxrepna nx pyccxo xnaccnuecxo ot, n xoropo, xax nncan
B. Tpenaxoncxn, onnctnaercx ncera marepnx naroponax, naxnax. Onnnanarncrnmno crpo]o
nanncano Foponno M.R. Hepmonrona. Taxnm opasom, nsanmocnxsannocrt n nsanmooycnonnennocrt
ncex acnexron xyoxecrnennoro rexcra n +rom ornomennn npoxnnxercx n rom, uro xapaxrep n nnna
crpo]t cnxsant c xanpom, a xanp c coepxannem.
3ror cnncox moxno tno t npoonxnrt, no orpannunmcx rontxo nanomnnannem o rom, uro coner ne
rontxo oxsarentno coepxnr 14 crpox, no n uncno cron n cnoron n nem roxe pernamenrnponano, rax xax,
xax npannno, conert nnmyrcx xmnuecxnm nenramerpom.
Hrax, nnna xnnxercx cymecrnenntm napamerpom nx rnnonornn nnyrpn xyoxecrnenntx rexcron, no
orennrt rexcr or nerexcra ne nosnonxer.
Baxno oparnrt nnnmanne n na ornomenne nnnrnncrnxn rexcra x nopasenennm nayxn o xstxe na
cemanrnxy, cnnraxrnxy n nparmarnxy. Hanomnnm, uro n repmnnax cemnornxn xstx paccmarpnnaercx n
+rnx rpex nsmepennxx, npnuem cemanrnxa sannmaercx ornomennem snaxon x oosnauaemomy, cnnraxrnxa
ornomennem snaxon pyr x pyry, nparmarnxa nx ornomennem x nontsymmnmcx snaxamn nmxm. B
paorax no reopnn rexcra 3.C. Asnaypono n 3.. Typaeno nouepxnnaercx, uro n reopnn rexcra
nepenneramrcx nce +rn rpn acnexra. Cemanrnxa yunrtnaercx n nccneonannxx rexcra, nocxontxy rexcr
xnnxercx xstxono peannsanne nexoropo peantno nnn ntmtmnenno cnryannn no nnemnem mnpe n
coornocnrcx c oxpyxamme ecrnnrentnocrtm, nonnomax nponecc ee nosnannx. 3ror acnexr neorennm
or cnnraxrnxn, nocxontxy rexcr ecrt nnrerpannx ]onernuecxnx, mop]onornuecxnx n nexcnuecxnx
snaxontx xomnonenron, n ennnnt ero moryr trt nnrepnpernponant ne camn no cee, a no
nsanmoecrnnn c pyrnmn ennnnamn n xonrexcre. Hparmarnuecxn acnexr nxonr n reopnm rexcra
oprannuecxn, nocxontxy rexcr ecrt ocnonnax ennnna xommynnxannn n napxy c ]ynxnne nepeaun
npemerno-nornuecxo nn]opmannn onaaer ]ynxnne nepeaun onenouno n pyro nparmarnuecxo
nn]opmannn, a cneonarentno, nmeer n ]ynxnnm nosecrnnx. Haxonen, nparmarnuecxoe nsmepenne
onpeenxercx rem, uro rexcr crponrcx no xommynnxarnnnomy nnany ornpannrenx, peannsyx crparernm
xommynnxannn mexy nnm n unrarenem, nonyuarenem nn]opmannn*.
* Cm.: Tvpaeea 3.B. Hnnrnncrnxa rexcra. M., 1986; Honoe n sapyexno nnnrnncrnxe. Btn. VIII. M., 1978.
Taxxe c nosnnn cemnornxn, no n eme onee mnpoxom ronxonannn paccmarpnnaer rexcr R.M.
Horman*. On nonnmaer ncxyccrno xax ocotm opasom oprannsonannt xstx, a xstx onpeenxer xax
31
nmym ynopxouennym cncremy, cnyxamym cpecrnom xommynnxannn n nontsymmymcx snaxamn.
Hponsneennx ncxyccrna paccmarpnnamrcx xax coomennx na +rom xstxe n nastnamrcx rexcramn.
* Hom+au P.M. Crpyxrypa xyoxecrnennoro rexcra. M., 1970. C. 11, 29.
Texcramn nx R.M. Hormana n ero mxont xnnxmrcx nmte nponsneennx ncxyccrna: no+mt, xaprnnt,
cnm]onnn, apxnrexrypnte ancamnn.
3acnyxnnaer nnnmannx ro ocroxrentcrno, uro onn n ror xe repmnn ncnontsyercx n pasntx orpacnxx
nayxn c noxoxnm, no ne roxecrnenntm snauennem, erepmnnnpyemtm saauamn ro nayxn, n xoropo on
npnmenxercx. B ycnonnxx conpemenno nnrerpannn nayx ynopxouenne repmnnonornn nmeer ontmoe
snauenne. Ouent naxno nannune onpeenenn x raxnm mexorpacnentm repmnnam. Hpn ncnontsonannn n
pasntx nayxax cxonte nonxrnx nonyuamr ocoennocrn n coornercrnnn co cnenn]nxo +rnx nayx n nx
saau, no onn ne onxnt npornnopeunrt cnonm onpeenennxm n pyrnx nayxax, a nnmt yrounxrt nx. B
ornomennn repmnna rexcr +ro npecrannxercx nosmoxntm. ecrnnrentno, npecrannrenn cemnornxn,
rax xe xax n npecrannrenn crnnncrnxn exonponannx, paccmarpnnamr rexcr xax coomenne,
nepeammee xyoxecrnennym nn]opmannm.
Oparnmcx x reopnn nn]opmannn. Tam no coomennem nonnmaercx nn]opmannx o cnocrnax n
cocroxnnn ono cncremt, namepenno nepeanaemax pyro cncreme. Henocrnoe n cnxsnoe coomenne,
cnennantntm opasom oprannsonannoe nx nepeaun n xpanennx nn]opmannn, nastnaercx rexcrom.
Cneonarentno, rexcr, saxonponannt xoom xstxa, r.e. nepantnt, n orneuammn cnocrnam xanana,
nmenyemoro nnreparypo, ecrt nnreparypno-xyoxecrnennt rexcr, a rexcr, coornercrnymmn cnocrnam
xanana cnm]onnuecxo mystxn, ecrt cnm]onnuecxn rexcr.
Hocxontxy ne nce nepantnte coomennx xnnxmrcx xyoxecrnenntmn n ne nce xyoxecrnennte
nepantntmn, nyxno nouepxnyrt, uro mnoxecrno nnreparypno-xyoxecrnenntx rexcron cocrannxer
nepeceuenne mnoxecrna nepantntx rexcron c mnoxecrnom xyoxecrnenntx. Cneonarentno, +nemenrt
nnrepecymmero nac mnoxecrna (oexrt ronxonannx na crapmem xypce) onaamr cnocrnamn
coomennx (reopnx nn]opmannn) rexcron noome (cemnornxa), rexcron xyoxecrnenntx (+crernxa),
rexcron nepantntx (nnnrnncrnxa) n rexcron nnreparypno-xyoxecrnenntx (no+rnxa).
Fyyun npenasnauenntm ne rontxo nx nepeaun, no n nx xpanennx nn]opmannn, nnreparypno-
xyoxecrnennt rexcr npecrannxer coo nnyrpenne cnxsannoe, saxonuennoe nenoe, onaammee
neno-xyoxecrnenntm enncrnom.
Hoono romy xax cnono ntenxercx n peun cnenn]nuecxo nx nero orentnocrtm, saxonuennocrtm n
o]opmnennocrtm, rax n rexcr ntenxercx no ncem mnoxecrne (nnn xopnyce) ntcxastnann nentnocrtm
cnoero crpoennx, cnoe, ynorpenxx ntpaxenne A.H. Cmnpnnnxoro, nentnooqopunennoc1tm. Hoono
romy xax onpeenenne nenocrnocrn, a cneonarentno, n orentnocrn, r.e. rpannn cnona, ocymecrnnxercx
npnmennrentno x romy oxpyxennm, n xoropom ono ]ynxnnonnpyer, rax n nnreparypnt rexcr ntenxercx
n cnoem oxpyxennn cnoe orentnocrtm n nenocrnocrtm*.
* nx roro urot noxcnnrt +ry ananornm, nanomnnm onpeenenne cnona, annoe F. Tpnxo: Cnono nanmentmax
snauamax ennnna xstxa, xoropax moxer n npenoxennn nepememartcx, samemartcx n orenxrtcx pyrnmn raxnmn snauamnmn
ennnnamn, cnocontmn x samemennm n nepecranonxe. Trnka B. Principles of Morphological Analysis // Philologica. R.I.V.
N 3. P. 129.
Bnemne nenocrnocrt nnreparypnoro rexcra cnrnannsnpyercx nx unrarenx pasnnuntmn
saxpennenntmn n ncropnn xyntrypt cpecrnamn: nynnxannx orentno xnnro nnn na orentnom nncre,
nannune orentnoro nasnannx, sarononxa, yxasanne nmenn anropa n pyrnx ntxontx anntx, rnryntnt
nncr, ornannenne n r.n. nce +ro nnemnne, xoncrnrynpymmne rexcr ]axropt.
Pemenne o saxonuennocrn rexcra npnnnmaercx ero anropom. Hynnxyx ror nnn nno poman, nonecrt,
no+my n r.., anrop oxsarentno nn]opmnpyer unrarenx o rom, cunraer nn on coomenne saxonuenntm
nnn npenonaraer ero npoonxnrt, nx uero cymecrnyer n onpeenennax ]opmyna: npoonxenne
cneyer. Coornercrnymmee pemenne no oronopennocrn c anropom npn neoxonmocrn raxoro
cermenrnponannx npn nynnxannn moxer npnnnmart n peaxrop nnn nsarent. Moxno axe yrnepxart,
uro ns ncex ntpaxenn samtcna anropa nmenno +ro pemenne o nauane n xonne, r.e. nenocrnocrn rexcra,
xnnxercx nanonee oxsarentntm nx unrarenx. Btme yxe ronopnnoct o rom, uro, n ornnune or
nexoroptx pyrnx nanpannenn, crnnncrnxa exonponannx opamaer nnnmanne npexe ncero na ro, uro
n rexcre ecrnnrentno cxasano, a ne na ro, uro, nosmoxno, xoren cxasart anrop, nocxontxy anropy anexo
ne ncera yaercx peannsonart cno samtcen. Ho n nonpoce nentnocrn rexcra n ero orentnocrn nce
sanncnr or anropa.
32
Inanntm xoncrnrynpymmnm ]axropom rexcra xnnxercx ero xouuynnxa1nnnoe nasnauenne, r.e. ero
nparmarnuecxax cymnocrt, nocxontxy rexcr npenasnauen nx +monnonantno-nonenoro n +crernuecxoro
nosecrnnx na rex, xomy apeconan, a nparmarnuecxnm n nnnrnncrnxe nastnaercx ]ynxnnonnponanne
xstxontx ennnn n nx ornomennn x yuacrnnxam axra omennx.
Bnyrpennxx cmtcnonax nentnocrt rexcra n ero nentnoo]opmnennocrt, oecneunnammne ntnonnenne
rexcrom ero ocnonnoro nasnauennx nepeaun n xpanennx nn]opmannn, cosaercx ero cnxsnocrtm
nornuecxo, remarnuecxo, crpyxrypno n onxrt-raxn nparmarnuecxo. Kax n na ncex pyrnx yponnxx
xstxa, cmtcn nenoro ne xnnxercx npocro cymmo cmtcnon xomnonenron; rontxo n rexcre +ra
nnomarnunocrt, ecrecrnenno, cnoxnee, uem y ennnn pyrnx yponne.
Bnyrpennxx nenocrnocrt rexcra nocnpnnnmaercx unrarenem ns camoro rexcra, ona oecneunnaercx
rpemx rnnamn ornomenn mexy ero ennnnamn, a nmenno: ornomennxmn napanrmarnuecxnmn,
cnnrarmarnuecxnmn n nnrerparnnntmn. Hapanrua1nuecxne o1nomennn +ro nennnente ornomennx,
cnxstnammne ennnnt onoro yponnx n nmemmne acconnarnnnt xapaxrep.
Cnn1arua1nuecxne o1nomennn roxe cnxstnamr ennnnt onoro yponnx, no onn ocnonant na
nnnenom xapaxrepe rexcra, na nocneonarentnocrn ennnn. Hn1erpa1nnnme o1nomennn cxnatnamrcx
mexy ennnnamn pasntx yponne. Ennnna npnsnaercx pasnnunrentno nx annoro yponnx, ecnn ona
moxer trt nenrn]nnnponana xax cocrannax uacrt ennnnt ntcmero yponnx, nnrerpanrom
xoroporo ona cranonnrcx*.
* Beueeuucm J. Omax nnnrnncrnxa. M., 1974. C. 135. Cm. raxxe: Tvpaeea 3.B. Bpemx rpammarnuecxoe n npemx
xyoxecrnennoe. M., 1979.
Inannym onopy npn onapyxennn nny1pennen cnnsnoc1n 1exc1a unrarent nonyuaer or
nonropxmmnxcx n rexcre snauenn, cocrannxmmnx ero 1eua1nuecxym ce1xy. Teopnx remarnuecxo cerxn
noponee yer paccmorpena n rnane o nexcnuecxo crnnncrnxe (c. 180-190).
3ect ocrarouno ynomxnyrt o rom, uro nonropenne snauenn ntpaxaercx n nonrope cem, cnon nnn n
remarnuecxom nonrope. Cnxsn nexcnuecxoro xapaxrepa moryr trt cnnonnmnuecxnmn, rnnonnmnuecxnmn,
anronnmnuecxnmn, cosanartcx omnocrtm +monnonantntx, onenountx nnn ]ynxnnonantno-
crnnncrnuecxnx xonnorann, nnn, naxonen, omnocrtm pe]epenrno ornecennocrn. B nocnenem cnyuae
ontmym pont nrpamr mecronmennte cnxsn. Honropxrtcx moryr opast, cnmnont, remt, orentnte
cnent n r.. Cnxsnocrt, oecneunnaemax nexcnuecxnmn cpecrnamn, oprannsyercx npn nomomn
cnnraxcnuecxnx cpecrn.
Honeem nrorn naparpa]a. Hnreparypno-xyoxecrnennt rexcr, a crnnncrnxa exonponannx
sannmaercx nmenno xyoxecrnenntm rexcrom, ecrt nepantnoe coomenne, nepeammee no xanany
nnreparypt nnn ]ontxnopa npemerno-nornuecxym, +crernuecxym, opasnym, +monnonantnym n
onenounym nn]opmannm, oennennym n neno-xyoxecrnennom coepxannn rexcra n ennoe
cnoxnoe nenoe. Ocnonnax xapaxrepncrnxa rexcra xommynnxarnnno-]ynxnnonantnax: rexcr cnyxnr nx
nepeaun n xpanennx nn]opmannn n nosecrnnx na nnunocrt nonyuarenx nn]opmannn. Baxnemnmn
cnocrnamn ncxxoro rexcra (ne rontxo xyoxecrnennoro) xnnxmrcx ero nn]opmarnnnocrt, nenocrnocrt n
cnxsnocrt. Texcr moxer trt nnctmenntm n ycrntm (]ontxnop). Bennunna rexcra moxer trt ouent
pasnnuno n sanncnr or anropa, xanpa n pyrnx ]axropon. B npeenax xyoxecrnenno nnreparypt
nennunna rexcra n ero cermenrannx moryr trt pernamenrnponant npnmennrentno x nnreparypnomy
xanpy. B oecneuennn cnxsnocrn rexcra n ero sanomnnaemocrn ontmym pont nrpamr pasnte rnnt
ntnnxennx*, cnococrnymmne +xcnpeccnnnocrn, +monnonantnocrn n +crernuecxomy +]]exry.
Koncrnrynpymmnm ]axropom xnnxercx xommynnxarnnnoe saanne, r.e. pemenne ornpannrenx coomennx
nnn, pyrnmn cnonamn, nparmarnuecxn acnexr.
* O ntnnxennn cm. 10.
7. Cnocom anannsa xyoaec1nennoro 1exc1a. Kon1exc1
Cneyer pasnnuart na ocnonntx nanpannennx, nnn rnna, anannsa xyoxecrnenno peun, n npeenax
xoroptx nosmoxnt eme mnorne antnemne napnanrt.
B nepnom cnauana rnnorernuecxn ntenxercx ocnonnax nex nnn rema nenoro (ycranannnnartcx ona
moxer no-pasnomy), sarem ntenxmrcx nexcnuecxne, cnnraxcnuecxne, mop]onornuecxne n ]onernuecxne
uacrn rexcra, xoropte nosnonxmr nornepnrt, yrounnrt, nnonsmennrt nnn axe onponeprnyrt
ncxonym rnnoresy, n nocnenem cnyuae rnnoresy samenxmr nono n nonropxmr nponeypy cnauana.
33
Bropo mero ocnonan na nnxennn n npornnononoxnom nanpannennn: nnnmanne cocpeoroueno na
xaxo-nnyt pocammecx n rnasa ]opmantno ocoennocrn nnn erann rexcra, nanpnmep na
neonoxparnom nonropennn xaxoro-nnyt cnona nnn rpynnt cnon, pasnepnyro mera]ope, neoxnannom
nopxxe cnon, rpynne onornnntx, nanpnmep nocxnnnarentntx, npenoxenn, nsmenennn merpnxn crnxa
nnn pnrma nonecrnonannx n r.. Onapyxnn raxym ocoennocrt, nccneonarent nmer e oxcnenne,
conocrannxx c pyrnmn ocoennocrxmn n xonrexcrom, nponepxer, ne noepxano nn raxoe ntnnxenne
pyrnmn cnocoamn, n n xonne xonnon ]opmynnpyer ocnonnym nem n remy. 3arem +ra nepnax
pocnnmaxcx n rnasa erant n pyrne ocoennocrn, naennte nosnee, paccmarpnnamrcx c rouxn spennx
nx mecra n xyoxecrnennom nenom.
Oa rnna anannsa onxnt pacxptrt enncrno coepxannx n ]opmt, nenoro n uacre, no n nepnom
rnne ornpanno rouxo ]nnonornuecxoro xpyra xnnxercx omee coepxanne, a no nropom erann n
]opma. Ecnn n nepnom rnne anannsa mt orpannunmcx connantntm, mopantntm, nonnrnuecxnm nnn
]nnoco]cxnm coepxannem rexcra, ananns moxer paccmarpnnartcx xax nnreparypnax xpnrnxa, no on ne
yer crnnncrnuecxnm. C pyro cropont, onn nnnrnncrnuecxn ananns ne yer nn nnreparypntm, nn
crnnncrnuecxnm. nx roro urot nonnee pacxptrt cymnocrt oonx rnnon, oparnmcx x npnmepy.
Hpn ronxonannn snamennroro LXVI conera Bexcnnpa mt moxem rnyxe nponnxnyrt n ntpaxennte n
conere mtcnn n uyncrna, npocnenn, xax paspaartnaercx ocnonnax rema, r.e. rema necnpanennnocrn, n
cncreme xonxperntx opason, peannsyxct pasnnuntmn xstxontmn cpecrnamn. Bor +ror coner:
Tired with all these, for restful death I cry,
As to behold desert a beggar born,
And needy nothing trimmed in jollity,
And purest faith unhappily forsworn,
And guilded honour shamefully misplaced,
And maiden virtue rudely strumpeted,
And right perfection wrongfully disgraced,
And strength by limping sway disabled,
And art made tongue-tied by authority,
And folly doctor-like controlling skill,
And simple truth miscall'd simplicity,
And captive good attending captain ill:
Tired with all these, from these would I be gone,
Save that, to die, I leave my love alone.
Cymnocrt necnpanennnocrn n rom, uro nce xopomee n naroponoe pacranrtnaercx, a nce nnuroxnoe
nponneraer n nnacrnyer. Hornepnrt npannntnocrt namero nonnmannx moxno ncmorpenmnct n xstx
conera. B nexcnxe conera moxno samernrt ontmym rpynny cymecrnnrentntx, oosnauammnx
naroponte uenoneuecxne xauecrna: desert, faith, virtue, perfection, strength, truth, good.
3rnm cnonam npornnonocrannena nourn anronnmnunax nm rpynna, osnauammax ne crontxo sno nnn
sntx nme, cxontxo nnuroxecrna: needy nothing, limping sway, folly.
3a +rnmn n pyrnmn cymecrnnrentntmn cneymr nectma +xcnpeccnnnte n +monnonantnte rnaront;
npn +rom c remn cymecrnnrentntmn, xoropte oosnauamr neuro xopomee, cnxsant npnuacrnx rnaronon c
pesxo orpnnarentno onenxo, osnauammne npnunnennoe sno: forsworn, disgraced, miscalled, a c remn,
xoropte cnnonnmnunt nnuroxecrny, rnaront narononyunx n naroencrnnx: trimmed in jollity,
controlling.
Kaxoe ns nepeuncnenntx cymecrnnrentntx peannsonano ononpemenno n nyx nosmoxntx nx nero
napnanrax, nastnax opoerent nnn nopox n uenonexa, xoropomy onn npncymn. 3ry ononpemennym
peannsannm acrpaxrnoro snauennx n snauennx nnna pacxptnamr nepnte xe cnona +ro rpynnt: desert a
beggar born. ecrnnrentno, a beggar born npenonaraer pe]epenrnym cnxst c cymecrnnrentntm
nasnannem nnna. Cepnx meronnmn ycnnnnaer rparnuecxoe snyuanne conera: nepe rnasamn unrarenx ne
]nnoco]cxax acrpaxnnx, a nmn.
Hpxmtm ntpaxennem nosmymennx nsmyuennoro necnpanennnocrtm uenonexa cnyxar cnona nepno
crpoxn Tired with all these, for restful death I cry n napeunx unhappily, shamefully, rudely, wrongfully, n
xoroptx coepxnrcx onenxa nponcxoxmero.
Oruaxnne n nacrounnax mtcnt o cmeprn nouepxnyrt xontnentm nonropom. Cmeprt xenanna noromy,
34
uro rontxo ona ona moxer nsannrt or spennma mepsocre xnsnn. 3rn cnona enamr coner ne rontxo
]nnoco]cxnm, no n nnpnuecxnm ntpaxennem nnuno rparenn no+ra.
Bceomnocrt n enncrno ncex ecrnn orpaxent n neotunom cnnraxcnuecxom nocrpoennn conera: n
nem rontxo na npenoxennx, pasenenntx noerounem. Ioptxoe nepeuncnenne on, xoropte repnxr
xopomne nmn or napxmnx n mnpe nnuroxecrn, ano n nne pxa ns 11 cnoxntx ononnenn x rnarony to
behold, xaxoe ns xoroptx sannmaer ony crpoxy n naunnaercx c comsa and. Mnorocomsne nouepxnnaer
nornuecxoe unenenne enno xaprnnt n ononpemenno cosaer nneuarnenne narnerannx nce nontx
pasonauenn sna.
Hnmencxoe cymecrnonanne ocrontx nme, nponneranne nnuroxecrn, npearentcrno no
ornomennm x camtm nepntm, nopyranne nennnnocrn, nesacnyxennt npnronop camtm uecrntm, nnacrt n
pyxax rnynnon nce +ro nnmt pasnte cropont onoro n roro xe sna necnpanennnocrn. 3ro ocoenno
xcno naroapx crporo onnaxonocrn napannentntx xoncrpyxnn, opamnenntx xontnentm nonropom.
Mtcnt o ncecnnnn sna, rnynocrn, nnuroxecrna ycnnena xonrpacrom c nopyrannem opa. Konrpacr an
an1n1esaun, r.e. crnnncrnuecxnmn ]nrypamn, ycnnnnammnmn ntpasnrentnocrt sa cuer cronxnonennx n
onom xonrexcre npxmo npornnononoxntx nonxrn: honour : : shame, maiden : : strumpet, right : : wrong,
folly : : skill, good : : ill. Heroonanne ocrnraer xyntmnnannn n nanontmero oomennx n 12- crpoxe,
re ronopnrcx yxe ne o orentntx npoxnnennxx opa n sna, a nmenno o ope n sne, npnuem opo n
oxonax n onxno npncnyxnnart sny.
Hocnenxx crpoxa conera aer nnpnuecxoe paspemenne remt: mnp ornparnrenen, no yrn ns nero
snaunno t noxnnyrt pyra.
3]]exrnnnocrt anannsa, rax xe xax n rountx nayxax, sanncnr n ontmo crenenn or npannntno
yraanno nepnonauantno rnnorest.
K anannsy +roro conera moxno noorn n nroptm nyrem, nauan c ocoennocre ero ]opmt. B LXVI
conere opamamr na cex nnnmanne mnorouncnennte n pasnoopasnte nonropennx. 3ro npexe ncero
coms and, c xoroporo naunnamrcx onnnanart crpox ns uertpnanarn n xoropt nnonr onnnanart
napannentntx xoncrpyxnn onnnanart onnaxono nocrpoenntx cnoxntx ononnenn c
onnnanartm cymecrnnrentntmn, npnnanexamnmn x ono n ro xe neorpa]nuecxo rpynne, n
onnnanartm npnuacrnxmn, npnuem nce +rn npnuacrnx, sa ncxnmuennem nyx, naccnnnte. Bcx +ra
cncrema napannentntx xoncrpyxnn opamnena xontnentm nonropom tired with all these, xoropt, n cnom
ouepet, nnonr cnnonnmnuecxn nonrop: for restful death I cry n from these would I be gone.
Ha ]onernuecxom yponne sameuaem onnne snyxontx nonropon annnrepann: behold ... beggar born,
needy nothing, faith ... forsworn, right ... wrongfully, tongue-tied, captive ... captain, leave ... love alone.
Ecrecrnenno npenonoxnrt, uro xaxax raxax ocoennocrt ]opmt yxastnaer na uro-ro naxnoe n
coepxannn. Hs orentntx erane cxnatnaercx omee sanepmaercx ]nnonornuecxn xpyr.
ecrnnrentno, ana]opnuecxn* nonrop comsa and ]nxcnpyer nnnmanne na cneymmnx sa nnm
cymecrnnrentntx, na xoropte naaer yapenne. Tax mt npnxonm x romy xe cnncxy cymecrnnrentntx,
oosnauammnx nonoxnrentnte uenoneuecxne xauecrna: desert, faith, virtue, perfection, strength, truth, good,
uro n n nepnom napnanre anannsa, x rem xe npornnonocrannenntm nm cnonam: needy nothing, folly, limping
sway n x romy xe cnncxy +xcnpeccnnntx rnaronon: forsworn, disgraced... n onenountx +xcnpeccnnntx
napeun: unhappily n r..
Ana]opo nastnaercx nonropenne nauantntx uacre (cnon, cosnyun nnn cnnraxcnuecxnx crpyxryp) n nauane nyx n onee
ornocnrentno camocroxrentntx, n uem-nno +xnnnanenrntx n nnsxo pacnonoxenntx uacre: crpox, nonycrnmn,
npenoxenn n r..
Hayst (nesypa) n cepenne xaxo crpoxn enxr nect coner na nenym n npanym uacrn, cosanax
nornuecxoe npornnonocrannenne, uro nosnonxer narn rnannym ]nnoco]cxym remy conera
necnpanennnocrt, xoropax napnr noncmy.
Kontneno nonrop ncxptnaer nnpnuecxym remy conera: no+r nsmyuen rem, uro emy npnxonrcx nnert.
Oa pasa tired with all these nnonr cnona o xenannocrn cmeprn, nacrounnym mtcnt o rom, uro pyroro
ntxoa ner. Onaxo nmecro nropo uacrn nepno crpoxn, r.e. cnon for restful death I cry, n rpnnanaro
crpoxe an necxontxo cmxruennt cnnonnmnuecxn nonrop: From these would I be gone. 3ra samena
nororannnnaer nepenom. Ho+ra npnnxstnaer x xnsnn nmont, n on orxastnaercx or mtcnn o cmeprn,
noromy uro ne xouer ocrannrt pyra:
Save that, to die, I leave my love alone.
35
Annnrepannx c rpoexparntm nonropennem nnannoro [1] npnaer +ro nocnene crpoxe
neotxnonenno nexnym mystxantnocrt, xonrpacrnpymmym c rnenntm snyuannem crpox o
necnpanennnocrn.
B 14 crpox conera Bexcnnp nmemaer nent mnp rparenn*.
* Cymecrnyer ne rontxo mnoxecrno nepenoon, no n mnoxecrno anannson +roro conera. Vnomxnem rontxo onn ns nnx:
Richards I.A. Variant Readings and Misrcadings. In: Style in Language / Ed, by Th.A. Sebeok. Bloomington, 1960.
enenne na noxo co cropont omero coepxannx n co cropont erane ]opmt ecrt nepnoe
npornnonocrannenne meronxn crnnncrnuecxoro anannsa. 3rn na noxoa ne xnnxmrcx
nsanmoncxnmuammnmn n moryr ycnemno ononnxrt pyr pyra. Ananns, nennxom ]opmantnt nnn
rontxo ocnonannt na coepxannn, x crnnncrnxe ne ornocnrcx n n anno xnnre ne paccmarpnnaercx.
Herpyno nnert, uro oa anannsa camtm recntm opasom cnxsant c xon1exc1ou. B antnemem
nsnoxennn nonxrne xonrexcra yer onnm ns ocnonntx nx ncex nnon crnnncrnuecxoro ronxonannx.
Bce nnt ntnnxennx n rexcre naxno nn]opmannn n npnannx e +xcnpeccnnnocrn ocnonant na
nsanmoecrnnn +nemenron rexcra mexy coo n co crpyxrypo nenoro. Ananns npecxasyemocrn
+nemenron roxe recno cnxsan c npecrannennem o xonrexcre.
B ocnone reopnn xonrexcra nexnr nonoxenne o rom, uro rexcr ne moxer trt npocro nnneno
cononoxennocrtm cnon. Taxo cnoco nepeaun nn]opmannn tn t xpane ne+]]exrnnntm. Texcr
crpyxrypa c nnyrpenne oprannsanne, +nemenrt xoropo snaunmt ne rontxo camn no cee, no n n cnonx
ornomennxx c pyrnmn +nemenramn, n rom uncne n c +nemenramn nnerexcrontmn, c nnexstxono
ecrnnrentnocrtm, c cnryanne.
Paccmorpnm cnauana crporo nnnrnncrnuecxym rpaxronxy xonrexcra. Hanonee cymecrnennte paort
no reopnn nnnrnncrnuecxoro xonrexcra ntnonnent nesanncnmo pyr or pyra yuentmn n Honone
(mxona uepra), n Hennnrpae (mxona H.H. Amocono) n n Mocxne I.B. Konmancxnm.
Cyrt reopnn xonrexcra n rom nne, xax ona paspaorana H.H. Amocono* n ee yuennxamn, cnonrcx x
cneymmemy. Honncemnx n omonnmnx, cnocrnennte nexcnxe n xstxe, ycrpanxmrcx n peun naroapx
xonrexcry n peueno cnryannn. B +ro reopnn cnryannx n xonrexcr ne nxonr, a ntenxercx orentno.
Konrexcrom nastnaercx coennenne cnona c ero nnnxaropom, naxoxmnmcx n nenocpecrnenno nnn
onocpeonanno cnnraxcnuecxo cnxsn c axryannsnpyemtm cnonom. H.H. Amocona orpannunnana
xonrexcr npeenamn npenoxennx. Ee yuennxn (cm., nanpnmep, paort H.A. Hnxontcxo) ntnenn
xonrexcr sa pamxn npenoxennx.
* A+ocoea H.H. Anrnncxax xonrexcronornx. H., 1968.
Konrexcr moxer trt nocroxnntm n nepemenntm, nexcnuecxnm n rpammarnuecxnm (cnnraxcnuecxnm,
mop]onornuecxnm nnn cmemanntm).
Ho nnnxa1opou nonnmaercx yxasarentnt mnnnmym, nosnonxmmn onosnauno ycranonnrt,
xoropoe ns mnornx nosmoxntx snauenn nonncemanrnunoro cnona nmeercx n nny.
Konrexcronornuecxax reopnx H.H. Amocono npenonaraer connaenne xoon ornpannrenx n
nonyuarenx peun n cemanrnuecxym ncxpernocrt cnona, r.e. cymecrnonanne y nonncemanrnuntx cnon
raxo cemanrnuecxo crpyxrypt, n xoropo nexcnuecxn xonrnnyym pacnaaercx na nexcnxo-
cemanrnuecxne napnanrt. Taxoe ynpomenne nnonne saxonomepno n cnyuae uncro nnnrnncrnuecxoro
anannsa peun, no n crnnncrnuecxom anannse ono yxe neocrarouno, rax xax xot anropa n unrarenx n
ecrnnrentnocrn nnxora ne connaamr, cnono n xyoxecrnennom nponsneennn nonyuaer oanounte
oepront cmtcna (ntpaxenne F.A. Hapnna), ne npncymne emy n cnonape, a nosnnxmne n rexcre.
Cn1yannen n xonrexcronornuecxo reopnn H.H. Amocono nastnamrcx nnexstxonte ycnonnx, raxxe
ntnonnxmmne ]ynxnnm yxasannx na ro, n xaxom ns nosmoxntx nx nero snauenn cnono ynorpeneno.
Pasnnuamr ansnennym n 1exc1onym cn1yannm.
B xnsnennym cnryannm nxnmuamr n npxmo noxas. Texcronax cnryannx nopasenxercx na rexcronoe
onncanne xnsnenno cnryannn n omym remy rexcra.
Konrexcronornuecxym reopnm n rom nne, xax ona npenoxena H.H. Amocono, moxno tno t
ononnnrt coopaxennxmn, ntcxasanntmn V. Benpexom. V. Benpex ncxonr ns yrnepxennx, uro
xonrexcr ne rontxo nosnonxer ntpart ono ns yxe snaxomtx unrarenm snauenn mnorosnaunoro cnona,
no n ycranonnrt nannune npnpamenn x snauennm cnona (rnnepcemanrnsannx) nnn, nanpornn, yrpary
cnonom nexoroptx xomnonenron snauennx (ecemanrnsannx). Innepcemanrnsannx cnocrnenna
36
no+rnuecxo peun, ecemanrnsannx n nepnym ouepet +xcnpeccnnno pasronopno peun.
O xomnnaropnom npnpamennn cmtcna n xyoxecrnennom rexcre F.A. Hapnn nncan eme n 1923 roy. C
rex nop +rnm nonpocom sannmannct mnorne; n pycne crnnncrnxn exonponannx nonpoc nccneonann H.A.
Fannnxona, C.H. Fontpena, I.B. Anpeena.
Cymecrnenntm xomnonenrom reopnn crnnncrnuecxoro xonrexcra xnnxercx reopnx cnntnon nosnnnn.
3]]exrnnntm cpecrnom saepxart nnnmanne unrarenx na naxntx no cmtcny momenrax n
xomnnaropntx npnpamennxx cmtcna xnnxercx nomemenne nx n cnntnym nosnnnm, r.e. na raxoe mecro n
rexcre, re onn ncnxonornuecxn ocoenno samernt. Taxnmn cnntntmn nosnnnxmn xnnxmrcx nauano nnn
xonen rexcra nnn ero ]opmantno ntenenno uacrn (rnant, crpo]t n r..).
Hauano cneyer nopasennrt na nasnanne nponsneennx, ]axyntrarnnnte +nnrpa] n nponor n nepnte
crpoxn nnn nepnte asant. 3arnanne rexcra xnnxercx naxno uacrtm nauantnoro crnmyna nepoxrnocrnoro
npornosnponannx n ntpaorxn crparernn nocnpnxrnx. B couerannn c pyrnmn +nemenramn nauana ono
aer onopy nx npornosa nosmoxnoro xpyra rem n opason n cosaer npenacrpoxy, ouent naxnym nx
nonnmannx nenoro. Hepnax crpoxa crnxornopennx saaer xanp, pasmep, pnrm, remy, a nnora n
nenrpantnt opas n ornomenne anropa x nsopaxaemomy.
Cnxst n sanonnennn cnntntx nosnnn xnnxercx naxntm ]axropom nenocrnocrn rexcra, a coepxanne
nx cranonnrcx nonxrntm, nsanmoecrnyx c ocrantntm rexcrom, xoropt raxnm opasom ]ynxnnonnpyer
xax aanrnnnax cncrema. Konxpernoe npoxnnenne +roro nsanmoecrnnx moxer trt nectma
pasnoopasntm. Orpannunmcx rontxo onnm npnmepom. B crnxornopennn Poepra upocra Hxrymaun
pyue, xax n no mnornx pyrnx crnxornopennxx +roro no+ra, nasnanne n nepnax crpoxa nnoxr rnannt
no+rnuecxn opas, a nocnenxx aer mnpoxoe a]opncrnuecxoe oomenne. B annom cnyuae nepnax
crpoxa aer onontno rpycrnym xaprnny nepectxammero pyutx: By June our brook's run out of song and
speed. Ocnonnax uacrt rexcra ononnxer +ry xaprnny, xoropax, xasanoct t, ocoo xpacoro ne
ornnuaercx, n rem ne menee +ra nepocxax npnpoa nnaeer cepnem no+ra, n nnpnxo-]nnoco]cxn
a]opnsm n xonne, nouepxnyrt cnoe cnntno nosnnne, nomoraer unrarenm nonxrt +ro uyncrno: We
love the things we love for what they are.
Coepxanne cnntno nosnnnn xonna notroxnnaer remy, nornepxaer npannntnocrt nonnmannx nnn
xoppexrnpyer ero, a nnora cosaer nont neoxnannt nonopor n nonoe paspemenne nonpoca.
n]]epennnantntmn npnsnaxamn cnntntx nosnnn xnnxmrcx mecro n rexcre, xapaxrep nepeanaemo
nn]opmannn, nannune nnn orcyrcrnne opasnocrn, coueranne c pyrnmn rnnamn ntnnxennx, o xoroptx
noer peut n 10 n xoropte raxxe nxoxr n nonxrne crnnncrnuecxoro xonrexcra*.
* Hoponee o cnntno nosnnnn cm.: Apuo.io H.B. 3nauenne cnntno nosnnnn nx nnrepnperannn xyoxecrnennoro rexcra
// Hnocrp. xs. n mxone 1978.- N 4.
Hepexoom or reopnn nnnrnncrnuecxoro xonrexcra x reopnn crnnncrnuecxoro xonrexcra xnnxmrcx
paort M. Pn]]arepa n R.M. Hormana.
M. Pn]]arep yenxer xonrexcry mnoro nnnmannx. Honnmax crnnt xax ntenenne n nouepxnnanne n
rexcre naxnemnx +nemenron cmtcna (Language expresses and style stresses), on noxonr x xonrexcry c
rouxn spennx exonponannx n xonponannx xyoxecrnenno nn]opmannn. B nponecce urennx unrarent
oxsarentno nponycxaer mnoroe ns roro, uro coepxnrcx n rexcre, a noccranannnnax nenoe, uacro nerouno
nocnonnxer nponymennoe. Hponecc exonponannx nncarent onxen nanpannrt, a nx +roro xonponanne
onxno trt oprannsonano rax, urot na naxntx no cmtcny momenrax nnnmanne saepxnnanoct. Ha
+rom Pn]]arep ocnontnaer cnoe nonnmanne c1nnnc1nuecxoro xon1exc1a n c1nnnc1nuecxoro npneua.
Orpesox rexcra, npepnannt noxnnennem +nemenra nnsxo npecxasyemocrn, uem-ro neoxnanntm,
noountm, ecrt crnnncrnuecxn xonrexcr. On opasyercx onnosnnne crnnncrnuecxoro npnema n ero
oxpyxennx.
Hoono H.H. Amocono, M. Pn]]arep paccmarpnnaer xonrexcr ne xax oxpyxenne, naroapx
xoropomy cranonnrcx nonxrntm cmtcn xaxoro-ro +nemenra, a xax +nemenr nmecre c oxpyxennem. 3]]exr
crnnncrnuecxoro npnema, no Pn]]arepy, oycnonnen orxnonennem ne or xstxono nopmt, a or nopmt
annoro coomennx, r.e. noxo ananornuen noxoy, npenoxennomy na mnoro ner pantme F.A.
Hapnntm.
B paorax R.M. Hormana mexannsm noxnnennx n cnonax xyoxecrnennoro rexcra nontx cmtcnon n
ononnnrentntx xonnorann pacxptr xax npoonxenne xonnennnn P. xocona. Inanntmn
ecrnymmnmn cnnamn n +rom mexannsme xnnxmrcx ornomennx mexy cononoxenntmn n cnxsanntmn
cnnraxcnuecxn, no ne cxontmn +nemenramn n ornomennx mexy nonropxmmnmncx n n uem-ro
37
+xnnnanenrntmn +nemenramn, xoropte moryr trt pacnonoxent xax xonraxrno, rax n ncranrno. Ha
anrnncxom marepnane +ror noxo nonyunn antnemee pasnnrne n paorax B.A. Kyxapenxo.
antnemne nccneonannx nosnonnnn noxasart, uro ]ynxnnx crnnncrnuecxoro xonrexcra cocronr ne n
rom, urot cnxrt mnorosnaunocrt (+ro ]ynxnnx xstxonoro xonrexcra), a, nanpornn, n rom, urot
oannrt nonte snauennx, cosart xomnnaropnte npnpamennx cmtcna. Crnnncrnuecxn xonrexcr
nosnonxer ononpemenno peannsonart na n onee snauenn cnona, cosart emy oanounte xonnorannn n
pyrnmn nyrxmn oecneunrt xomnpeccnm nn]opmannn n rem camtm oecneunrt maxcnmantnym
+]]exrnnnocrt nepeaun.
Oexrom crnnncrnuecxoro anannsa n onncannx xnnxercx nent rexcr. Orentnte ero +nemenrt
ecrnymr nmecre c pyrnmn +nemenramn roro xe nnn pyrnx yponne n nentm rexcrom raxnm opasom,
uro cosaercx ne yxasarentnt mnnnmym, xax n xonrexcronornn, a, nanpornn, maxcnmym nosmoxntx
cnxse*.
* Cm.: Apuo.io H.B. Crnnncrnxa exonponannx. Kypc nexnn. H., 1974. C. 75.
8. Hn1ep1exc1yantnoc1t
C nonxrnem xonrexcra cnxsant n nonpoct nnreprexcryantnocrn. Ho nnreprexcryantnocrtm mt yem
nonnmart nxnmuenne n rexcr nentx pyrnx rexcron c nntm cyexrom peun, nno nx ]parmenron n nne
nnrar, pemnnncnennn n annmsn. Fontmym pont n pasnnrnn reopnn nnreprexcryantnocrn ctrpann nen
M.M. Faxrnna o uyxom cnone, nyronocnom cnone, pasnnrte mnornmn nccneonarenxmn, n uacrnocrn
R. Kpncreno. B nocnenne ecxrnnernx XX nexa nponemt nnreprexcryantnocrn axrnnno
paspaartnannct, onaxo mnoroe n nnx ocranoct nesanepmenntm.
Ono ns npnunn nepaspaorannocrn reopnn nnreprexcryantnocrn xax nponemt xomnosnnnonno-
crnnncrnuecxo xnnxercx ontmoe pasnoopasne pasmepon, ]opm n ]ynxnn nxnmuennx pyroro
ronoca. Omn npnsnax +rnx nxnmuenn c m e n a c y e x r a p e u n : anrop moxer art cnono
pyromy peantnomy anropy n nponnrnponart ero n rexcre nnn n +nnrpa]e, noono romy xax ocroencxn
nnrnpyer Hymxnna n Enanrenne n +nnrpa]ax x pomany Fect, nnn nxnmunrt n rexcr cocrnennte crnxn
no nnom crnxon nepconaxa, xax n oxrope Xnnaro.
Bxnmuennx ocoenno pasnnunt no nnne. 3ro moxer trt ono xaxoe-ro nsxroe n xantuxn uyxoe
cnono nnn nent poman nnyrpn pyroro pomana (Macrep n Maprapnra Fynraxona, ap Haoxona).
Bxnmuenne moxer trt mapxnponano yxasannem na ncrounnx n rexcre nnn n cnennantntx xommenrapnxx
anropa, no nepexo unrarenm npnxonrcx camomy oratnartcx o nepnonauantnom rexcre, xax, nanpnmep,
n naponxx, n rora +ra axrnnnax paora unrarenx cranonnrcx ]axropom, nontmammnm yonontcrnne or
urennx. Hnrart moryr nectma pasnoopasno nepeocmtcnxrtcx, rpanc]opmnponartcx, coxpamartcx,
npnnonrtcx ]parmenramn (nasnanne pomana A. Kpncrn By the pricking of my thumbs coxpamenno
nnrnpyer cnona netmt n Maxere. Betma ronopnr, uro sy n nantnax nocxastnaer e, uro
npnnnxaercx xro-ro sno, n, ecrnnrentno, noxnnxercx Maxer. V unrarenx raxax nnrara cosaer
npeuyncrnne uero-ro snonemero).
Bce +rn ouent pasnoponte nxnmuennx n rexcr oennent onnm omnm npnsnaxom cmeno
cyexra peun. 3ro moxer trt annt anrop, ero nepconax nnn pyro anrop. Honecrnonanne or 1-ro
nnna moxer cmenxrtcx ncrannnponanntm nonecrnonannem n 3-m nnne (+nnen Maprnn uaynsa).
pyro npnunno nepaspaorannocrn +ro remarnxn xnnxercx ontmax cnoxnocrt n pasnoopasne
moantnocre ]ynxnn n nmnnnxann onenountx, xapaxreponornuecxnx, xomnosnnnonntx, nentx.
Hmnnnxannn moryr trt cnxsant c rem, uro xaxoe uyxoe cnono nactmeno orsnyxamn uyxnx
ntcxastnann, x xoroptm anrop rexcra ornocnrcx xax c nnererom, rax n c nponne. Faxrnn ouent opasno
rpaxryer xaxt rexcr xax n a n o r (on ouent nmnr +ro ntpaxenne). nanornunocrt, no ero mnennm,
cocronr n rom, uro xaxoe ntcxastnanne moxno n camom mnpoxom cmtcne paccmarpnnart xax orner na
nce npemecrnymmne ntcxastnannx n anno c]epe, uro, xoneuno, ouent cnpanennno ne rontxo nx
xyoxecrnenntx, no n ocoenno nx nayuntx rexcron.
3ra nanornunocrt cnxsana c rem, uro peantno ennnne peuenoro omennx xnnxercx ntcxastnanne,
rpannne xoroporo oxastnaercx cmena peuentx cyexron, ro ecrt cmena ronopxmnx nnn nnmymnx.
Hpocremax ]opma peantnt nanor c ero cmeno pennnx npecrannena n pomane n snaunrentno
ycnoxnenno ]opme: nanor mexy nepconaxamn, npxmte opamennx anropa x unrarenm, nxnmuennx n
nne nncem, nennnxon n pyrnx counnenn nepconaxe n r.. B ocnone nocnpnxrnx xyoxecrnennoro
cnona nexnr nanor nncarenx c unrarenem, rnopuecxoe nonnmanne xoroporo oycnonneno ero xyntrypo,
38
coepxannem ero resaypyca, ero nnunocrtm n oxpyxamme ero ecrnnrentnocrtm. Honxrt snaunr
coornecrn co cnonm resaypycom. Tesaypycom n mnpoxom cmtcne cnona nastnamr conoxynnocrt
naxonnenntx uenonexom snann, a n onee ysxom orpaxammn +rn snannx n ontr cnonapt.
Acconnarnnnt resaypyc nnunocrn ecrt ocnonannt na ontre npemecrnymmnx noxonenn cnoco
oprannsannn n cosnannn ncex cneenn o mnpe c yuerom cnxse mexy nnmn. Tesaypyc nnunocrn onxen
nenpeptnno pacrn na ocnonannn opasonannx nce nontx n nontx acconnarnnntx cnxse.
nx opasnoro npecrannennx nnreprexcryantnocrn moxno nocnontsonartcx nee onrnuecxoro nonx.
Hanomnnm, uro n ]nsnxe nonem nastnamr npocrpancrno, n xoropom ecrnyer cnna nnn cnnt, a
onrnuecxnm nonem npocrpancrno, n xoropom moxno nnert npemert cxnost nnnsy. Taxo nnnso nx
nac oxastnaercx nnrara, ro ecrt npenamepennoe nneenne uyxnx cnon. To, uro unrarent cxnost +ry nnnsy
ynnnr, sanncnr or nepnonauantnoro xonrexcra, ns xoroporo nnrara nsxra, n or roro, n xoropt ona
nomemena, n xaxo mepe ona mapxnponana n rpanc]opmnponana ]opmantno n cemanrnuecxn; nce +ro
cnxsano c resaypycom pennnnenra, sanncnr or ero ymennx trt unrarenem.
Ocranonnmcx noponee na pasntx rnnax nxnmuennx. Hontraemcx pacnonoxnrt nx no nopxxy, rax,
xax nx moxer ncrpernrt unrarent.
Haunem c n n r a r n o r o s a r n a n n x . Taxne sarnannx onee uacrt, uem moxer noxasartcx na
nepnt nsrnx, nocxontxy nnrara nerxo moxer nporn nesameuenno. Tax, nasnanne pomana ynnnena
Fente oext na nepnt nsrnx npecrannxercx xpacnntm cnnonnmom nx npnntunoro ]paseonornsma
nmn n entx xanarax. B ecrnnrentnocrn +ro sarnanne nnrarnoe. B nem snyunr ronoc Hoanna
Forocnona. B Anoxannncnce nmn n entx oexax +ro re, xro nperepnen cxopn n ocrancx nepntm n
ncntrannxx. Taxoe nonnmanne pacxptnaer rnannym nem pomana, npocnannxmmero myxecrno yuentx-
renernxon.
Hoontm xe opasom n nasnannn oxrop Xnnaro npn namem conpemennom nenexecrne n nonpocax
pennrnn mt moxem ne samernrt nnrarnocrn, npana rnyoxo sanpxranno, xorx cy]]nxc -aro n onxen
cnrnannsnponart o pennecnanxncxom. Enanrentcxax nora n nponsneennxx Hacrepnaxa snyunr nocroxnno
n rpeyer x cee nnnmannx. Cneyer ncnomnnrt, uro n Enanrennn or Mar]ex Hncyc cnpamnnaer yuennxon,
sa xoro onn ero nounramr, n Herp orneuaer: Tt Xpncroc ctn Fora Xnnaro. Coueranne Fora Xnnaro
ncrpeuaercx n Fnnnn mnoroxparno, n cmtcn ero n rom, uro ncrnnnt For +ro xnsnt n eccmeprne n
ornnune or nonon, n xoroptx ner nn npant, nn xnsnn.
Hrax, Xnnaro nmx nnrarnoe, snaunmoe nx nce neno cymnocrn pomana. Conocrannenne ero c
pyrnmn Enanrentcxnmn annmsnxmn n ocoenno co crnxornopennem Ie]cnmancxn ca (rema
Monenne o uame), xoroptm poman saxanunnaercx, noxastnaer, uro ono cnmnonnsnpyer xpecrnt nyrt
pyccxo nnrennnrennnn sanor eccmeprnx Ponnt.
Hcrounnxn uyxoro ronoca n nnrarax nectma pasnoopasnt. Onaxo, nocxontxy xenarentno, urot
unrarent nmen npecrannenne o ncxonom xonrexcre, nncarenn no nce npemena nocroxnno opamannct x
Fnnnn. Ouent uacrt n nnrart ns xnaccnxon: anre, Bexcnnpa, Iere, Hymxnna.
Hpnmepon nasnann, nnrnpymmnx Fnnnm, moxno npnnecrn nemano: A. Kpncrn Kont nent
(Anoxannncnc), Ip. Ipnn Cnna n cnana (Orue nam), Xemnnry+ H nocxonr connne (3xxnesnacr).
Hrax, nnrarnocrt noontx sarnann ne nexnr na nonepxnocrn n rpeyer nnrepnperannn.
Coornercrnymmym nocxasxy nncarent moxer art unrarenm n +nnrpa]e nnn n anropcxnx xommenrapnxx.
3nnrpa] onn ns nanonee nsyuenntx n n ro xe npemx cnenn]nuntx nnon nnrarnoro nxnmuennx.
3arnannx tnamr nnrarntmn, cxopee, n nopxxe ncxnmuennx +nnrpa] xnnxercx nnraro no
onpeenennm. Hn]opmannonnte cnxsn ero pasnonanpannennt: on noxcnxer sarnanne, on orctnaer namxrt
x romy xonrexcry, orxya on nsxr, n x romy, xoropomy npemecrnyer. Bmecre c sarnannem on sannmaer
cnntnym nosnnnm nauana, no n ornnune or sarnannx ]axyntrarnnen, uro ynennunnaer nn]opmarnnnocrt.
B crarte M.B. Fyxoncxo o xyoxecrnenno-cnmnonnuecxo ]ynxnnn sarnannx n +nnrpa]a n pomane
P.H. Voppena Bcx xoponencxax part* nnrepecno noxasana ]ynxnnx nyx ouent pasnonnanontx nnrar.
3arnanne nsxro ns ercxo necenxn-cunranxn Humpty-Dumpty, a +nnrpa] ns Foxecrnenno Komenn
anre: Mentre che la speranza ha fior del verde.
* Bvroecra M.B. O xyoxecrnenno-cnmnonnuecxo ]ynxnnn sarnannx n +nnrpa]a n pomane P.H. Voppena Bcx
xoponencxax part // Cncremnt ananns xyoxecrnennoro rexcra. Bonora, 1989. C. 2532.
Moantno-onenounax nn]opmannx sarnannx n +nnrpa]a paccmarpnnaercx sect xax no
nnyrpnrexcronom, cnnrarmarnuecxom, cmxernom nnane, rax n na ]one xyntrypntx n connantno-
ncropnuecxnx acconnann pomana.
39
Ecnn nnrnpyemt sarnannem rexcr onxen trt xopomo nsnecren unrarenm, +nnrpa] nmnnnnnpyercx.
Kax, nanpnmep, For our time Xemnnry+x orptnox nsnecrno monnrnt o mnpe: Give peace in our time,
oh Lord, nonnt roptxo nponnn, rax xax paccxast copnnxa onnctnamr rxxecrn nont. B pomane roro
xe anropa Ho xom snonnr xonoxon sarnanne noxcnxercx npocrpanno nnraro ns crnxornopennx xona
onna, no+ra, cpannnrentno mano snaxomoro conpemennomy unrarenm.
3arnanne n +nnrpa] moxno cunrart m e r a r e x c r o n t m n n x n m u e n n x m n , nocxontxy n camt
rexcr onn ne nxoxr, xorx snaunrentno nnnxmr na ero ocmtcnenne. nx roro urot noxasart nx cnxst c
rexcrom, ocranonnmcx noponee na nx ]ynxnnonnponannn n pomane.
Hpocnenm nnreprexeryantnocrt n pasnnunte ]ynxnnn rpex nnrar n pomane C. Mo+ma Hecrpoe
noxptnano (The Painted Veil). Hasnanne pacxptnaercx n +nnrpa]e: ...the painted veil which those who live,
call life. Anrop ne yxastnaercx. Hpenonaraercx, uro unrarenm snaxom coner Bennn, n on snaer, uro +ror
coner naunnaercx cnonamn: Lift not the painted veil which those who live call life. Cmtcn crnxornopennx n
rom, uro ro, uro nam xaxercx necrpo xaprnno xnsnn, na camom ene rontxo necrpoe n omannoe ee
noxptnano n ero nyume ne nonnmart, rax xax ncrnnnax xnsnt, xoropax npn +rom orxpoercx, crpamnax
esna crpaannx.
Bropax nnrara noana nnaue n pacxptnaer ne neno-]nnoco]cxym cyrt pomana, a nosnnxnonenne ero
cmxera. Hocne +nnrpa]a Mo+m nomemaer cnoe npencnonne, ro ecrt eme onn nn merarexcronoro
nxnmuennx, raxxe ]axyntrarnnnoro. C rouxn spennx nparmarnxn nnreprexcryantnocrn anropcxoe
npencnonne cnryannx nenocpecrnennoro npxmoro opamennx anropa cocrnenno nepcono x
unrarenm. uaxyntrarnnnocrt anropcxoro npencnonnx enaer ero ocoenno nn]opmarnnntm nnom
npxmo nnreparypno xommynnxannn. B +rom npencnonnn Mo+m noxcnxer renesnc cnoero nponsneennx,
nnox n nero anronorpa]nuecxn xomnonenr: n trnocrt ero n Hrannn yunrentnnna nrantxncxoro xstxa
nocxasana emy cmxer yymero pomana, xommenrnpyx xonen nxro Hecnn uncrnnnma n
Foxecrnenno Komenn anre. Hpencnonne n naunnaercx c +ro nropo nnrart n ee anrnncxoro
nepenoa. Bcero n nnrare 7 crnxon, npnneem xorx t uertpe:
Ricorditi di me, che son la Pia:
Siena mi fe; distecimi Maremna:
Salsi colui, che, inannellata pria
Disposando m'avea con la sua gemma.
Tt ncnomnn raxxe oo mne, o Hnn!
n Ctene xnsnt, n Mapemne cmeprt namna,
Kax snaer ror, xomy no nn tnte
, opyuaxct, pyxy orana.
B xommenrapnxx x nepenoy Hosnncxoro cxasano, uro Hnx ent Tonomen, poom ns Ctent, ntmna
samyx sa Henno ent Hanomecxn, xoropt ns pennocrn rano ynn ee n onom ns cnonx samxon n
Ctencxo Mapemne.
Hnrara ns anre nmnnnnnrno nnonr remy amntrepa n yncrna ns pennocrn, a +ra rema onpeenxer
cmxer.
Hnrara ns Foxecrnenno Komenn sacnyxnnaer ocooro nnnmannx n cama no cee, n xax
nornepxenne mtcnn Faxrnna, nocxontxy nropax crpouxa ncrpeuaercx xax nnrara n n nponsneennn T.C.
3nnora n 3spt Hayna. Hpn +rom nnrnponanne ee y 3nnora n Onycromenno semne sacnyxnnaer
nnnmannx xax npnmep ocooro nna nnreprexcryantnocrn, nastnaemoro pemnnncnennne.
Pemnnncnennnx onpeenxercx xax nocnponsneenne snaxomo ]pasono, opasno, nnn pnrmnxo-
cnnraxcnuecxo crpyxrypt ns pyroro nponsneennx. V 3nnora n ynomxnyro no+me n rnane Fire
Sermon coxpanena n opasnax, n pnrmnxo-cnnraxcnuecxax crpyxrypa: Highbury bore me, Richond and
Kew undid me. Hpnuem peut ner roxe o naennn xenmnnt, ro ecrt nmnnnnnpyercx nce ra xe rema.
3amernm nonyrno, uro mnorne nnrart ns Foxecrnenno Komenn crann xptnartmn cnonamn no mnornx
xstxax.
Cmxer pomana Hecrpoe noxptnano pasnopaunnaercx n Ionxonre. Xena yuenoro-nonora nsmenxer
myxy. Vsnan o +rom, myx pemaer exart n xauecrne npaua n onacnym +xcnennnm na +nnemnm xonept n
nacrannaer na rom, urot xena exana c nnm. unrarent moxer cpannnrt +ry ]opmy mecrn c mecrtm myxa
Hnn. Tparnuecxax pasnxsxa saxnmuaercx n rom, uro saonenaer xonepo n ymnpaer myx. H ryr noxnnxercx
40
eme ona rpertx nnrara. Xena ymonxer ymnpammero o npomennn. A on nononr nror cnoe rparenn
nnraro: The dog it was that died n ymnpaer. unrarent moxer n ne npnnomnnrt orxya +ro, anrop
npnxonr emy na nomomt: pyr noxonoro noxcnxer none, uro nnrara nsxra ns 3nernn na cmeprt
emeno coaxn Ioncmnra. B +nernn nonecrnyercx o rom, xax emenax coaxa noxycana uenonexa, no
uenonex ntsoponen, a coaxa ymepna. Ioptxax nponnx nepconaxa nanpannena npornn nero camoro.
Hnrara nmeer xapaxreponornuecxym n cmxernym (myx ne npomaer nsmeny) ]ynxnnm, ee ncrounnx
yxasan, n ona ne rpanc]opmnponana.
Ipannne xaxoro peuenoro ntcxastnannx, no Faxrnny, xnnxercx c m e n a p e u e n t x
c y e x r o n , ro ecrt cmena ronopxmnx. Paccmorpnm crynenn raxo cment. Xorx t ona crynent
oxsarentna n xaxo nnrare: ntcxastnanne nepenopyuaercx. B annom npnmepe cmena cyexron
npoxonr na +rana: Ioncmnra nnrnpyer ne cam Mo+m, a ero nepconax Bantrep.
Ononpemenno c xapaxreponornuecxo nnrara moxer nmert n xomnuecxym ]ynxnnm. Hmnmt repo
Byxaysa, cnmnarnunt cnercxn manona Bycrep, nce npemx ncrannxer n cnom peut nnrart ns nanonee
nsnecrntx anrnncxnx no+ron, cnntno nx nepennpax, a ero naxe, snamennrt xnns, nnocnr
neoxonmte nonpanxn n xomnerenrno yxastnaer ncrounnx.
Hnrara cnocona nepeanart ne onn-pyro ronoc, a nenoe mnoxecrno nx. Hpnuem xaxt ns ronocon
moxer cosanart cocrnennt xpyr acconnann. Honn]onnx moxer ocymecrnnxrtcx napannentntm
ncnontsonannem nnrar n +nnrpa]ax. Tax cxasart, nepexnnuxo +nnrpa]on. Tax, nanpnmep, xon uayns n
pomane Xenmnna ]pannyscxoro nerenanra npenoctnaer +nnrpa] xaxo rnane, nx nnora na n
ontme. 3nnrpa]t nepexnnxamrcx ne rontxo c coepxannem rnant, no n mexy coo, nsanmno
npornnonocrannxmrcx no xanpy ncrounnxa (no+rnuecxne, nayunte, nynnnncrnxa). Onn moryr no-
pasnomy nsanmoecrnonart, n rom uncne n nponnuecxn, c napparnnno uacrtm rnan*.
* Apuo.io H.B., irouoea H.B. Anropcxn xommenrapn n pomane x. uaynsa Xenmnna ]pannyscxoro nerenanra //
Hsn. AH CCCP. Cep. nnr. n xs. 1985. T. 44. - N 6. - C. 393-405.
nx roro urot nonnee noxasart nosmoxnocrn necxontxnx crynene n cmene cyexron ntcxastnannx,
oparnmcx x pomany upeepnxa uopcara Hct nont. Ocrpocmxernte nponsneennx +roro anropa
ouent nonynxpnt na 3anae, no noxa eme mano snaxomt pyccxomy unrarenm. <B npomnom roy ero
snamennrt poman o nontrxe noxymennx na renepana e Ionnx ent maxana tn onynnxonan n
xypnane Hpocrop, a n yymem roy n nsarentcrne Hporpecc onxen ntrn onoromnnx ero
nponsneenn.>
Poman Hct nont paccxastnaer o xomannpe naemnnxon nnocrpannoro nernona. B ntmtmnenno
a]pnxancxo crpane, oraro sanexamn nnarnnt, noanneno nannonantno-ocnoonrentnoe noccranne.
Cpaxanmncx na cropone +roro noccranmero napoa repo onxen exart. B pomane co cxpynynesno
rounocrtm onnctnamrcx nanmrnte n pyrne ]nnanconte onepannn enponecxo ma]nn, crpemxmecx
nanoxnrt nany na +ry crpany, xonrpaana opyxnx, neponxa naemnnxon, ecuncnennte onacnocrn,
xoroptm nonepraercx repo, nepnt ro cropone, sa xoropym cpaxancx. Poman xonuaercx noeo
narpnoron, no n camoyncrnom repox, xoropt snaer, uro on nensneunmo onen.
Hasnanne Hct nont ocrarouno +xcnpeccnnno n camo no cee. Mera]opa nmeer xnno eporarnnnt
xapaxrep. Ho sarnanne oxastnaercx nnrarntm, n n +nnrpa]e cnono npeocrannxercx Bexcnnpy: Ipxner:
Homat ner! H cnycrnr ncon nont. Vxe snaxn npennnannx noxastnamr, uro nneen eme onn ronoc.
ecrnnrentno, +ro orptnox ns mononora Anronnx ns rparenn Rnn Hesapt, opamennoro x rpyny
rontxo uro ynroro saronopmnxamn Hesapx. Anronn npecxastnaer yxact nont, no yx Hesapx yer
nstnart x ormmennm. Hrax, nonyuaercx nenouxa ns uertpex cyexron peun: uopcar, Bexcnnp,
Anronn, Hesapt. Cnona Homat ner npnnanexar Hesapm.
Hnrarnt +nnrpa] nomemen mexy sarnannem n rexcrom. Hoono nnnse n onrnxe, +nnrpa] enaer
ocrynntm spennm unrarenx ncropnuecxn ouent oranennym nn]opmannm. Cosaercx npenacrpoxa nx
nepoxrnocrnoro npornosnponannx, xoropax nomoraer nonxrt, uro rnannoe n pomane nona rpaxancxax,
uro ornercrnennocrt sa nee nexnr ne na nernonepax, n uro nepe namn neuro onee ceptesnoe, uem
erexrnnno-npnxnmuenuecxn poman. Ionoc Bexcnnpa nxnmuaer cytt repoen n omeuenoneuecxym
ncropnm.
Ho mnororonocne na +rom ne xonuaercx, nnrara nxnatnaercx n ycra nxroro cyexra. 3ry xe ]pasy
nponsnocnr npnmennrentno x yyme cyte repox pyxononrent nannonantno-ocnoonrentnoro
nnxennx renepan-nerp n noxcnxer, uro +ro cnona Bexcnnpa. Ha +ror pas ne rontxo yunrtnaercx ]axrop
apecara (pomant uopcara npenasnauent nx mnpoxo unrarentcxo aynropnn, n on ne moxer
41
nosnonnrt cee nactmart nx annmsnxmn, xax +ro enaer nnmymn nx +nnrt 3nnor). Anrop aer eme
ono noxcnenne nnrart, pacmnpxmme pamxn xyoxecrnennoro npemenn n npocrpancrna, ]nxcnpyer
nnnmanne na reme n npn +rom xapaxrepnsyer uepnoro noxx noccrannx xax uenonexa ntcoxo xyntrypt,
ro ecrt nnrara nmeer xapaxreponornuecxym, xanponym n nenym ]ynxnnn.
Mnororonocne ycnnnnaercx noxnnennem n pomane nroporo +nnrpa]a, xax t npornnonocrannennoro
nepnomy n nmemmero onee nnunocrnt ncnxonornuecxn xapaxrep. 3ror nropo +nnrpa] onontno
nnnnt orptnox ns sanemannx repox pomana Tomaca Xapn M+p Kecreppnxa. Iepo +roro pomana
Xenuap xonuaer cnom onnoxym n nm xe camnm pasnrym xnsnt n raxom oruaxnnn, uro axe ne xouer,
urot xro-nnyt npnmen npononrt ero n mornny n urot ero xoponnnn na xnanme. Poman Xapn
xonuaercx +rnm sanemannem, n orptnox ns nero oxastnaercx nroptm +nnrpa]om n pomane uopcara.
3nnrpa] aer nono unrarenm nopasmtmnxrt o cnxsn nnunocrntx cnocrn n connantntx ]axropon. 3rn
na pasntx no cmtcny n ncrounnxy +nnrpa]a cosamr no npnnnnny ononnnrentnocrn xax t na pasntx
yrna spennx, no xoroptmn moxno paccmarpnnart poman.
Hrax, nnreprexcryantnocrt cocronr n rom, uro menxmrcx cyexrt peun, a naroapx +romy
snaunrentno nontmaercx nmnnnxannonnt n moantnt norennnan rexcra n camt rexcr oxastnaercx
snenom n ome nenn xyntrypnoro omennx uenoneuecrna. Honyrno moxer menxrtcx n opamennocrt
ntcxastnannx, a +ro n cnom ouepet moxer trt cnxsano c +xcnpeccnnnocrtm peun. nx cnxsn c
apecarom n paccmorpenntx ntme cnyuaxx cymecrnenntm tno noxnmuenne uyxoro ronoca n cnntno
nosnnnn nauana pomana.
Hnreprexcryantnocrt recno cnxsana c n m n n n x a n n e n mnornmn pyrnmn xareropnxmn rexcra,
nanpnmep, c n a p o n n o c r t m xstxa c ]paseonorne n xptnartmn cnonamn. B xauecrne npnmepa
cnntno xonnenrpnponanno naponn n nnrannn npnneem neontmoe crnxornopenne Htna Hocena.
Paccmorpnm ne crpo]t ns ero crnxornopennx Mox xnnra.
B cryenym snmnmm nopy
(onaxt sa rpantm crpoxn)
Inxxy nonnmaercx n ropy
(cnycxaercx x pery pexn)
Vcranax xnsnn renera,
Hanonnennt xnopocrtm nos.
Herecxax nnnorexa,
Iorontcx x npnemy nceptes.
Hocen xanyercx unrarenm na ro, uro ero xnnra yer satra, n rpanc]opmnpyer npnntunoe xanyrt n
nery (Hera n rpeuecxo mn]onornx pexa sanennx, uepes xoropym n nosemnom napcrne
nepenpannxmrcx ymn ymepmnx). 3ect eme n annmsnx na pomennoe Haoxontm ntpaxenne Herecxax
nnnorexa n cmtcne satrtx, xanynmnx n Hery xnnr. Hparmarnuecxn xonrexcr onepnrentno ecet
c unrarenem nxnmuaer omne +nemenrt n cyexrnnntx moenxx mnpa. H Hocen, n ero unrarenn xopomo
nomnxr c ercrna crnxornopenne Hexpacona. Ero npnxonrcx nemnoro npeopasonart. Hocen onaxaer
npnem n n cxoxax sameuaer, uro cnono onaxt n crpoxy ne neser, uro renera xnsnn ne nonnmaercx
n ropy, a cnycxaercx x pery pexn Hert, uro nos nanonnen ne xnopocrom, a xnopocrtm. B nmnnnxannn
ocraercx pasronop c unrarenem, xoropt nenpemenno samernr, uro crnxornopenne Myxnuox c nororox
naunnaercx co cnona onaxt, n nepe xoroptm nao onpanartcx.
Macmrat nnreprexcryantnocrn moryr trt ouent pasnnuntmn n xoneartcx or pemnnncnennn,
annmsn n nnrar o nxnmuennx nenocrntx ontmnx rexcron n nne nponsneenn, npnnanexamnx nepy
nepconaxe nx nncem, nennnxon nnn nentx nanncanntx nmn pomanon.
Hoono romy, xax orentnte nnrart moryr nepeaxnenrnponartcx, snyuart nponnuecxn nnn
naponno, rax n n ontmnx nnrexcrax nosmoxnt snaunrentnte moantnte nepecrpoxn.
Knaccnuecxnm npnmepom raxoro nnrexcra, yxe neonoxparno rax nnn nnaue paccmarpnnanmnmcx n
xpnrnuecxo nnreparype, xnnxercx poman o crpaannxx Xpncra, ero eceax c Honrnem Hnnarom n ero
myuennuecxo cmeprn n pomanc M.A. Fynraxona Macrep n Maprapnra. Bcrannax npnpoa pomana
nocroxnno nouepxnnaercx. 3ro rexcr, ero unramr, nepenncrtnamr, nepennctnamr n r.. Hpncyrcrnne
rpertero ronoca nepnonauantnoro anropa nnn anropon enanrenncron ne nouepxnnaercx. Ho unrarenm-
ro +ro xopomo nsnecrno, anropcrno nmeer mnorocnont xapaxrep. He ronopx yxe o mnorouncnenntx
acconnannxx c Iere, anre, Io]manom, ocroencxnm, Ioronem.
42
C rouxn spennx crnnncrnxn moantnocrn sect nnrepecno ro, uro nce mocxoncxne cotrnx, onncanne
xoroptx ntnonneno or nnna camoro Fynraxona, ant xax ]anracrnuecxax txnonnaa: onncanne
racrpone carant n ero cnnrt n conpemenno Fynraxony +noxe, rporecxno-carnpnuecxoe onncanne
mocxoncxo ecrnnrentnocrn, n ro npemx xax cosannt ntmtmnenntm nepconaxem Macrepom poman
o cotrnxx 2000-nerne annocrn ntepxan n crporo peanncrnuecxo ncropnuecxo rounocrn. Poman
Macrepa n poman o Macrepe cosamr nesatnaemt xonrpacr moantnocre, npornnonocrannxx
esyxonno memancxo nomnocrn neunym ncrnny Xpncrnancrna.
Henosmoxno ne ynomxnyrt n cnxsn c +rnm o rom, uro n nnreparype cymecrnyer ouent mnoro
ananornuntx no cmxery nxnmuenn xpynnomacmranoro rexcra, r.e. rexcron na remy ecet Xpncra c
Hnnarom (Armaron Hnaxa; omponcxn uaxyntrer nenyxntx neme n p. Cm. o +rom: Ce+euoea
C. Opas Xpncra n conpemennom pomane // Hont mnp. 1989. N 11).
9. C1nnnc1nuecxan qynxnnn
Kax tno yxe noxasano, crnnncrnxa ncnontsyer annte nexcnxonornn, rpammarnxn, ]onernxn,
cemacnonornn, ]paseonornn n r.. Onaxo n ornnune or +rnx ncnnnnnn ona sannmaercx ne +nemenramn
xstxa xax raxontmn, a nx ntpasnrentntm norennnanom n xonrexcre nx c1nnnc1nuecxon qynxnnen.
Crnnncrnuecxax ]ynxnnx onpeenxercx xax ntpasnrentnt norennnan nsanmoecrnnx xstxontx
cpecrn n rexcre, oecneunnammn nepeauy napxy c npemerno-nornuecxnm coepxannem rexcra raxxe
sanoxenno n nem +xcnpeccnnno, +monnonantno, onenouno n +crernuecxo nn]opmannn. B ro npemx
xax yxasannte orpacnn nnnrnncrnxn nsyuamr ncm cncremy xstxontx cpecrn coornercrnymmero yponnx n
nenom, crnnncrnxa paccmarpnnaer nx +xcnpeccnnnte xauecrna, nx ]ynxnnonnponanne n nsanmoecrnne
npn nepeaue mtcnn n uyncrna n annom rexcre n, cneonarentno, nx pont n nenom nosecrnnn rexcra
na unrarenx. Hpn +rom nmeercx n nny nenocrnax nnunocrt unrarenx, a ne rontxo ero nornuecxoe
mtmnenne.
Moxer noxasartcx, uro cnono ]ynxnnx n nnnrnncrnxe mnorosnauno. Cp.: crnnncrnuecxax ]ynxnnx,
]ynxnnn xstxa, ]ynxnnonantnt crnnt. ecrnnrentno, pe]epennnonnax ornecennocrt +rnx
repmnnon pasnnuna. Ho eno sect n rom, uro ]ynxnnx cnono mnpoxoro snauennx, noneprammeecx
yrounennm n +rnx couerannxx. Hnnapnanrom ncex ero ynorpenenn xnnxercx nonxrne nasnauennx n
sanncnmocrn xapaxrepa ncnontsonannx roro nnn nnoro +nemenra n cncreme nenoro, r.e. nn1erpa1nnnme
o1nomennn.
Cpen mnoxecrna npenoxenntx onpeenenn nanonee yauntm npecrannxercx onpeenenne
anrnncxoro yuenoro M. Xonnnex, xoropt nonnmaer ]ynxnnm xax pont, xo1opym 1e nnn nnme
xnaccm cnon nmnonnnm1 n c1pyx1ype ennnn onee nmcoxoro yponnn*.
* Holliday M.A.K. Op. cit.
3ro ocrarouno mnpoxoe onpeenenne nosnonxer nxnmunrt nce ynomxnyrte ntme snauennx cnona
]ynxnnx, raxne, xax xommynnxarnnnax, xonraxroycranannnnammax, +mornnnax, nonmnrarnnnax,
anennxrnnnax n r.. uynxnnn xstxa, nnn cnnraxcnuecxax ]ynxnnx cnona nnn xnacca cnon n crpyxrype
cnnraxcnuecxoro nenoro, nnn opasno-xapaxreponornuecxax crnnncrnuecxax ]ynxnnx xaxo-nno
cnenn]nuecxo nexcnxn n peueno xapaxrepncrnxe nepconaxa roxe ne npornnopeuar raxomy
onpeenennm.
B maremarnuecxom nonnmannn qynxnnn ec1t sanncnuoc1t onnx nepeuennmx nennunn o1 pyrnx.
Taxo noxo roxe ne npornnopeunr ntmecxasannomy. B raxom nonnmannn crnnncrnuecxax ]ynxnnx
ecrt sanncnmocrt mexy nn]opmanne nroporo poa n crpyxrypntmn +nemenramn rexcra.
nx roro urot npecrannrt cee crnnncrnuecxym ]ynxnnm c +crernxo-]nnoco]cxo rouxn spennx,
nanomnnm, uro crnnt ne conoxynnocrt npnemon, a o1paaenne n coomennn nocnpnxrnx oxpyxamme
ecrnnrentnocrn, opasnoro nnennx mnpa n opasnoro mtmnennx, neorennmoro or +monnonantno
onenxn.
B annom naparpa]e paccmarpnnaercx rontxo crnnncrnuecxax ]ynxnnx, nosnnxammax na ocnone
xstxono crpyxrypt rexcra, re +nemenrt ncex yponne nsanmoecrnymr xax nycroponnne ennnnt,
nmemmne ]opmy n coepxanne. Paccmarpnnaemoe sect nonnmanne crnnncrnuecxo ]ynxnnn ntrexaer ns
npnnxroro n crnnncrnxe exonponannx nonnmannx crnnx xax ntpaxennx nn]opmannn nroporo nopxxa
(cm. c. 15). Fontmym pont n ocymecrnnennn crnnncrnuecxo ]ynxnnn nrpamr, coornercrnenno,
+monnonantnte, +xcnpeccnnnte (opasnte n ycnnnrentnte) n onenounte xonnorannn xstxontx ennnn.
43
Hcuepntnamme xnaccn]nxannn crnnncrnuecxnx ]ynxnn n nnreparype noxa ner; ontmnncrno
anropon pasnnuamr xapaxreponornuecxym, ecxpnnrnnnym, +mornnnym n onenounym ]ynxnnn.
Paccmarpnnax crnnncrnuecxym ]ynxnnm xstxontx cpecrn n nparmarnuecxom acnexre, mt yunrtnaem
+monnn n ornomennx, xoropte anrop nepeaer unrarenm, ntpaxenne ornomennx ronopxmero x
coomaemomy, x coecennxy, x cee camomy, x cnryannn n onenxy ocranonxn, r.e. nce ro, uro ornocnrcx
xo nropo uacrn nn]opmannn (cm. 1). Iamma uyncrn moxer trt ouent pasnoopasno: npespenne,
ynaxenne, nocxnmenne, neroonanne, paspaxenne n r.. n r.n. Ocranonxa omennx moxer
paccmarpnnartcx xax ropxecrnennax, nnrnmnax, o]nnnantnax n r.n. Anrop moxer nocnpnnnmart cex cam
n ntanart unrarenm xax nceneymero n nce nonnmammero nnn, nanpornn, paccxastnart rontxo ro, uro
on ecrnnrentno nnen, n nouepxnnart orpannuennocrt cnonx cneenn n r..
Oparnmcx x npnmepy n noxaxem crnnncrnuecxym ]ynxnnm cnnraxcnuecxnx xoncrpyxnn, xoropte
cnoe naxonnunocrtm, nnn, naoopor, pasnepnyrocrtm, nnn pyrnmn cnocrnamn cnxsant co crpoem
mtmnennx, orpaxenntm n nponsneennn, c xapaxrepom n ocoennocrxmn nocnpnxrnx nnna, or nmenn
xoroporo neercx nonecrnonanne, r.e. nmemr xapax1eponornuecxym qynxnnm. x. K+pn onnctnaer
conneunoe yrpo na Temse, xax ero nnnr repo crapt xyoxnnx Iannn xnmcon:
Sun all in a blaze. Lost its shape. Tide pouring up from London as bright as bottled ale. Full
of bubbles and every bubble flashing its own electric torch. Mist breaking into round fat shapes,
china white on Dresden blue. Dutch angels by Rubens della Robbia. Big one on top curled up
with her knees to her nose like the little marble woman Dobson did for Courtauld. A beauty.
Made me jump to think of it. You could have turned it round in your hand. Smooth and neat as a
cricket ball. A Classic Event.
(J. Gary. The Horse's Mouth)
O uem sect ronopnrcx? O yrpennem connne na Temso no npemx npnnnna n o onaxax n ronyom
nee. Ho ne rontxo o +rom. Orptnox sacrannxer unrarenx nocmorpert na Temsy n neo, n +ro yrpo
rnasamn xyoxnnxa, n mt moxem axe npecrannrt cee xapaxrep rnopuecrna +roro xyoxnnxa. Omee
nneuarnenne cosaercx orentntmn, xax yro ne cnxsanntmn masxamn, +neprnuntmn n pesxnmn.
Bocnpnxrne ouent cnoeopasnoe, nonnoe neoxnanntx, ouent xonxperntx n nposanuntx opason n ouent
nstcxanntx pemnnncnennn, pacxptnammnx rnyoxoe snaxomcrno c ncropne ncxyccrna. B +rom
opasnom nnyrpennem mononore xapaxrepncrnxa nepconaxa n ocoennocre ero nocnpnxrnx n
snaunrentno crenenn onnpaercx na crnnncrnuecxym ]ynxnnm cnnraxcnuecxnx xoncrpyxnn. Bo ncem
asane rontxo ono nonnoe npenoxenne: You could have turned it round in your hand. Bce ocrantnte
npenoxennx onococrannte nnn +nnnnrnuecxne n oxsarentno (c onnm rontxo ncxnmuennem: A beauty)
pacnpocrpanennte. Pacnpocrpanenne nosnonxer rouno xapaxrepnsonart ]opmy, nner nnn nrpy cnera n
nesaxe, xoroptm nmyercx xyoxnnx. On yxe mtcnenno noccosaer +ror nesax na nonorne. Fpocaercx
n rnasa onnne cpannenn.
Pasymeercx, crnnncrnuecxym ]ynxnnm sect ntnonnxer ne rontxo cnnraxcnc, no n mnoroe pyroe. B
nexcnuecxom nnane ormernm rontxo ony, no naxnym nexcnuecxym uepry anropcxn neonornsm Rubens
della Robbia, oennxmmn nmena ]namancxoro xyoxnnxa Pyenca n nrantxncxoro cxyntnropa Hyxn
enna Ponx n nouepxnnammn omym nx oonx nmont x nsopaxennm nyxnoro ercxoro rena, a rem
camtm n nyxnocrt onaxon.
Hpxmoro coornercrnnx mexy crnnncrnuecxnmn cpecrnamn, crnnncrnuecxnmn npnemamn n
paccmarpnnaemo sect crnnncrnuecxo ]ynxnne ne cymecrnyer, noromy uro crnnncrnuecxne cpecrna
neonosnaunt. Hnnepcnx, nanpnmep, n sanncnmocrn or xonrexcra n cnryannn moxer cosart na]oc n
npnnonxrocrt nnn, nanpornn, npnart nponnuecxoe, naponnoe snyuanne. Mnorocomsne, n sanncnmocrn
or xonrexcryantntx ycnonn, moxer cnyxnrt nx nornuecxoro ntenennx +nemenron ntcxastnannx, nx
cosannx nneuarnennx neroponnnnoro, pasmepennoro cxasa nnn, naoopor, nx nepeaun cepnn
nsnonnonanntx nonpocon, npenonoxenn n r.. Innepona moxer trt rparnuecxo n xomnuecxo,
narernuecxo n rporecxno.
Crnnncrnuecxo ]ynxnnn cnocrnennt nexoropte naxnte ocoennocrn.
Hepnax ocoennocrt crnnncrnuecxo ]ynxnnn, nasonem ee axxyuynnnnen, cocronr n rom, uro onn n
ror xe mornn, ono n ro xe nacrpoenne nnn uyncrno nepeamrcx, ecnn onn nmemr ontmoe snauenne nx
nenoro, napannentno necxontxnmn cpecrnamn. Taxax nstrounocrt ycnnnnaer n nanpannxer nnnmanne
44
unrarenx. Ona nastnaercx nmnnaenneu no 1nny xonneprennnn, n mt n antnemem ocranonnmcx na
ne nopono.
Bropax ocoennocrt crnnncrnuecxo ]ynxnnn cocronr n rom, uro, nocxontxy crnnncrnuecxax ]ynxnnx
moxer onnpartcx na xonnorannn, acconnannn n nmnnnxannonan cnon n ]opm, ona moxer npoxonrt n n
rexcrono nmnnnxannn n n norexcre.
Tpertx ocoennocrt cnoconoc1t x nppanannn cnocrno, oparnoe nepnomy: nnnnoe
ntcxastnanne moxer coepxart ono-na ntcoxnx cnona n snyuart nosntmenno n nenom, n, naoopor,
ono rpyoe nnn nyntrapnoe cnono moxer npnart nyntrapnocrt n pesxocrt ontmomy orpesxy rexcra.
nx roro urot noxasart nce +rn cnocrna crnnncrnuecxo ]ynxnnn na onom orptnxe, moxno
npnnecrn n xauecrne npnmepa 66-m crpo]y X necnn on Xyana x. Fapona, n xoropo no+r c ropeutm
ronopnr o anrnncxo ecrnnrentnocrn n o cnoem ornomennn x ponne.
I've no great cause to love that spot of earth,
Which holds what might have been the noblest nation:
But though I owe it little but my birth,
I feel a mixed regret and veneration
For its decaying fame and former worth.
Seven years (the usual term of transportation)
Of absence lay one's old resentments level,
When a man's country's going to the devil.
3aocrpennax pesxocrt anropcxoro cyxennx nepeaercx nyntrapntm ntpaxennem nrn x uepry. Xorx
+ro ntpaxenne cronr n xonne crpo]t, rpyocrt ero nppannpyercx na ncm crpo]y, npnanax ne rontxo
cnnxenno-pasronopnt, no n rpycrno-nponnuecxn orrenox ncemy ntcxastnannm.
Axxyuynnnnn, r.e. nstrounocrt, xax cnocrno crnnncrnuecxo ]ynxnnn npoxnnxercx sect n rom,
uro roptxo-capxacrnuecxoe ornomenne x ponne ntpaxeno naxt n napa]pasax: that spot of earth n a
man's country. Hmnnnnnrnocrt n norexcr sect raxxe npecrannent, nocxontxy no+r ne ronopnr npxmo o
cnoem nsrnannn n nnuno rparenn, a rontxo ynomnnaer crapte ont n cpox cctnxn.
Paccmarpnnax npnmenenne ]axron xstxa x xyoxecrnennomy saannm*, cneyer oparnrt nnnmanne
na xyoxecrnennoe ncnontsonanne ysyantntx crnnncrnuecxnx xonnorann, r.e. ornecennocrt nexcnxn x
romy nnn nnomy ]ynxnnonantnomy crnnm. Vsyantnax crnnncrnuecxax xonnorannx, xoropym raxxe
nastnamr crnnncrnuecxo oxpacxo, nosnnxaer n rex cnonax, xoropte nmemr rnnnunym nx nnx c]epy
ncnontsonannx c]epy, xoropax acconnnpyercx c nnmn n naxnatnaer na nnx cno orneuarox. Vsyantnax
crnnncrnuecxax xonnorannx sanncnr or n]]epennnannn xstxa na xstxonte nocncremt, nastnaemte
qynxnnonantnmun c1nnnun n cnennantnmun nosnsmxaun*. uynxnnonantno-crnnncrnuecxym
oxpacxy ne cneyer cmemnnart co crnnncrnuecxo ]ynxnne. Hepnax npnnanexnr xstxy, nropax
rexcry.
* Btpaxenne B.M. Xnpmyncxoro. Cm.: up+vucru B.M. Teopnx crnxa. H., 1975.- C. 434.
** O ]ynxnnonantntx crnnxx cm. rnany VII.
B cnonapxx ]ynxnnonantno-crnnncrnuecxax xonnorannx ncropnuecxax ornecennocrt cnon n
npnnanexnocrt x cnennantno repmnnonornn, rax xe xax xonnorannx +monnonantnax, yxastnaercx
cnennantntmn nomeramn: colloquial, poetical, slang; derogatory, facetious, ironical; archaic; aeronautics,
anatomy, architecture, astronomy n r..
B ornnune or crnnncrnuecxo xonnorannn crnnncrnuecxax ]ynxnnx nmeer ne ysyantnym, a
xonrexcryantnym npnpoy. Vuacrnymmne n ne crnnncrnuecxne cpecrna nomoramr unrarenm npannntno
paccrannrt axnenrt n ntennrt rnannoe, r.e. cnyxar samnro coomennx or ncxaxenn. Crnnncrnuecxax
]ynxnnx raxnm opasom oecneunnaer naexnocrt cnxsn, npenxrcrnyer nenpannntnomy nonnmannm.
Crnnncrnuecxym ]ynxnnm cnono c ysyantno crnnncrnuecxo oxpacxo nonyuaer npenmymecrnenno nne
ro c]ept, re ono otuno ynorpenxercx, ntenxxct na ]one pyro nexcnxn.
Knnnnnr, nanpnmep, mnpoxo ncnontsyer n cnonx annaax, nanncanntx or nnna yuacrnnxon cotrn
conar, marpocon npocropeune n mopcxym n noennym repmnnonornm. Crnnncrnuecxax ]ynxnnx +ro
nexcnxn xapaxreponornuecxax n onncarentnax:
Then a graybeard cleared us out, then the skipper laughed;
45
Boys, the wheel has gone to Hell rig the winches aft!
Yoke the kicking rudder-head get her under way!
So we steered her pully-haul, out across the Bay!
(R. Kipling. The Ballad of the Bolivar)*
* O xstxe Knnnnnra cm.: irouoea H.B. Anannrnuecxoe urenne (Anrnncxax no+snx XVIII-XX nexon). - H.. 1967, - C. 222-
233.
B Inmne Max 3npmca, cnoeopasno monnrne xopaentnoro mexannxa, coennent rpn nexcnuecxne
rpynnt: rpynna repmnnon nasnann uacre nnrarenx, rpynna cnon, npnnanexamnx nepxonnomy
noxaynxpy, n coornercrnymmne apxanuecxne rpammarnuecxne ]opmt n rpynna cnon n ]onernuecxnx
]opm npocropeunx:
Lord. Thou hast made this world below the shadow of a dream,
An', taught by time, I tak'it so-exceptin' always Steam.
From coupler-flange to spindle-guide, I see Thy Hand, O God
Predestination in the stride o'yon connectin'-rod.
(R. Kipling. McAndrew's Hymn)
3]]exr nonyuaercx xomnnexcnt: nonyrpamornt mexannx nponsnocnr cnoeopasnt rnmn cyonomy
nnrarenm, cnyxennm xoropomy nocnxmena ncx ero xnsnt.
Crnnncrnuecxym ]ynxnnm naxno raxxe orrpannunrt or crnnncrnuecxoro npnema. K crnnncrnuecxnm
npnemam, o xoroptx noer peut n cneymmem naparpa]e, mt yem ornocnrt crnnncrnuecxne ]nrypt n
rpont. Tponamn nastnamr ynorpenenne cnon nnn cnonocouerann n nepenocnom, opasnom cmtcne:
mera]opt, meronnmnn, cnnexoxn n r.n. B crapnnntx pnropnxax onn xnaccn]nnnponannct ouent
nopono, no n nacroxmee npemx erantnax xnaccn]nxannx ontmoro nnnmannx ne npnnnexaer.
Crnnncrnuecxnmn npnemamn xnnxmrcx raxxe cnnraxcnuecxne nnn crnnncrnuecxne ]nrypt,
ynennunnammne +monnonantnocrt n +xcnpeccnnnocrt ntcxastnannx sa cuer neotunoro
cnnraxcnuecxoro nocrpoennx: pasnte rnnt nonropon, nnnepcnx, napannennsm, rpaannx, mnorounennte
counnnrentnte enncrna, +nnnncnc, conocrannenne npornnononoxnocre n r.. Ocoym rpynny opasymr
]onernuecxne crnnncrnuecxne npnemt: annnrepannx, acconanc, onomaronex n pyrne npnemt snyxono
oprannsannn peun. Crnnncrnuecxn npnem orpannunnaercx onnm yponnem nnn, rounee, moxer
orpannunnartcx onnm yponnem, no yponnn +rn pasnnunt: rpont xapaxrepnt nx nexcnxn, ]nrypt nx
cnnraxcnca, nncrpymenronxa nx snyxonoro yponnx. Crnnncrnuecxax ]ynxnnx ornocnrcx x onee
ntcoxnm yponnxm, nanpnmep opasnomy, no cosaercx nsanmoecrnnem pasntx yponne.
B npnneennom nnxe npnmepe ns ntect Ioncmnra crnnncrnuecxax ]ynxnnx cocronr n rom, urot
oxapaxrepnsonart rxxecrt n rpynocrt oporn n ornomenne x ne nepconaxa, a crnnncrnuecxne npnemt
annnrepannx na ]onernuecxom yponne, naxonnenne onopontx unenon na cnnraxcnuecxom yponne n
naxonnenne ntpasnrentntx +nnreron nepeamr +ror cmtcn: It is a damned, long, dark, boggy, dirty,
dangerous way (O. Goldsmith. She Stoops to Conquer).
B saxnmuenne paccmorpennx crnnncrnuecxo ]ynxnnn samernm, uro, xorx nponema +ra sarparnnaercx
npaxrnuecxn n xaxom anannse rexcra, noromy uro nmenno crnnncrnuecxym ]ynxnnm nmeer n nny ror,
xro nannno saxnnxer anrop xouer cxasart nnn +ro cxasano c nentm noxasart, nayuno reopnn
crnnncrnuecxo ]ynxnnn noxa ne cymecrnyer n nponema eme xer cnoero nccneonarenx. Hauano
raxomy nccneonannm rontxo nonoxeno.
10. Bmpasn1entnme cpec1na nsmxa n c1nnnc1nuecxne npneum.
Hopua n o1xnonenne o1 nopum
Mnorne nonxrnx n repmnnt crnnncrnxn sanmcrnonant ns pnropnxn n mano nsmennnnct na nporxxennn
nexon. H nce xe mnennx o npemere, coepxannn n saauax crnnncrnxn, xax cnpanennno sameuaer R.M.
Cxpenen*, xpane pasnoopasnt n no mnornx cnyuaxx oxastnamrcx neconmecrnmtmn. Oxcnxercx +ro
oruacrn mnoroopasnem cnxse crnnncrnxn c pyrnmn uacrxmn ]nnonornn n pasnnunem ee nosmoxntx
npnmenenn, a raxxe nexoropo nnepnne, r.e. xnnyuecrtm ycrapentx npecrannenn.
* Crpeouee P.M. Vxas, cou. C. 3.
46
Ananns xstxa xyoxecrnenntx nponsneenn nsanna ocymecrnnxncx n o cnx nop eme nnora
ocymecrnnxercx c nopasenennem crnnncrnuecxnx cpecrn na nsopasnrentnte n ntpasnrentnte.
Hsopasn1entnmun cpec1naun xstxa npn +rom nastnamr nce nnt opasnoro ynorpenennx cnon,
cnonocouerann n ]onem, oennxx nce nnt nepenocntx nanmenonann omnm repmnnom rpont.
Hsopasnrentnte cpecrna cnyxar onncannm n xnnxmrcx no npenmymecrny nexcnuecxnmn. Cma nxoxr
raxne rnnt nepenocnoro ynorpenennx cnon n ntpaxenn, xax mera]opa, meronnmnx, rnnepona, nnrora,
nponnx, nepn]pas n r..
Bmpasn1entnme cpec1na, nnn qnrypm peun, ne cosamr opason, a nontmamr ntpasnrentnocrt
peun n ycnnnnamr ee +monnonantnocrt npn nomomn ocotx cnnraxcnuecxnx nocrpoenn: nnnepcnx,
pnropnuecxn nonpoc, napannentnte xoncrpyxnnn, xonrpacr n r..
Ha conpemennom +rane pasnnrnx crnnncrnxn +rn repmnnt coxpanxmrcx, no ocrnrnyrt nnnrnncrnxo
yponent nosnonxer art nm nonoe ncronxonanne. Hpexe ncero mnorne nccneonarenn ormeuamr, uro
nsopasnrentnte cpecrna moxno xapaxrepnsonart xax napanrmarnuecxne, nocxontxy onn ocnonant na
acconnannn ntpanntx anropom cnon n ntpaxenn c pyrnmn nnsxnmn nm no snauennm n noromy
norennnantno nosmoxntmn, no ne npecrannenntmn n rexcre cnonamn, no ornomennm x xoroptm nm
orano npenourenne.
Btpasnrentnte cpecrna xnnxmrcx ne napanrmarnuecxnmn, a cnnrarmarnuecxnmn, rax xax onn
ocnonant na nnnenom pacnonoxennn uacre n +]]exr nx sanncnr nmenno or pacnonoxennx.
enenne crnnncrnuecxnx cpecrn na ntpasnrentnte n nsopasnrentnte ycnonno, nocxontxy
nsopasnrentnte cpecrna, r.e. rpont, ntnonnxmr raxxe +xcnpeccnnnym ]ynxnnm, a ntpasnrentnte
cnnraxcnuecxne cpecrna moryr yuacrnonart n cosannn opasnocrn, n nsopaxennn.
Homnmo enennx na nsopasnrentnte n ntpasnrentnte cpecrna xstxa, onontno mnpoxoe
pacnpocrpanenne nmeer enenne na ntpasnrentnte cpecrna xstxa n crnnncrnuecxne npnemt c enennem
cpecrn xstxa na nerpantnte, ntpasnrentnte n cocrnenno crnnncrnuecxne, xoropte nasnant
npnemamn. Ho c1nnnc1nuecxnu npneuou H.P. Iantnepnn nonnmaer namepennoe n cosnarentnoe
ycnnenne xaxo-nno rnnnuecxo crpyxrypno n / nnn cemanrnuecxo ueprt xstxono ennnnt
(nerpantno nnn +xcnpeccnnno), ocrnrmee oomennx n rnnnsannn n cranmee raxnm opasom
nopoxamme moentm*. Hpn raxom noxoe ocnonntm n]]epennnantntm npnsnaxom cranonnrcx
namepennocrt nnn nenenanpannennocrt ynorpenennx roro nnn nnoro +nemenra, npornnonocrannxemax
ero cymecrnonannm n cncreme xstxa. nx crnnncrnxn exonponannx xax crnnncrnxn nnrepnperannn, a
ne nopoxennx rexcra raxoe nonnmanne ne noxonr, nocxontxy y unrarenx ner anntx nx roro, urot
onpeennrt, namepenno nnn nenamepenno (nnrynrnnno) ynorpenen ror nnn nno rpon. Emy naxno ne
nponnxnyrt n rnopuecxym naoparopnm nncarenx, xorx +ro n ouent nnrepecno, a nocnpnnxrt
+monnonantno-+crernuecxym xyoxecrnennym nn]opmannm, samernrt nosnnxnonenne nontx
xonrexcryantntx snauenn, nopoxaemtx nsanmooycnonnennocrtm +nemenron xyoxecrnennoro
nenoro. yman nn Fapon, uro nontsyercx pasnepnyro mera]opo, oxcmmoponom, anrnreso,
annnrepanne n mera]opo, xora nncan:
Society is now a polished horde,
Form'd of two mighty tribes, the Bores and Bored.
(G. Byron. Don Juan, C. XIII)
* Galperin I.R. Stylistics. M., 1977. P. 29-30.
H xax mt moxem na +rom ocnonannn ycranonnrt, uro sect npnem, a uro ntpasnrentnoe cpecrno?
Bmecre c rem nentsx ne npnsnart, uro n n cnone npnem n n cnone cpecrno ecrt cemanrnuecxn
xomnonenr nenenanpannennocrn, orcyrcrnymmn, nanpnmep, n repmnne rpon (rpeu. mponoc n ocnonnom
snauennn noeopom, n nepenocnom ooopom, oopas). Ho+romy n antnemem mt yem nontsonartcx
repmnnom npnem rontxo ycnonno, nmex n nny rnnnsnponannocrt roro nnn nnoro no+rnuecxoro
oopora, a ne ero nenenanpannennocrt.
Hapxy c xstxontmn nsopasnrentntmn n ntpasnrentntmn cpecrnamn cneyer eme ynomxnyrt
1eua1nuecxne c1nnnc1nuecxne cpec1na. Temo nastnaercx orpaxenne n nnreparypnom nponsneennn
ntpannoro yuacrxa ecrnnrentnocrn. Ionopnr nn anrop o nyremecrnnn n +xsornuecxne crpant nnn o
47
nporynxe no ocennemy necy, o ntmntx nnpax nnn ysnnxax nosementx ntop remt nepasptnno cnxsan
c xyoxecrnenno saaue, a cneonarentno, nmeer crnnncrnuecxym ]ynxnnm, xnnxercx cpecrnom
nosecrnnx na unrarenx n orpaxennem mnpononnmannx nncarenx. Kaxoe nnreparypnoe nanpannenne
oraer npenourenne onpeenennomy naopy rem. Cenrnmenrannsmy, nanpnmep, npncymn remt npnpot
n centcxo xnsnn, cmeprn n xnanma, ynnxennx cnatx n essamnrntx. Temt xommapon, esymnx,
nopountx nmonntx cnxse xapaxrepnt nx crnnx pomanon +xsncrennnanncron.
Btpasnrentnte n nsopasnrentnte cpecrna paccmarpnnamrcx n crnnncrnxe exonponannx rontxo n
cnxsn c xyoxecrnenntm nentm, xax ero neoremnemax uacrt. Kaxt +nemenr xyoxecrnennoro rexcra
cnona, snyxn cnon, nocrpoenne ]pas n r.. nosecrnyer na pasym n uyncrna unrarenx ne no
orentnocrn, ne n nsonxnnn, a n cnoe xonxperno ]ynxnnn, n cnxsn c xyoxecrnenntm nentm, nxnmuax
mnxpo- n maxpoxonrexcr. Hepeuncnenne coepxamnxcx n rexcre ntpasnrentntx n nsopasnrentntx
cpecrn n npnemon, xaxnm t ncuepntnammnm ono nn tno, crnnncrnuecxnm anannsom ne xnnxercx n
nnrepnperannn ne aer, ecnn ono ne cnyxnr enno nenn n ne noxastnaer cnxsn ]opmt n coepxannx n
nenocrnom rexcre. Onpeenenne n nepeuncnenne crnnncrnuecxnx cpecrn ocraercx nycro rparo
npemenn, ecnn ono ne cnyxnr pacxptrnm roro, xax +rn cpecrna ntpaxamr coepxanne.
B conpemenno nayxe nosnnx nont noxo x nonpocam rpaxronxn ntpasnrentntx cpecrn
xyoxecrnenno nnreparypt, onnpammncx na nonte npnnnnnt. erantnax xnaccn]nxannx camnx
cpecrn, paspaorannax na npemecrnymmnx +ranax pasnnrnx nayxn, npn +rom coxpanxercx, no sannmaer
ncnomorarentnoe, a ne rnannoe nonoxenne. Ocnonno crnnncrnuecxo onnosnnne cranonnrcx onnosnnnx
mexy nopmo n orxnonennem or nopmt nnn, nontsyxct repmnnom, npenoxenntm R.M. Cxpenentm,
mexy 1pannnonno oosnauammnu n cn1ya1nnno oosnauammnu.
3rn nonxrnx rpeymr cnennantntx noxcnenn, x xoroptm mt n nepexonm.
Vcranonnn n onpeenennn crnnncrnxn, uro ona sannmaercx +]]exrom ntopa n ncnontsonannx
xstxontx cpecrn n pasntx ycnonnxx omennx, mt rem camtm npenonoxnnn nosmoxnocrt raxoro
ntopa, r.e. cymecrnonannx cnnonnmnn, ncnecrnne xoropo nosmoxno pasntmn cpecrnamn nepeart
npnnnsnrentno ono n ro xe coomenne, npnuem oxastnaercx, uro nsmenenne n ntope cpecrn
ocoenno cnntno nosecrnyer na nn]opmannm nroporo poa. Hoonte nosmoxnocrn oycnonnent
pasno uacroro xstxontx ennnn, nx napnarnnnocrtm. Hanmennx noxastnamr, uro cnryarnnnax
samena rpannnonnoro oosnauennx na ero onee pexn +xnnnanenr aer nontmenne +xcnpeccnnnocrn.
Herpyno yenrtcx, uro nmo rpon mera]opa, meronnmnx, cnnexoxa, rnnepona, nponnx n r..
ocnonan nmenno na samene rpannnonno oosnauammero cnryarnnntm oosnauennem.
Hponema orxnonennx or nopmt xnnxercx onnm ns nenrpantntx nonpocon crnnncrnxn, no+rnxn,
pnropnxn, n mnenn no +romy nonpocy naxonnnoct nemano. Hepexo npnxonrcx cntmart n unrart, uro
crnnncrnuecxn +]]exr sanncnr npexe ncero or orxnonenn n uro camax cymnocrt xstxa no+snn
cocronr n napymennn nopm*.
* Cm., nanp.: Cohen J. Structure du langage poetique. Paris, 1966. P. 48. Cm. raxxe yxasannym ntme paory x. Hnua n
M. Bopra.
pyrne, nanpornn, yrnepxamr, uro +crernuecxoe nacnaxenne sanncnr or ynopxouennocrn n uro
cosart +crernuecxn +]]exr moryr n nponsneennx, nnmennte rponon n ]nryp peun, nanncannte no
npnnnnny an1onornn, r.e. ynorpenennx n no+rnuecxom rexcre cnon rontxo n nx npxmom snauennn, n uro
orcyrcrnne npnemon roxe cnoero poa npnem (mnnyc-npnem). Ho cymecrny xe ncrnna nexnr n
nanexrnuecxom enncrne +rnx nyx npornnononoxnocre. Orxnonennx or nopmt, naxannnnaxct, cosamr
nonym nopmy c npnpamennem snauennx n nsnecrnym ynopxouennocrt, n +ra nonax nopma moxer trt
nnont nsmenena n antnemem.
urot npecrannrt cee, xax +ro nponcxonr, nao paccmorpert nnnrnncrnuecxym n ncnxonornuecxym
cropont nponemt.
Hnnrnncrt ronopxr o rom, uro n xstxe ecrt nennunnt nocroxnnte n nepemennte. Hocroxnntmn
nennunnamn xnnxmrcx cocrannxmmne ocnony crpyxrypt xstxa n cymecrnymmne na ncex ero yponnxx
xecrxne npannna. Hx napymenne ne moxer cosart ononnnrentntx snauenn, ono cosaer rontxo
eccmtcnnny. Tax, nanpnmep, xecrxo saxpennen nopxox mop]em n cnone, n npe]nxc nentsx nepemecrnrt
ns nauana cnona n ero xonen. B conpemennom anrnncxom xstxe mecro aprnxnx no ornomennm x
onpeenxemomy nm cymecrnnrentnomy raxxe xoncranrno: aprnxnt oxsarentno npemecrnyer
cymecrnnrentnomy. nx ]onernuecxoro yponnx naxntmn xoncranramn xnnxercx naop nosnnn, n
xoroptx moryr nnn ne moryr ncrpeuartcx re nnn nnte ]onemt. Tax, nanpnmep, [] ne moxer croxrt n
48
nauane cnona.
C pyro cropont, cymecrnymr npannna, onycxammne naptnponanne, n naptnponanne nnocnr
ononnnrentnte snauennx. Cymecrnyer, nanpnmep, nopmantnt, rpannnonnt nopxox cneonannx
unenon npenoxennx, n anrnncxom xstxe cpannnrentno xecrxn; orxnonennx or +roro nopxxa rax
nastnaemax nnnepcnx amr snaunrentnt crnnncrnuecxn +]]exr, ntenxx n ycnnnnax re nnn nnte
cnona. Ho cymecrnyer n rpammarnuecxax nnnepcnx (nonpocnrentnax ]opma), xoropax +xcnpeccnnnocrtm
ne onaaer.
Onn ns nnon nnnepcnn nonyunn xapaxrep rpammarnuecxo nopmt, nepeanax snauenne
nonpocnrentnocrn, no +ra nopma moxer trt, n cnom ouepet, napymena: +xcnpeccnnnt nonpoc moxer
trt saan n c npxmtm nopxxom cnon. B antnemem nsnoxennn n pasene mop]onornuecxo
crnnncrnxn yer noxasano, xaxne orarte nosmoxnocrn cosannx n napymennx nopm aer cncrema
anrnncxnx mecronmenn.
Hanontmne nosmoxnocrn ntopa n naptnponannx aer nexcnxa. 3a rpannnonno oosnauammee sect
yono npnnxrt nno omnnanry coornercrnymmero cnnonnmnuecxoro pxa, nno nanonee nepoxrnoe n
annom xonrexcre cnono. 3amena nerpantnoro n uacroro cnona omnnanrt onnm ns ee onee pexnx
cnnonnmon crnnncrnuecxn penenanrna.
Orxnonennx or nopmt moryr nmert mecro na nmom yponne: rpa]nuecxom, ]onernuecxom,
nexcnuecxom, mop]onornuecxom, cnnraxcnuecxom, na yponne opason n cmxera n r..
B pyccxo nnnrnncrnxe yxe onee nnn menee saxpennncx repmnn 1pancnosnnnn, r.e. ynorpenenne
cnon n ]opm n neotuntx nx nnx rpammarnuecxnx snauennxx n / nnn c neotuno npemerno
ornecennocrtm. Btpaxaercx rpancnosnnnx n napymennn nanenrnocrntx cnxse, uro cosaer
ononnnrentnte xonnorannn onenounocrn, +monnonantnocrn, +xcnpeccnnnocrn nnn crnnncrnuecxo
ornecennocrn, a raxxe n cemanrnuecxom ocnoxnennn nexcnuecxoro snauennx. Cymecrnyer n pyro
repmnn nx +roro xe xnnennx rpauua1nuecxan ue1aqopa.
Fontmym cnooy ntopa nncarent nonyuaer n cmtcne oprannsannn rexcra sa npeenamn
npenoxennx: n cmtcne nocneonarentnocrn rexcra, pamountx xoncrpyxnn, napannentntx xoncrpyxnn
n r.n. Bce +ro nxonr n xomnerennnm crnnncrnxn.
Hrax, xonrpacr mexy rpannnonno oosnauammnm n cnryarnnno oosnauammnm ecrt xonrpacr mexy
npocremnm, nanonee uacrorntm, a cneonarentno, n nanonee nepoxrntm ynorpenennem xstxontx
+nemenron n rem, xoropoe ntpan n annom coomennn nncarent.
Crnnncrnuecxne cpecrna pasnoopasnt n mnorouncnennt, no n ocnone nx ncex nexnr ror xe
nnnrnncrnuecxn npnnnnn, na xoropom nocrpoen nect mexannsm xstxa: conocrannenne xnnenn n
ycranonnenne cxocrn n pasnnun mexy nnmn, xonrpacr n +xnnnanenrnocrt.
3xcnpeccnnnocrt peun moxer, nanpnmep, sanncert or conocrannennx (nocosnarentnoro) ocooro
pacnonoxennx cnon n pnropnuecxnx ]nrypax c nx pacnonoxennem, npeycmorpenntm nopmamn
cnnraxcnca, a noromy nanonee nepoxrntm*.
* Ananns mexannsma +xcnpeccnnnocrn nsnoxen Bapnem Fannn. Cm.: Bally Ch. Le langage et la vie. Genve Lille, 1952.
3ameuennoe mnornmn npecrannrenxmn pasnnuntx nnreparypno-xpnrnuecxnx mxon pacxoxenne
mexy cnryarnnno oosnauammnm n rpannnonno oosnauammnm tno npemerom mnorouncnenntx
ncxyccn n nonyunno ouent pasnte ncronxonannx n nasnannx, n rom uncne n raxne ronxonannx, c
xoroptmn mt nnxax ne moxem cornacnrtcx. Bmecre c rem +ror nyrt nccneonannx oemaer ontmne
nosmoxnocrn, n no+romy ro ocroxrentcrno, uro n npomnom on npnnonn x nexoroptm omnxam, ne
snaunr, uro or nero nao noome orxasartcx.
Ormernm nexoropte nexn n ncropnn +roro nonpoca.
B. Bxnoncxn paccmarpnnan +ro pacxoxenne xax ocnonno npnsnax ncxyccrna. On nncan: Hpnemom
ncxyccrna xnnxercx npnem ocrpanennx neme n npnem sarpynenno ]opmt, ynennunnammn rpynocrt n
onrory nocnpnxrnx, rax xax nocnpnnnmarentnt nponecc n ncxyccrne camonenen n onxen trt
nponen*. B cnoe onee nosne paore B. Bxnoncxn nnmer o +rom xe xnnennn, yxastnax, uro
xyoxecrnennt +]]exr ocrnraercx cpecrnom nsmenennx cnrnantno cncremt, rax cxasart,
ononnennx cnrnana, xoropt napymaer crepeornn n sacrannxer nanpxrartcx nx nocrnxennx nemn**.
* Lr.oecru B. Hcxyccrno xax npnem. B c.: Ho+rnxa. Hr., 1919. C. 105. Hnr. no xn.: Hom+au P.M. Hexnnn no
crpyxrypantno no+rnxe. Btn. 1. Tapry, 1964. C. 157 n c.: O reopnn npost. M., 1983.
** Lr.oecru B. Xyoxecrnennax nposa. Pasmtmnennx n pasopt. M., 1961. - C. 19.
49
Touxa spennx npaxcxo mxont onontno nopono nsnoxena H. onexenom. Hpn rpaxronxe +roro
xnnennx, xoropoe uexn nasnann repmnnamn axryannsannx n ntnnxenne, H. onexen ncxonr ns
roro, uro n no+rnuecxom xstxe nnnmanne onxno nanpannxrtcx na cam xstxono ]axr, xoropt raxnm
opasom axryannsnpyercx, n ornnune or xstxa xommynnxarnnnoro, ]opma xoroporo anromarnsnponana, a
nnnmanne nanpanneno na coepxanne, nepeammee nnexstxonym peantnocrt. H. onexen nouepxnnaer,
uro n no+rnuecxom xstxe cneyer oxnart ne rontxo axryannsannn. Hanpornn, n nem oxsarentno nmeercx
n anromarnsannx, n oe +rn renennnn naxoxrcx n cocroxnnn nanpxxennoro, xax on ronopnr, pannonecnx.
3rn ne npornnocroxmne pyr pyry cnnt cosamr nnamnuecxym crpyxrypy. Onn nemtcnnmt pyr es
pyra, no anromarnsnponannte (rpannnonnte) +nemenrt cosamr ]on nx ntnnxennx. B pasntx
nnreparypntx mxonax n n pasntx ]ynxnnonantntx crnnxx yentnt nec nx moxer trt pasnnuntm. Tax,
n xnaccnnnsme pont anromarnsnponanntx +nemenron snaunrentno ntme, uem n cnmnonnsme nnn
pomanrnsme.
H. Iapnnn nastnaer +ro xnnenne foregrounding, r.e. ntnnxenne na nepnt nnan*. Btnnxenne ne
osnauaer napymennx npannn xstxono cncremt, no napymaer npnntunym xstxonym nopmy. Ho+romy ero
yonee npecrannxrt n crarncrnuecxnx repmnnax uacrort. Tax, mera]opt npecrannxmr neotunoe,
pexoe coueranne cnon, anropcxn neonornsm cosaer pexoe coueranne mop]em, ncnontsyer pexym
moent cnonoopasonannx. Hnnepcnx aer neotunt nopxox cnon.
* Hnr. no: Milic L.T. Style and Stylistics. An Analytical Bibliography. N.Y. Ldn, 1967.
H. Mnnnx* nastnaer rem xe repmnnom ntnnxenne nnsxoe, no ne roxecrnennoe xnnenne, onee
ysxoe nonxrne, xoropoe raxxe nexnr n ocnone crnnncrnuecxo ]ynxnnn n xoropoe P. xocon nasnan
omanyrtm oxnannem.
* Ibid. P. 9.
O crarncrnuecxo npnpoe crnnncrnuecxo ]ynxnnn nncann mnorne, no nentsx satnart o rom, uro
nx crarncrnuecxoro nsyuennx xnnennx neoxonmt repmnnt nx cpannennx, a otunoe crarncrnuecxn
cpenee pacnpeenenne, xapaxrepnsymmee anromarnsnponannoe pacnpeenenne xstxontx +nemenron,
nsyueno eme ouent mano. onexen npenaraer nonyuart +rn cpenne nennunnt nx cpenero
xommynnxarnnnoro xstxa nyrem ntneennx cpennx nennunn ns crarncrnuecxo opaorxn rexcron
pasntx xanpon (no+snx, pamaryprnx, rasera, nonapennax xnnra, mpnnuecxn rexcr,
ecrecrnennonayunt rexcr). Moxno, onaxo, npenonarart, uro unrarent n nocosnannn nmeer onee
ronxym crarncrnuecxym moent.
R.M. Horman, ntenxx +ro xe xnnenne, aer emy nnoe oxcnenne; on nnmer, uro ncxyccrno, nx roro
urot oxastnart xyoxecrnennoe nosecrnne, onxno coornocnrtcx c ecrnnrentnocrtm, no ne trt
roxecrnenntm e, r.e. nx roro, urot cnonecnoe rnopuecrno nocnpnnnmanoct xax ncxyccrno, ono
onxno trt oreneno or npaxrnuecxo peun. Bce +nemenrt xyoxecrnennoro nponsneennx xnnxmrcx
cmtcnontmn +nemenramn. Bxox n cocran ero enno nenocrno crpyxrypt, +rn +nemenrt cnxsant
cnoxno cncremo nsanmoornomenn, conocrannenn n npornnonocrannenn, nenosmoxntx n otuno
xstxono xoncrpyxnnn, n +ro npnaer nm oanounoe nonoe snauenne*.
* Hom+au P.M. Hexnnn no crpyxrypantno no+rnxe. Btn. 1. Tapry, 1964.
Mt ne yem pasnpart xaxym ns npnneenntx rpaxronox axryannsannn n orentnocrn, rax xax
noponax xpnrnxa ornxna t y nac cnnmxom mnoro npemenn, a npocro noneem nrorn n npenoxnm
cnoe nonnmanne +roro nonpoca. 3acnyro nepeuncnenntx anropon xnnxercx ro, uro onn yxasann na +rn
xnnennx, xoropte ecrnnrentno cocrannxmr naxnemne ]axropt n xyoxecrnennom nosecrnnn
rexcra. Onaxo ncronxonanne nx onexenom, xoconom, Iapnnnom n n nepno nnrare Bxnoncxnm
npornnopeunr onncanntm nmn xe ]axram n neer x pasptny mexy ]opmo n coepxannem. Hnxax
nentsx cornacnrtcx c rem, uro na nepnt nnan, raxnm opasom, ntnnraercx ]opma nponsneennx, a ne
coepxanne.
Oparnmcx renept x ncnxonornuecxo cropone nonpoca o nocnpnxrnn orxnonennx or nopmt, a nmenno
x conpemenntm anntm o nepoxrnocrnom npornosnponannn. Ho nepoxrnocrntm npornosnponannem
nonnmaercx cnoconocrt uenonexa ncnontsonart nmemmymcx n ero npomnom ontre nn]opmannm nx
npornosa nepoxrnocrn nacrynnennx rex nnn nntx cotrn n nmemmecx nnn npecroxme cnryannn.
Hpomnt ontr nnnnna coepxnr ne rontxo cneennx o npomntx cotrnxx, no n npecrannennx o
uacrorax, c xoroptmn +rn cotrnx n nx xomnnannn nponcxonnn n nonropxnnct. Bcem snaxomoe
50
omymenne oxnannx pn]mt ecrt ne uro nnoe, xax cnoxnax npenacrpoxa, re nepoxrnocrnt npornos
ocnonan na nnrynrnnnom snannn saxonon crnxocnoxennx*. Hs reopnn nn]opmannn nsnecrno, uro
coomenne, rexcr n peut moxno paccmarpnnart xax nepoxrnocrnt nponecc, ocnonnte saxonomepnocrn
xoroporo onnctnamrcx pacnpeenennem nepoxrnocre ero +nemenron: rpa]nuecxnx, ]onernuecxnx,
nexcnuecxnx, cnnraxcnuecxnx crpyxryp, rem n r.. n nx xomnnann. Ecrecrnenno npenonoxnrt, uro
nocnpnxrne unrarenem rexcra n ero exonponanne onnpaercx na nepoxrnocrnoe npornosnponanne. 3ra
rnnoresa tna nponepena +xcnepnmenrantno P.M. upymxnno. Pesyntrart +xcnepnmenron noxasann, uro
uenonex pasnnuaer nepoxrnocrn +nemenron nnctmennoro rexcra (nccneonancx yponent cnon).
Vcrounnocrt pesyntraron, nonyuenntx nyrem npnmenennx pasnnuntx +xcnepnmenrantntx meronx,
nosnonxer cunrart, uro cyexrnnnte onenxn uacror pasnnuntx +nemenron rexcra, nonyuennte
ncnxomerpnuecxnmn meroamn, nacrontxo naexnt, uro moryr trt ncnontsonant n pasnnuntx
nnnrnncrnuecxnx saauax nmecro oexrnnntx onenox uacror, nonyuaemtx nyrem rpyoemxnx nocueron
no rexcram**.
* 4pv+ruua P.M. Bepoxrnocrt +nemenron rexcra n peuenoe noneenne. - M., 1971. -C. 3.
** 4pv+ruua P.M. Vxas. cou. C. 3.
Hrax, mt moxem trt ynepent, uro n pacnopxxennn unrarenx ecrt nexoropax nepoxrnocrnax moent
xstxa, xoropax aer emy npecrannenne o nexoropo cpene nopme nx annoro rnna rexcra n nosnonxer
samernrt orxnonennx or nee. Hocxontxy npn orxnonennn or nopmt nponecc nonnmannx necxontxo
samenxercx, orxnonenne oxastnaercx samerntm. Ho+romy unrarent ecrnnrentno moxer nocnpnnnmart
crnnncrnuecxn +]]exr xax ornomenne mexy +nemenrom nnn xomnnannxmn +nemenron, xoropte
xnnxmrcx nx anno cnryannn nanonee otuntmn, n rem orxnonennem or nopmt, xoropoe on moxer
samernrt n rexcre.
C rouxn spennx nponecca xommynnxannn sect moxno ronopnrt o nsmenennn xoa, oycnonnennom
xapaxrepom n saauamn coomennx, nocxontxy xo cncrema aanrnnnax. Coomenne nosecrnyer na
xo, n or +roro xo ne nepecraer trt xoom, a coomenne coomennem. Ho xoy npnaercx
nomexoycrounnocrt, n coomenne oxastnaercx samnmenntm or ncxaxennx npn exonponannn. Cneyer
nouepxnyrt, uro orxnonennx or nopmt ne xnnxmrcx nnonne cnoontmn: na nnx oxsarentno
naxnatnamrcx nexoropte orpannuennx; n sanperax roxe moxno onapyxnrt cncremy, npncyrcrnne
xoropo neoxonmo, urot coomenne tno nonxrntm.
Honox nrorn, moxno cxasart cneymmee: nponema ornomennx nopma : : orxnonenne or nopmt
pemaercx crnnncrnxo exonponannx xax nsmenenne xoa no ecrnnem coomennx n ]opme
uacrnunoro napymennx nanoxenntx na xo orpannuenn, uro nosnonxer nepeart crnnncrnuecxym
nn]opmannm, r.e. xonnorannn n nepapxnm cmtcnon. unrarent moxer npannntno onennrt noonte
napymennx nopmt, nocxontxy xaxt nnaemmn xstxom nnaeer n ero nepoxrnocrntmn
saxonomepnocrxmn. Hccneonanne rnnonornn xonnuecrnenntx n xauecrnenntx orxnonenn noxastnaer,
uro +rn orxnonennx moryr nmert mecro ne rontxo na neontmnx orpesxax, xax +ro, nanpnmep, otuno
nponcxonr n cnyuae rponon, no n oxnartnart rexcr n nenom nnn ontmne uacrn ero, oecneunnax ero
cnxsnocrt n crpyxrypno-cmtcnonym saxonuennocrt, r.e. oecneunnax enncrno ]opmt n coepxannx na
yponne rexcra. nx +rnx rnnon xonrexcrno oprannsannn mt npnmem repmnn ntnnxenne.
11. Tnnm nmnnaennn
He rontxo nx crnnncrnxn, no n nx nce conpemenno nayxn n nenom xapaxrepen cncremnt noxo,
r.e. nccneonanne ne orentntx +nemenron, n axe ne nsanmocnxsn +nemenron, a nentx cnoxntx cncrem
nsanmocnxsanntx n nsanmooycnonnenntx +nemenron, opasymmnx nnyrpenne oprannsonannte cnoxnte
enncrna. Hpnmennrentno x crnnncrnxe +ro osnauaer, uro oexrom nccneonannx cranonnrcx nenocrnt
cnxsnt rexcr (cm. 6).
Hsyuax xyoxecrnennte rexcrt, nenosmoxno orpannunrtcx nenrn]nxanne n noxcnennem
orentnoro crnnncrnuecxoro npnema nnn rontxo ono xaxo-nnyt ero ocoennocrtm nnn ]ynxnne,
neoxonmo paccmorpert nce nponsneenne n nenom nnn orentnte saxonuennte ero orptnxn rax, urot
oxnarnrt ntpaxennte n nnx nen, mtcnn n uyncrna. Cnoxnax crpyxrypa coepxannx rpeyer n cnoxno
cncremt ntpaxennx n nepeaercx ne orentntmn +nemenramn, a nx nsanmoecrnnem n coomennn n
nenom. Cmtcn coomennx, noono cmtcny nnomt, ne ecrt npocrax cymma cmtcnon ero uacre. 3ro
ocoenno cnpanennno n ornomennn +monnonantnoro nacrpox nponsneennx ncxyccrna. Ho xanany
51
nnreparypt nepeamrcx unrarenm nnxymne mornnt mtcnn, yxonnte norpenocrn, xoropte
nanpannxmr exrentnocrt unrarenx*.
* Cm. o +rom: Bieomcru H.C. Hcnxonornx ncxyccrna. M., 1968.
Conoxynnocrt ntpasnrentntx n nsopasnrentntx cpecrn, nnn pnropnuecxnx ]nryp n crnnncrnuecxnx
npnemon, nsyuanact co npemen Apncrorenx. Hpnsnanne crnnncrnuecxnx npnemon sa ntcmn yponent
ronxonannx rexcra oropaxaer nosnanne no rnny paccmorpennx orentntx +nemenron. 3ro, rax cxasart,
npecrpyxrypnt n ocncremnt yponent anannsa. Hpn onncannn rexcra xax nenocrno ennnnt
neoxonmt npnnnnnt onee mnpoxoro oxnara.
B xauecrne raxnx npnnnnnon crnnncrnxa exonponannx npenaraer npnnnnnt ntnnxennx. Ho
orentnocrn n nesanncnmo pyr or pyra onn paspaartnannct mnornmn anropamn, no n crnnncrnxe
exonponannx onn npnneent n cncremy n oennent xax ocot yponent, onee ntcoxn, uem
yponent crnnncrnuecxnx npnemon. Mt nnnm n +rom xnnennn ]opmantnoe nouepxnnanne rnannoro n
coepxannn.
Ho nmnnaenneu n antnemem nonnmamrcx cnocot ]opmantno oprannsannn rexcra,
]oxycnpymmne nnnmanne unrarenx na onpeenenntx +nemenrax coomennx n ycranannnnammne
cemanrnuecxn penenanrnte ornomennx mexy +nemenramn onoro nnn uame pasntx yponne.
Omne ]ynxnnn rnnon ntnnxennx cocroxr n cneymmem:
1. Onn ycranannnnamr nepapxnm snauenn n +nemenron nnyrpn rexcra, r.e. ntnnramr na nepnt
nnan ocoenno naxnte uacrn coomennx.
2. Onn oecneunnamr cnxsnocrt n nenocrnocrt rexcra n n ro xe npemx cermenrnpymr rexcr, enax
ero onee yontm nx nocnpnxrnx, n ycranannnnamr cnxsn mexy uacrxmn rexcra n mexy
nentm rexcrom n ero orentntmn cocrannxmmnmn.
3. 3amnmamr coomenne or nomex n oneruamr exonponanne, cosanax raxym ynopxouennocrt
nn]opmannn, naroapx xoropo unrarent cmoxer pacmn]ponart panee nensnecrnte emy
+nemenrt xoa.
4. Btnnxenne opasyer +crernuecxn xonrexcr n ntnonnxer nent px cmtcnontx ]ynxnn,
ono ns xoroptx, n ononnenne x yxe nepeuncnenntm, xnnxercx +xcnpeccnnnocrt.
Ho +xcnpeccnnnoc1tm mt nonnmaem raxoe cnocrno rexcra nnn uacrn rexcra, xoropoe nepeaer
cmtcn c ynennuenno nnrencnnnocrtm n nmeer cnonm pesyntrarom +monnonantnoe nnn nornuecxoe
ycnnenne, xoropoe moxer trt nnn ne trt opasntm.
3nauenne ntnnxennx n nnane ycranonnennx nepapxnn cmtcnon craner nonxrntm, ecnn yuecrt, uro
ncxxoe xyoxecrnennoe nponsneenne onaaer ne onnm, a mnoxecrnom cmtcnon. Pasnte nmn, n
sanncnmocrn or cnoero xnsnennoro, unrarentcxoro n connantnoro ontra, moryr nocnpnnxrt onn n ror
xe rexcr no-pasnomy. Onaxo mnoxecrnennocrt nosmoxntx ronxonann ne nmeer nnuero omero c
nponsnontnocrtm. Ona ne esrpannuna n onycrnma nnmt n nsnecrntx npeenax. Hpeent napnarnnnocrn
sanncxr or nnnapnanrntx cmtcnon nce crpyxrypt n ee +nemenron n nx nsanmoecrnnn, nocnenee
enaercx onee +xcnnnnnrntm naroapx pasntm rnnam ntnnxennx. 3a +rnmn npeenamn nonyuaercx
yxe ne nnrepnperannx rexcra, a ero neonycrnmoe ncxaxenne. Hapymenne nepapxnn cmtcnon ncxaxaer
coomenne ne mentme, uem nomena onoro cmtcna pyrnm.
Hepapxnm moxno paccmarpnnart xax ony ns ]opm ynopxouennocrn rexcra. Vnopxouennocrt rexcra
ne rontxo noxastnaer nepapxnm, ona cosaer +crernuecxn +]]exr, oneruaer nocnpnxrne n
sanomnnanne, cnococrnyer nomexoycrounnocrn n +]]exrnnnocrn cnxsn, r.e. nepeaue maxcnmyma
cnrnana n mnnnmym npemenn.
Inanntmn n nanonee nsyuenntmn rnnamn ntnnxennx xnnxmrcx cnennenne, xonneprennnx n
omanyroe oxnanne. 3ror nepeuent ne xnnxercx ncuepntnammnm, n antnemem on yer nononnxrtcx.
Hoposnt onn tnn onncant pasntmn anropamn: cnennenne C. Hennntm, xonneprennnx M.
Pn]]arepom, omanyroe oxnanne P. xoconom n pyrnmn. 3aaua cocronr renept n rom, urot
npnnecrn nx n cncremy.
Paccmorpnm nexoropte ns +rnx npnnnnnon onee erantno.
Konneprennnen nastnaercx cxoxenne n onom mecre nyuxa crnnncrnuecxnx npnemon, yuacrnymmnx
n enno crnnncrnuecxo ]ynxnnn. Bsanmoecrnyx, crnnncrnuecxne npnemt orrenxmr, ntcneunnamr
pyr pyra, n nepeanaemt nmn cnrnan ne moxer nporn nesameuenntm. Konneprennnx, raxnm opasom,
oxastnaercx onnm ns naxntx cpecrn oecneuennx nomexoycrounnocrn. Tepmnn n nonxrne
xonneprennnn nneent M. Pn]]arepom*. Emy xe npnnanexnr n nnnmcrpannx +roro xnnennx
52
cneymmnm npnmepom ns pomana I. Mennnna Mon nx: And heaved and heaved, still unrestingly heaved
the black sea, as if its vast tides were a conscience.
* Riffaterre M. Criteria for Style Analysis // Word. V. 15. N 1. April, 1959.
Ho+rnuecxoe npecrannenne o nonnax, omymenne nonn cosaercx xomnnexcom cpecrn, naxoxmnxcx n
cnoxnom nsanmoecrnnn pyr c pyrom. nnxenne nonn nepeaer camt pnrm ]past. 3ror pnrm
cosaercx nonropom n nnnepcne rnarona n noepxnnaercx mnorocomsnem (and ... and). Inaron heave
nmemaer ontmo sapx ntpasnrentnocrn n opasnocrn n acconnnpyercx c rxxentm txannem. Ouent
ntpasnrentnt nce +nnrert, pncymmne rposnoe, rpenoxnoe mope, cpen nnx ntenxercx anropcxn
neonornsm unrestingly. Haxonen, ro xe nenn nsopaxennx nonn cnyxnr n neotunoe oparnoe
cpannenne: opas rpomantx nonn cosaercx uepes acrpaxrnoe nonxrne conecrt (npnntunax ]opma
opasnocrn nsopaxenne acrpaxrntx nonxrn uepes xonxpernte). B ocymecrnnennn enno
crnnncrnuecxo ]ynxnnn onncannx nonn sect yuacrnymr cpecrna pasntx yponne: nornuecxne,
cnnraxcnuecxne, ]onernuecxne.
B annom cnyuae xonneprennnx cosaercx nentm naopom crnnncrnuecxnx npnemon: 1. Hnnepcnx c
anexo orrxnyrtm or nauana nonexamnm. 2. Honrop. 3. Mnorocomsne (and ... and). 4. Pnrmnunocrt. 5.
Anropcxn neonornsm unrestingly. 6. 3xcnpeccnnnt +nnrer vast. 7. Heotunoe cpannenne, npn xoropom
ne acrpaxrnoe cnono noxcnxercx xonxperntm, a naoopor xonxpernoe acrpaxrntm: tides
conscience. B conoxynnocrn nce +rn npnemt cosamr nneuarnenne nonn. unrarent omymaer nx nourn
]nsnuecxn*.
* 3ra xonneprennnx paccmarpnnaercx n crartxx M. Pn]]arepa n P.A. Knceneno, a raxxe n crarte: Fowler R. Linguistic
Theory and the Study of Literature. In: Essays on Style and Language / Ed. by R. Fowler. Ldn, 1966.
Cocrannxmmne xonneprennnn moryr trt ouent pasnoopasntmn. B nsnecrnom pomane x. K+pn
Inasamn xyoxnnxa repo rax conocrannxer pont, xoropym ctrpann n ero xnsnn xena Posn n
nmonnnna Capa: Sara was a menace and a tonic, my best enemy; Rozzie was a disease, my worst friend (J.
Gary. The Horse 's Mouth).
Konneprennnx opasonana napannentntmn xoncrpyxnnxmn, anrnreso enemy friend, worst best,
anronnmnuntmn mera]opamn tonic disease. Konneprennnx ocoenno samerna naroapx napymennm
otuno coueraemocrn: nmecro best friend, worst enemy mt unraem best enemy, worst friend. Taxax
napaoxcantnax coueraemocrt ne ocrpoymnoe yxpamenne, a cpecrno pacxptrt rnyoxym
npornnopeunnocrt ornomenn n +rom rpeyrontnnxe.
Konneprennnn ocoenno ntpasnrentnt, ecnn onn cocpeorouent na xoporxnx orpesxax rexcra.
Bocxnnnanne Xorcnepa n ntece Bexcnnpa Ienpnx IV (u. I, axr IV, cn. II) ornnuaercx ontmo
ntpasnrentnocrtm. Xorcnep soner coparnnxon n o. B nocxnnnannn ncero cemt cnon, no onn opasymr n
nonrop, n annnrepannm, n oxcmmopon, n pnrm: Doomsday is near; die all, die merrily.
Konneprennnn nnrepecnt ne rontxo rem, uro ntenxmr nanonee naxnoe n rexcre, no n rem, uro na
ocnone oparno cnxsn moryr cnyxnrt xpnrepnem nannunx crnnncrnuecxo snaunmocrn y rex nnn nntx
+nemenron rexcra. 3. upe nnrepecno noxasan, uro, xora nnreparyponet nnn xpnrnxn nnrnpymr
nponsneennx, onn npenounramr nx nnrar nmenno orptnxn c xonneprennnxmn*. On raxxe cnpanennno
ormeuaer, uro conocrannenne nepenoon moxer cnyxnrt oexrnnntm npnsnaxom nannunx xonneprennnn,
rax xax nmenno n mecrax xonneprennnn onapyxnnamrcx nanontmne pacxoxennx nepenoa n
nonnnnnxa.
* Frey E, Franz Kafkas Erzhlstil. Eine Demonstration neuer stilanalytischer Methoden an Kafkas Erzhlung Ein
Hungerknstler. Bern, 1970.
3amnra coomennx or nomex npn xonneprennnn ocnonana na xnnennn nstrounocrn. Hsm1ounoc1tm
nastnaercx nennunna, xapaxrepnsymmax npecrannenne coomennx ontmnm uncnom snaxon, uem +ro
tno t neoxonmo npn orcyrcrnnn nomex. Bce ecrecrnennte xstxn onaamr nexoropo
nstrounocrtm (ona ocrnraer 50% n onee), no n xyoxecrnennom rexcre, nomnmo nstrounocrn,
xoropax xnnxercx nensexno no ncxxom coomennn, oannxercx eme nstrounocrt, nontmammax
+xcnpeccnnnocrt, +monnonantnocrt n +crernuecxoe nneuarnenne, cosanaemoe rexcrom.
Hstrounocrt npnnonr x romy, uro xaxt nocneymmn +nemenr rexcra moxer trt n nsnecrno
crenenn npecxasan na ocnone npemecrnymmnx, naroapx nsanmocnxsn c nnmn, a raxxe naroapx
nanoxenntm na nnx orpannuennxm n romy, uro coomenne, nomnmo nontx anntx, noaer n mnoroe,
apecary yxe nsnecrnoe. Tepmnn nstrounocrt moxer nnecrn n sanyxenne, nocxontxy
53
npnnararentnoe nstrount cnnonnmnuno cnony nnmnn, rax uro cnono xax yro t coepxnr
orpnnarentnym onenxy. B ecrnnrentnocrn, nstrounocrt, o xoropo ner peut, moxer trt nonesno,
nocxontxy ona cnococrnyer +xcnpeccnnnocrn n nomexoycrounnocrn, xorx n npnnonr x ymentmennm
cxopocrn nepeaun nn]opmannn. Kpome roro, cneyer ncnomnnrt, uro nn]opmannx cnxsana c orpaxennem,
a orpaxenne moxer trt xax xaornuntm, rax n ynopxouenntm. B xyoxecrnennom rexcre orpaxenne
ynopxoueno, npnuem raxne nnt ntnnxennx, xax cnennenne, nonrop n xonneprennnx, nrpamr n +ro
ynopxouennocrn naxnym pont. Vnopxouennocrt rexcra, xax yxe ynomxnyro ntme, oneruaer ne rontxo
noannenne nomex, no n oraxy npn nenonnocrtm nsnecrntx xoax*.
* Cm.: Io.io+au C. Teopnx nn]opmannn. M., 1957. C. 339340.
Btme paccmarpnnanoct ntnnxenne no rnny xonneprennnn, ocnonannoe na nstrounocrn na
crnnncrnuecxom yponne. Tenept yer ano onncanne pyroro naxnoro rnna ntnnxennx,
oecneunnammero enncrno no+rnuecxo crpyxrypt, ocnonannoro na ynopxouennocrn n oneruammero
exonponanne n sanomnnanne. 3ro xnnenne oosnauaercx repmnnom cnennenne.
Honxrne n repmnn cnennenne (coupling) tno npenoxeno C. Hennntm n paspaorano nm nx
no+snn*.
* Levin S. Linguistic Structures in Poetry. Mouton, 1962. P. 9, 3041, 49-50.
Cnennenneu mt yem nastnart noxnnenne cxontx +nemenron n cxontx nosnnnxx, coomammee
nenocrnocrt rexcry. Fontmoe snauenne +roro nonxrnx cocronr n rom, uro ono nomoraer pacxptrt
xapaxrep n cyrt enncrna ]opmt n coepxannx n xyoxecrnennom nponsneennn n nenom, nepexox or
exonponannx na yponne snauennx orentntx ]opm x pacxptrnm crpyxrypt n cmtcna nenoro, onycxax
oomenne ontmnx cermenron nenoro.
Cnennenne npoxnnxercx na nmtx yponnxx n na pasntx no nennunne orpesxax rexcra. Cxocrno
+nemenron n napanrmarnxe moxer trt ]onernuecxnm, crpyxrypntm nnn cemanrnuecxnm. Cxocrno
nosnnn xareropnx cnnrarmarnuecxax n moxer nmert cnnraxcnuecxym npnpoy nnn ocnontnartcx na
mecre +nemenra n peueno nenn nnn n crpyxrype crnxa.
B 7, nnrepnpernpyx coner LXVI Bexcnnpa, mt nnenn, xaxym ontmym pont n xomnosnnnn ncero
conera n ycranonnennn ero rnanno nen nrpaer ana]opnuecxn nonrop comsa and n cneymme sa nnm
crpyxrypt.
B cnonax Orenno I kissed thee ere I killed thee cnennenne ocymecrnneno cnmmerpnuntm pacnonoxennem
napannentntx xoncrpyxnn, roxecrnennocrtm cnon n nosnnnxx nonexamero n npxmoro ononnennx,
roxecrnom rpammarnuecxo ]opmt, ]onernuecxnm cxocrnom, rpa]nuecxnm cxocrnom n
anronnmnunocrtm cosammnx anrnresy rnaronon.
nx nnnmcrpannn cnennennx C. Hennn npnnonr orptnox ns nocnannx A. Hona x. Kpercy, n xoropom
nocnenamrcx ocronncrna Kperca:
A Soul as full of Worth as void of Pride
Which nothing seeks to show, or needs to hide,
Which nor to guilt nor fear its Caution owes,
And boasts a Warmth that from no passion flows.
Ham ananns, cneyx n ocnonnom anannsy C. Hennna, yer nemnoro onee erannsnponanntm. Orptnox
coepxnr nenym cepnm cnennenn, xoropte rpannnonno mt t nasnann anrnreso n napannentntmn
xoncrpyxnnxmn nnn, rounee, xoropte n annom cnyuae npnnnmamr ]opmy anrnrest n napannentntx, r.e.
cnnraxcnuecxn noontx xoncrpyxnnxx. An1n1eson n crnnncrnxe nastnaercx pesxoe
npornnonocrannenne nonxrn n opason, cosammee xonrpacr (cm. c. 65). B nepno crpouxe cnennenne
npecranneno onnaxono nocrpoenntmn ooporamn full of Worth, void of Pride. Onn nosnnnonno
+xnnnanenrnt, xnnxxct onpeenennxmn x onomy n romy xe cnony Soul. Cemanrnuecxax n ]onernuecxax
+xnnnanenrnocrt cocronr n rom, uro full n void onocnoxnte anronnmt, Worth n Pride, otuno ne
anronnmnunte, oxastnamrcx n +rom xonrexcre cnryarnnntmn anronnmamn. Pride nmeer sect
orpnnarentnym onenounym xonnorannm n coornercrnyer pyccxomy camomnenne; orcyrcrnne
camomnennx cxpomnocrt nennrcx ntcoxo n npnpannnnaercx x ocronncrny Worth. Bo nropo crpoxe na
cxasyemtx seeks to show n needs to hide onopont no crpyxrype n cnxsant omnm nonexamnm which n
omnm ononnennem nothing n, cneonarentno, +xnnnanenrnt nosnnnonno. B +rnx +xnnnanenrntx
54
nosnnnxx show n hide onocnoxnte anronnmt, a seeks n needs cnryarnnnte cnnonnmt, ]onernuecxn
cnxsannte onocnoxnocrtm n acconancom. Tpertx crpoxa nonropxer ro xe mecronmennoe samemenne, uro
n nropax (which ... which nmecro Soul). Caution n Warmth cnryarnnnte anronnmt; +xnnnanenrnocrt nx
nosnnn C. Hennn oxastnaer rpanc]opmanne which its Caution owes which owes its Caution, xoropax
rora aer xoncrpyxnnm, napannentnym boasts a Warmth. Inaront owes n boasts cnxstnamrcx
acconancom; nor to guilt nor fear n from no passion flows ananornunt no cnoemy cnnraxcnuecxomy mecry n
+xnnnanenrnt cemanrnuecxn, yxastnax nponcxoxenne Caution n Warmth. 3xcnpeccnnnocrt noprpera
nontmaercx naroapx orpnnannm: nothing, nor ... nor, no.
Crpyxrypnoe cxocrno, xax n npose, rax n n crnxax, orpaxaercx n cxocrne mop]onornuecxnx
xoncrpyxnn n n cnnraxcnuecxom napannennsme, a cemanrnuecxoe n ncnontsonannn cnnonnmon,
anronnmon, cnon, cnxsanntx poonnontmn ornomennxmn (rnnonnmon), n cnon, npnnanexamnx onomy
cemanrnuecxomy nonm. Cnennenne cnococrnyer sanomnnannm.
Mnorouncnennte npnmept cnennenn ncrpeuamrcx n xomnosnnnn nocnonnn (Hedges have eyes and
walls have ears; Like father, like son), xptnartx ntpaxenn, npnayrox n r..
Crapt otua pemart cnop nopactnannem monert orpaxen n myrxe, xapaxrepnsymme xnrpena:
Heads I win, tails you lose. Oe uacrn ntpaxennx nocrpoent cnnraxcnuecxn onnaxono,
anronnmnunocrt croxme n +xnnnanenrntx nosnnnxx nexcnxn (heads tails, win lose) cosaer nnnmsnm
xaxo-ro antrepnarnnt, xoropo n ecrnnrentnocrn ner: pe]epennnonnt cmtcn oenx uacre
roxecrnen, ronopxmn crannr ycnonne rax, uro on ncera oxastnaercx n ntnrptme.
B no+rnuecxom rexcre ]onernuecxoe cxocrno n cnennennn moxer ocymecrnnxrtcx no rnny pn]mt,
merpa, annnrepannn, acconanca n r.n. Ho camtm xapaxrepntm nnom cnennennx xnnxercx, esycnonno,
pn]ma. B onpeenennn pn]mt, annom B.M. Xnpmyncxnm, cymnocrt ee xax nna cnennennx pacxptra c
npeentno xcnocrtm: Pn]mo mt nastnaem snyxono nonrop n xonne coornercrnymmnx pnrmnuecxnx
rpynn (crnxa, nonycrnmnx, nepnoa), nrpammn cnxsymmym pont n crpo]nuecxo xomnosnnnn
crnxornopennx*.
* up+vucru B.M. Teopnx crnxa. H.. 1975. C. 246.
3ro onpeenenne, ononpemenno nonnoe n crporoe, noxptnaer nce mnoroopasne xnnennx. Honrop ne
npenonaraer aconmrnoro roxecrna, nosmoxnt npnnnsnrentnte cosnyunx, r.e. snyxonte cxocrna;
nosnnnonnax +xnnnanenrnocrt sect raxxe ormeuena, a yxasanne na xomnosnnnonnym ]ynxnnm xpane
cymecrnenno, rax xax ono coornercrnyer ormeuennomy ntme cnocrny cnennennx coomart nenocrnocrt
ncemy rexcry. Komnosnnnonnax pont pn]mt cocronr raxxe n rom, uro ona npenpamaer crpoxy n crpo]y n
saxonuennte crnxonte ennnnt.
C. Hennn emoncrpnpyer cno mero nyrem anannsa XXX conera Bexcnnpa. Mt yem nontsonartcx
ero meroom c nexoroptmn ononnennxmn, neoxonmtmn nx pacxptrnx coepxannx; n xauecrne
npnmepa oparnmcx x conery LXXIII:
That time of year thou mayst in me behold
When yellow leaves, or none, or few, do hang
Upon those boughs which shake against the cold,
Bare ruin'd choirs, where late the sweet birds sang.
In me thou see'st the twilight of such day
As after sunset fadeth in the west,
Which by and by black night doth take away,
Death's second self, that seals up all in rest.
In me thou see'st the glowing of such fire
That on the ashes of his youth doth lie,
As the deathbed whereon it must expire
Consumed with that which it was nourish'd by.
This thou perceivest, which makes thy love more strong,
To love that well which thou must leave ere long.
(W. Shakespeare. Sonnet LXXIII)
Bexcnnp nnont n nnont opamaercx x mtcnxm o cmeprn n onexaer nx n coornercrnnn c rpannnonntm
55
enennem conera na rpn xarpena n xynner n rpn nocneonarentnte mera]opt n oomammym xonnonxy.
Tpn +xnnnanenrntx opasa sannmamr xaxt +xnnnanenrnym nosnnnm n conere nent xarpen. B
nepnom xarpene ynxanne uenonexa conocrannxercx c ocentm. Bo nropom c neuepom, cymepxamn. B
rpertem c racnymnm n ouare ornem. Ocnonnoe cnennenne, oxnartnammee nect coner, cocronr n rom, uro
xaxax ero uacrt naunnaercx co cnon no mne rt nnnmt, sa xoroptmn cneymr no+rnuecxne opast
yracannx xnsnn, cnnraxcnuecxn sannmammne nosnnnn ononnenn. Taxnm opasom, nepnonuecxax
+xnnnanenrnocrt nosnnn cosaercx sect rpannnonno pamxo xomnosnnnn conera. Tpannne conera
npenncano n cnennenne, ntpaxammeecx n cxeme pn]monxn.
Bnyrpn ocnonnoro cnennennx nmemr mecro onee uacrnte. Tax, n rnannom npenoxennn Bo mne rt
nnnmt nosnnnm rnarona sannmamr cnnonnmnunte, r.e. +xnnnanenrnte n xoe, rnaront: behold, see,
perceive. Hosnnnm npxmoro ononnennx x +rnm rnaronam sannmamr nmennte ]past that time of year, the
twilight of such day. Cemanrnuecxax +xnnnanenrnocrt +nemenron +rnx onornnntx crpyxryp ocrarouno
ouennna.
Konnt ncex uertpex crpyxryp roxe npecrannxmr +xnnnanenrnte nosnnnn, n sanxrt onn
+monnonantno n remarnuecxn +xnnnanenrntmn opasamn: ronte nerxn, xax paspymennte nepxonnte
xopt; remnax nout, xax nonnx cmeprn; nenen, na xoropom racner oront, nooen cmeprnomy opy. Tax
nonyuaercx nropnunax cncrema opason, nacrpoennax na nepno. Honyuaercx, uro, ymax o cmeprn, no+r
ee ne nastnaer, no n ro xe npemx opast rmarentno mornnnpymrcx nnyrpn, nnxn sanepmaercx, n cnono
cmeprt oxastnaercx nponsnecenntm. Hpncyrcrnne mtcnn o cmeprn npoxnnxercx n n ntope rnaronon,
rax nnn nnaue cnxsanntx c paspymennem n rnentm: shake against the wind, fade, take away, seal up, glow,
expire, consume.
Cnnraxcnuecxax +xnnnanenrnocrt nosnnn +rnx rnaronon ntpaxaercx n rom, uro nce onn croxr na
mecre cxasyemtx n npnarountx npenoxennxx.
C. Hennn, npenoxnnmn n npnmennnmn mero anannsa no cnennennxm, xoropt moxno tno t
paccmarpnnart xax pasnnrne anno nsnecrnoro, no ne cront omero xnnennx napannennsma, orpannunnan
nosnnnonnym +xnnnanenrnocrt cnnraxcncom n merpom n cemanrnuecxo cropont nonpoca ne
paspaartnan, no n ne ncxnmuan nosmoxnocrn raxoro noxoa*.
* Cm. o +rom: Kououeuro E.T. Hcnontsonanne meroa cnennenn npn anannse xyoxecrnenntx rexcron. B c.:
Crnnncrnxa pomano-repmancxnx xstxon. H., 1972.
B ono ns npetymnx paor anropa nacroxme xnnrn napannennsm paccmarpnnaercx xax ocot
cnyua ntnnxennx*. Hocneymmne nccneonannx noxasann nenpanomepnocrt raxoro noxoa.
Hapannennsm ecrt uacrnt cnyua cnennennx, oxsarentno ocnonannt na cnnraxcnuecxom cxocrne
+nemenron. Cnennenne xe moxer xacartcx nmtx yponne. Pn]ma nnn annnrepannx, xnnxxct uacrntm
cnyuaem cnennennx, cnnraxcnuecxoro cxocrna ne npenonaramr.
* Cm.: Apuo.io H.B. Crnnncrnxa exonponannx. H., 1974. C. 53.
3axanunnax pasen o cnennennn, nao samernrt, uro nce rnnt ntnnxennx moryr n rexcre
xomnnnponartcx n no-pasnomy couerartcx.
Tax, nanpnmep, paccmorpennoe ntme xax xonneprennnx conocrannenne Capt n Posn: Sara was a menace
and a tonic, my best enemy; Rozzie was a disease, my worst friend coueraer xonneprennnm n cnennenne.
Hmena Capa n Posn +xnnnanenrnt n xstxe xax cocrnennte xencxne nmena. Onn +xnnnanenrnt n
xomnosnnnn pomana +ro nmena nyx camtx nnsxnx repom xenmnn. Onn +xnnnanenrnt nosnnnonno n
cnnraxcnuecxn, rax xax croxr n nauane npenoxenn n ntpaxamr nonexamee. Was ne rontxo
+xnnnanenrno, no n roxecrnenno. Menace n disease +xnnnanenrnt, no ne roxecrnennt, oa cnona
npnnanexar x onomy cemanrnuecxomy nonm n moryr trt cnryarnnntmn cnnonnmamn. Hosnnnonnax nx
+xnnnanenrnocrt ocnonana na rom, uro n ro n pyroe cnono ntcrynaer n ]ynxnnn npenxarnna. Cpannnnax
my best enemy : : my worst friend, samernm, uro +xnnnanenrnocrt nx ocnonana ne rontxo na yxe
paccmorpennom ntme rnne +xnnnanenrnocrn anronnmon, no n na crnnncrnuecxo ananornn: n oonx
cnyuaxx nmemr mecro nonyormeuennte crpyxrypt, onnaxono nocrpoennte n xapaxrepnsymmne
npornnopeunnocrt n napaoxcantnocrt ornomenn mexy xyoxnnxom n +rnmn xenmnnamn.
Hosnnnonno onn +xnnnanenrnt cnnraxcnuecxn xax ooconennte onpeenennx.
B 4, ronopx o npnmennmocrn reopnn nn]opmannn x nponemam crnnncrnxn, mt ynomnnann o rom,
uro npecxasyemocrt nnn nenpecxasyemocrt roro nnn nnoro +nemenra crnnncrnuecxn penenanrnt. Tnn
ntnnxennx, o xoropom renept noer peut, ocnonan nmenno na npecxasyemocrn n napymennn
56
npecxasyemocrn. 3ror rnn ntnnxennx nonyunn nasnanne ouany1oro oanannn (repmnn P. xocona).
Cyrt +]]exra omanyroro oxnannx cocronr n cneymmem: nenpeptnnocrt, nnnenocrt peun osnauaer,
uro noxnnenne xaxoro orentnoro +nemenra nororonneno npemecrnymmnmn n camo nororannnnaer
nocneymmne. unrarent ero yxe oxnaer, a on sacrannxer oxnart n noxnnennx pyrnx. Hocneymmee
uacrnuno ano n npetymem. Hpn raxo cnxsn nepexot or onoro +nemenra x pyromy manosamernt,
cosnanne xax t cxontsnr no nocnpnnnmaemo nn]opmannn. Onaxo ecnn na +rom ]one noxnnxmrcx
+nemenrt mano nepoxrnocrn, ro nosnnxaer napymenne nenpeptnnocrn, xoropoe ecrnyer noono
ronuxy: nenororonnennoe n neoxnannoe cosaer conpornnnenne nocnpnxrnm, npeoonenne +roro
conpornnnennx rpeyer ycnnnx co cropont unrarenx, a noromy cnntnee na nero nosecrnyer. nnenne
+ro sameueno yxe anno. Tax, F. Xpncrnancen eme n 1911 r. n xnnre unnoco]nx ncxyccrna nncan:
Hepemexammeecx paspaxenne ecrnyer cnntnee, uem nporexammee pannomepno, +ro nceomn saxon
ontra. B conpemenno crnnncrnxe +ror npnnnnn paspaartnancx P. xoconom n M. Pn]]arepom.
Hocnenn nncan, uro moxno npenoxnrt cneymmym moent npnnnnna omanyroro oxnannx: B
peueno nenn crnmyn crnnncrnuecxoro +]]exra xonrpacra cocronr n +nemenrax nnsxo
npecxasyemocrn, saxonponanntx n onom nnn ontme cocrannxmmnx, na ]one opasymmnx xonrexcr n
cosammnx xonrpacr npounx cocrannxmmnx... rontxo +ra nsmenunnocrt moxer noxcnnrt, nouemy ona n
ra xe nnnrnncrnuecxax ennnna npnoperaer, nnonsmenxer nnn repxer cno crnnncrnuecxn +]]exr n
sanncnmocrn or cnoero nonoxennx (a raxxe n ro, nouemy ne ncxxoe orxnonenne or nopmt aer
crnnncrnuecxn +]]exr). Ha +nemenrax nnsxo npecxasyemocrn exonponanne samenxercx, a +ro
]nxcnpyer nnnmanne na ]opme*.
* Riffaterre M. Stylistic Context // Word. V. 15. N I. April. 1959, and Word.-V. 16.- N 2. August. 1960. - P. 207218,
318344. 336 ff.
Omanyroe oxnanne n rom nnn nnom nne ncrpeuaercx n nmo onacrn ncxyccrna n n nmom ero
nanpannennn, a n xstxe na nmom ero yponne. B nexcnxe +ro moryr trt pexne cnona: apxansmt,
sanmcrnonannx, anropcxne neonornsmt, cnona co cnenn]nuecxo nexcnuecxo oxpacxo, nnn cnona n
neotuno nx nnx cnnraxcnuecxo ]ynxnnn, nnn ncnontsonanne nepn]pasa, oxcmmopona (couerannx
xonrpacrntx no snauennm cnon) n r. . Ha onoopasnom crnnenom ]one pesxo ntenxmrcx cnona nnoro
crnnx. Mnoxecrno noontx npnmepon moxno narn n no+me x. Fapona on Xyan:
But Oh! yc lords of ladies intellectual
Inform us truly, have they not hen-pock'd you all?
re myrnnnoe ntpaxenne, coornercrnymmee pyccxomy epxart myxa no ammaxom, xonrpacrnpyer c
ntcoxonapntm opamennem.
B pyrom npnmepe neoxnannocrt nosnnxaer xax napymenne nornuecxo nocneonarentnocrn. Talk all
you like about automatic ovens and electric dishwashers, there is nothing you can have around the house as
useful as a husband. (Ph. McGinley. Sixpence in Her Shoe.)
Baxntm ]axropom xnnxercx ycnnenne oxnannx nenocpecrnenno nepe noxnnennem +nemenra mano
npecxasyemocrn, r.e. ynennuenne ynopxouennocrn +nemenron xonrexcra. Orcma nosnnxamr
pacnonoxennx nocneonarentnocre cnon no nnnnxm nanntcme n nanmentme nepoxrnocrn.
nx npannntnoro nonnmannx +roro xnnennx onxrt moxer oxasartcx nonesno reopnx nn]opmannn,
xoropax yunr, uro ncxxn xanan cnxsn coepxnr nomexn, morymne ntsnart ncxaxenne nnn axe norepm
cnrnana. nx roro urot ntennrt cnrnan na ]one nomex, npnxonrcx nnonrt oanounte xot. Cnnr
cnryarnnno oosnauammero no ornomennm x rpannnonno oosnauammemy n nneenne cnrnana nnoro,
uem oxnaemt, oecneunnaer nomexoycrounnocrt, samnmaer coomenne n nomoraer apecary ero
samernrt.
B antnemem nsnoxennn mt ne pas ncrpernmcx c +rnm xnnennem, a ceuac oparnmcx x npnmepy. B
crnxornopennn T. Iya Hoxpt uertpnanart crpox ns nxrnanarn coepxar rontxo onococrannte
orpnnarentnte xoncrpyxnnn, naunnammnecx c orpnnannx no. Hocxontxy +ro ne enncrnennax n axe ne
camax uacrax cnnraxcnuecxax xoncrpyxnnx n anrnncxom xstxe, ee naxonnenne n rexcre cnyxnr nx
ntnnxennx ocnonno mtcnn, nnn, rounee, uyncrna ocat na ocennmm remnory n espaocrnocrt.
Ana]opnuecxoe no nonropxercx crontxo pas, uro unrarent x nemy npnntxaer nacrontxo, uro moxer
npecxasart, uro n cneymmax crpouxa naunercx rax xe.
57
No sun no moon!
No morn no noon
No dawn no dusk no proper time of day
No sky no earthly view
No distance looking blue
No road no street no t'other side the way
No end to any Row
No indications where the Crescents go
No top to any steeple
No recognition of familiar people!
No warmth no cheerfulness, no healthful ease,
No comfortable feel in any member;
No shade, no shine, no butterflies, no bees,
No fruits, no flowers, no leaves, no birds.
November!
Onoopasnt px ynopno nonropxmmnxcx orpnnarentntx xoncrpyxnn nepeaer monoronnocrt n
cxyxy ocenn. Tem neoxnannee n samernee enaercx nocnenee cnono November, re no yxe ne
orpnnarentnax uacrnna, a ne nmemmn nnxaxoro camocroxrentnoro snauennx nepnt cnor. Cnono
November cymmnpyer ncm xaprnny ocenn n ononpemenno cosaer xanamyp, ocnonannt na
omonnmnunocrn nepnoro cnora nasnannx ocennero mecxna c orpnnannem. Kanamyp ntstnaer yntxy.
unrarent yxe anno ne es yonontcrnnx orratnan, uro yer antme, n npyr ero oxnanne omanyro.
Heoxnannocrt ycnnena ntcoxo nepoxrnocrtm orpnnannx, xoropax cosana npemecrnymmnm rexcrom.
Byrxa nocxastnaer norexcr, unrarenm npecrannxercx nosmoxnocrt oraartcx, uro connna, cnera,
nea, nneron n r.. ner noromy, uro ceuac noxpt, no noxpt npoer, n rora nce +ro nepnercx.
Crnxornopenne, no cymecrny, onrnmncrnuno no nropo uacrn nn]opmannn. B nem ner rpycrntx cnon, n
ecnn t mt ypann nce no n cnono November, ro n nem ocrannct t rontxo cnona, nastnammne nce ro, uro
payer uenonexa.
3]]exr omanyroro oxnannx n crnxornopennn Hoxpt noepxan xonneprennne pyrnx npnemon:
napannentnte xoncrpyxnnn, anrnresa, ana]opa, annnrepannx n r.. Bce +ro oennxercx ome
crnnncrnuecxo ]ynxnne n nepeaer xanoy na nnmennx, cnxsannte c ocentm. Hnrepecno ormernrt, uro
n crnxornopennn omanyroe oxnanne ncrpeuaercx n n onee uacrnom nne na nexcnuecxom yponne.
Cocronr ono n rom, uro na ]one nerpantno nexcnxn noxnnxercx nsxroe n xantuxn npocropeunoe
ntpaxenne t'other side the way. 3rn cnona xax yro nepepasnnnamr xoro-ro, xro nopunr na noroy, n
npnamr rexcry uyrt nponnuecxoe snyuanne.
Crnxornopenne T. Iya coepxnr npnmep ouent xpxoro n nnrencnnno paspaorannoro omanyroro
oxnannx. Taxnx npnmepon, oxnartnammnx nent rexcr, ne rax mnoro*. B annom cnyuae npnnnnn
omanyroro oxnannx cnnresnpyer nce crnxornopenne n ennoe nenoe. B menee nouepxnyro ]opme ono
ncrpeuaercx nce xe ocrarouno uacro. Oparnnmnct, nanpnmep, x crnxocnoxennm, moxno narn
omanyroe oxnanne n nne pesxnx nsmenenn merpa, n nne nepenoca, r.e. neconnaennx cnnraxcnuecxo
n crnxono oprannsannn, n nne nsmenennx cxemt pn]m.
* Cronr ncnomnnrt omanyroe oxnanne n xonnonxax paccxason O. Ienpn.
Hanpnmep, n conerax Bexcnnpa nepnte rpn uernepocrnmnx pn]mymrcx nepexpecrno pn]mo abab,
cdcd, efef, a saxnmunrentnt xynner cmexno pn]mo gg. Fnaroapx +romy saxnmunrentnoe
nycrnmne, xoropoe nno nononr nror ncemy cxasannomy, nno npornnocronr emy xax paspemenne
xon]nnxra, oxastnaercx ntenenntm. Tax, n LX conere nepnte na xarpena nocnxment tcrporeunocrn
xnsnn n nnacrn npemenn na uenonexom, a nocnenee nycrnmne nteneno napymennem cxemt pn]m n
npornnocronr ocrantnomy: nosmoxnocrt noenrt npemx ana no+snn, xoropax enaer opas uenonexa
eccmeprntm:
And yet to times in hope my verse shall stand,
Praising thy worth, despite his cruel hand.
Omanyroe oxnanne moxer trt raxxe npecranneno n no+rnuecxom rexcre xnnennem nepenoca.
58
ecrnnrentno, n no+snn npannnom xnnxercx coornercrnne cmtcnonoro n cnnraxcnuecxoro unenennx peun
ero merpnuecxomy unenennm. B coornercrnnn c +rnm n xonne crpox otuna naysa. Hapymenne +roro
coornercrnnx rax nastnaemt nepenoc (]pann. enjambement samarnnanne, or enjamber nepemarnyrt)
cocronr n nepenoce na cneymmym crpoxy nnn axe n cneymmym crpo]y cnon, rpammarnuecxn n
nornuecxn cnxsanntx c xonnom npetyme, uro ocnanxer nosmoxnocrt nayst n xonne crpoxn. Otunax
pasmepennocrt napymaercx. Cxasyemoe, raxnm opasom, orptnaercx or nonexamero, ononnenne or
rnarona, npenor or cymecrnnrentnoro, xoroptm on ynpannxer, onpeenenne or onpeenxemoro n r..
Orcyrcrnne npnntuno nayst n xonne crpoxn sacrannxer unrarenx ]nxcnponart nnnmanne na orpesxe
peun, nocrpoennom ne rax, xax on oxnaer. Hepexo x nono mtcnn nnn +monnn nnn antnemee
pasnnrne yxe nauaroro npn +rom ne crnaxnnaercx, a nanpornn, cranonnrcx onee samerntm n cnny cnoe
neoxnannocrn.
3ro xnnenne mnpoxo pacnpocrpaneno n anrnncxo no+snn naunnax c Feonynt]a n o namnx ne.
Hm nontsonannct Bexcnnp n Mnnron, Fapon n 3nnor. Orpannunmcx rontxo onnm npnmepom:
When night
Darkens the streets, then wander forth the sons
Of Belial, flown with insolence and wine.
(J. Milton. Paradise Lost)
3ect nepenocom pasenent nonexamee n rnaron-cxasyemoe, a sarem onpeenxemoe n onpeenenne.
Hocnenee ocoenno nouepxnnaer nnnexrnny.
O omanyrom oxnannn nncann mnorne anropt (P. xocon, P. uaynep, M. Pn]]arep, x. Hnu n
pyrne), no paor oomammero xapaxrepa noxa ner, n mnoroe n +rom xnnennn ocraercx nexcntm. Hexcna
npexe ncero rpannna mexy omanyrtm oxnannem n pyrnmn napymennxmn npecxasyemocrn. Hexcno
raxxe, n xaxo mepe oxsarentntm ycnonnem omanyroro oxnannx xnnxercx ycnnenne ynopxouennocrn
nepe noxnnennem +nemenra nnsxo npecxasyemocrn.
12. Teopnn opason
B.I. Fennncxn onpeennn ncxyccrno xax mtmnenne n opasax*. Onpeenxx cymnocrt opasa, H.I.
uepntmencxn nncan: B npexpacnom nex onxna nam xnnrtcx nnonne nonnornnmecx n orentnom
uyncrnennom cymecrne; +ro cymecrno, xax nonnoe npoxnnenne nen, nastnaercx opasom**. Opas
xnnxercx ocnonntm cpecrnom xyoxecrnennoro oomennx ecrnnrentnocrn, snaxom oexrnnnoro
xoppenxra uenoneuecxnx nepexnnann n ocoo ]opmo omecrnennoro cosnannx. B mnpoxom cmtcne
repmnn opas osnauaer orpaxenne nnemnero mnpa n cosnannn. Fontmoe snauenne nx nonnmannx cyrn
xyoxecrnennoro opasa nmeer, cneonarentno, nennncxax reopnx orpaxennx. Xyoxecrnennt opas xax
ona ns ]opm orpaxennx peantno ecrnnrentnocrn ecrt ocoax ero ]opma; cnenn]nxa
xyoxecrnennoro opasa cocronr n rom, uro, anax uenonexy nonoe nosnanne mnpa, on ononpemenno
nepeaer n onpeenennoe ornomenne x orpaxaemomy.
* Be.uucru B.I. Honn, cop. cou. T. IV. C. 585.
** Uepuiueecru H.I. Kpnrnuecxn nsrnx na conpemennte +crernuecxne nonxrnx. 3crernxa n nnreparypnax xpnrnxa.
Hspannte crartn. M.; H., 1951.
Ocnonnte ]ynxnnn xyoxecrnennoro opasa: nosnanarentnax, xommynnxarnnnax, +crernuecxax n
nocnnrarentnax. Crpyxrypa opason onpeenxer nacrpo nocnpnnnmammero xyoxecrnennoe
nponsneenne uenonexa, cosaer n oprannsyer cnnt nx nosnannx mnpa n camoyrnepxennx n nem
uenonexa.
Opasnax npnpoa ncxyccrna moxer paccmarpnnartcx xax cnrnantno-nn]opmannonnax, npnuem ero
nosecrnne na ]opmnponanne nnunocrn, ero connantno-nocnnrarentnax pont neconsmepnmt c ero
cocrnenno +neprne. Camoe naxnoe cnocrno opasa cocronr n orpaxennn mnpa n nponecce
npaxrnuecxoro ero cosnannx*, r.e. opas ecrt nexoropax moent ecrnnrentnocrn, noccranannnnammax
nonyuennym ns ecrnnrentnocrn nn]opmannm n nono cymnocrn. Bepnocrt orpaxennx rapanrnpyercx
npnnnnnom oparno cnxsn. Bosnnxax xax orpaxenne xnsnn, opas n pasnnnaercx n coornercrnnn c ee
peantntmn cnocrnamn. Orpaxax mnp n marepnannsyxct n rexcre, opas orenxercx or xyoxnnxa n cam
cranonnrcx ]axrom peantno ecrnnrentnocrn. Hocxontxy opas ne onaaer ooconenntm or ]opmt
59
coepxannem, ro, ecnn on ne coornercrnyer ]axram xnsnn, +ro cpasy xe cranonnrcx samerntm, n
xyoxnnx xoppexrnpyer ero n coornercrnnn c oexrnnno peantnocrtm.
* Cm.: Teopnx nnreparypt. T. 1. M., 1962.
Hcnxonornuecxax ecrnennocrt opasa n ncxyccrne ocnonana na rom, uro opas nocnponsnonr n
cosnannn npomnte omymennx n nocnpnxrnx, xonxpernsnpyer nn]opmannm, nonyuaemym or
xyoxecrnennoro nponsneennx, npnnnexax nocnomnnannx o uyncrnenno-spnrentntx, cnyxontx,
raxrnntntx, remneparypntx n pyrnx omymennxx, nonyuenntx ns ontra n cnxsanntx c ncnxnuecxnmn
nepexnnannxmn. Bce +ro enaer unrarentcxoe nocnpnxrne nnreparypnoro nponsneennx xnntm n
xonxperntm, a nonyuenne xyoxecrnenno nn]opmannn cranonnrcx npn +rom axrnnntm nponeccom.
Hanomnnm n +ro cnxsn, uro ncnxonorn nonnmamr no opasom ncnxnuecxoe nocnponsneenne, r.e.
namxrt npomntx omymenn n nocnpnxrn, npnrom ne oxsarentno spnrentntx.
To, uro opas nosnnxaer n nponecce orpaxennx n noccosannx mnpa, xnnxercx ocnonntm ero cnocrnom
(neapom M.E. Canrtxon-Bepnn nasnan nnreparypy coxpamenno ncenenno). Hs +roro ocnonnoro
cnocrna ntrexamr nce ocrantnte, n ocoenno naxnemne ero cnocrna xonxpernocrt n
+monnonantnocrt.
Opast cosamr nosmoxnocrt nepeart unrarenm ro ocooe nnenne mnpa, xoropoe saxnmueno n
rexcre n npncyme nnpnuecxomy repom, anropy nnn ero nepconaxy n xapaxrepnsyer nx. Opasam
npnnanexnr no+romy xnmuenax nosnnnx n paspaorxe ne n rem nponsneennx, n npn nnrepnperannn
rexcra onn paccmarpnnamrcx xax naxnemne +nemenrt n crpyxrype nenoro*.
* Mnorne npecrannrenn crnnncrnxn or anropa cunramr ntxcnenne nncarentcxoro nocnpnxrnx mnpa, ero mnpoopasa,
ocnonno nentm crnnncrnuecxoro anannsa. B +rom ornomennn npecrannxer nnrepec xonnennnx .O. 3ynenonnua. nx
pacxptrnx mnpoopasa nncarenx on pexomenyer ntpart opasnym erant, xoropax nosnonxer sarem nepern x onee
oomennomy opasy (nanpnmep, xnsnt npasnnx, xoropt ncera c roo), a oomennt opas nnont nponepnrt na
eranxx. Cm. nocnxmennt namxrn .O. 3ynenonnua copnnx Hponemt no+rnxn (Tamxenr, 1968).
Tpont xnnxmrcx uacrntm cnyuaem xstxonoro nonnomennx opasnocrn.
pxn opas ocnonan na ncnontsonannn cxocrna mexy nymx anexnmn pyr or pyra npemeramn.
Hpemert onxnt trt ocrarouno anexnmn, urot conocrannenne nx tno neoxnanntm, opamano
na cex nnnmanne n urot ueprt pasnnunx orrenxnn cxocrno. Conocrannenne onoro nnerxa c pyrnm
moxer cnyxnrt noxcnennem x ero onncannm, no opasnocrn ne cosaer. Conocrannenne nnerxa c connnem,
nnn connna c nnerxom, nnn nerpa c ueprononoxom, xax n npnnonmom nnxe npnmepe, ntpasnrentno
xapaxrepnsyer ]opmy nnerxa nnn xonmuecrt nerpa n ueprononoxa (thistly wind) n cepnrym npnancxym
noroy:
It was six o'clock on a winter's evening. Thin, dingy rain spat and drizzled past the lighted street
lamps. The pavements shone long and yellow. In squeaking galoshes, with makintosh collars up and
bowlers and trilbies weeping, youngish men from the offices bundled home against the thistly wind.
(D. Thomas. The Followers)
Hpnmep nnrepecen raxxe rem, uro nnnmcrpnpyer ysyantnym xstxonym opasnocrt n opasnocrt
oxxasnonantnym, nosnnxmym n annom rexcre. Cnona bundle n thistly npn ncxontx snauennxx vse. n
:epmono.ox ynorpenent sect n mera]opnuecxnx, ormeuenntx cnonapxmn snauennxx omnpae.mic n
ro.m:u. Hoepxannte neotuntmn oxxasnonantntmn mera]opamn spit nnenartcx (o oxe) n weep
nnaxart (o mnxnax), onn yuacrnymr n opasnom xonxpernom onncannn ocranonxn ecrnnx.
Cronr nouepxnyrt omnounocrt pacnpocrpanennoro mxontnoro npecrannennx o rom, uro opast n
pomane +ro oxsarentno opast nepconaxe. Opast moryr trt cnxsant c noroo, xax n npnneennom
ntme npnmepe, c nesaxem, cotrnxmn, nnreptepom n r..
Hesax moxer nmert camocroxrentnym saauy n trt oexrom nosnannx; on moxer trt raxxe
]onom nnn ncrounnxom +monn. Mtcnennoe nocnponsneenne nesaxa nnn cotrn n npnpoe,
ntsnanmnx xaxoe-nno +monnonantnoe cocroxnne, moxer nnont nonxrt re xe +monnn. Hesax moxer
rapmonnponart c cocroxnnem repox nnn, nanpornn, xonrpacrnponart c nnm. Hesax cnxsan c npemenem nx
n roa, noroo, ocnemennem n pyrnmn oexramn peantno ecrnnrentnocrn, xoropte no cnoe
npnpoe cnocont ntsnart +monnonantno oxpamennte acconnannn. B xauecrne npnmepa moxno
ncnomnnrt oxnnnym noroy no mnornx nponsneennxx 3. Xemnnry+x nnn cner n crnxornopennxx P.
60
upocra, nnn oront y B. Fponre. Opast moryr trt xax crarnuntmn, rax n nnamnuntmn (ra]yn,
nsnepxenne nynxana, ntmra).
Oexrt opasnoro onncannx n re remt, xoropte onn npecrannxmr, cocrannxmr naxnym
xapaxrepncrnxy nponsneennx, nocxontxy onn noxastnamr, na uem cocpeoroueno nnnmanne. Hpn
nccneonannn cncremt opason n rom nnn nnom nponsneennn ycranannnnaercx npexe ncero, noxpyr
xaxnx rem n ne xonnenrpnpyercx opasnocrt n xaxona nx crnnncrnuecxax ]ynxnnx.
Ocnonnax cyrt pomana P. Onnnrrona Cmeprt repox crpacrnt nporecr npornn nont. Ero rema
nepnax mnponax nona n cyta norepxnnoro noxonennx. Poman xonuaercx n naunnaercx rparnuecxo
rnentm xopxa Vnnrepopna. Festcxont neccnmnsm repox, npomemero uepes nentnocnmt
xommap nont, npnnonr x romy, uro xopx aer cex ynrt ncraer nancrpeuy nynemerno ouepen.
Bor nocnenne crpoxn pomana: Something seemed to break in Winterbourne's head. He felt he was going
mad, and sprang to his feet. The line of bullets smashed across his chest like a savage steel whip.
B npnneennom ntme orptnxe nepnonauantnt cnonecnt opas nx onncannx nynemerno ouepen,
necyme cmeprt, saxnmuen ne n onom rontxo cnone whip, no no ncem orpesxe smashed across his chest like
a savage steel whip. Camo no cee snauenne +xcnpeccnnnoro cnona whip, rax xe xax pyccxoro xntcr,
nactmeno acconnannxmn onn n nacnnnx. Bnyrpennxx ]opma +roro, nosnnxmero n pesyntrare
snyxonopaxannx cnona acconnnpyercx c pesxnm, tcrptm nnxennem. Opasnax n ycnnnrentnax
+xcnpeccnnnocrt cnona whip noepxnnaercx xonneprennne. 3nnrer savage, co cnoe cropont,
ononnxer opas +monnonantntm n onenountm xomnonenrom. Opas ycnnen pnrmnuecxo n
]onernuecxo snyxonnctm c nouepxnyro annnrepanne cnncrxmnx n mnnxmnx: [s] [] [s] [z] [t]
[s] [] [s].
Hpn paccmorpennn crpyxrypt opasa pasnnuamr:
1. Oosnauaemoe (the tenor) ro, o uem ner peut.
2. Oosnauammee (the vehicle) ro, c uem cpannnnaercx oosnauaemoe.
3. Ocnonanne cpannennx (the ground) omax uepra cpannnnaemtx nonxrn.
4. Ornomenne mexy nepntm n nroptm.
5. Texnnxa cpannennx xax rnn rpona.
6. Ipammarnuecxne n nexcnuecxne ocoennocrn cpannennx.
Hoxcnnm noponee xaxt ns +rnx mecrn nynxron.
Kaxt +nemenr coomennx (oosnauaemoe), nx xoroporo ntnpaercx opasnt cnoco onncannx,
oxastnaercx rem camtm ntnnnyrtm, naxntm.
Oosnauaemtm n paccmorpennom ntme npnmepe xnnxercx nynemernax ouepet; oosnauammnm yap
xpocrntm crantntm xntcrom; ocnonannem xapaxrep ecrnnx. Ornomenne mexy nepntm n nroptm
sect mano xapaxrepno, nocxontxy n oosnauaemoe n oosnauammee xonxpernt.
Penenanrno +ro ornomenne n rom cnyuae, ecnn pasnnune onee cnntno. Hanpnmep, npn ncxxoro poa
nepconn]nxannxx neoymennennoe oosnauaemoe cpannnnaercx c uenoneuecxnm cymecrnom. B mera]ope
oosnauaemoe moxer trt acrpaxrntm, a oosnauammee xonxperntm (a sea of troubles), nnn, uro pexe,
xonxpernoe oosnauaemoe opasno nsopaxaercx acrpaxrntm cnonom (And heaved and heaved, still
unrestingly heaved the black sea as if its vast tides were a conscience).
B nepnom npnmepe mnoxecrno ecrnn oroxecrnnxercx c mopem, no nropom, xoropt pantme
npnnonncx nx nnnmcrpannn xonneprennnn, mope ynooneno conecrn.
C rouxn spennx rexnnxn conocrannennx n npnmepe ns pomana Cmeprt repox npecrannen
crnnncrnuecxn npnem cpannennx, nexcnuecxn ntpaxennt npenorom like. Cpannenne moxer trt
raxxe nexcnuecxn ntpaxeno rnaronamn seems, resembles, looks like. C rouxn spennx cnnraxcnca
cpannenne moxer trt ntpaxeno cpannnrentntmn ooporamn nnn npnarountmn cpannnrentntmn.
Mop]onornuecxnmn cpecrnamn conocrannennx xnnxmrcx cy]]nxct -ish, -like, -some, -y. Hexcnuecxne
ocoennocrn moryr ntpaxartcx n cosannn anropcxnx neonornsmon, npenmymecrnenno cnoxntx cnon.
Tax, . Tomac, onnctnax remnym esnynnym nout, ynorpenxer +nnrert: Bible-black, crowblack,
sloeblack, nocneonarentno cpannnnax nout c uepno onoxxo Fnnnn, uepntm onepennem nopon n
uepntmn xroamn repna.
Crenent +xcnnnnnrnocrn cnonecnoro opasa moxer trt pasnnuno. B cnyuaxx cpannennx moryr trt
ntpaxent uertpe +nemenra: oosnauammee (1), oosnauaemoe (2), ocnonanne cpannennx (3) n ornomenne
mexy nepntm n nroptm (4). Hanpnmep: The old woman (2) is sly (3) like (4) a fox (1).
61
Knanronanne cosaer cpannennx, n xoroptx ocnonanne onymeno: The old woman (2) is like (4) a fox (1).
Tpn uacrn conocrannennx moryr trt ntpaxent raxxe n +nnrere: A foxy (1 n 4) woman (2). 3ect
ornomenne mexy nepntm n nroptm +xcnnnnnrno nepeano cy]]nxcom -y, xoropt opasyer
npnnararentnoe or ocnon cymecrnnrentntx co snauennem u+emuu ra:ecmeo moeo, :mo ooosua:euo
ocuoeo.
antnemee coxpamenne xomnonenron opasa npecranneno cnonecno mera]opo, xoropax moxer
trt nyunenno, rora +xcnnnnnrno ntpaxent oosnauammee n oosnauaemoe: The old woman (2) is a
fox (1). Hanontmax xomnpeccnx npecrannena onounenno mera]opo, xora uenonexa npocro
nastnamr nnco: The old fox deceived us. 3ect ntpaxeno rontxo oosnauammee, no npnmep nerpyno
exnanronart, r.e. nocnonnnrt onymennoe: The old woman is sly like a fox and deceived us.
Tepmnnt mera]opa, opas, cnmnon nmemr mnoro omero, no nx neoxonmo pasnnuart.
Mera]opa ecrt cnoco ntpaxennx opasa, n npnrom ne enncrnennt. Cnonecnte opast moryr trt
raxxe ntpaxent meronnmne, cnnexoxo, rnnepono n pyrnmn cpecrnamn. Hpn paccmorpennn n
ronxonannn nmoro nnreparypnoro nponsneennx opast n nem nsyuamrcx ne xax nnnenrapt
onapyxenntx rponon, a xax enncrno nsanmooycnonnenntx +nemenron.
Ipannnt n crpyxrypa opasa moryr trt pasnnunt: opas moxer nepeanartcx onnm cnonom,
cnonocouerannem, npenoxennem, cnepx]pasontm enncrnom, moxer sannmart nenym rnany nnn, xax n
Kenranpe x. Anaxa, oxnartnart xomnosnnnm nenoro pomana*.
* Cm.: Tapacoea B.K. Crnnncrnuecxn ananns xomnosnnnn pomana x. Anaxa Kenranp. B c.: Crnnncrnxa pomano-
repmancxnx xstxon. H., 1972.
Opas moxer trt uncro onncarentntm nnn cnmnonnuecxnm. Cnunon, cneonarentno, ecrt ocot
nn opasa. Cnmnont otuno cnyxar nx ntpaxennx ocoo naxntx nonxrn n ne: cnmnont mnpa,
pyxt, nepnocrn, cmeprn, noet n r.. B xyoxecrnennom nponsneennn cnmnon ntenxer xaxne-
nnyt ocnonnte nx nero nen n no+romy nonropxercx n rexcre nnont n nnont, oomax naxnte cropont
ecrnnrentnocrn, oennxx pasnte nnant neno cncremo coornercrnn. Ho mtcnn amepnxancxoro
nnreparyponea P. V+nnexa, cnmnon ntnonnxer ne rontxo cnyxenym pont, samemax uro-ro pyroe, no
sacnyxnnaer nnnmannx n cam no cee.
V ouent mnornx anropon pasnnuntx +nox n macmraon camo mecro ecrnnx moxer cnyxnrt
ononpemenno raxxe n opasom, n cnmnonom: ymymmee mope, nxoe onoro.
Btme tnn yxasant ocnonnte omne ]ynxnnn opasnocrn n xyoxecrnennom nponsneennn. uacrnte
]ynxnnn opason paccmorpent C. Vntmanom n ero paorax, nocnxmenntx crnnm ]pannyscxoro pomana.
On nepeuncnxer cneymmne naxnemne ]ynxnnn:
1. Btenenne rnanntx rem n nermornna nponsneennx.
2. Pacxptrne mornnnponxn cotrn n nocrynxon.
3. Hepeaua +monnonantnoro, onenounoro n +xcnpeccnnnoro ornomennx.
4. Bonnomenne ]nnoco]cxnx ne.
5. Bonnomenne nepexnnann, xoropte nentsx ntpasnrt cnonamn.
Paccmorpnm xaxym ns +rnx ]ynxnn orentno.
Tema cmeprn n rema rnenn nncarenx xax xyoxnnxa npoxoxr uepes ncm nonecrt 3. Xemnnry+x
Cnera Knnnmanxapo. Cnmnonnuecxoe snauenne nmeer ranrpena. B +rom cnmnone oe remt
oennent. Ianrpena onesnt, npn xoropo rnnmr rxann eme xnnoro oprannsma, a cmeprn Ienpn or
ranrpent npemecrnymr mopantnoe pasnoxenne n rnopuecxax cmeprt. Honecrt nactmena opasamn-
cnmnonamn. Tema cmeprn opasno nonnomaercx n snonemnx, nnrammnxcx naantm nrnnax, xoropte
cnauana xpyxarcx na narepem, a sarem onycxamrcx n cropoxar cnom xeprny nenanexe or nanarxn, re
nexnr ymnpammn.
Hpocnenrt ncnontsonanne opason nx pacxptrnx mornnnponxn cotrn n nocrynxon nepconaxe
moxno n rom xe pomane P. Onnnrrona, o xoropom mna peut ntme. Bcx cncrema opason noxastnaer
Anrnnm nepe nepno mnpono nono n no npemx nee, noxastnaer nonocrt, ecnpnnnnnnocrt, noxnte
neant, xanxecrno, rnynocrt n oman. Poman n opasno ]opme pacxptnaer n npnunnt nont,
npnnecme cmeprt mnnnnonam nme, n yxact nont, nce ro, uro npnneno xopxa x camoyncrny.
3xcnpeccnnno-onenounax ]ynxnnx opasa xopomo nnna n noprpere o]nnepa 3nanca: Evans possessed
that British rhinoceros equipment of mingled ignorance, self-confidence and complacency which is triple-
62
armed against all the shafts of the mind.
B nnane +monnonantnocrn, +xcnpeccnnnocrn n onenounocrn opast moryr anart nectma pasnnunt
+]]exr: ntcmennart nnn nosntmart, enart nsopaxaemoe no+rnuntm nnn pasonauart ero nnuroxecrno.
Ha omnocrn +monnonantno-onenouno peaxnnn ocnonano n xnnenne rax nastnaemo cnnec1esnn, r.e.
nepexoa ns c]ept, nocnpnnnmaemo onnm opranom uyncrn, n onacrt pyroro, nanpnmep ns onacrn
remneparypntx nnn raxrnntntx n onacrt spnrentntx nnn cnyxontx omymenn:
Soft is the music that would charm for ever;
The flower of sweetest smell is shy and lowly.
(W. Wordsworth)
Cp. raxxe: a warm colour, sharp colour, cold light, soft light, soft voice, sharp sound n r.. 3ro xnnenne,
snaunrentno pacmnpxmmee nosmoxnocrn opasnoro npecrannennx ecrnnrentnocrn, nopono
nccneonano C. Vntmanom.
Kax npnmep opasnoro nonnomennx ]nnoco]cxnx ne paccmorpnm crnxornopenne x. Knrca
Kysneunx n cnepuox. Crnxornopenne aer npecrannenne o +crernuecxom neane no+ra, nx xoroporo
xpacora cnxsana c peantnocrtm, c npnpoo. Cencyannsm Knrca rnyoxo marepnanncrnuen n
emoxparnuen.
THE GRASSHOPPER AND THE CRICKET
The poetry of earth is never dead:
When all the birds are faint with the hot sun,
And hide in cooling trees, a voice will run
From hedge to hedge about the new-mown mead;
That is the Grasshopper's he takes the lead
In summer luxury, he has never done
With his delights, for when tired out with fun,
He rests at ease beneath some pleasant weed.
The poetry of earth is ceasing never:
On a lone winter evening, when the frost
Has wrought a silence, from the stove there shrills
The cricket's song, in warmth increasing ever,
And seems to one, in drowsiness half lost,
The grasshopper's among some grassy hills.
Onrnmncrnuecxoe xpeo o neunocrn xpacort n no+snn semnn ntpaxeno n crpouxax, xoropte naunnamr
n oxrer, n cexcrer:
The poetry of earth is never dead n The poetry of earth is ceasing never. Bce ocrantnoe opasnoe
nonnomenne +ro mtcnn, orarax opasnax cncrema, xoropax ononnxer +ry ]opmyny, nepeanax
omymenne nce pocxomn n nern nera n npnxrntx nocnomnnann o nem n cuacrnnno pemore snmnero
neuepa.
Oosnauaemtm opasom conera xnnxercx ]nnoco]cxax nex o rom, uro npnpoa ncrounnx xpacort n
no+snn, uro xpacora nonnomena no ncex ee npoxnnennxx. Oosnauammnm, r.e. nocnrenxmn n
ntpasnrenxmn neuno no+snn semnn, oxastnamrcx camte cxpomnte n nenpnmernte cymecrna xysneunx
n cnepuox. Cnenxn paocrnoro nernero nx na onymxe pomn n ymrnoro snmnero neuepa y orontxa
nactment uyncrnenno xonxpernocrtm, rennom n rnmnno. Opast oxastnamrcx +]]exrnnntm
cpecrnom xomnpeccnn npn nepeaue nn]opmannn.
uro xacaercx nocnenero nynxra npenoxennoro C. Vntmanom nepeunx ]ynxnn opason, r.e.
nonnomennx nepexnnann, xoropte nentsx ntpasnrt cnonamn, ro sect ocnonnym pont nrpaer onee
orart, uem y cnona, acconnarnnnt norennnan opasa, oycnonnennt cosannem acconnann mexy
nymx pxamn, nymx nnanamn npecrannenntx n opase xnnenn*. Taxoe conocrannenne nosnonxer
pacxptrt re cropont nepexnnann, xoropte mornn ocrartcx nesameuenntmn.
* Cm. rnany The Image and the Poem n xn.: Giardi J. How Does a Poem Mean? Boston, 1959.
63
Btme yxe ronopnnoct o rom, uro n xyoxecrnennom rexcre nannuecrnymr na rnna nn]opmannn:
nn]opmannx nepnoro poa +ro npemerno-nornuecxax nn]opmannx, ona ne cnxsana c yuacrnnxamn n
ocranonxo xommynnxannn. Hn]opmannx nroporo poa, yyun cnxsanno c cyexrnnntmn
nepexnnannxmn yuacrnnxon cnryannn n nx onenxo npemera peun, cnoero ornomennx x nemy, x
coecennxy n cnryannn omennx, nmeer +monnonantnt xapaxrep. Tpynontpasnmte orrenxn nmeer
nmenno +ra nropax uacrt nn]opmannn, n nmenno c ne cnxsana opasnocrt. Hocxontxy o +rom yxe
ronopnnoct no nropom nynxre, tno t, nepoxrno, nenecoopasno ne ntenxrt n orentnoe cnocrno
nentpasnmocrt n cnonax, rem onee, uro nce panno opas n nnreparype ntpaxaercx n cnonax. Cronr
ncnomnnrt Crenanx, xoropt cunran, uro uenonex cranonnrcx no+rom rora, xora on n cocroxnnn
ntpasnrt ro, uro on xouer n onxen cxasart*.
* Hnr. no xn.: Hvcmoeom H.I. Cnono, crnnt, opas. M., 1965. C. 234.
Ocnony nx pasnnrnx ome reopnn opasa moxer art reopnx nn]opmannn. B +rom nnane crpoxrcx
nectma nnrepecnte nccneonannx opasa, onynnxonannte B.A. 3apenxnm. On, nanpnmep, nouepxnnaer,
uro cnonecno-opasnax nn]opmannx ne cosaercx nsanmoecrnnem rontxo cnonapntx snauenn, n ne
yuacrnymr n snyxonnct, n pnrmomenonxa, n nnyrpennxx ]opma cnona*. 3ro nonoxenne nnonne
cornacyercx c rem, uro mt ronopnnn ntme o xonneprennnn.
* Cm.: 3aperu B.A. Opas xax nn]opmannx // Bonpoct nnreparypt. 1963.- N 2.
Hepnonauantntm cnonecntm opasom B.A. 3apenxn nastnaer orpesox peun coueranne cnon nnn
cnono, necymn opasnym nn]opmannm, nepannosnaunym cocrnennomy snauennm orentno nsxrtx
+nemenron. (Cm. npnneennt ntme npnmep ns pomana P. Onnnrrona.)
Hepnonauantnt opas npornnonocrannxercx nponsnonomy. Hponsnont opas yxe ne xnnxercx
orpesxom peun, a nosnnxaer xax nponsnonoe mnoxecrno raxnx orpesxon. pyrne anropt npenaramr n
noontx cnyuaxx nontsonartcx repmnnamn mnxpo- n maxpoopast nnn cnonecnte opast n meraopast.
Cncrema opason n xonnennnn B.A. 3apenxoro npecrannxer coo nno nepoxrnocrnt px, nexenn
peut, ns xoropo +rn opast cosamrcx. B peun, xax nsnecrno, nepoxrnocrt noxnnennx xaxoro
nocneymmero unena onpeenxercx couerannem npetymnx (cnocrno nenn Mapxona). Onaxo ecnn
noxnnenne nontx opason n nx crnnncrnuecxn +]]exr sanncxr or xnnennx omanyroro oxnannx,
nenpecxasyemocrt na crtxe opason nospacraer.
urot opas nec unrarenm onpeenennym nn]opmannm, n nponecc nocnpnxrnx onxen nxnmuartcx
ocrarount +crernuecxn n connantnt ontr unrarenx. Cncrema opason xaxo +noxn npecrannxer
coo nexoropt xo, snanne xoroporo neoxonmo nx nocnpnxrnx coomennx.
Pasnte anropt n axe nente nnreparypnte nanpannennx nmemr cnon xapaxrepnte ncrounnxn, ns
xoroptx onn ocoenno oxorno uepnamr marepnan nx opason. Hsnmnenntmn opasamn nocrouno
no+snn xnnxmrcx, nanpnmep, conone, posa, nyna. Hcrounnxamn opason moryr trt npnpoa, ncxyccrno,
nona, tronte npemert, cxasxn n mn]t, nayxa n mnoroe pyroe.
B saxnmuenne +roro pasena o ocnonntx nonoxennxx reopnn opason npnmennrentno x ronxonannm
xyoxecrnennoro rexcra nnrepecno conocrannrt snaxonym npnpoy cnona n opasa, ormernn ro omee,
uro sacnyxnnaer nnnmannx n nx xonrexcryantnom ]ynxnnonnponannn. 3nauenne opasa ocymecrnnxercx n
nepasptnno cnxsn co cnocrnamn ntpaxammero ero cnona nnn cnon. Ho xon1exc1yantnmu
nexcnuecxnu snauenneu cnona nonnmaercx peannsannx n peun nonxrnx nnn ntpaxenne +monnn, nnn
yxasanne na npemer peantno ecrnnrentnocrn cpecrnamn onpeenenno xstxono cncremt.
Hnnrnncrnuecxax cnoxnocrt xonrexcryantnoro snauennx sanncnr, cpen npounx npnunn, or oennennx
n nem enorarnnnoro n xonnorarnnnoro snauenn. Hocnenee ]axyntrarnnno n moxer nxnmuart
+monnonantnym, onenounym, +xcnpeccnnnym n ]ynxnnonantno-crnnncrnuecxym xonnorannn.
Konnorannn moryr n onom cnone ncrpernrtcx nce nmecre nnn n pasnnuntx couerannxx, moryr trt
ysyantntmn n oxxasnonantntmn.
Ocnony ncex nepeuncnenntx ntme ]ynxnn opasa n ocoennocre ero crpyxrypt cocrannxer ero
snaxonax npnpoa. Opas, noono cnony, moxer cermenrnponartcx na osnauammee n osnauaemoe,
noono cnony, moxer nmert enorarnnnoe n xonno-rarnnnoe snauenne. Hoono cnony, opas peannsyer
cnoe snauenne n xonrexcre. B ornnune or cnona, re xonnorannn ]axyntrarnnnt n moryr ncrpeuartcx n
nmtx xomnnannxx, opas ncera ornnuaercx +xcnpeccnnnocrtm, a uacro n +monnonantnocrtm n
onenounocrtm.
64
13. Tponm
Bsanmoecrnne snauenn cnon npn cosannn xyoxecrnenntx opason nsanna nsyuaercx n
crnnncrnxe no omnm nasnannem 1ponm.
Tponamn, cneonarentno, nastnamrcx nexcnuecxne nsopasnrentno-ntpasnrentnte cpecrna, n
xoroptx cnono nnn cnonocoueranne ynorpenxercx n npeopasonannom snauennn.
Kax nsopasnrentno-ntpasnrentnte cpecrna xstxa rpont npnnnexann x cee nnnmanne co npemen
xnaccnuecxo pennocrn n tnn erantno onncant n pnropnxe, no+rnxe n pyrnx rymannrapntx nayxax*.
Hsanna paspaorana nx onontno erantnax xnaccn]nxannx nnn, nepnee, erantnte xnaccn]nxannn.
* Cm.: Guiraud P. La Stylistique. Paris, 1961.
Cyrt rponon cocronr n conocrannennn nonxrnx, npecrannennoro n rpannnonnom ynorpenennn
nexcnuecxo ennnnt, n nonxrnx, nepeanaemoro +ro xe ennnne n xyoxecrnenno peun npn
ntnonnennn cnennantno crnnncrnuecxo ]ynxnnn. Tpont nrpamr naxnym, xorx n ncnomorarentnym
pont n ronxonannn n nnrepnperannn rexcra, no, pasymeercx, crnnncrnuecxn ananns onxen npnnonrt x
cnnresy rexcra n nnxax ne moxer trt cneen rontxo x pacnosnanannm rponon.
Fontmoe mnoroopasne rponon n nx ]ynxnn ntsnano x xnsnn n mnoxecrno nx xnaccn]nxann. Mt
orpannunmcx nnmt xparxnm omnm osopom camnx rponon, noxaxem, xax onn npnmenxmrcx n conerax
Bexcnnpa, n yem n antnemem nosnpamartcx x +rnm repmnnam, xora nao yer noxasart xapaxrep
ornomennx oosnauammero n oosnauaemoro n rom nnn nnom xonxpernom cnyuae. Baxnemnmn rponamn
xnnxmrcx mera]opa, meronnmnx, cnnexoxa, nponnx, rnnepona, nnrora n onnnernopenne. Hecxontxo
oconxxom croxr anneropnx n nepn]pas, xoropte crpoxrcx xax pasnepnyrax mera]opa nnn meronnmnx.
Me1aqopa otuno onpeenxercx xax cxptroe cpannenne, ocymecrnnxemoe nyrem npnmenennx
nasnannx onoro npemera x pyromy n ntxnnxmmee raxnm opasom xaxym-nnyt naxnym uepry
nroporo.
O, never say that I was false of heart,
Though absence seemed my flame to qualify.
(W. Shakespeare. Sonnet CIX)
Cnono flame ynorpeneno mera]opnuecxn, ono oosnauaer nmont n nouepxnnaer ee ntnxocrt,
crpacrnocrt. Taxax, ntpaxennax onnm opasom mera]opa nastnaercx npocro. Hpocrax mera]opa
neoxsarentno onocnonna: the eye of heaven xax nasnanne connna roxe npocrax mera]opa: Sometime too
hot the eye of heaven shines. (W. Shakespeare. Sonnet XVIII.)
Pasnepnyrax, nnn pacmnpennax, mera]opa cocronr ns necxontxnx mera]opnuecxn ynorpenenntx cnon,
cosammnx ennt opas, r.e. ns pxa nsanmocnxsanntx n ononnxmmnx pyr pyra npocrtx mera]op,
ycnnnnammnx mornnnponannocrt opasa nyrem nonropnoro coennennx nce rex xe nyx nnanon n
napannentnoro nx ]ynxnnonnponannx:
Lord of my love, to whom in vassalage
Thy merit hath my duty strongly knit,
To thee I send this written embassage,
To witness duty, not to show my wit.
(W. Shakespeare. Sonnet XXVI)
Conocrannenne c ptnapcxnmn neanamn npeannocrn n onra no ornomennm x cmsepeny,
ocnonanntmn na ero onecrn n sacnyrax, pacxptnaer nmont xax onr npeannocrn nmnmomy n
npnnxsannocrn x nemy, xax ant ero ocronncrnam. na +rn nnana onr nmxmero n onr naccana
cnxstnamrcx cnonamn: lord of my love, vassalage, duty, embassage, uro cosaer nynnanonym n nmecre c
rem ennym no+rnuecxym crpyxrypy.
pyro npnmep pasnepnyro mera]opt:
65
I love not less, though less the show appear:
That love is merchandised whose rich esteeming
The owner's tongue doth publish everywhere.
(W. Shakespeare. Sonnet CII)
Opasnocrt n +rom npnmepe nmeer pesxo orpnnarentnym onenounym xonnorannm n nepeaer
npespenne x rem, xro noncmy ronopnr o cnoe nmnn.
Ocnonntmn cocrannxmmnmn no+rnuecxo mera]opt, no P. V+nnexy, xnnxmrcx ananornx, nonoe
nnenne, uyncrnennt opas, naenenne uenoneuecxnmn uyncrnamn. Bce uertpe xomnonenra coueramrcx n
pasntx nponopnnxx. Ananornm ne cneyer nonnmart cnnmxom yxnantno, rax xax no+rnuecxax mera]opa
ononpemenno nocxastnaer n pasnnune mexy nymx nnanamn.
Btme (c. 124) yxe ronopnnoct o onounenno n nyunenno mera]opax.
Mera]opa, ocnonannax na npeynennuennn, nastnaercx rnneponnuecxo:
All days are nights to see till 1 see thee,
And nights bright days when dreams do show thee me.
(W. Shakespeare. Sonnet XLIII)
Vnoonenne ne, xora no+r ne nnnr nmnmym, remntm nouam no+rnuecxoe npeynennuenne,
noxastnammee, xax on rocxyer n pasnyxe.
Inneponon nastnaercx saneomoe npeynennuenne, nontmammee +xcnpeccnnnocrt ntcxastnannx n
coomammee emy +m]arnunocrt. Hapounroe npeymentmenne nastnaercx nn1o1on n ntpaxaercx
orpnnannem npornnononoxnoro: not bad = very good. Hapounroe npeymentmenne moxer npnnxrt ]opmy
oparno rnnepont (we inched our way along the road) nnn nouepxnyro ymepennocrn ntpaxennx
(rather fine = very fine).
Tpannnonntmn mera]opamn nastnamr mera]opt, omenpnnxrte n xaxo-nno nepno nnn n xaxom-
nno nnreparypnom nanpannennn. Tax, anrnncxne no+rt, onnctnax nnemnocrt xpacannn, mnpoxo
nontsonannct raxnmn rpannnonntmn, nocroxnntmn mera]opnuecxnmn +nnreramn, xax pearly teeth, coral
lips, ivory neck, hair of golden wire.
3romy-ro rpa]apery, pasonauax ero ]antmt, n npornnonocrannxer Bexcnnp onncanne cnoe
nosnmnenno n pxe orpnnarentntx cpannenn:
My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun,
Coral is far more red than her lips' red,
If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun;
If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head.
I have seen roses damask'd, red and white,
But no such roses see I in her cheeks...
(W. Shakespeare. Sonnet CXXX)
Kax opas, rax n mera]opa nnn cpannenne, r.e. uacrnte cnyuan ntpaxennx opasnocrn, nosmoxnt na
pasntx yponnxx, o uem yxe ncxontst ynomnnanoct ntme. Ocot nnrepec npecrannxer xomnosnnnonnax
mera]opa, r.e. mera]opa, peannsymmaxcx na yponne rexcra. Taxo xomnosnnnonnt rpon, oxnartnammn
nect rexcr, moxno ynnert n conere CXLIII, re no+r xanyercx, uro uyncrnyer cex noxoxnm na peenxa,
xoropt nnauer, noromy uro nornomennax omamnnmn saoramn mart ne opamaer na nero nnnmannx.
Komnosnnnonnax n cmxernax mera]opa moxer pacnpocrpanxrtcx na nent poman. B xauecrne npnmepa
xomnosnnnonno mera]opt moxno npnnecrn nemano nponsneenn conpemenno nnreparypt, n xoroptx
remo xnnxercx conpemennax xnsnt, a opasnocrt cosaercx sa cuer co- n npornnonocrannennx ee c
mn]onornuecxnmn cmxeramn. Hasonem poman x. xoca Vnncc, poman x. Anaxa Kenranp n
ntecy R. O'Hnna Tpayp ner 3nexrpe. B pomane x. Anaxa mn] o xenranpe Xnpone ncnontsyercx
nx nsopaxennx xnsnn nponnnnnantnoro amepnxancxoro yunrenx Kony+nna. Hapannent c xenranpom
nonnmaer opas cxpomnoro mxontnoro yunrenx o cnmnona uenoneunocrn, oport n naropocrna. B
66
+rom xe pomane moxno noxasart n peannsannm mera]opt na yponne xapaxrepa repox n nepconaxe.
Tora, no npenoxennm B.K. Tapacono, moxno npocnenrt cneymmym crpyxrypy: uenonex +ro rema
mera]opt, xenranp opas mera]opt (r.e. oosnauammee). Peantnt n mn]onornuecxn nnant
nponsneennx +ro ne uacrn mera]opt. Haxonen, ocnonannem opasa cnyxar ueprt, npncymne xax
yunrenm Kony+nny, rax n xenranpy Xnpony: esrpannunax opora n roronnocrt x camonoxeprnonannm.
Forart nnyrpennn mnp Kony+nna sacrannxer ero nnert n n nposanuecxom peantnom oxpyxennn neuro
nosntmennoe n no+rnunoe*.
* Cm.: Tapacoea B.K. Vxas, cou. C. 116.
B ornnune or mera]opt, ocnonanno na acconnannn no cxocrny, ue1onnunn rpon, ocnonannt na
acconnannn no cmexnocrn. Ona cocronr n rom, uro nmecro nasnannx onoro npemera ynorpenxercx
nasnanne pyroro, cnxsannoro c nepntm nocroxnno nnyrpenne nnn nnemne cnxstm. 3ra cnxst moxer
trt mexy npemerom n marepnanom, ns xoroporo on cenan; mexy mecrom n nmtmn, xoropte n nem
naxoxrcx; mexy nponeccom n ero pesyntrarom; mexy ecrnnem n nncrpymenrom n r..
B conerax Bexcnnpa ontmoe mecro sannmaer meronnmnuecxax cnxst mexy uyncrnom n
ecrnnrentntm nnn npenonaraemtm ero opranom, mexy opranamn n uenonexom, xoropomy onn
npnnanexar. Eye, ear, heart, brain nocroxnno ncrpeuamrcx c meronnmnuecxnm snauennem:
In faith, I do not love thee with mine eyes,
For they in thee a thousand errors note;
But 'tis my heart that loves what they despise,
Who in despite of view is pleased to dote;
Nor are mine ears with thy tongue's tune delighted,
Nor tender feeling, to base touches prone,
Nor taste, nor smell, desire to be invited
To any sensual feast with thee alone...
(W. Shakespeare. Sonnet CXLI)
Pasymeercx, meronnmnx ne enncrnennt rpon n +rom conere, no rem ne menee pont ee onontno
snaunrentna. Ona enaer xonxperntm n opasntm yrnepxenne o rom, uro no+r nmnr cmyrnym xenmnny
ne sa ee xpacory n ne sa snyxn ee ronoca, n ononpemenno pacxptnaer npornnopeunnocrt nmnn.
Pasnonnnocrt meronnmnn, cocroxmax n samene onoro nasnannx pyrnm no npnsnaxy naprnrnnnoro
xonnuecrnennoro ornomennx mexy nnmn, nastnaercx cnnexoxon. Hanpnmep, nasnanne nenoro
samenxercx nasnannem ero uacrn, omee nasnannem uacrnoro, mnoxecrnennoe uncno enncrnenntm n
naoopor. Taxnm pacnpocrpanenntm n no+snn rnnom cnnexoxn xnnxercx ynorpenenne cnon ear n eye n
enncrnennom uncne. Since I left you, mine eye is in my mind (W. Shakespeare. Sonnet CXIII). For there can
live no hatred in thine eye (W. Shakespeare. Sonnet XCIII).
Cymecrnymr n pyrne nnt meronnmnn. Omnm repmnnom an1onouacnn, nanpnmep, nastnaercx
ocooe ncnontsonanne cocrnenntx nmen: nepexo cocrnenntx nmen n napnnarentnte (on Xyan), nnn
npenpamenne cnona, pacxptnammero cyrt xapaxrepa, n cocrnennoe nmx nepconaxa, xax n xomenxx P.
Bepnana, nnn samena cocrnennoro nmenn nasnannem cnxsannoro c anntm nnnom cotrnx nnn
npemera. 3ror xparxn nepeuent anexo ne ncuepntnaer nn ncex rnnon anronomacnn, nn nce cnoxno
nponemarnxn ntpasnrentntx nmen nepconaxe*.
* Cm.: 3aeea K.B. Anrnncxax anrpononnmnx n ee crnnncrnuecxoe ncnontsonanne. Oecca. 1979; Lepe+em H.I.
Crnnncrnuecxn norennnan anrpononnmon n conpemennom anrnncxom xyoxecrnennom rexcre. B xn.: Texcr xax oexr
xomnnexcnoro anannsa n nyse. H., 1984.
Btpaxenne nacmemxn nyrem ynorpenennx cnona n snauennn, npxmo npornnononoxnom ero ocnonnomy
snauennm, n c npxmo npornnononoxntmn xonnorannxmn, npnrnopnoe nocxnanenne, sa xoroptm n
ecrnnrentnocrn cronr nopnnanne, nastnaercx nponnen. Hpornnononoxnocrt xonnorannn cocronr n
nepemene onenounoro xomnonenra c nonoxnrentnoro na orpnnarentnt, nacxono +monnn na nsenxy n
ynorpenennn cnon c no+rnuecxo oxpacxo no ornomennm x npemeram rpnnnantntm n nomntm, urot
noxasart nx nnuroxecrno.
Onnne1nopenneu nastnaercx rpon, xoropt cocronr n nepenecennn cnocrn uenonexa na ornneuennte
67
nonxrnx n neoymennennte npemert, uro npoxnnxercx n nanenrnocrn, xapaxrepno nx
cymecrnnrentntx nasnann nnna. 3ro snaunr, uro cnona, rax ynorpenennte, moryr samenxrtcx
mecronmennxmn he n she, ynorpenxrtcx n ]opme npnrxxarentnoro naexa n couerartcx c rnaronamn
peun, mtmnennx, xenannx n pyrnmn oosnauennxmn ecrnn n cocroxnn, cnocrnenntx nmxm.
Hnora onnnernopenne mapxnpyercx sarnanno yxno. B conerax Bexcnnpa ocoenno uacro ncrpeuaercx
onnnernopenne Time, nocxontxy +ro nonxrne nrpaer ontmym pont n ero ]nnoco]nn: this bloody tyrant
Time (XVI); devouring Time do thy worst, old Time (XIX).
Hanonee nonno nen Bexcnnpa, cnxsannte c +rnm nonxrnem, ntpaxent n cneymmem conere:
Like as the waves make towards the pebbled shore,
So do our minutes hasten to their end;
Each changing place with that which goes before,
In sequent toil all forwards do contend.
Nativity, once in the main of light,
Crawls to maturity, wherewith being crown'd,
Crooked eclipses 'gainst his glory fight,
And Time that gave doth now his gift confound.
Time doth transfix the flourish set on youth
And delves the parallels in beauty's brow,
Feeds on the rarities of nature's truth,
And nothing stands but for his scythe to mow:
And yet to times in hope my verse shall stand,
Praising thy worth, despite his cruel hand.
(W. Shakespeare. Sonnet LX)
B conere npecrannent onnnernopennx, pasnepnyrte n pasno crenenn. Inaront hasten, contend
forwards npenonaramr cosnarentnoe crpemnenne cnemnrt, no+romy yxe n crpoxe So do our minutes hasten
to their end n nocneymmnx nmeercx nexoropt +nemenr onnnernopennx mnnyr, uro aer coueranne
rponon: npemx c nomomtm meronnmnn npecranneno mnnyramn, a mnnyrt onnnernopent, nocxontxy nx
ecrnnx onncant rnaronamn, xoropte onxnt couerartcx c nasnannxmn nnn. Taxnm xe opasom
nosnnxaer n nexoropax nepconn]nxannx acrpaxrntx nativity n maturity. Onnnernopenne pasneprtnaercx
nonnocrtm n nenrpantnom opase conera Time nanncano c ontmo yxnt, samemaercx mecronmennem
myxcxoro poa (his gift, his scythe, his cruel hand), naenxercx uenoneuecxnm opranom pyxo n
uenoneuecxnmn ecrnnxmn: ono moxer anart n ornnmart, trt xecroxnm n r.. Koca arpnyr
rpannnonntx nsopaxenn cmeprn enaer opas xecroxnm n mpauntm.
Hex optt uenonexa c esxanocrntm npemenem n noet na npemenem uepes eccmeprne
rnopuecrna xncrnenno pacxptnaercx nepe unrarenem, ecnn on ne orpannunrcx xoncraranne nannunx
onnnernopennx, a nocrapaercx ntxcnnrt ero ]ynxnnm n annom xonrexcre.
Btpaxenne ornneuenno nen n pasnepnyrom xyoxecrnennom opase c pasnnrnem cnryannn n cmxera
nastnaercx anneropnen. B conere LX onnnernopenne nepepacraer n anneropnm.
Ocoenno nsnecrntm npnmepom anneropnn n anrnncxo nnreparype xnnxercx pennrnosno-
naxrnuecxoe nponsneenne poman x. F+ntxna Hyrt nanomnnxa, n mnpono nnreparype
Foxecrnennax xomenx anre. Hpnmepom anneropn moryr cnyxnrt raxxe acnn n cxasxn, re
xnnornte, xnnennx npnpot nnn npemert naenxmrcx uenoneuecxnmn cnocrnamn n nonaamr n
cnryannn, cnmnonnsnpymmne pasnte xnsnennte nonoxennx.
Tpon, cocroxmn n samene nasnannx npemera onncarentntm ooporom c yxasannem ero
cymecrnenntx, xapaxrepntx npnsnaxon, nastnaercx nepnqpasou. Ho+r nastnaer cnom nomat The beast
that bears me (W. Shakespeare. Sonnet L).
Heoxonmo nouepxnyrt, uro nocxontxy marepnanom nnreparypnoro nponsneennx xnnxercx xstx, a
nexcnuecxax cncrema xstxa yxe cama no cee coepxnr opasnocrt, ro n nnreparypnom nponsneennn
opasnocrt cosaercx nsanmoecrnnem ysyantno n xonrexcryantno opasnocrn cnon.
14. 3nn1e1
68
Mera]opt, meronnmnn n cnnexoxn xnnxmrcx uncro nexcnuecxnmn ntpasnrentntmn cpecrnamn.
3nn1e1 ecrt rpon nexcnxo-cnnraxcnuecxn, nocxontxy on ntnonnxer ]ynxnnm onpeenennx (a silvery
laugh) nnn ocroxrentcrna (to smile cuttingly), nnn opamennx (my sweet!), ornnuaercx neoxsarentno
nepenocntm xapaxrepom ntpaxammero ero cnona n oxsarentntm nannunem n nem +mornnntx nnn
+xcnpeccnnntx n pyrnx xonnorann, naroapx xoroptm ntpaxaercx ornomenne anropa x npemery.
Cnocrno trt +nnrerom nosnnxaer n cnone nnn necxontxnx cnonax rontxo n couerannn c nasnannem
npemera nnn xnnennx, xoropte on onpeenxer. Ocoenno uacro n ]ynxnnn +nnreron ntcrynamr nmena
npnnararentnte n npnuacrnx, no nepexn n +nnrert, ntpaxennte cymecrnnrentntmn. Oparnmcx x
npnmepy:
No longer morn for me when I am dead
Than you shall hear the surly sullen bell
Give warning to the world that I am fled
From this vile world, with vilest worms to dwell:
Nay, if you read this line, remember not
The hand that writ it; for I love you so
That I in your sweet thoughts would be forgot
If thinking on me then should make you woe.
O, if, I say, you look upon this verse
When I, perhaps, compounded am with clay
Do not so much as my poor name rehearse,
But let your love even with my life decay,
Lest the wise world should look into your moan
And mock you with me after I am gone.
(W. Shakespeare Sonnet LXXI)
Mnorouncnennte +nnrert +roro conera sanemannx nmnmo, xoropax nepexnner no+ra, c ontmo
+monnonantno cnno noxastnamr ornomenne no+ra xo ncem yuacrnnxam rparenn: mpauntm xonoxonam
(surly sullen bells), xoropte nosnecrxr o ero cmeprn; x nonomy, no nponnnarentnomy mnpy, xoropt on
noxnner, n xoropt, ysnan o neuann nmnmo, moxer trt, yer nacmexartcx na nmontm (vile world,
wise world); x ornparnrentntm uepnxm, c xoroptmn emy npnercx nmert eno (vilest worms); x nmnmo n
ee uyncrnam (your sweet thoughts); n, naxonen, x camomy cee (my poor name). Hocnenn +nnrer ntpaxaer
ne rontxo xanocrt x cee, no n cxpomnocrt; on onontno uacro ncrpeuaercx n conerax, nanpnmep n XLIX:
To leave poor me thou hast the strength of laws. Since why to love I can allege no cause nnn: my poor lips
(CXXVIII); I'll live in this poor rhyme (CVII). 3nnrer sweet moxer paccmarpnnartcx xax nocroxnnt. B
conere LXIII: my sweet love's beauty; n LXXXIX: thy sweet beloved name; n CVIII: sweet boy. pyro ero
ocoennocrtm xnnxercx ro, uro on uacro ncrpeuaercx n opamennxx xax cnnonnm: dear heart.
B conere LXXI nce +nnrert ycnnent ononnnrentntmn +xcnpeccnnntmn cpecrnamn: annnrepanne
(surly sullen), nonropom (world : : vile world), npenocxono crenentm (vilest). Btme yxe npnnonnnct
mera]opnuecxne +nnrert.
Hecmorpx na ro uro repmnn +nnrer xnnxercx onnm ns camtx pennnx repmnnon crnnncrnxn, a
moxer trt, nmenno no+romy, enncrna n ero onpeenennn ner*.
* Cm. onpeenenne +nnrera n Cnonape nnnrnncrnuecxnx repmnnon O.C. Axmaxono, n Ho+rnuecxom cnonape A.
Knxrxoncxoro (nocnenn orpannunnaer +nnrer mera]opnuecxnmn npnnararentntmn), n Cnonape nnreparyponeuecxnx
repmnnon H.H. Tnmo]eena n C.B. Typaena, n crarte A.H. Becenoncxoro Hs ncropnn +nnrera (c. Hcropnuecxax no+rnxa.
H., 1940) n n crarte B.M. Xnpmyncxoro K nonpocy o +nnrere (n xn.: up+vucru B.M. Teopnx nnreparypt. Crnnncrnxa.
Ho+rnxa. M., 1977).
Tax, B.M. Xnpmyncxn, pasrpannunnax +nnrer n mnpoxom n n ysxom cmtcne cnona, nonnmaer no
nepntm ncxxoe onpeenenne, ntenxmmee n nonxrnn cymecrnennt npnsnax, a no +nnrerom n ysxom
cmtcne cnona onpeenenne, xoropoe ne nnonr nonoro npnsnaxa, a nonropxer npnsnax, yxe
saxnmuennt n ro nnn nno crenenn n onpeenxemom cnone.
Mt yem noxa npnepxnnartcx onpeenennx, annoro n nauane naparpa]a, n onnmem nexoropte
pasnonnnocrn +nnrera npnmennrentno x napono no+snn, re reopnx n repmnnonornx +nnreron
nanonee nopono paspaorant. Pasnnuamr noc1onnnme +nn1e1m (anrnncxn repmnn conventional nnn
69
standing epithet): green wood, lady gay, fair lady, fair England, salt seas, salt tears, true love.
Taxont +nnrert anrnncxo napono annat, re +nnrer xnnxercx nenpemenntm +nemenrom nmoro
no+rnuecxoro onncannx:
And when he to the green wood went,
No body saw he there,
But Chield Morice, on a milk-white steed,
Combing down his yellow hair*.
* Hpnmept sanmcrnonant ns nectma nnrepecno crartn H.F. Komapono 3nnrer x anrnncxo napono annae (Vuen.
san. HIHH nm. A.H. Iepnena. - 1962. - T. 226. - C. 325).
Hocroxnnt +nnrer moxer trt ranronornuecxnm, r.e. yxastnart neoxonmt nx annoro npemera
npnsnax: soft pillow, green wood, nnn onenountm: bonny boy, bonnie young page, bonnie ship, bonnie isle n
r.. nnn false steward, proud porter, nnn, naxonen, onncarentntm: silk napkin, silver cups, long tables.
Hpornnonocrannennte nm +nnrert uacrnoro xapaxrepa ntenxmr n npemerax n xnnennxx re xauecrna,
xoropte nmemr snauenne nx annoro mtmnennx n ne opasymr nocroxnntx nap. Hanpnmep,
noannennax ropem enymxa nnnr mpaunte rxxente ryun:
Naething mair the lady saw
But the gloomy clouds and sky.
H.F. Komapona enaer ouent nnrepecnoe sameuanne: Ha npnmepe +nnrera annat moxno npocnenrt
xapaxrepnym nx nmoro ]ontxnopa renennnm x rnnnsnponannm onncannx. Ananornx annat aer
orart marepnan n nx nsyuennx ncropnuecxoro nyrn camoro +nnrera, rax xax crnnt annat ctrpan
orpomnym pont n ]opmnponannn crnnx anrnncxo pomanrnuecxo no+snn.
Vnomxnyrax ntme paora A.H. Becenoncxoro ne norepxna cnoero snauennx o cnx nop. Ero
cemanrnuecxym xnaccn]nxannm cronr npnnecrn n ncronxonart n cnere nosnemnx paor. A.H.
Becenoncxn ennr +nnrert na ranronornuecxne, noxcnnrentnte, mera]opnuecxne n cnnxpernuecxne.
Ocranonnmcx na +rom enennn, samennn npnmept na anrnncxne, n noxaxem, uro onn ncrpeuamrcx n n
conpemenno no+snn n npose.
Ho 1an1onornuecxnu +nn1e1ou nonnmaercx cemanrnuecxn cornaconannt +nnrer, nouepxnnammn
xaxoe-nnyt ocnonnoe cnocrno onpeenxemoro: fair sun, the sable night, wide sea, r.e. nonropxmmn n
cnoem cocrane cemy, oosnauammym neoremnemoe cnocrno connna, noun nnn mopx. Honcnn1entnme
+nn1e1m: a grand style, unvalued jewels, vast and trunkless legs of stone yxastnamr na xaxym-nnyt
naxnym uepry onpeenxemoro, ne oxsarentno npncymym ncemy xnaccy npemeron, x xoroptm on
npnnanexnr, r.e. ecrnnrentno xapaxrepnsymmym nmenno ero. B ue1aqopnuecxou +nn1e1e
oxsarentna nynnanonocrt, yxasanne cxocrna n necxocrna, cemanrnuecxoe paccornaconanne,
napymenne ormeuennocrn. Bosmoxnt, nanpnmep, annmncrnuecxne mera]opnuecxne +nnrert, xora
neoymennennomy npemery npnnnctnaercx cnocrno xnnoro cymecrna: an angry sky, the howling storm,
nnn anrponomop]nt mera]opnuecxn +nnrer, npnnnctnammn uenoneuecxne cnocrna n ecrnnx
xnnornomy nnn npemery: laughing valleys, surly sullen bells.
Taxnm opasom, xnaccn]nnnpyx +nnrert c cemanrnuecxo rouxn spennx, nx moxno pasennrt na ne
ontmne rpynnt: rpynna es napymennx cemanrnuecxoro cornaconannx n rpynna c napymennem
cornaconannx. B npnneenntx npnmepax n rpynnax mera]opnuecxnx n cnnecrernuecxnx +nnreron
orcrynnenne or npnntuntx rnnon mera]opt n cnnecresnn nourn orcyrcrnyer, n unrarent nerxo
exonpyer cmtcn. O cnyuaxx onee snaunrentntx orxnonenn peut noer nnxe, n pasene
nonyormeuenntx crpyxryp.
Knaccn]nxannx A.H. Becenoncxoro ocnonana na cemanrnuecxom npnnnnne. B nocnenee npemx nce
ontme nnnmannx yenxercx xapaxrepncrnxe +nnrera c rouxn spennx ero crpyxrypt n nonoxennx n
xonrexcre. Hanonee otuntm nx anrnncxoro xstxa xnnxercx onocnonnt +nnrer n npenosnnnn,
ntpaxennt npnnararentntm, npnuacrnem nnn cymecrnnrentntm n arpnyrnnno ]ynxnnn.
3xcnpeccnnnocrt +nnrera nontmaercx, ecnn on cronr n nocrnosnnnn, ecnn onn npemer xapaxrepnsyercx
neno nenouxo +nnreron n nexoroptmn pyrnmn cpecrnamn.
Crnnncrnuecxoe ]ynxnnonnponanne mnorounenntx cnnraxcnuecxnx enncrn (MCE) nopono
onncano n paore M.E. Onopcxo*. Hpnneem sanmcrnonannt y nee npnmep MCE n
70
xapaxreponornuecxo ]ynxnnn: And then in a nice, old-fashioned, lady-like, maiden-lady way, she blushed
(A. Christie).
* Cm.: Oouopcra M.E. Crnnncrnuecxoe ]ynxnnonnponanne mnorounenntx cnnraxcnuecxnx enncrn c counnnrentno
cnxstm n conpemennom anrnncxom xstxe. AK. H., 1974. Hpnmep sanmcrnonan ns ee crartn Bsanmoecrnne nexcnuecxnx
snauenn +nemenron mnorounenntx cnnraxcnuecxnx enncrn c counnennem. B c.: Hexcnxonornuecxne ocnont crnnncrnxn.
H., 1974.
3nnrert n nocrnosnnnn, ocoenno ecnn n nnx coepxarcx na n ontme +nemenron, nenpemenno
opamamr na cex nnnmanne unrarenx, +crernuecxn ecrnennt n +monnonantno oxpament:
There is no interrogation in his eyes
Or in the hands, quiet over the horse's neck,
And the eyes watchful, waiting, perceiving, indifferent.
(T.S. Eliot)
Cmemennt +nnrer, r.e. +nnrer, cnnraxcnuecxne cnxsn xoroporo ne connaamr c cemanrnuecxnmn
cnxsxmn, rax uro no cmtcny on ornocnrcx ne x romy cnony, c xoroptm cnxsan cnnraxcnuecxn, sanncnr n
cnoe +xcnpeccnnnocrn or neotunocrn, neormeuennocrn couerannx.
I will make a palace fit for you and me
Of green days in forest and blue days at sea.
(R.L. Stevenson)
exonpyx, unrarent noccranannnnaer nornuecxne nopmt nounnennx n nonyuaer: days in green forest,
days at blue sea*.
* Ocoennocrn cemanrnuecxo xomnnaropnxn no+rnuecxoro xstxa, n n uacrnocrn +nnrert c xonrpaxnne,
nepenounnennem, meronnmnuecxne n r.., paccmorpent n paore M.B. Hnxnrnna Hexcnuecxoe snauenne n cnone n
cnonocouerannn (Bnanmnp, 1974).
Axrnnnocrt unrarenx npn exonponannn cmemennoro +nnrera moxer raxxe nospacrart, noromy uro
cmemennt +nnrer moxer trt cnxsan co snaunrentno xomnpeccne, rax xax ecrnnrentnoe
onpeenxemoe moxer ne trt +xcnnnnnrno nasnano, xax ne nasnan 3enc n snamennrom crnxornopennn
Herca:
How can those terrified vague fingers push
The feathered glory from her loosening thighs?
And how can body laid in that white rush
But feel the strange heart beating where it lies?
(W.B. Yeats. Leda and the Swan)
B conpemennom anrnncxom xstxe nosmoxno raxxe ynennuenne +xcnpeccnnnocrn +nnrera sa cuer
rpancnosnnnn no rnny ronoqpsnca, r.e. oxxasnonantnoro ]ynxnnonnponannx cnonocouerannx nnn
npenoxennx xax nentnoo]opmnennoro opasonannx, rpa]nuecxn, nnronannonno n cnnraxcnuecxn
ynoonennoro cnony. B cnny cnoe nenpecxasyemocrn raxne cnononoonte opasonannx (]pasont
+nnrer) ouent ntpasnrentnt: I-am-not-that-kind-of-girl look; Shoot' em-down type; To produce facts in a
Would-you-believe-it kind of way.
Henpecxasyemocrt +nnrera moxer raxxe cosanartcx sa cuer oxxasnonantnoro cnonoopasonannx no
rnny epnnannn nnn cnonocnoxennx: The widow-making, unchilding, unfathering deeps (G.M. Hopkins).
Haxonen, nce ontmee pacnpocrpanenne nonyuaer +m]arnuecxax arpnyrnnnax xoncrpyxnnx c
nepenounnennem rnna: a hell of a mess, a devil of a sea, a dwarf of a fellow n r.. Ono ns crnxornopenn
3. Kammnnrca saxanunnaercx rax:
listen: there is a hell
of a good universe next door; let's go.
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3m]arnuecxne crpyxrypt c nnneprnponanntm +nnrerom (an angel of a girl, a horse of a girl, a doll of a
wife, a fool of a policeman, a hook of a nose, a vow of a hat, a jewel of a film n onee cnoxnte: a two-legged
ski-rocket of a kid, a forty-pound skunk of a freckled wild cat) ornnuamrcx ocrarouno cnoontm
naptnponannem nexcnuecxoro nanonnennx.
Hoont +nnrer nastnaercx nnneprnponanntm, nocxontxy nepapxnuecxne ornomennx n nem
nepepacnpeenent. Cmtcnontm nenrpom xnnxercx ne xepnoe, r.e. nepnoe cnono cnonocouerannx, a ro,
xoropoe ]opmantno xnnxercx x nemy onpeenennem. Pe]epenrom ]past a doll of a wife xnnxercx ne xyxna,
a xena. Hepnoe cnono aer xpxym mera]opnuecxym xapaxrepncrnxy. Mera]opa nyunennax.
Oosnauaemoe wife, oosnauammee doll. Bosmoxna rpanc]opmannx: the wife is like a doll nnn the wife
is a doll. Cpannnre: the girl is an angel, the girl is like a horse, the policeman is a fool n r..
Hoonte crpyxrypt +xcnpeccnnnt n crnnncrnuecxn ormeuent xax pasronopnte. 3monnonantnte n
onenounte nx xonnorannn sanncxr npenmymecrnenno or nmnnnxannonana opasnoro nanmenonannx n
xomnnannn c nmnnnxannonanom oosnauaemoro. Camo no cee cnono horse orpnnarentno onenouno
xonnorannn ne nmeer, no npnsnaxn, acconnnpyemte c nomatm, nx enymxn nexenarentnt.
Taxnm opasom, +nnrer +xcnpeccnnnax onenounax xapaxrepncrnxa xaxoro-nno xnnennx, nnna nnn
npemera, nnora, no neoxsarentno, opasnax. 3nnrert nsyuamrcx n sanncnmocrn or nx cemanrnxn n
crpyxrypt n c rouxn spennn nx ]ynxnnonnponannx n pasntx xanpax. Mnoro nnnmannx yenxnn
nccneonarenn ]ontxnopnomy +nnrery. Crpyxrypa +nnrera moxer trt ouent pasnoopasna, n
npecrannenne o rom, uro +nnrer ntpaxaercx nno napeunem, nno npnnararentntm, omnouno.
3xcnpeccnnnocrt +nnrera nontmaercx naroapx nsanmoecrnnm c pyrnmn crnnncrnuecxnmn
cpecrnamn, sa cuer cosannx nenouxn +nnreron, nomemennx n nocrnosnnnm, cmemennx n
nepenounnennx, rono]pasnca, cnennantno mera]opnuecxo arpnyrnnno xoncrpyxnnn c
nepenounnennem n pyrnmn cnocoamn.
15. Honyo1ueuennme c1pyx1ypm
Paccmorpennax ntme nponemarnxa ncenosmoxntx rponon nonyuaer n conpemenno nayxe nonoe
ocnemenne naroapx nccneonannxm n onacrn orxnonenn or xstxono nopmt n rax nastnaemtx
nonyormeuenntx crpyxrypax. Honyormeuenntmn nastnamrcx crpyxrypt c napymennem nexcnuecxo
(once below a time) nnn rpammarnuecxo (chips of when) coueraemocrn. 3ro raxne mnpoxo nsnecrnte
npnmept, xax a grief ago, a farmyard away, all the sun long, a white noise, the shadow of a sound, a pretty how
town, little whos, he danced his did, for as long as forever is.
Bneenne nonxrnx nonyormeuenntx crpyxryp nosnonxer onee mnpoxoe oomenne cnyuaen
+xcnpeccnnnocrn npn nneennn +nemenron nnsxo npecxasyemocrn na ocnone cnxrnx orpannuenn na
coueraemocrt. Ho +ro nonxrne, oxastnaercx, noxoxr mnorne anno nsnecrnte rpont n crnnncrnuecxne
]nrypt, raxne, xax mera]opa (eme M.B. Homonocon nastnan ee conpxxennem anexonartx ne),
oxcmmopon, cnnecresnx n p.
Tepmnn nonyormeuennte crpyxrypt tn nneen H. Xomcxnm*, cocpeorounnmnm rnannoe nnnmanne
na paspaorxe rpaannn rpammarnunocrn. na xpannx nonmca n ero moenn opasymr ormeuennte
(npannntnte, nopoxaemte npannnamn rpammarnxn) n neormeuennte crpyxrypt. Hocnenne nx annoro
xstxa nopoxent trt ne moryr n n nem nenosmoxnt. Mexy +rnmn nymx nonmcamn naxoxrcx
crpyxrypt nonyormeuennte.
* Xo+cru H. Cnnraxcnuecxne crpyxrypt. Hep. c anrn. B c.: Honoe n nnnrnncrnxe. Btn. 2. M., 1962.
H. Xomcxn n ero nocneonarenn npenonarann, uro raxnm opasom moxno nonyunrt ocrarouno
oexrnnnym rpaannm rpammarnunocrn, nocxontxy nopoxammne rpammarnxn nmemr nn anropnrmon,
n xoroptx rpammarnuecxne npannna pacnonoxent n onpeenenno nocneonarentnocrn. B sanncnmocrn
or roro, xaxoe no nopxxy npannno oxastnaercx napymenntm, ycranannnnaercx ontmax nnn mentmax
arpammarnunocrt crpyxrypt. Kpnrnxn rpaannn rpammarnunocrn noxasann, onaxo, uro npn npnmenennn
x peantnomy rexcry reopnx rpaannn rpammarnunocrn oxastnaercx necocroxrentno, nocxontxy
napymenne camtx ocnonntx omnx npannn oxnaemoro ocooro nontmennx +xcnpeccnnnocrn ne aer*.
Kpome roro, nx +xcnpeccnnnocrn oxastnamrcx ocoenno naxntmn xonrpacrt, nosnnxammne na
nexcnuecxom nnn nexcnxo-rpammarnuecxom, a ne rontxo na rpammarnuecxom yponne. B cneymmem
npnmepe napymenne rpammarnuecxo coueraemocrn neorennmo or napymennx coueraemocrn
72
nexcnuecxo: He is dreadfully married. He is the most married man I ever saw (A. Ward).
* Cm., nanp.: Ce.ueepcmoea O.H. O oexre nnnrnncrnuecxo cemanrnxn n aexnarnocrn ee onncannx. B c.: Hpnnnnnt
n merot cemanrnuecxnx nccneonann. M., 1976.
Hpnnnmax repmnn nonyormeuennte crpyxrypt, mt n antnemem nsnoxennn reopnm rpaannn
rpammarnunocrn ne ncnontsyem, a cocpeorounm nnnmanne na xauecrnenno xapaxrepncrnxe raxnx
crpyxryp, ormeuax rpammarnuecxn, nexcnuecxn nnn nexcnxo-rpammarnuecxn yponent napymenn.
3xcnpeccnnnocrt nonyormeuenntx crpyxryp ocnonana na conocrannennn n npornnonocrannennn
coepxamnxcx n nx cocrane xomnonenron cem, nouemy-nno n nopme xstxa neconmecrnmtx,
anronnmnuntx nnn ornocxmnxcx x anexnm pyr or pyra cemanrnuecxnm nonxm.
Bnpoxo nsnecrnt npnmep H. Xomcxoro Colorless green ideas sleep furiously nocrpoen n coornercrnnn
c npannnamn rpammarnxn, no napymaer npannna nexcnuecxo coueraemocrn. nnax nexcnuecxax
neconmecrnmocrt npecrannena sect n xaxom cnonocouerannn. Hapymaercx npn +rom ne npocro
xstxono ysyc. eno n rom, uro nam nsnecrno ns xnsnennoro ontra, uro ecnnernoe ne moxer trt
senentm, uro acrpaxrnte nonxrnx ne moryr nmert nnera, uro cnart moryr rontxo xnnte cymecrna, uro
con coornercrnyer cocroxnnm noxox, a nnxax ne xpocrn. Xomcxn nastnaer +ro npenoxenne
rpammarnuecxn npannntntm, n ornnune or Furiously sleep ideas green colorless, no eccmtcnenntm.
Mexy rem +ro npenoxenne peantnoe rax nastnaercx ono ns nyx crnxornopenn . Xamca,
onynnxonanntx n 1957 roy no omnm sarnannem Two for Max Zorn. Bropoe crnxornopenne nastnaercx
The Child Seems Sleeping, r.e. ncnontsyer ormeuennoe coueranne c rem xe rnaronom*. C rouxn spennx
crnnncrnxn npenoxenne Colorless green ideas sleep furiously nnxax ne moxer paccmarpnnartcx xax
eccmtcnennoe, nocxontxy ncxxoe nasnanne, xax nsnecrno, necer ontmym nn]opmannonnym narpysxy.
Hapymenne coueraemocrn sect, cneonarentno, xnnxercx snaunmtm.
* Voegelin C.F. Casual and Noncasual Utterances within Unified Structure. In: Style in Language / Ed. by Th. A. Sebeok.
Bloomington, 1964.- P. 59.
B repmnnax rpannnonno crnnncrnxn +ror npnmep moxno tno t nasnart nenouxo oxcmmoponon.
Oxcmuopon nnn oxcnuopon rpon, cocroxmn n coennennn nyx xonrpacrntx no snauennm cnon
(otuno coepxamnx anronnmnunte cemt), pacxptnammn npornnopeunnocrt onnctnaemoro.
Hanpnmep: And faith unfaithful kept him falsely true (A. Tennyson).
B anrnncxo no+snn n npose oxcmmopon ncrpeuaercx no nce npemena. 3. Cnencep n XVI nexe nncan:
And painful pleasure turns to pleasing pain.
H n name npemx xpynnemn conpemennt no+r B. Oen n crnxornopennn Ha cmeprt Herca nnmer:
With the farming of a verse
Make a vineyard of the curse,
Sing of human unsuccess
in a rapture of distress.
Bnpoxo ncnontsyercx oxcmmopon n xapaxreponornuecxo ]ynxnnn. Tax, anrnncxn no+r n xpnrnx C.
Cnenep, ycmarpnnax n opase repox pomana 3. Xemnnry+x unecra xexa npornnopeunnt xapaxrep,
nastnaer ero self-consciously unself-conscious, boastfully modest and he-man.
Hapymenne nexcnuecxo coueraemocrn n cnyuae oxcmmopona ntstnaercx ne orcyrcrnnem
cemanrnuecxoro cornaconannx, a xonrpacrnocrtm: raxne napt, xax faith :: unfaithful, falsely :: true, rapture
:: distress, nmemr omne cemt, no ononpemenno coepxar n cemt npornnonocrannennte. Oa cnona
rapture n distress ntpaxamr ouent cnntnoe nepexnnanne, no n nepnom cnyuae nocropr +monnx n
ntcme crenenn npnxrnax, a nropoe cnono ntpaxaer nanntcmym crenent crpaannx.
C pyro cropont, nenpecxasyemocrt nonyormeuenno crpyxrypt moxer trt ocnonana n na
orcyrcrnnn cemanrnuecxoro cornaconannx. Hanpnmep: He had a face like a plateful of mortal sins (B. Behan).
Coueranne a plateful of mortal sins cemanrnuecxn necornaconano, nocxontxy nepnt xomnonenr
ornocnrcx otuno x nnme, a nropo x acrpaxrno pennrnosno-+rnuecxo c]epe.
B pasronopntx oxcmmoponax rnna terribly smart, awfully beautiful n r.. cemanrnuecxoe cornaconanne
moxer nonnocrtm orcyrcrnonart, nocxontxy nepnt xomnonenr noome yrparnn nexcnuecxoe
enorarnnnoe snauenne, coxpanxx n ycnnnnax xonnorannm +xcnpeccnnnocrn.
Hapymenne nexcnuecxo ormeuennocrn moxer nponcxonrt n sa cuer napymennx ysyca: worst friend,
73
best enemy. Hornuecxn, ecnn y uenonexa tnaer nyumn pyr, ro nouemy ne moxer trt xymero pyra?
Onaxo coueranne worst friend nocnpnnnmaercx xax nonyormeuennoe n xax oxcmmopon.
Hexcnuecxn nonyormeuennte crpyxrypt anexo ne orpannunnamrcx oxcmmoponamn. Xpecromarnntm
cran npnmep a grief ago. Pasnpax ero, x. Hnu noxastnaer, uro nopmantnax napanrma nx +ro
crpyxrypt tna t:
Bo ncex +rnx cnyuaxx ormeuennax npannntnax crpyxrypa nxnmuaer cymecrnnrentnte co snauennem
ennnnt npemenn. Cnono grief cemt npemenn ne coepxnr, n no+romy crpyxrypa a grief ago xnnxercx
nonyormeuenno, no ne neormeuenno, nocxontxy na yponne uacre peun noonax nenouxa nnonne
nosmoxna. unrarent oannxer mtcnenno cemy npemenn, r.e. nnrepnpernpyer ]pasy xax yxastnammym na
xaxo-ro roptxn nepno n xnsnn repox. Honyormeuennoe coueranne a grief ago +xcnpeccnnno n
neoxnanno, no +ro ne oxcmmopon, a meronnmnx, r.e. nepenoc, ocnonannt na acconnannn no cmexnocrn.
B ouent oraro opasamn no+snn . Tomaca nemano n pyrnx noontx meronnmn: all the sun long,
farmyards away. Hopmantnte napanrmt nx +rnx crpyxryp:
B crpyxrype farmyards away paccroxnne oxastnaercx ntpaxenntm ne mepo, a peantntm oexrom
ecrnnrentnocrn, xoropt sannmaer xaxoe-ro npocrpancrno*.
* Cm.: Leech G.N.A Linguistic Guide to Poetry. Ldn, 1973, P. 132.
Konrexcryantnte ycnonnx n +rnx npnmepax cnoeopasnt. 3ro xoncrpyxrnnnt xonrexcr. Bcx
xoncrpyxnnx n couerannn ee nexcnuecxoro nanonnennx, cnnraxcnuecxoro nocrpoennx n ]ynxnnn cosaer
remnopantnoe nnn noxarnnnoe snauenne.
Ocooe ynorpenenne xaxo-ro ]opmt n rexcre oxastnaercx nx unrarenx snaunmtm, nocxontxy on
cpannnnaer ero c ynorpenennem +ro xe ]opmt n pyrnx ncrpeuanmnxcx emy rexcrax. Honyormeuennte
crpyxrypt nosmoxnt xax n no+snn, rax n n npose. K. Bonneryr, nanpnmep, cneymmnm opasom
xapaxrepnsyer npemx nauana nonecrnonannx, nontsyxct crpyxrypo, noono rontxo uro paccmorpenno:
When I was a younger man two wives ago, 250,000 cigarettes ago, 3,000 quarts of booze ago... (K.
Vonnegut, Jr., Cat's Cradle). Hcnontsonanne cnon wives, cigarettes, quarts c cemo npemenn npnaer
orptnxy nacmemnnnoe, nourn carnpnuecxoe snyuanne.
B onom ns pomanon x. uaynsa repo ronopnr, uro x momenry oxonuannx ynnnepcnrera on tn a
dozen girls away from virginity.
Honxrne nonyormeuennax crpyxrypa mnpe nonxrnx rpon. Btme n xauecrne rnnnunoro cnyuax
nonyormeuenno crpyxrypt paccmarpnnancx oxcmmopon. Honyormeuenntmn crpyxrypamn xnnxmrcx
raxxe mera]opt. Hocxontxy cymnocrt mera]opt mt yxe paccmorpenn ntme, sect ner neoxonmocrn
nonropxrt ee onncanne. Orpannunmcx pasopom npnmepa, re nonyormeuennax crpyxrypa npecrannena
cpasy necxontxnmn rnnamn rponon. B 1968 roy tna onynnxonana anronornx conpemenno
anrnoxstuno no+snn V+ntca, nasnannax The Lilting House*. Inaron lilt snaunr nemi eece.o u pum+u:uo.
Co cnonom house +ror mera]opnuecxn +nnrer cemanrnuecxoro cornaconannx ne nmeer. Ouent emxn
opas rpeyer cemanrnuecxoro pasneprtnannx. Tora house cnnexoxa, oosnauammax V+ntc, V+ntc
meronnmnx, osnauammax nme V+ntca, cneonarentno, lilting house nomuu oo+ n annom
nnexstxonom xonrexcre osnauaer nomuue .mou Vo.ica. Henne onontno otunax mera]opa nx no+snn,
r.e. oosnauaemtm xnnxmrcx no+rt V+ntca. Tax, n couerannn lilting house = no+rt V+ntca
onapyxnnamrcx +nnrer, mera]opa, meronnmnx n cnnexoxa, r.e. nenax xonneprennnx rponon. K ne nao
eme oannrt annmsnm. unrarent acconnnpyer Lilting House co crnxornopennem . Tomaca, camoro
nsnecrnoro no+ra V+ntca, Hanopornnxont xonm, re n nocnomnnannxx no+ra o ercrne nce na ]epme, n
74
rom uncne n cam om, payercx n noer nmecre c mantunxom**.
* The Lilting House. An Anthology of Anglo-Welsh Poetry 1917-1967 / Ed. by J.S. Williams and M. Stephens with an
introduction by R. Garlick. Ldn, 1969.
* Cm. c. 184.
Omee xomnnexcnoe nccneonanne nonyormeuenntx crpyxryp na pasntx yponnxx nosnonxer ynnert n
noxasart omee n raxnx paccmarpnnanmnxcx panee ooconenno crnnncrnuecxnx npnemax, xax mera]opa,
onnnernopenne, oxcmmopon, cmemennt +nnrer n r..
Conpemennax crnnncrnxa sannrepeconana, onaxo, ne n nenrn]nxannn orentntx npnemon, a n
ntxnnennn omero mexannsma rponon n npnnnnnon nx ecrnnx. Paccmarpnnax omym cncremy snaunmtx
napymenn xstxono nopmt, ona noxastnaer nenpecxasyemocrt +nemenra xax onn ns
n]]epennnantntx npnsnaxon xyoxecrnennoro rexcra. Hexoropte yuente axe npeynennunnamr
snauenne +roro ]axropa (M. Pn]]arep, x. Hnu). Cneyer, onaxo, nomnnrt, uro napxy c +rnm nyrem
ocrnxennx crnnncrnuecxoro +]]exra n nmom xyoxecrnennom rexcre nmeer mecro n xomnnnponanne
cranaprntx xstxontx cpecrn.
Hponeme ]ynxnnonnponannx nonyormeuenntx crpyxryp n xyoxecrnennom rexcre nocnxmeno n
nacroxmee npemx nemano nenntx paor.
Bce paccmorpennte ntme nonyormeuennte crpyxrypt ornocnnnct x yponnm cnonocouerannx, no onn
nosmoxnt n na yponne cnona, nocxontxy n y mop]em n y ocnon ecrt cnox nopmarnnnax n nenopmarnnnax
xomnnaropnxa.
Ha yponne cnon nonyormeuennte crpyxrypt n xyoxecrnennom rexcre npecrannent anropcxnmn
neonornsmamn, r.e. cnonamn, orcyrcrnymmnmn n xstxono rpannnn n cosanaemtmn nncarenxmn no
cnonoopasonarentntm saxonam annoro xstxa, no c neotuno xomnnanne mop]onornuecxnx
+nemenron nno n ornomennn nx coueraemocrn (nanenrnocrn), nno (pexe) n ornomennn nopxxa
cneonannx. Ona ns nanonee pacnpocrpanenntx moene anropcxnx neonornsmon
cnoxnonponsnonte cnona, opasonannte nyrem oannennx cy]]nxca x cnonocouerannm nnn axe
npenoxennm: at-homeness, come-hithering (face). Bosmoxnt n pyrne napnanrt: an underbathroomed and
overmonumented country, infantterribilism, roamance, manunkind.
Hoonte anropcxne cnryarnnnte cnona ocoenno +xcnpeccnnnt, ecnn xapaxrep oennennx mop]em
uem-nnyt neotuen n npnntunax nanenrnocrt napymena. B pomane C. Fapcroy Taxax nmont
paccxasunx xapaxrepnsyer camoonontnym nonncrnymmym memanxy, mart cnoe enymxn: To hear her
talk you'd think everybody in Cressley was out to do her down. But she doesn't let them. Oh, no, she puts them
in their place all right. A proper putter-in-place she is... (S. Barstow. A Kind of Loving).
Hapymenne npnntuno nanenrnocrn nmeer mecro n n cnyuae rono]pasnca, o xoropom yxe mna peut
ntme (cm. c. 135). O noontx opasonannxx cronr ncnomnnrt n n cnxsn c +xcnpeccnnntmn anropcxnmn
neonornsmamn, c ro, onaxo, oronopxo, uro craryc cnona sa nnmn npnsnamr anexo ne nce nnnrnncrt. B
npnneennom nnxe npnmepe +xcnpeccnnnocrt nnnnunoro napaoxca sanncnr n or xonnuecrnenntx, n or
xauecrnenntx orcrynnenn or nopmt cnoxnonounnennoe npenoxenne ns 7 cnon oenneno n ono
nenoe: We're in an if-you-cannot-kick-them-join-them age (O. Nash).
Hccneonanne ]axropon, oycnonnnnammnx crnnncrnuecxym sapxxennocrt anropcxnx neonornsmon,
ntnonneno P.A. Knceneno*.
* Cm.: Kuce.eea P.A. Hnrepnperannx rexcra n pamxax crnnncrnxn exonponannx. B c.: Crnnncrnxa pomano-repmancxnx
xstxon. H.. 1972. Oua re. Crpyxrypnte ocoennocrn anropcxnx neonornsmon B c.: Hexcnxonornuecxne ocnont
crnnncrnxn. H., 1973.
Hpnneem na npnmepa, ntpanntx +rnm anropom ns nponsneenn amepnxancxoro no+ra-mmopncra O.
H+ma:
And I am unhappily sure that she is drinking champagne
with aristocrats
And exchanging cynicisms with sophistocrats.
Cnono sophistocrats opasonano no rnny crxxennx ns sophisticated aristocrats. Heotunoe coueranne
nponsnonr xomnuecxn +]]exr. Komnuecxn +]]exr cosaercx raxxe n cneymmem npnmepe, re
+xcnpeccnnnocrt neonornsma balalaikalogical noxnnxercx sa cuer orcyrcrnnx cornaconannx mexy
snauennem ocnont n cy]]nxca -logical, otuno opasymmero npnnararentnte or ocnon nasnann
75
nayuntx ncnnnnnn (mineralogical, lexicological, archeological n r..). O +rom necoornercrnnn unrarenm
nanomnnaer pn]ma psychological.
The preoccupation of the gourmet with good food
is psychological Just as the preoccupation of White Russians with
Dark Eyes is balalaikalogical.
(O. Nash)
3]]exr nonyormeuenntx crpyxryp na yponne cnon uacro tnaer xomnuecxnm, no +ro neoxsarentno. B
cneymmem npnmepe anropcxne neonornsmt ncenorepmnnt nmemr carnpnuecxym nanpannennocrt: So
fine a specimen of Homo Insapiens, subspecies, Col. Brit (R. Aldington. The Colonel's Daughter).
A]opncrnuno n ne es roptxo nponnn snyunr cneymmn npnmep: The books and lectures are better
sorrow-drowners than drink and fornication, they leave no headache (A. Huxley).
Hponnuen n a]opnsm H. Maxnnca: Most are accepters, born and bred to harness. And take things as they
come (L. Macneice).
Crpoxa T.C. 3nnora, re on no opasny rnaronon foretell n forewarn cosaer rnaron foresuffer, snyunr
rparnuecxn: And I, Tiresias, have foresuffered all (T.S. Eliot).
B xauecrne npnmepa neotunoro nopxxa cneonannx mop]em moxno npnnecrn cnono manunkind, re
npe]nxc un- nneen n cepenny cnona, cm. cneymmee nauano crnxornopennx: Pity this busy monster
manunkind not (E.E. Cummings).
Mankind sameneno na manunkind.
uenoneuecrno noxasano xax uyonnme, xax ecuenoneunoe uenoneuecrno. Honyuaercx n nexoropax
nrpa cnon, n xoropo kind moxer nnrepnpernponartcx n xax ooopi, rora unkind ueooopi, a man
unkind ueooopi :e.oeer +xcnpeccnnnax cnnexoxa. Hapymenne mop]onornuecxo nanenrnocrn
sacrannxer unrarenx enart nontrxy conocrannrt nenpnntunym ]opmy co snaxomtmn n npnnxrtmn n
xstxe, ncnecrnne uero n namxrn conocrannxmrcx mankind n unkind.
Hapymenne mop]onornuecxo nanenrnocrn n paccmorpenntx npnmepax nponcxonno na yponne nopm
cnonoopasonannx, no ono nosmoxno raxxe n nx cnononsmenennx: But now... now! I find myself wanting
something more, something heavenlier, something less human (A. Huxley).
Cnnrernuecxoe opasonanne crenene cpannennx n anrnncxom xstxe ne cnocrnenno mnorocnoxntm
npnnararentntm n nosmoxno rontxo nx xauecrnenntx npnnararentntx. uopma heavenlier napymaer oa
+rn npannna, uro n neer x nontmenno +xcnpeccnnnocrn.
enenne nonyormeuenntx crpyxryp na raxne, n xoroptx napymena nexcnuecxax, n raxne, n xoroptx
napymena rpammarnuecxax nanenrnocrt, cneonano t ononnnrt rpynno, re napymena nexcnxo-
rpammarnuecxax nanenrnocrt.
C. Hennn nnnmcrpnpyer npnmepom ns crnxornopennx X. Kpena nexcnuecxoe napymenne: What words
can strangle this deaf moonlight? (H. Crane. Voyages).
Inaron strangle nepexont, no nosmoxnte nx nero ononnennx orpannuent onpeenenntm xnaccom
cnon cymecrnnrentntmn oymennenntmn. Cnono moonlight n +ror xnacc ne nxonr. Cneonarentno,
cxasart, uro +ro npenoxenne rpammarnuecxn npannntno, moxno rontxo ycnonno; nonyormeuennocrt
nexcnxo-rpammarnuecxax.
Vrnepxax, uro nonyormeuennte crpyxrypt ne eccmtcnennt, a xapaxrepnsymrcx nnsxo
npecxasyemocrtm, mt onxnt oronopnrtcx, uro crporo onennnart nepoxrnocrt raxnx crpyxryp mt noxa
ne moxem, xorx n snaem, uro crnnncrnuecxn penenanrnte +nemenrt moryr xapaxrepnsonartcx nnsxo nnn
axe nnsxo x nynm nepoxrnocrtm. Kasanoct t, uro nonxrne nonyormeuenntx crpyxryp moxer art
oexrnnnym n xonnuecrnennym onenxy xyoxecrnennoro rexcra n couerannn c meroamn crnnncrnxn.
ocrarouno cpannnrt nepoxrnocrt +nemenron n nopme xstxa c nx uacroro n rexcre. Onaxo na +rom,
esycnonno, nepcnexrnnnom nyrn nao eme npeoonert ontmne rpynocrn.
Crarncrnuecxoe npecrannenne o nopme xstxa ne xnnxercx esynpeuntm, rax xax penenanrno nx
unrarenx moxer trt ne oomennax n acrpaxrnax nopma, a ero cocrnennax, ocnonannax na ero nnunom
xstxonom n unrarentcxom ontre n nnmt uacrnuno connaammax c ome, a sect ocnonnoe snauenne
nmeer resaypyc unrarenx.
Fonee roro, axe ecnn ornneutcx or unrarentcxo nnnnnyantnocrn, ]axrnuecxn mexy xstxontm
xoom (nopmo) n ero mon]nxanne n annom rexcre cymecrnyer eme necxontxo npomexyrountx xoon,
onee nnn menee uerxo orrpannuenntx n sanncxmnx or +noxn, nnreparypnoro nanpannennx, xanpa,
76
nnnnnyantntx ocoennocre rnopuecrna annoro anropa n cocrnenno nopmt rexcra. pyrnmn
cnonamn, xaxax crynent xonrexcra cosaer n nexoropte cnenn]nuecxne ocoennocrn n xoe, nnnxmmne
na npecxasyemocrt +nemenron n nx xonnorannn, npnuem +rn ocoennocrn xacamrcx n nepnym ouepet
nmenno crnnncrnuecxn naxntx +nemenron. Cnoconocrt sameuart n nnrepnpernponart nonyormeuennte
crpyxrypt rpeyer cnennantnoro pasnnrnx.
Xyoxecrnennt rexcr xapaxrepnsyercx nectma cnoxntmn xoppenxrnnntmn cnxsxmn, naroapx
xoroptm ocmtcnenntmn cranonxrcx couerannx, xoropte n nsonxnnn xaxyrcx conepmenno nnmenntmn
cmtcna.
Honxrne nonyormeuenntx crpyxryp nomoraer paccmorpert opasnym cncremy xyoxecrnennoro
rexcra: snauenne coennennx anexnx nonxrn nx cosannx emxnx crpyxryp, xomnpeccnm n xnanronanne
nn]opmannn.
Paccmorpnm renept xomnnexcnoe ]ynxnnonnponanne pasnnuntx nonyormeuenntx crpyxryp n ontmom
xonrexcre. Oparnmcx x rnopuecrny . Tomaca, x crnxornopennm Oxrxptcxax no+ma, ouent
nactmennomy nonyormeuenntmn crpyxrypamn. Crnxornopenne +ro onontno nnnnoe, mt orpannunmcx
nepno ns ero crpo]:
POEM IN OCTOBER
It was my thirtieth year to heaven
Woke to my hearing from harbour and neighbour wood
And the mussel pooled and the heron
Priested shore
The morning beckon
With water praying and call of seagull and rock
And the knock of sailing boats on the net-webbed wall
Myself to set foot
That second
in the still sleeping town and set forth.
Ho+r npocnyncx n ent cnoero poxennx, emy ncnonnnnoct rpnnart ner. On nomen ponrt no
ponomy, eme cnxmemy ropoy. 3ro ropo-nopr, n spnrentnte n snyxonte opast crpo]t cnxsant c
mopem. Bo npemx ornnna na epery ocramrcx nyxn, nonnte paxymex. Hannx cronr ram, xax cnxmennnx n
nepxnn; cntmnt xpnxn uaex n cryx noox o crenxy npnuana, na xoropo pasnemant ptautn cern.
Cnnraxcnuecxne nopmt napyment. nx roro urot cnxsart nepnym crpoxy co nropo, neoxonmo
ornocnrentnoe mecronmenne. Ecnn ero ncrannrt, nonyunrcx cneymmax cxema: It was my thirtieth year...
(that) woke to my hearing from harbour... and the ... shore the morning beckon... myself to set foot in the still
sleeping town...
Hocne nxnmuennx mecronmennx cnnraxcnuecxax crpyxrypa nce-raxn ocraercx pacnntnuaro n
onycxaer pasnte nnrepnperannn. Tpyno, nanpnmep, cxasart, xnnxercx nn beckon rnaronom, rora ncx
xoncrpyxnnx onxna paccmarpnnartcx xax nnnnrentnt naex c nn]nnnrnnom woke the morning (to)
beckon... myself; nnn beckon cymecrnnrentnoe, a morning beckon cneyer nonnmart xax soe vmpa.
Cneyer nn cunrart, uro woke nopasymenaercx no nropo uacrn, r.e., uro cnxsn onxnt nonyunrtcx
raxne: the year woke... the morning beckon... (woke) myself to set foot in the ... town?
Xapaxrepnax nx no+rnuecxoro rexcra cyrrecrnnnocrt n ononpemenno pacnntnuarocrt cmtcna
oneent sect o xpanero npeena. Xort +ro n moxer noxasartcx napaoxcantntm, no
opnenrnponannocrt no+ra na cex aer n unrarenm ontmym cnooy n cnococrnyer ontme
cyexrnnnocrn nocnpnxrnx.
Heonpeenennocrt cnnraxrnxo-nornuecxo crpyxrypt ntnonr na nepnt nnan crpyxrypy opasnym n
cnococrnyer ontmo ntnyxnocrn opason, r.e. ncero roro, uro mt n npnneenno ntme cxeme
onycrnnn. Hpoctnaxct, no+r nnnr ropo na epery mopx n nopr, cntmnr mym mopx n xpnxn uaex.
Orentnte +nemenrt cnnnamrcx noenno n amr omym xaprnny. Btpaxent +rn +nemenrt onxrt
nonyormeuenntmn crpyxrypamn.
Ha nnx nnrepecno ocranonnrtcx c rouxn spennx nosmoxnocre xomnpeccnn nn]opmannn n ntcoxo nx
xonnorarnnnocrn. Mt ysnaem, uro son yrpa npnmen x no+ry
... from harbour and neighbour wood
77
And the mussel pooled and the heron
Priested shore.
Honyuaercx px onopontx unenon (harbour ... wood ... shore), nocnenn ns nnx nmeer na
onpeenennx (mussel pooled, heron priested). Vunrtnax ncrpeuammeecx antme net-webbed wall, mt
ynnnm, xax ecrnyer n raxnx crpyxrypax npnnnnn xomnpeccnn.
Heron priested shore the shore priested by the heron the shore where the heron is like a priest the
shore where a heron is like a priest in a church.
Forarte xonnorannn, xoropte npn +rom nosnnxamr, o xonna ntpasnrt nenosmoxno: ryr n
ropxecrnennt nn nannn, n nponnuecxoe ornomenne x cnxmennnxy, nocxontxy on conocrannxercx c
nanne, n oparno ornomenne x mopm, xax x xpamy; n remnt nner onepennx nrnnt. Opas
noepxnnaercx no nropo uacrn crpo]t mera]opo onee otunoro rnna, ocnonanno rontxo na
neotunom nexcnuecxom couerannn, r.e. na uncro nexcnuecxo nonyormeuennocrn (water praying).
B nenom nonyuaercx conocrannenne xnnenn nyx pasntx anexnx pxon, nosnonxmmee no+ry
ntpasnrt cnoe ornomenne x ecrnnrentnocrn n n ro xe npemx cosart ecxoneunocrt cmtcnon.
B saxnmuenne naparpa]a o nonyormeuenntx crpyxrypax cneyer nouepxnyrt, uro onn npecrannxmr
coo ony ns nosmoxntx rpaxronox pacxoxennx rpannnonno n cnryarnnno oosnauammero n
xnanronannx, n nmnnnxannn n xyoxecrnennom rexcre.
Ftno t nenepno nonarart, uro eno cnonrcx x neotunocrn, uro xyoxecrnennt xstx ecrt
ncxaxenne otunoro n uro +crernuecxoe yonontcrnne unrarent nonyuaer nnmt noromy, uro
cranxnnaercx c uem-ro neotuntm. Bce +rn ]past ne rontxo neotunt, onn upesntuano opasnt,
ntpasnrentnt, orart coepxannem, xomnpeccnx nn]opmannn ocrnraer sect ontmo cnnt.
16. Texc1onan nunnnxannn
Henonnora oropaxennx xnnxercx nenpemenntm cnocrnom ncxyccrna n rpeyer or unrarenx
camocroxrentnoro nocnonnennx neoronopennoro. Hn]opmannx n rexcre coornercrnenno nopasenxercx
na +xcnnnnnrnym n nmnnnnnrnym. Ho +nemenram opason, xonrpacron, ananorn, ntpaxenntm
nepantno, unrarent noccranannnnaer nopasymenaemoe. Hpenoxennax anropom moent mnpa npn +rom
nensexno necxontxo nnonsmenxercx n coornercrnnn c resaypycom n nnunocrtm unrarenx, xoropt
cnnresnpyer ro, uro naxonr n rexcre, co cnonm nnuntm ontrom.
Cymecrnymr necxontxo rnnon oprannsannn xonrexcra c nmnnnnnrno nn]opmanne. Hx oennxmr
omnm repmnnom nmnnnxannx. 3ror repmnn nsnauantno ne nnnrnncrnuecxn. On ner ns nornxn, re
nmnnnxannx onpeenxercx xax nornuecxax cnxsxa, orpaxaemax n xstxe comsom ecnn... ro n
]opmannsyemax xax A F, r.e. A nneuer sa coo F. B rexcre +ro moxer coornercrnonart ntpaxennocrn
oonx xomnonenron: anreneenra A n xoncexnenra F nnn rontxo xoncexnenra. Crnnncrnxa sannmaercx
nroptm rnnom oprannsannn xonrexcra c nmnnnnnrno nn]opmanne. Hunnnxannn n mnpoxom cmtcne
ecrt nannune n rexcre nepantno ne ntpaxenntx, no yratnaemtx apecarom cmtcnon. Cma ornocxrcx
norexcr, +nnnnc, annmsnx, cemanrnuecxoe ocnoxnenne n cocrnenno rexcronax nmnnnxannx.
Onpeennm 1exc1onym nunnnxannm xax ononnnrentnt nopasymenaemt cmtcn, ocnonannt na
cnnrarmarnuecxnx cnxsxx cononoxenntx +nemenron anreneenra. Texcronax nmnnnxannx nepeaer ne
rontxo npemerno-nornuecxym nn]opmannm, no n nn]opmannm nroporo poa, nparmarnuecxym, r.e.
cyexrnnno-onenounym, +monnonantnym n +crernuecxym. Texcronax nmnnnxannx orpannuena pamxamn
mnxpoxonrexcra, uro na xomnosnnnonnom yponne otuno coornercrnyer +nnsoy. Boccranannnnaercx ona
napnarnnno, npnnanexnr xonxpernomy rexcry, a ne xstxy noome n cnrnannsnpyercx n npeenax onoro
mara xnanronannx. Crporo pasrpannunrt nmnnnxannm, norexcr, annmsnm n pyrne nnt
nopasymenannx onontno rpyno, nocxontxy onn nocroxnno conyrcrnymr pyr pyry. Ho mt nx nce-raxn
conocrannm, nx roro urot ntxnnrt ocoennocrn xaxoro.
Or +nnnnca nmnnnxannx ornnuaercx rem, uro nmeer onee mnpoxne rpannnt xonrexcra, necer
ononnnrentnym nn]opmannm (n ro npemx xax +nnnnc aer rontxo xomnpeccnm) n noccranannnnaercx
napnarnnno. Tax, +nnnnrnuecxax pennnxa: Have you spoken to him? Not yet moxer trt noccranonnena
rontxo cneymmnmn cnonamn: I have not yet spoken to him.
B npnneennom nnxe npnmepe ns ntect F. Boy Hesapt n Kneonarpa xommenrapnn moxno
c]opmynnponart no-pasnomy. Hmnnnxannx sect nosnnxaer ns nsanmoecrnnx mera]opt n anropcxo
78
pemapxe, pennnx nepconaxe n onnctnaemo cnryannn. nx roro urot naert na Hesapx mnem,
Kneonarpa cnxna c nero nanpont nenox, onapyxnna, uro on ntc, n pacxoxoranact.
Caesar: What arc you laughing at?
Cleopatra: You're bald (beginning with a big B and ending with a splutter).
exonpyx nmnnnxannm, moxno cxasart, uro mera]opa n anropcxo pemapxe nouepxnnaer
+xcnpeccnnnocrt n nponsnecennn cnona bald, a raxxe ro, uro Kneonarpa ocmenena n neer cex c Hesapem
ouent epsxo.
B +nnnnce opasnocrt orcyrcrnyer, rexcronax nmnnnxannx, nanpornn, nocroxnno cnxsana c pasntmn
rponamn. Hpn +rom coepxannem mara xnanronannx otuno oxastnaercx ocnonanne cpannennx nnn
acconnannn. Cneymmn npnmep coueraer meronnmnm n rnnepony: Half Harley Street had examined her,
and found nothing: she had never a serious illness in her life (J. Fowles).
Xapnn Crpnr ynnna n Honone, na xoropo naxoxrcx npnemnte camtx ]emeneentntx npaue.
Hmnnnxannx cocronr n rom, uro, xorx 3pnecrnna conepmenno sopona, mnnrentnte ponrenn ne xanenn
nnxaxnx ener na camtx opornx oxropon, n nce panno nm ne nepnnn n opamannct xo nce nontm n
nontm cnennanncram. Cyrrecrnnnocrt nmnnnxannn rpeyer n annom cnyuae snannx rononnma. Ona
moxer onnpartcx n na pyrne peannn: nmena nsnecrntx nme, pasnoro poa annmsnn.
Kax nmnnnxannx, rax n no1exc1 cosamr ononnnrentnym rnynny coepxannx, no n pasntx
macmraax. Texcronax nmnnnxannx nmeer cnryarnnnt xapaxrep n orpannunnaercx pamxamn +nnsoa,
orentnoro xommynnxarnnnoro axra nnn ueprt nepconaxa. B norexcre yrnynxercx cmxer, onee nonno
pacxptnamrcx ocnonnte remt n nen nponsneennx. Anreneenrt pacnonaramrcx ncranrno. Horexcr
moxer cxnatnartcx ns orentntx ncranrno pacnonoxenntx nmnnnxann. Or +nnnnca n norexcr n
nmnnnxannx ornnuamrcx neonosnaunocrtm noccranonnennx, macmraom, cosannem ononnnrentno
nparmarnuecxo nn]opmannn.
Ocotm nnom rexcrono nmnnnxannn xnnxmrcx annmsnn n nn1annn, noxnmuammne x nepeaue
cmtcna pyrne cemnornuecxne cncremt, nanpnmep xnnonnct, ncropnm, mn]t n r..
B rnane o nexcnuecxo crnnncrnxe mt paccmorpnm cyrrecrnnnocrt nmnnnxannonana, a n
cnnraxcnuecxo crnnncrnxe anosnonesnca n nexoroptx pyrnx ]nryp.
B saxnmuenne naparpa]a ormernm, uro n nmom rexcre ecrnymr ne npornnononoxnte, no
nsanmocnxsannte renennnn. 3ro renennnx x ycnnennm +xcnnnnnrnocrn, nanpnmep, x nonropy,
oneruammemy nocnpnxrne n sanomnnanne, n renennnx x xomnpeccnn nn]opmannn n cyrrecrnnnocrn,
ynennunnammax axrnnnocrt cornopuecrna unrarenx n raxxe cnoconax ynennunrt +xcnpeccnnnocrt n
+crernuecxoe nosecrnne.
IAABA II. AEKCHHECKAR CTHAHCTHKA
1. Cnono n ero snauenne
Hpnnnnn nenocrnoro nocnpnxrnx xyoxecrnennoro nponsneennx ne ncxnmuaer neoxonmocrn
camoro npncrantnoro nnnmannx x cocrannxmmnm ero +nemenram. Hocxontxy marepnanom ncxxoro
nnreparypnoro nponsneennx xnnxercx xstx, a ocnonnax ennnna xstxa cnono, neoxonmo
ocranonnrtcx na rom, uro raxoe cnono n ero snauenne.
B antnemem nsnoxennn no cnonom nonnmaercx ocnonnax ennnna xstxa, xoropax xnnxercx ]opmo
cymecrnonannx nonxrnx n ntpaxennem +monnn n ornomennx. Cnono, xax nncan A. Mee, xnnxercx
pesyntrarom cnxsn onpeenennoro snauennx c onpeenenntm xomnnexcom snyxon, onycxammnx
onpeenennoe rpammarnuecxoe ynorpenenne*.
* Meillet A. Linguistique historique et tinguistique generale. Paris, 1921 1928.
Cnono n xstxe, xax npannno, nonncemanrnuno, r.e. npecrannxer coo mnoxecrno nexcnxo-
cemanrnuecxnx napnanron*. Ha +rom ocnonannn axa. B.B. Bnnorpaon paccmarpnnaer cnono n xstxe xax
cncremy (enncrno) ]opm n snauenn**.
* Tepmnn nexcnxo-cemanrnuecxn napnanr nneen npo]. A.H. Cmnpnnnxnm. Cm.: C+upuuru A.H. K nonpocy o cnone
(nponema roxecrna cnona) // Tpyt Hn-ra xstxosnannx. T. 4. M., 1954. Hoponee o reopnn cnona n ero nexcnxo-
cemanrnuecxnx napnanrax cm.: Apuo.io H.B. Cemanrnuecxax crpyxrypa cnona n anrnncxom xstxe n meronxa ee nccneonannx.
79
H.. 1966; Arnold I.V. The English Word.- M., 1986.
** Cm.: Buuoepaooe B.B. O ]opmax cnon // Hsn. AH CCCP. Or-nne nnr. n xs. 1944. T. 3. Btn. 1. Ou re. Ocnonnte
rnnt nexcnuecxnx snauenn cnona// Bonp. xstxosnannx. 1953. N 5.
Aexcnxo-ceuan1nuecxnu napnan1ou (HCB) mt yem nastnart cnono n onom ns ero snauenn, r.e.
raxo nycroponnn xstxono snax, xoropt xnnxercx enncrnom snyuannx n snauennx, coxpanxx
roxecrno nexcnuecxoro snauennx n npeenax npncyme emy napanrmt n cnnraxcnuecxnx ]ynxnn.
Cneyer nouepxnyrt, uro, nocxontxy n xstxe ne moxer trt ]opmantno ne ntpaxenntx snauenn,
ncxxoe nsmenenne nexcnuecxoro snauennx cnona, r.e. xaxt orentnt napnanr ero, naxonr cee
ntpaxenne nno n ocoennocrxx ero napanrmt, nno n ocoo cnnraxcnuecxo nnn nexcnuecxo
nanenrnocrn.
Ho nexcnuecxnu snauenneu cnona n antnemem nonnmaercx peannsannx nonxrnx, +monnn nnn
ornomennx cpecrnamn xstxono cncremt. Hocxontxy n nonxrnn orpaxaercx peantnax ecrnnrentnocrt,
snauenne cnona coorneceno c nnexstxono peantnocrtm, nmecre c rem nonxrne ne roxecrnenno
snauennm, nocxontxy nocnenee nmeer nnnrnncrnuecxym npnpoy n nxnmuaer nexonnenryantnte
xomnonenrt: +xcnpeccnnnte, +monnonantnte n pyrne xonnorannn.
Hpecrannxercx nectma cymecrnenntm pasrpannunnart n xstxe crpyxrypnoe mnoxecrno nexcnxo-
cemanrnuecxnx napnanron cnona, xoropoe moxno raxxe nasnart cemanrnuecxo crpyxrypo cnona, n
orentnt nexcnxo-cemanrnuecxn napnanr, xax on ntpaxen n rexcre n nne enncrna xonrexcryantnoro
nexcnuecxoro snauennx n ro nnn nno rpammarnuecxo ]opmt.
nx roro urot yxcnnrt +ro, nonesno noxasart pasnnune mexy mnoxecrnom n enncrnom. Ono
cocronr npexe ncero n pasnnunom nanpannenn acrpaxnnn. ecrnnrentno, n rexcre mt nanmaem
nexcnxo-cemanrnuecxn napnanr. 3nauenne ero peannsyercx ne rontxo cocranom n nocneonarentnocrtm
mop]em n cnone, no n nexcnuecxnmn n rpammarnuecxnmn ycnonnxmn xonrexcra. Ecnn mt oomnm cnon
nanmennx na cnonamn n pasntx xonrexcrax npnmennrentno x omnocrn snyxono ]opmt, mop]emnoro
cocrana, npnnanexnocrn x ono n ro xe uacrn peun n no nannunm omnx xomnonenron n snauennn, mt
nosnaem nenoe ncxox ns nanmenn na +nemenramn. Tax mt nonyunm (acrpaxrnoe) crpyxrypnoe
mnoxecrno, +nemenrt xoroporo cymecrnymr n peueno ecrnnrentnocrn. C pyro cropont, ecnn n
pesyntrare nanmenn peantno cymecrnymmnx nexcnxo-cemanrnuecxnx napnanron mt ntennm n nnx
nyrem anannsa cocrannxmmne nx +nemenrt, nanpannenne acrpaxnnn ner or nenoro x uacrn peantno
cymecrnyer n nanmaercx nenoe xax enncrno +nemenron. Hrax, n cnyuae mnoxecrna peantno
nanmamrcx +nemenrt, n nx oennenne cnnresnpyer nenoe, r.e. mnoxecrno; n cnyuae enncrna,
naoopor, nanmaercx nenoe, a nyrem anannsa naxoxr ero +nemenrt.
Hpenoxennoe nonnmanne cnona anexo ne xnnxercx enncrnenno nosmoxntm. Hponema onpeenennx
cnona n ero xapaxrepncrnxn cunraercx ono ns rpynemnx n conpemenno nayxe. Cnoxnocrt +ro
nponemt nosnnxaer ns-sa cnoxnocrn camo npnpot cnona, rpynocrn pasrpannuennx cnona n mop]emt,
c ono cropont, n cnona n cnonocouerannx, c pyro, rpynocrn pasrpannuennx omonnmnn n nonncemnn
n r.. Hocxontxy cnono xnnxercx ennnne xstxa na ncex yponnxx, ouent rpyno art raxoe onpeenenne
cnona, xoropoe coornercrnonano t ononpemenno saauam ]onernuecxoro, mop]onornuecxoro,
nexcnuecxoro n cnnraxcnuecxoro onncannx xstxa a x romy xe noxonno t nx xstxon pasnoro crpox.
Mnorouncnennte cymecrnymmne n nnreparype onpeenennx ntpaorant pasntmn anropamn
npnmennrentno x rem xonxperntm saauam, xoropte onn cee crannnn, n x rem xstxam, na xoroptmn
onn paorann, n x ro ome reopnn xstxa, xoropo onn npnepxnnannct*.
* Hoponee o +rom cm.: Cmenauoea M.. Merot cnnxponnoro anannsa nexcnxn. M., 1968. - C. 21-78.
Mt nocrynaem rax xe n ns nosmoxntx ronxonann ntnpaem ro, uro coornercrnyer saauam
crnnncrnuecxoro anannsa rexcra. Tpynax saaua onpeenennx rpannn cnona nx nac pemaercx rax xe, xax
n paorax no mamnnnomy nepenoy. Hocxontxy npn crnnncrnuecxom anannse n oyuennn nnnmarentnomy
urennm unrarent ncera nmeer nepe coo rexcr, ro cnonom yono cunrart orpesox rexcra or npoena
o npoena.
Kax yxe tno cxasano ntme, xaxt orentnt napnanr naxonr cee ntpaxenne naroapx
cnenn]nxe cnoe nexcnuecxo n rpammarnuecxo nanenrnocrn.
Ho nexcnuecxon nanen1noc1tm nonnmaercx norennnantnax coueraemocrt c pyrnmn cnonamn,
nexcnuecxnmn rpynnamn nnn xnaccamn cnon. Ho uopqonornuecxon nanen1noc1tm norennnantnax
coueraemocrt c mop]emamn cnonoopasonannx n cnononsmenennx. Ho cnn1axcnuecxon nanen1noc1tm
cnoconocrt sannmart onpeenennte nosnnnn n rex nnn nntx cnnraxcnuecxnx crpyxrypax n ncrynart n
80
cnnraxcnuecxne cnxsn c remn nnn nntmn xnaccamn cnon. Peantno n peun nanenrnocrt npoxnnxercx n
ycnonnxx xonrexcra. Kax npannno, cnono n peun, nepexo axe n xyoxecrnenno peun, ynorpenxercx
rontxo n onom ns nosmoxntx nx nero snauenn, n yxasannx, xoropte ncxoxr ns xonrexcra
(nexcnuecxoro, cnnraxcnuecxoro, a uame ncero xomnnnponannoro), nosnonxmr nonxrt, n xaxom nmenno.
Ecnn ononpemenno peannsyercx ne onn napnanr, a ontme, ro n n +rom cnyuae neoxonma opnenrannx
na xonrexcryantnte yxasannx, nocxontxy nce nosmoxnte napnanrt peannsymrcx cpannnrentno pexo.
B cosnannn nocnrene xstxa pasnte napnanrt onoro cnona cnxsant mnoxecrnom acconnann, n
xyoxecrnenno nnreparype +ro orarcrno acconnann npnaer cnony ocoym ntpasnrentnocrt n
cyrrecrnnnocrt.
2. eno1a1nnnoe n xonno1a1nnnoe snauenne.
3uonnonantnan, onenounan, +xcnpeccnnnan n c1nnnc1nuecxan coc1annnmmne xonno1annn
Hexcnuecxoe snauenne xaxoro orentnoro nexcnxo-cemanrnuecxoro napnanra cnona npecrannxer
cnoxnoe enncrno. Cocran ero xomnonenron yono paccmarpnnart c nomomtm nsnoxennoro ntme
npnnnnna enennx peueno nn]opmannn na nn]opmannm, cocrannxmmym npemer coomennx, no ne
cnxsannym c axrom xommynnxannn, n nn]opmannm, cnxsannym c ycnonnxmn n yuacrnnxamn
xommynnxannn. Tora nepno uacrn nn]opmannn coornercrnyer eno1a1nnnoe snauenne cnona,
nastnammee nonxrne. uepes nonxrne, xoropoe, xax nsnecrno ns reopnn orpaxennx, orpaxaer
ecrnnrentnocrt, enorarnnnoe snauenne coornocnrcx c nnexstxono ecrnnrentnocrtm. Bropo uacrn
coomennx, cnxsanno c ycnonnxmn n yuacrnnxamn omennx, coornercrnyer xonno1annn, xya nxoxr
+monnonantnt, onenount, +xcnpeccnnnt n crnnncrnuecxn xomnonenrt snauennx. Hepnax uacrt
xnnxercx oxsarentno, nropax xonnorannx ]axyntrarnnno. Bce uertpe xomnonenra xonnorannn
moryr ntcrynart nmecre nnn n pasntx xomnnannxx nnn noome orcyrcrnonart.
Hpemerno-nornuecxax uacrt nexcnuecxoro snauennx oxastnaercx, n cnom ouepet, cnoxno, orpaxax
cnoxnocrt ntpaxennoro n cnone nonxrnx. Tax, n ocnonnom snauennn cnona woman mt pasnnuaem, no
xpane mepe, rpn xomnonenra: uenoneuecxoe cymecrno, nnno xencxoro nona, nspocnoe. Hocxontxy
xomnonenrnt ananns nmeer nemanoe snauenne nx npnxnano nnnrnncrnxn, nm mnoro sannmamrcx, n na
+ry remy cymecrnyer onontno mnoro nnreparypt.
Konnorannx nexcnxo-cemanrnuecxoro napnanra n ero npemerno-nornuecxoe snauenne cnxsant mexy
coo, no xapaxrep +ro cnxsn y pasntx xomnonenron xonnorannn pasnnuen. Hnxe cnenn]nxa +ro cnxsn
npocnexnnaercx n nponecce paccmorpennx xaxoro ns xomnonenron n orentnocrn.
3uonnonantnmn xomnonenr snauennx moxer trt ysyantntm nnn oxxasnonantntm. Cnono nnn ero
napnanr onaaer +monnonantntm xomnonenrom snauennx, ecnn ntpaxaer xaxym-nnyt +monnm nnn
uyncrno. 3monne nastnaercx ornocnrentno xparxonpemennoe nepexnnanne: paocrt, oropuenne,
yonontcrnne, rpenora, rnen, ynnnenne, a uyncrnom onee ycrounnoe ornomenne: nmont, nenanncrt,
ynaxenne n r.n. 3monnonantnt xomnonenr nosnnxaer na ase npemerno-nornuecxoro, no, pas
nosnnxnyn, xapaxrepnsyercx renennne ntrecnxrt npemerno-nornuecxoe snauenne nnn snaunrentno ero
mon]nnnponart. Mexy meom n omamne nrnne yrxo onontno mano omero, onaxo n nepenocnom
cmtcne +rn nacxarentnte cnona honey n duck xnnxmrcx ouent nnsxnmn cnnonnmamn.
uncrtmn snaxamn +monn xnnxmrcx mexomernx. 3rn cnona cocrannxmr conepmenno ocot cno
nexcnxn, nocxontxy y nnx ner npemerno-nornuecxoro snauennx. B mexomernxx cocpeorouent nce
rnnnuecxne ueprt, ornnuammne +monnonantnym nexcnxy: cnnraxcnuecxax ]axyntrarnnnocrt, r.e.
nosmoxnocrt onymennx es napymennx ormeuennocrn ]past; orcyrcrnne cnnraxcnuecxnx cnxse c
pyrnmn uacrxmn npenoxennx; cemanrnuecxax nppanannx, xoropax cocronr n rom, uro npncyrcrnne xorx
t onoro +monnonantnoro cnona npnaer +monnonantnocrt ncemy ntcxastnannm.
Mnorne +monnonantnte cnona, a mexomernx n ocoennocrn, ntpaxamr +monnm n camom omem nne,
axe ne yxastnax na ee nonoxnrentnt nnn orpnnarentnt xapaxrep. Oh, nanpnmep, moxer ntpaxart
n paocrt, n neuant, n mnorne pyrne +monnn. Oh, I am so glad, Oh, I am so sorry, Oh, how
unexpected! Ananornunte npnmept moxno npnnecrn nx pyrnx mexomern, xax npocrtx, rax n
nponsnontx (nropnuntx).
nx crnnncrnxn +ra neonpeenennocrt +monnonantntx cnon nmeer ontmoe snauenne, rax xax
sacrannxer npn anannse ncxart ononnnrentnte xommenrapnn no nonoy ncntrtnaemtx nepconaxamn
+monn: Oh! came the long melodious wonder note from the young soldier. Hnn Oh, for goodness sake, say
something somebody, cried Benford fretfully (D.H. Lawrence. The Fox).
81
C +monnonantno nexcnxo ne cneyer cmemnnart cnona, nastnammne +monnn nnn uyncrna: fear,
delight, gloom, cheerfulness, annoy, n cnona, +monnonantnocrt xoroptx sanncnr or acconnann n peaxnn,
cnxsanntx c enorarom: death, tears, honour, rain.
C nnnrnncrnuecxo rouxn spennx +ro pasnte rpynnt. Ornomennx mexy xomnonenramn nnyrpn
nexcnuecxoro snauennx, ornomennx mexy napnanramn nnyrpn cemanrnuecxo crpyxrypt cnona n
cnnraxcnuecxne cnxsn sect nnte, uem n +monnonantno nexcnxe, nepenoca sect ner, +monnonantnocrt
nonnocrtm sanncnr or enorarnnnoro snauennx, xoropoe ne crnpaercx, cnnraxcnuecxne cnxsn
oxsarentnt.
nx crnnncrnxn ntenenne +ro rpynnt nmeer, onaxo, ouent naxnoe snauenne, noromy uro
naxonnenne noontx cnon n rexcre nnn nonropenne nx cosaer onpeenennoe nacrpoenne. Bo mnornx
nnreparypntx nponsneennxx, nanpnmep, onnne cnon, cnxsanntx c oxem n nenoroo, nepeaer
omymenne onnouecrna, rocxn, ecnpnmrnocrn. Macrep norexcra, 3. Xemnnry+ naunnaer paccxas
Komxa no oxem c onncannx oxx n nrantxncxom ropoe, re n orene rontxo noe amepnxannen n
monoax amepnxanxa uyncrnyer cex onnoxo, rocxyer.
There were only two Americans stopping at the hotel. They did not know any of the people they
passed on the stairs on their way to and from their room. Their room was on the second floor facing the
sea. It also faced the public garden and the war monument. There were big palms and green benches in
the public garden. In the good weather there was always an artist with his easel. Artists liked the way
the palms grew and the bright colours of the hotels facing the gardens and the sea. Italians came from a
long way off to look up to the war monument. It was made of bronze and glistened in the rain. It was
raining. The rain dripped from the palm trees. Water stood in pools on the gravel paths. The sea broke in
along line in the rain and slipped back down the beach to come and break again in a long line in the rain.
The motor cars were gone from the square by the war monument...
Btpaxenne +monnn nnn uyncrna otuno cnxsano ne rontxo n ne crontxo c xenannem coomnrt o nnx,
cxontxo co crpemnennem nepeart nx pyrnm, n n +rom cmtcne raxoe naxonnenne oxnnntx cnon nectma
+]]exrnnno n oxsarentno ormeuaercx npn crnnncrnuecxom anannse.
Cnono onaaer onenounmu xomnonenrom snauennx, ecnn ono ntpaxaer nonoxnrentnoe nnn
orpnnarentnoe cyxenne o rom, uro ono nastnaer, r.e. oopenne nnn neoopenne. Cp.: time-tested
method (oopenne) n out-of-date method (neoopenne). Onenount xomnonenr nepasptnno cnxsan c
npemerno-nornuecxnm, yrounxer n ononnxer ero n no+romy moxer nxonrt n cnonapnym e]nnnnnm.
Tax, nanpnmep, rnaron sneak n cnonape Xopnn onpeenxercx: move silently and secretly, usu. for a bad
purpose. B ornnune or +monnonantnoro xomnonenra onenount xomnonenr ne cnococrnyer
]axyntrarnnnocrn nnn ocnanennm cnnraxcnuecxnx cnxse. Onenount xomnonenr snauennx
ynomnnaercx mnornmn anropamn; cnona c raxnmn xomnonenramn axe nonyunnn n nnreparype
cnennantnoe nasnanne bias-words, no nsyuena +ra rpynna noxa mano, n anropt, xoropte na +rn cnona
opamann nnnmanne, ne pasrpannunnamr xomnonenrt xonnorannn, paccmarpnnax nx xax
+monnonantnte*.
* Charleston B.M. Studies in the Emotional and Affective Means of Expression in Modern English. In: Swiss Studies in English,
46 Band. Bern, 1960.
Hnrepecntm npnmepom cnona c ycrounno onenouno xonnoranne xnnxercx cnono meaning n ero
nponsnonte meaningful n meaningless, onncanne xoroptx npnnonr H.F. Conomon*. Hanmax sa
xonrexcramn conpemennoro ynorpenennx +roro cnona, moxno samernrt nce nospacrammym renennnm x
ycnnennm onenouno xonnorarnnno uacrn ero snauennx sa cuer enorarnnno. Cnono meaningful
cranonnrcx cnnonnmom cnon wise, efficient, purposeful, worthy of attention n pyrnx, re onenounocrt
nxonr yxe n uncno xomnonenron enorarnnnoro snauennx. Tax, to write meaningfully snaunr n nucami
cnpaeeo.ueo, eepuo, cooeprame.iuo. Paccmorpnm rontxo onn ns mnorouncnenntx raserntx npnmepon
H.F. Conomona: Schools and teachers must instil the idea that what is important, is the desire and the capacity
of the individual for self-education, that is for finding meaning, truth and enjoyment in everything he does.
* Solomon L.B. Meaning a Word for All Seasons // American Speech. 1966, May.
Pyccxoe cnono cmtcn, xoroptm sect ouent rouno nepenonrcx cnono meaning, roxe esycnonno
coepxnr nonoxnrentnym onenxy neonornuecxoro nopxxa. Cneyer oparnrt nnnmanne na ro, uro
82
meaning, truth and enjoyment onoponte unent, coennennte comsom and, a n noontx
xonrexcryantntx ycnonnxx y cnon onxnt nannuecrnonart omne xomnonenrt snauennx. Honoxnrentnax
onenxa n cnonax truth n enjoyment xnnxercx nenpemenntm xomnonenrom enorarnnnoro snauennx.
Hpnneem eme necxontxo npnmepon cnon c onenountmn xonnorannxmn.
F. uapntcron npnnonr myrounoe cnpxxenne: I am firm, thou art obstinate, he is pig-headed.
Bce rpn npnnararentntx nmemr ono n ro xe enorarnnnoe snauenne, +xnnnanenrnoe nerpantnomy
not easily influenced by other people's opinion, no firm npenonaraer noxnantnym rnepocrt, obstinate
coepxnr mxrxoe neoopenne, a pig-headed pesxo orpnnarentnym onenxy, couerammymcx c
xonnoranne +xcnpeccnnnocrn.
Onenounax nexcnxa xapaxrepna nx onncannx omecrnenno xnsnn n nonnrnuecxnx cotrn n
nepexo ncnontsyer pasnte nnt nepenocntx snauenn, n ro npemx xax npxmte snauennx nerpantnt.
Oparnmcx x npnmepy. Cnono establishment n npxmom ocnonnom snauennn vcmauoe.euue, v:peroeuue
xonnorannn ne coepxnr. Ono ns mnornx nponsnontx snauenn npaeuue rpveu, eocnoocmevmua
eepxvura, cucme+a nepeaercx nexcnxo-cemanrnuecxnm napnanrom the Establishment n nmeer uerxo
ntpaxennym xonnorannm neoopenne: If the Establishment means anything, it means big government and
big business, and between them they pay most of the bills of big science*.
* Hnr. no cnonapm: Barnhardt. A Dictionary of New English. Ldn, 1973.
Hanmennx na rem, xax onenounte cnona menxmr cnom npemernym ornecennocrt n pesyntrare
necnpanennnocrn n nnnemepnocrn omecrnenntx ornomenn, moxno narn n rnopuecrne nennxoro
carnpnxa I. unnnnra. nx ero rnopuecrna xapaxrepna ne rontxo ontmax pasnocroponnocrt ero
nnrepeconann nonnrnxa, +rnxa, ]nnoco]nx, no n ocrpoe omymenne orpaxammero nx xstxonoro
marepnana. unnnnr nnen, xax naenne npanon n erpaannx mopantntx nennocre orpaxamrcx na
cnnxennn snauennx cnon. Cnona, npexe ntpaxanmne ntcoxne, naroponte nonxrnx, ncnontsymrcx nx
nasnannx pe]epenron nnsxnx n raxnx. nontramct, nnmer I. unnnnr, npnxpennrt x xaxomy ns
nnx n rounocrn ro npecrannenne, xoropoe npnaer nm cner (the world). Harpnor (patriot) renept
rontxo xannar na mecro npn nope, a nonnrnxa (politics) ncero nnmt ncxyccrno onnartcx raxnx
mecr. Ho sacnyramn (worth) nonnmamrcx rontxo nnacrt, nonoxenne, orarcrno, a mypocrt (wisdom)
cnonrcx x ncxyccrny npnoperart nx.
B uncne paor I. unnnnra ecrt cnennantnt rpaxrar, n xoropom on pasnnnaer yuenne o cmtcne cnon
ntammerocx anrnncxoro ]nnoco]a XVII nexa x. Hoxxa. B +rom rpaxrare O nonnemem nsmenennn
snauennx, xoropomy noneprnnct mnorne cnona, n aconmrnom coornercrnnn c reopne mncrepa Hoxxa I.
unnnnr nnmer o rom, xax npanxmee mentmnncrno oxastnaercx nosnecenntm na ncem ocrantntm
napoom Fpnrannn n no npany cnntnoro nperenyer na npancrnennoe n ymcrnennoe npenocxocrno. He
onontcrnyxct nanmenonannem Fnaropontx (Honourables), ocronourenntx (Worshipfuls),
Hpenoontx (Reverends) n rtcxue pyrnx roptx +nnreron, xoropte onn rpeymr or enxxon n na
xoropte orneuamr rontxo cnonamn mnant (scrub), mpast (dirt), uepnt (mob) n romy noontmn, onn
nacnntcrnenno, es renn xaxoro-nno na ro npana, npncnonnn cee cnono Btmecroxmne (yxnantno:
.v:uue Betters)*.
* Hpnmept ns rpaxraron I. unnnnra n nx nepeno sanmcrnonant ns crartn H.. txxonono Carnpa unnnnra (Vuen.
san. HIV. 1956. N 212. Cep. ]nnon. nayx. Btn. 28).
3rn cnocrna onenouno nexcnxn ncnontsonannct unnnnrom nx pasonauennx ]antcn]nxannn ncex
uenoneuecxnx uyncrn n ornomenn n naennx mopann nyrem npornnonocrannennx nnnmoro n ncrnnnoro,
nperensn n ecrnnrentnocrn n nponnuecxnx +nnrerax. Tax, uenonexa, xoropt no noxponom
nnnemepnx n xanxecrna xeprnyer pyrnmn no nmx cnonx annernron n snoynorpenxer cnoe nnacrtm na
nnmn, on nastnaer nennxnm great man (Hcropnx xnsnn xonarana Vanta Bennxoro).
Mecro onenountx xonnorann n pasntx ]ynxnnonantntx crnnxx pasnnuno. Onn uacro ncrpeuamrcx n
oparopcxo peun n concem ne npnnxrt n nayuno nnn o]nnnantno-enono peun. 3ect onenxa onxna
trt +xcnnnnnrno yxasana c nomomtm oexrnnntx noxasarene.
Cnono onaaer +xcnpeccnnnmu xounonen1ou snauennx, ecnn cnoe opasnocrtm nnn xaxnm-nnyt
pyrnm cnocoom nouepxnnaer, ycnnnnaer ro, uro nastnaercx n +rom xe cnone nnn n pyrnx,
cnnraxcnuecxn cnxsanntx c nnm cnonax. Hanpnmep: She was a thin, frail little thing, and her hair which was
delicate and thin was bobbed... (D.H. Lawrence. The Fox).
Cnono thing nmecro girl +xcnpeccnnno nouepxnnaer xpynxocrt enymxn, ntpaxennym
83
npnnararentntmn thin, frail, little. Thing n npnmenennn x uenonexy ncera ynorpenxercx c
npnnararentntm.
Pasnnuamr +xcnpeccnnnocrt opasnym n ynennunrentnym. B oonx cnyuaxx +xcnpeccnnnt xomnonenr
sanncnr or npemerno-nornuecxoro, no conepmenno nnaue, uem onenount. Oparnmcx x npnmepy: Life
was not made merely to be slaved away (Ibid.).
3xcnpeccnnnocrt n annom cnyuae opasnax, ocnonannax na mera]opnuecxom nepenoce. Ho nepenoc
nponcxonr nnyrpn nexcemt, a ne nnyrpn cnona y rnarona slave ner ne+xcnpeccnnnoro napnanra.
Ho nexceuon mt nonnmaem oennenne xopnentx n a]]nxcantntx mop]em, opasymmnx
nexcnuecxym ennnny, nesanncnmo or nosmoxntx nx nee cnnraxcnuecxnx ]ynxnn, napanrmt n
nanenrnocrn*. Slave (n) n slave (v) na cnona, no ona nexcema. Inaron to slave opasonan or
cymecrnnrentnoro slave, npnuem cymecrnnrentnoe nmeer n npxmoe n nepenocnoe snauennx, a rnaron
rontxo nepenocnoe opasnoe. Ero opasnax +xcnpeccnnnocrt sanncnr or acconnann, xoropte ntstnaer
slave (n), r.e. cnxst ryr na yponne nexcemt.
* B nnnrnncrnuecxo nnreparype repmnn nexcema nonnmaercx no-pasnomy. Axa. B.B. Bnnorpaon onpeenxn nexcemy
xax cnono, paccmarpnnaemoe n xonrexcre xstxa, r.e. nsxroe no nce conoxynnocrn cnonx ]opm n snauenn. Cm.: Buuoepaooe
B.B. Pyccxn xstx. M., 1947. Hame onpeenenne yrounxer onpeenenne, npenoxennoe B.B. Bnnorpaontm, noxastnax, uro
no conoxynnocrtm ]opm nonnmamrcx n ]opmt pasntx napanrm. H.C. Kysnenon cunraer nexcemy ennnne xstxa, xoropax
coornercrnyer cnony xax ennnne peun. Cm.: Kvsueoe H. C. Ontr ]opmantnoro onpeenennx cnona // Bonp. xstxosnannx.
1964. N 5. Hocxontxy +ro onpeenenne nneuer sa coo ncxnmuenne cnona ns ennnn xstxa, ono npecrannxercx nam
nenpnemnemtm. nx H.H. Toncroro nexcema ennnna cropont ntpaxennx, r.e. snyxono xomnnexc, xoropt coornercrnyer
ennnne coepxannx cememe. Cm.: To.cmo H.H. Hs ontron rnnonornuecxoro nccneonannx cnanxncxoro cnonapnoro cocrana
// Bonp. xstxosnannx. 1963. N 1; Laxoecru B.H. Kareropnsannx +monnn n nexcnxo-cemanrnuecxo cncreme xstxa.
Boponex, 1987.
3xcnpeccnnnocrt nx rnarona slave (paoomami mrro, uenocu.iuo, rar paoomamm paoi)
+xcnpeccnnnocrt ysyantnax. Inaron slave nx oosnauennx rpya paon ne ynorpenxercx n oosnauaer
rxxent rpy mpnnuecxn cnoontx rpaxan. Cp.: the slaves work : : the Ford workers slave. Ho n
npnneennom npnmepe naccnnnax xoncrpyxnnx, nnrencn]nnnpymmn nocrnosnrnn away n cnxst co
cnonom life cosamr nont napnanr pacmpamumi (rusui) ua mre.i mpvo. 3xcnpeccnnnocrt
nonyuaercx yxe oxxasnonantnax, xax t nropnunax n xonrexcryantno oycnonnennax, uro ee
ononnnrentno ycnnnnaer.
Anrnncxne nexcnxorpa]t (nanpnmep, Xopnn nnn uaynep) ne pasrpannunnamr +xcnpeccnnnocrt n
+monnonantnocrt. Mnorne cunramr, uro +xcnpeccnnnocrt ncera ocrnraercx sa cuer +monnonantnocrn.
Taxoe pacmnpennoe nonnmanne onponepraercx xonxperntm marepnanom. Hannune +monnonantno
xonnorann nourn ncera nneuer sa coo +xcnpeccnnnocrt, no oparnoe nenepno. B paccxase . Hopenca
thing neonoxparno ynorpenxercx npnmennrentno x xnnn F+n]op: Banford was a small, thin, delicate
thing with spectacles. B xonrexcre ner nnxaxnx nornepxenn +monnonantnoro noxoa x +ro cnaocrn
n xpynxocrn. Konnorannx cnona thing rontxo +xcnpeccnnnax. Hoprper xnnn xonrpacrnpyer c noprperom
ocnonno reponnn Henn Mapu, cnntno n noxoxe na mantunxa.
B ronxonannn cnona thing A. Xopnn nnmer: thing, n ... (6) used of persons or animals, expressing
emotion: Poor thing! He's been ill for a month! He's a foolish old thing. She's a sweet little thing.
Ho ero xe npnmept noxastnamr cnpanennnocrt nsnoxenno ntme rpaxronxn thing xax
+xcnpeccnnnoro, a ne +monnonantnoro cnona. Bo ncex +rnx npnmepax +monnonantnocrt nosnnxaer rontxo
n moenn, re thing onpeenxercx +monnonantntmn npnnararentntmn n ycnnnnaer nx snauenne.
Vnennunrentnax +xcnpeccnnnocrt nsyuena ne mentme, uem opasnax; raxne cnona nonyunnn
cnennantnoe oosnauenne nn1encnqnxa1opm, n ona rpynna, a nmenno ycnnnrentnte napeunx,
ocnemanact n necxontxnx cnennantntx paorax*. Camte npocrte nnrencn]nxaropt all, ever, even, quite,
really, absolutely, so ouent uacrornt. O xapaxrepe nx ncrpnynnn moxno cynrt no cneymmnm
npnmepam: Why ever didn't you go? He's ever such a clever man. Even now it is not too late. He never even
opened his book.
* Stoffel C. Intensives and Downtoners. Heidelberg, 1901.
Vcnnnrentnte napeunx nocroxnno ononnxmrcx, xonnuecrno nx pacrer. Onn opasymrcx or pasnnuntx
ocnon, oosnauammnx +monnn. Ouent mnoro raxnx napeun opasonanoct or cnon, oosnauammnx crpax:
frightfully, awfully, terribly n r.. Hx mnpoxax ynorpenrentnocrt n oxcmmoponntx couerannxx
cnnerentcrnyer o noannennn nexcnuecxoro snauennx n nontsy ycnnnrentnoro xomnonenra: She looks
frightfully well, frightfully decent, frightfully nice, terribly smart, terribly amusing, terribly friendly, awfully
84
pleased n r..
Hexoropte raxne nnrencn]nxaropt nmemr nourn neorpannuennym coueraemocrt: a terrific speed,
shock, dinner, make-up; dead tired, straight, serious, right, true; absolutely divine, maddening.
pyrne, nanpornn, nmemr ysxym nanenrnocrt: a severe frost aflat denial stripping wet strictly
prohibited; nentsx cxasart strict frost nnn severe denial.
Fontmnncrno raxnx ycnnnrene ornocnrcx x pasronopnomy crnnm peun, rax uro xomnonenry
ycnnnrentno +xcnpeccnnnocrn otuno conyrcrnyer xomnonenr crnnncrnuecxn. Tax, cnono quite
xnnxercx pasronopntm nnrencn]nxaropom: ...and it was quite a surprise.
B pasronopno peun ]ynxnnn ycnnnrentnocrn moryr trt onontno cnoxntmn, n ee ocoenno rpyno
pasrpannunrt c +mornnntm xomnonenrom. Vcnnnrentnocrt moxer trt npoxnnennem nexnnnocrn nnn
nexnnnoro samemarentcrna, xax n cneymmem npnmepe: I don't really like mentioning it but I don't quite
see what else I am to do although of course it is quite unimportant really. (A. Christie. A Caribbean
Mystery).
Cnono onaaer c1nnnc1nuecxnu xounonen1ou snauennx, nnn c1nnnc1nuecxon xonno1annen, ecnn
ono rnnnuno nx onpeenenntx ]ynxnnonantntx crnne n c]ep peun, c xoroptmn ono acconnnpyercx
axe yyun ynorpeneno n nernnnuntx nx nero xonrexcrax.
Crnnncrnuecxn xomnonenr snauennx cnxsan c npemerno-nornuecxnm n rom cmtcne, uro
oosnauaemoe nocnennm nonxrne moxer npnnanexart x ro nnn nno c]epe ecrnnrentnocrn.
Hocxontxy ]ynxnnonantnte crnnn yyr paccmorpent n nocnene rnane, sect ner neoxonmocrn
onee nopono na nnx ocranannnnartcx.
Cosanne nponeyp nx narnocrnxn nannunx n orcyrcrnnx xonnorarnnntx snauenn n cnone,
onpeenennx nx rnna, pasrpannuennx oxxasnonantntx n ysyantntx xonnorann, ntxnnennx nx
sanncnmocrn or xonrexcra n ycranonnennx nannunx xonnorann nne xonrexcra xnnxercx ouent axryantno
n rpyno saaue conpemenno crnnncrnxn n eme xer cnonx ntrnnntx nccneonarene. Hontrxa
namernrt nexoropte +nemenrt raxnx nponeyp onncana n cneymmem naparpa]e.
3. Conuemenne +uonnonantnon, +xcnpeccnnnon, onenounon n c1nnnc1nuecxon xonno1annn
3monnonantnte, +xcnpeccnnnte, onenounte n crnnncrnuecxne xomnonenrt nexcnuecxoro snauennx
nepexo conyrcrnymr pyr pyry n peun, no+romy nx uacro cmemnnamr, a camn +rn repmnnt ynorpenxmr
xax cnnonnmt. Ho connaenne xomnonenron anexo ne oxsarentno; npncyrcrnne onoro ns xomnonenron
ne nneuer sa coo oxsarentnoro npncyrcrnnx ncex ocrantntx, n onn moryr ncrpeuartcx n pasntx
xomnnannxx.
Paccmorpnm cnauana npnmep, re n xonnorannxx pxa cnon ecrnnrentno npncyrcrnymr
ononpemenno nce uertpe xomnonenra. B cneymmem npnmepe mnorne cnona nmemr nyntrapno-
pasronopnym oxpacxy, +monnonantnt, +xcnpeccnnnt n ne ocrannxmr nnxaxoro comnennx ornocnrentno
xapaxrepa uyncrn Tnma Kenana x xene:
Then Tim Kendall lost control of himself. For God's sake, you damned bitch, he said, shut up,
can't you? D'you want to get me hanged? Shut up I tell you. Shut that big ugly mouth of yours.
(A. Christie. A Caribbean Mystery).
Ocoenno rnnnuno n +rom nnane shut up cnono rpyoe, pasronopnoe, ntpaxammee cnntnym crenent
paspaxennx, n n ro xe npemx opasnoe. Komnonenr onenxn npncyrcrnyer, no on cmemen, rax xax
orpnnarentnoe ornomenne nanpanneno ne na ro, uro uenonex samonunr, a na ro, uro on ronopnr.
Connaenne xomnonenron moxno noxasart n na orentntx cnonax. F. uapntcron* npnnonr
cneymmn px cnon c ysyantno, ne sanncxme or xonrexcra +monnonantnocrtm: cad, coward, sneak,
snob, prig, tale-bearer, boor, lout, stooge, busy-body, spiv, double-crosser, whipper-snapper, trash, tripe.3ror
px onnunrentntx +nnreron moxno tno t npoonxnrt. Bce +rn cnona nmemr pasnnunoe enorarnnnoe
snauenne**, no onnaxont +monnonantnt xomnonenr n onnaxonym orpnnarentnym onenxy, rax xax
ntpaxamr nosmymenne remn nnn nntmn neocrarxamn nnn nopoxamn. Hpncymax +rnm cnonam opasnocrt
enaer nx +xcnpeccnnntmn, a npnntunax acconnannx c ]amnntxpno-pasronopntm crnnem, nnn cnenrom,
nosnonxer ycranonnrt n nannune uerneproro xomnonenra.
* Uap.icmou B. Vxas. cou. C. 105.
** Hannune omero xomnonenra n rom cmtcne, uro nce onn ornocxrcx x nmxm, nac n annt momenr ne nnrepecyer, ono
85
npocro oneruaer paccmorpenne.
Bce uertpe xomnonenra xonnorann oxsarentnt n nx cnon cnenra. Cnenr npnnanexnr x uncny
nanonee nsyuenntx, nnn, no ncxxom cnyuae, nanonee nopono onncanntx, n n ro xe npemx nanonee
cnopntx cnoen nexcnxn. Cnenrom nastnamrcx rpyonarte nnn myrounte cyryo pasronopnte cnona n
ntpaxennx, nperenymmne na nonnsny n opnrnnantnocrt.
Hpenoxennt ntme npnnnnn pasrpannuennx rnnon xonnorann nomoraer narn n +rnm cnonam mecro
n ome nexcnuecxo cncreme xstxa. ecrnnrentno, n cnonax cnenra oxsarentno npncyrcrnymr nce
rnnt xonnorann: +monnonantnt xomnonenr n ontmnncrne cnyuaen nponnuecxn, npespnrentnt n
coornercrnenno onenount. Crnnncrnuecxn cnenrnsmt uerxo npornnonocrannxmrcx nnreparypno nopme,
n n +rom oruacrn camt cmtcn nonnsnt nx ynorpenennx. Onn ncera nmemr cnnonnmt n nnreparypno
nexcnxe n, raxnm opasom, xnnxmrcx xax t nroptmn, onee +xcnpeccnnntmn, uem otunte, nasnannxmn
npemeron, nouemy-nno ntstnammnx +monnonantnoe x cee ornomenne. 3xcnpeccnnnocrt nx onnpaercx
na opasnocrt, ocrpoymne, neoxnannocrt, nnora saannoe ncxaxenne.
Cnenr, raxnm opasom, ecrt nexcnuecxn cno, cocroxmn ns cnon n ntpaxenn c nonntm n npnrom
cnenn]nuecxnm naopom ysyantntx xonnorann, ornnuammnxcx or cnonx nerpantntx cnnonnmon
nmenno +rnmn xonnorannxmn.
Heoxonmo oronopnrtcx, uro npnntunoe ntpaxenne cnona cnenra ne concem rouno, rax xax napxy
c orentntmn cnonamn ennnnamn cnenra moryr trt n ouent uacro tnamr nexcnxo-cemanrnuecxne
napnanrt cnon, n cemanrnuecxym crpyxrypy xoroptx nxoxr n pyrne, concem ne cnenronte napnanrt.
Onaxo nx necnenrontx cnon nonnt naop xonnorannonntx xomnonenron nonce ne oxsarenen,
nosmoxnt cnona rontxo c rpemx, nymx, onnm xomnonenrom nnn nonce es xonnorann.
Cnona good, bad, beautiful, ugly, nanpnmep, npnnanexar x onenountm, no onenxa connaaer c nx
enorarnnntm snauennem, a n ornomennn +mornnnocrn, +xcnpeccnnnocrn n crnnncrnuecxo oxpacxn onn
nerpantnt.
Cnona morn, oft, e'er, ne'er, forsooth n pyrne omenpnsnannte no+rnsmt nmemr rontxo +ry
xonnorannm, no +monnonantnocrn, onenounocrn, opasnocrn n nnx ner.
Hnrencn]nxaropt rnna terrific, awful, frightful n r.. ouent uacro repxmr cnom +mornnnocrt n
onenounocrt, xax o rom cnnerentcrnymr oxcmmoponnte couerannx, n coxpanxmr rontxo
+xcnpeccnnnocrt n pasronopnocrt: Too terribly friendly for words. I've just said you could come. Yes,
dead keen you sounded. You're looking frightfully well.
Hponema pasrpannuennx xomnonenron xonnorann nmeer ontmoe snauenne nx nene
crnnncrnuecxoro anannsa, nocxontxy nosecrnne, xoropoe xonnorannn cnon oxastnamr na unrarenx,
moxer trt pasnnuntm. Ho+romy nx neoxonmo ne rontxo onpeennrt, xax +ro tno cenano ntme, no n
narn oxasarentnte nponeypt nx nponepxn nx nannunx n xonnorannn cnona.
3aaua +ra ouent rpynax eme n noromy, uro ono n ro xe cnono nnn napnanr cnona moxer n onom
xonrexcre npoxnnxrt rontxo cnon ysyantnte xonnorannn, a n pyrom npnopecrn eme oxxasnonantnte,
no+romy onpeenenne xonnorann nenecoopasno enart n xonrexcre.
nx nponepxn nannunx n xonnorannn cnona yxasanntx xomnonenron yono nontsonartcx
nponeypamn rnna nexcnuecxnx rpanc]opmann nnn cycrnrynn, xoropte cocroxr n rom, uro n rexcr
nocrannxmrcx nnn oannxmrcx narnocrnpymmne cnona nnn ]past, n xoroptx coepxnrcx
npenonaraemt xomnonenr, nnn, nanpornn, nccneyemoe cnono ncxnmuaercx ns xonrexcra, nocne uero
npononrcx onenxa nensmennocrn cmtcna. Tax, nanpnmep, nonarax eccnopntm nnrencn]nxaropom cnona
very, quite nnn do n yrnepnrentnom npenoxennn, nocrannxem nx n npnneennt ntme npnmep n
yexaemcx, uro cmtcn ne nsmennncx n, cneonarentno, cnona dead, thing n terribly nmemr +xcnpeccnnnte
xomnonenrt:
Yes, dead keen you sounded Yes, very keen you sounded
Yes, you did sound keen.
She was a thin, frail little thing She was very thin, frail and little.
You look terribly smart, she said You look very smart, she
said You do look smart, she said.
Hoxasart, uro n nocnenem npnmepe orcyrcrnyer +monnonantnt xomnonenr, yono,
nocnontsonanmnct nenosmoxnocrtm cneymme rpanc]opmannn: You look terribly smart, she said
86
You look smart, she said in terror.
nx onpeenennx npncyrcrnnx nonoxnrentno onenxn y npnnararentntx n pasronopnom rexcre moxno
nontsonartcx eccnopno nonoxnrentno onenxo cnona nice nnn eccnopno orpnnarentno cnona horrid:
that's unfair that's horrid and unfair
that's womanly that's nice and womanly.
Hoponax paspaorxa raxoro poa nponeyp xnnxercx naxno saaue cemacnonoron, pemenne
xoropo yer ouent nonesno nx crnnncrnxn.
Or xonnorann, xax yxe tno cxasano n rnane I, cneyer ornnuart acconnannn, cnxsannte c
oosnauaemtm npemerom, nnn nunnnxannonan. Tax, nanpnmep, neoxonmtmn n ocrarountmn
xomnonenramn enorarnnnoro snauennx cnona woman xnnxercx human + female + adult, no n nexoroptx
xyntrypax npenonaraercx, cnpanennno nnn ner necymecrnenno, uro xenmnnam cnocrnennt mxrxocrt,
nsxmecrno, opora, nnn onrnnnocrt, nnn sacrenunnocrt. 3rn xomnonenrt nxoxr n nmnnnxannonan
cnona woman n npoxnnxmrcx n snauennxx nexcnxo-cemanrnuecxnx napnanron nnn nponsnontx cnon (cp.
womanly).
Bcxxoro poa ncropnsmt acconnnpymrcx c +noxo, xora ynorpenxnnct oosnauaemte nmn npemert:
halberd aneapa, habergeon xontuyra es pyxanon, gauntlet narnax pyxannna acconnnpymrcx c
ptnapcxnmn npemenamn.
Hasnannx +xsornuecxnx xnnorntx ntstnamr acconnannn c remn crpanamn, n xoroptx onn noxrcx.
B saxnmuenne naparpa]a ormernm, uro nexcnuecxne cnocot ntpaxennx n peun +monnn, onenxn n
+xcnpeccnn ne rontxo recno nsanmoecrnymr pyr c pyrom, no n neorennmt or cnnraxcnuecxnx,
]onernuecxnx n pyrnx nosmoxntx cnocoon nx nepeaun n axre omennx n noromy onxnt nsyuartcx n
ycnonnxx xonrexcra n cnryannn.
4. 3xcnpeccnnnoc1t na yponne cnonoopasonannn
Ysyantnan +xcnpeccnnnoc1t cnona nnn nexcnxo-cemanrnuecxoro napnanra cnona nosnnxaer, xax
npannno, na ase cemanrnuecxo nnn mop]onornuecxo nponsnonocrn. Hcxnmuennem ns +roro npannna,
ecrecrnenno, xnnxmrcx nepnnunte mexomernx, xoropte noome ne nmemr pyroro snauennx, xpome
+xcnpeccnnno-+monnonantnoro (Alas! Oh!).
Hpnmept cemanrnuecxo nponsnonocrn, r.e. +]]exra nepenocnoro snauennx, yyr n ro nnn nno
]opme cocrannxrt coepxanne mnornx pasenon crnnncrnxn, n no+romy sect ner neoxonmocrn
cnennantno na ne ocranannnnartcx.
Hpn paccmorpennn +xcnpeccnnnocrn, oycnonnenno mop]onornuecxo nponsnonocrtm, neoxonmo
orentno paccmorpert +xcnpeccnnnocrt cnonoopasonarentntx cpecrn, r.e. a]]nxcon, n moene n rnnon
cnonoopasonannx.
Oparnmcx cnauana x a]]nxcam. Bonpoc nx +xcnpeccnnnocrn neonoxparno npnnnexan nnnmanne
yuentx n nopono ocnemen O. Ecnepcenom, I. Mapuenom n p.*
* Jespersen O. Modern English Grammar. - V. VI. - P. 239 ff., 246, 250, 323, 325, 352, 424, 443, etc.; Marchand H. The
Categories and Types of Prescnt-Day English Word-Formation. Wiesbaden. 1960.
O. Ecnepcen ocranannnnaercx na xonno1annonnou no1ennnane xaxoro orentnoro a]]nxca. On
noxasan, nanpnmep, uro cy]]nxc -ish npn oannennn x ocnone npnnararentnoro moxer napxy c
otuntmn +monnonantno-nerpantntmn napnanramn (brown : : brownish), yxastnammnmn na
npncyrcrnne neontmo crenenn xauecrna, opasonart moantnte raxrnunte cnona, xoropte
cosamrcx xax oxxasnonantnte, ecnn ronopxmn ne xouer ronopnrt cnnmxom npxmo, pesxo nnn
xareropnuno n nastnart nemn cnonmn nmenamn: baldish, biggish, dullish. oannenne +roro xe cy]]nxca x
nmenntm ocnonam opasyer npnnararentnte c orpnnarentno onenxo, a nnora n npespnrentno-
paspaxennte: bookish, childish, doggish, goatish, sheepish, womanish. Orpnnarentnax onenxa
ycnnnnaercx, ecnn cy]]nxc -ish npncoennxercx x cnoxntm ocnonam stand-offish, come-hitherish, honey-
moonish.
B xauecrne ncxnmuennx moxno nasnart girlish n boyish, re orpnnarentno onenxn ner.
Hnrepecno conocrannrt coueranne cy]]nxcon c ocnonamn nmen cocrnenntx. Cy]]nxc -ish,
npncoennxxct x nmenam cocrnenntm, coomaer nm npenepexnrentnym oxpacxy: Dickensish, Mark
87
Twainish; cy]]nxc -ian moxer cosanart nexoropym npnnonxrocrt, cosanax npnnararentnte,
xapaxrepnte nx xnnxno peun: Darwinian, Dickensian, Shakespearian. Opasonannte or cocrnenntx
nmen npnnararentnte c cy]]nxcom -esque nmemr nonoxnrentnym onenounym xonnorannm n
acconnnpymrcx c nstcxannocrtm crnnx: Dantesque, Turneresque.
Hanonee naxntmn nmenntmn cy]]nxcamn orpnnarentno onenxn xnnxmrcx -ard, -ster, -aster, -eer n
nonya]]nxc -monger: drunkard, coward, gangster, hipster, oldster, poetaster, profiteer, black-marketeer,
scare-monger, war-monger, panic-monger.
B nopocrxonom cnenre noxnnncx npenepexnrentnt cy]]nxc -o: oldo, kiddo.
B nonecrn O. Xaxcnn Hocne ]eepnepxa reponnx nastnaer cnom rerymxy Innno: I used to call her
Hippo, because she was a hypocrite and so fat. Enormous!
Hippo oxastnaercx, raxnm opasom, coxpamennem cpasy or nyx cnon: hypocrite n hippopotamus.
Bantnemem nonecrnonannn noneenne +ro rerymxn xapaxrepnsyercx xax hippoish, r.e.
neoopnrentnax onenxa ntpaxaercx naxt: n ocnone n n cy]]nxce.
Paccmarpnnax +xcnpeccnnnocrt na yponne cnonoopasonannx, naxno oparnrt nnnmanne na pasnym
npnpoy xonnorann n orpnnarentntx a]]nxcax n n a]]nxcax c orpnnarentno onenouno xonnoranne.
A]]nxc c xonnoranne orpnnarentno onenxn nmeer nparmarnuecxn cyexrnnnt xapaxrep, r.e.
noxastnaer, uro yxasannoe ocnono xnnenne cymecrnyer, no ronopxmn ornocnrcx x +romy
neoopnrentno. Orpnnarentnte a]]nxct nmemr, npexe ncero, nornxo-cnnraxcnuecxym ]ynxnnm. Onn
noxastnamr, uro npnsnax nnn xnnenne, yxasannte n ocnone, ne cymecrnymr n onnctnaemo
ecrnnrentnocrn.
Bmecre c rem orpnnarentnte a]]nxct cnxsant c xonnorannxmn, no c xonnorannxmn +xcnpeccnnnocrn.
Cpannnnax raxne cnona, xax unbending unerring, unmask, c nx ne coepxamnmn orpnnarentntx a]]nxcon
cnnonnmamn rigid, accurate, reveal, moxno axe nne xonrexcra onapyxnrt n nnx +xcnpeccnnnocrt ncxxoro
orpnnannx, nesanncnmo or roro, npn nomomn xaxnx cpecrn nexcnuecxnx nnn rpammarnuecxnx +ro
orpnnanne ocymecrnnxercx, ocnonana na rom, uro orpnnanne noxastnaer, uro cnxst mexy +nemenramn
ntcxastnannx nosmoxna, no ne cymecrnyer. Taxnm opasom, orpnnanne moxno paccmarpnnart xax
cxarym onounennym anrnresy.
Cneymmne npnmept nnnmcrpnpymr +ro nonoxenne.
Blow, blow thou winter wind
Thou art not so unkind
As man's ingratitude.
(W. Shakespeare)
The wretch, concentred all in self,
Living, shall forfeit fair renown,
And doubly dying, shall go down
To the vile dust from whence he sprung,
Unwept, unhonoured and unsung.
(W. Scott. The Lay of the Last Minstrel)
3xcnpeccnnnocrt orpnnarentntx npe]nxcon ocnonana na rom, uro c nx nomomtm cosaercx cxart
xonrpacr. B nepnom cnyuae +ro nouepxnnaer rparnsm cytt Hnpa. V B. Cxorra anrnresa conocrannxer
peaxnnm nme na cmeprt ocronoro n neocronoro uenonexa*.
* Cp. y Ioptxoro: Hn cxasox npo nac ne paccxaxyr, nn necen npo nac ne cnomr.
3xcnpeccnnnocrt orpnnannx nsyuena noxa xpane mano. B uacrnocrn, ner ]ynamenrantntx
nccneonann no a]]nxcantnomy orpnnannm. Ho orentnte nnrepecnte nanmennx n nnreparype narn
moxno. Tax, E.H. Knnmenxo nnmer, uro omax, cnocrnennax pomanrnxam, n n uacrnocrn x. Fapony,
renennnx x naxonnennm cnon cnntno ntpasnrentnocrn npoxnnxercx n uacrom ynorpenennn
npnnararentntx c orpnnarentntmn npe]nxcamn n cy]]nxcamn.
Taxne npnnararentnte ntpaxamr yrpary nnn nonnoe orcyrcrnne uero-nno n nontmamr
+monnonantnocrt crnxa:
88
O nornmnx n mope: without a grave, unknelled, uncofined and unknown. O Hrannn:
The Niobe of Nations! There she stands
Childless and crownless in her voiceless woe.
(G. Byron. Childe Harold)
Ormeuax orarte ntpasnrentnte nosmoxnocrn orpnnarentntx a]]nxcon, E.H. Knnmenxo nastnaer n
pyrnx anropon, xoropte mnpoxo nmn nontsonannct, n n rom uncne Mnntrona, Cnn]ra n Bopcnopra*.
* K.u+euro E.H. Hponemt crnnx n anrnncxo nnreparype nepno rpern XIX nexa. - H., 1959, - C. 144-145.
Vmentmnrentnt cy]]nxc cosaer cnona c yxasannem na mant pasmep n ononpemenno
nacxarentnte, myrnnnte nnn npespnrentnte: -kin (lambkin), -let (chicklet, starlet), -ling (weakling), -y
(daddy), -ie (lassie, oldie).
uro xacaercx +xcnpeccnnnoro norennnana moene n rnnon cnonoopasonannx, ro sect cneyer npexe
ncero ormernrt nexoropte moenn cnoxntx cnon, n xoroptx xomnuecxn +]]exr ocnonan na neotuno
nanenrnocrn. Hocxontxy in-chief otuno coueraercx co cnonom commander, boy-friend-in-chief
xapaxrepnsyercx neotuno nanenrnocrtm n snyunr cmemno n neoxnanno, neotunocrt ycnnnnaercx
ontmnm uncnom +nemenron n cnoxnom cnone, rora xax otuno nx rontxo na.
The art you see is contributed by my room-mate, who's away tonight. Her boy-friend-in-chief
her magic man is a painter, and he keeps bringing his stuff here. He's one of these Lancashire
geniuses we seem to have far too many of now. I can't bear him. But his work is worth looking at.
(J.B. Priestley. Out of Town)
3acnyxnnaer raxxe nnnmannx +xcnpeccnnnocrt +xsonenrpnuecxnx cnoxntx cnon, r.e. cnon, nropo
onopnt +nemenr xoroptx ne npnnanexnr x nexcnxo-rpammarnuecxomy paspxy, x xoropomy ornocnrcx
cnono n nenom, nanpnmep: blackleg mrpexpexep, cutthroat rononopes, sawbones xnpypr.
3xcnpeccnnnt raxxe anrpononnmt, opasonannte ne no moenxm cnon, a no moenxm cnnrarm: Miss
what's-her-name, a might-have-been, an also-ran, a dog-in-the-manger, a die-hard n p., coepxar
orpnnarentnym onenxy n snyuar npespnrentno.
Opasonannx c oannennem boy, lad, lass x nmenam cocrnenntm: Johnny-lad, Johnny-boy, Katy-lass
snyuar nacxono n nmemr ]amnntxpno-pasronopnym n nonoxnrentnym +monnonantnym oxpacxy.
Vnoennx nnn pn]monannte xomnnannn rnna helter-skelter, namby-pamby, razzle-dazzle, chit-chat, riff-
raff, hoity-toity nmemr myrnnno-npenepexnrentnym oxpacxy. 3xcnpeccnnnocrt +rnx cnon asnpyercx na
nexoropom ncxaxennn npnntuno ]onernuecxo ]opmt. Hponecc moxno tno t nasnart cnononpeo-
pasonannem.
Tor xe npnnnnn ecrnyer n myrounom pn]monannom cnenre: ball of lead nnn loaf of bread nmecro head,
bread and knife nnn struggle and strife, carving knife, drum and fife, joy of my life, worry and strife nmecro
wife.
Byrnnnoe ncxaxenne moxer ocranartcx nonxrntm naroapx nocroxncrny xonrexcra, xax n I beg your
pudding nmecro I beg your pardon. Moxno, no-nnnmomy, yrnepxart, uro +xcnpeccnnnocrt coxpamenntx
cnon roxe n xaxo-ro mepe onnpaercx na cosnarentnoe nsmenenne npnntuno ]opmt, xax +ro nmeer mecro
n opasonannxx cnenra.
Inaront c nocrnosnrnnamn +xcnpeccnnnt n uacro nmemr pasronopnym crnnncrnuecxym oxpacxy, no ne
+monnonantnt. Opasonannte or nnx nyrem xonnepcnn cymecrnnrentnte nnna nmemr onenounte
xonnorannn: a pin-up, a pick-up.
5. Ceuan1nuecxan c1pyx1ypa cnona n nsanuoenc1nne npnumx n nepenocnmx snauennn
xax qax1op c1nnn
Hepeem renept x nsanmoecrnnm napnanron cnona n rexcre, r.e. x crnnncrnuecxo ]ynxnnn
nonncemnn.
C +ro nentm oparnmcx x nonxrnm ceuan1nuecxon c1pyx1ypm cnona. B 1 yxe yxastnanoct, uro
89
cemanrnuecxo crpyxrypo cnona n xstxe xnnxercx conoxynnocrt ero nexcnxo-cemanrnuecxnx napnanron.
Baxno nouepxnyrt, uro npn +rom onycxaercx ncxpernocrt napnanron, xaxt ns xoroptx nmeer cnon
xonnorannonnte n ncrpnyrnnnte ocoennocrn. Mt nmeem npano nasnart +ry conoxynnocrt
crpyxrypo, nocxontxy ona xnnxercx mnoxecrnom, n xoropom onpeenent nexoropte ornomennx. Omee
cnocrno +nemenron +roro mnoxecrna cocronr n rom, uro nce ero +nemenrt, r.e. nexcnxo-cemanrnuecxne
napnanrt cnona, nmemr xaxne-nnyt omne cemt n ntpaxent ono n ro xe xomnnanne mop]em,
xorx n ncrpeuamrcx n pasntx ycnonnxx ncrpnynnn.
Ha ycnonnx ncrpnynnn, onaxo, naxnatnamrcx nexoropte orpannuennx, nocxontxy nce nexcnxo-
cemanrnuecxne napnanrt cnona onxnt npnnanexart x ono uacrn peun. Ornomennx, onpeenennte na
cemanrnuecxo crpyxrype cnona, ecrt ornomennx cemanrnuecxo nponsnonocrn, nocxontxy xaxt ns
napnanron nmeer c ocrantntmn omne cemanrnuecxne xomnonenrt enorarnnnoro snauennx.
Honncemnx ne npenxrcrnyer nonnmannm, nocxontxy n xonrexcre cnono peannsyercx, xax npannno,
rontxo n onom ns nosmoxntx nx nero snauenn, xoropoe n nastnamr xonrexcryantntm snauennem. Ho
nce ocrantnte snauennx +nnmnnnpymrcx ne nonnocrtm, a cymecrnymr xax nexn acconnarnnnt ]on.
Hnora anropt, ocoenno no+rt, cosnarentno cocrannxmr nosmoxnocrt peannsannn nyx snauenn
xonrexcryantnoro n orpaxennoro.
B conere VIII Bexcnnp coneryer pyry xennrtcx n npn +rom cpannnnaer ero c mystxo, a mystxy c
rapmonne n cemte. na +rnx opasntx nnana cnnnamrcx noenno n pasnepnyro mera]ope n cpannennn,
npnuem mnorne cnona peannsymrcx ononpemenno n nyx snauennxx marpnmonnantnom n mystxantnom.
Tax, cnono concord unrarent nocnpnmer n xax cosev:ue n xax coe.acue, union xax eap+ouum n xax opa:ui
coms, rem onee uro +ro cnono cnnraxcnuecxn cnxsano c married, xoropoe n annom xonrexcre osnauaer
coeouueuui, no ne moxer norepxrt n cnoero ocnonnoro snauennx. Bor +ror coner:
Music to hear, why hear'st thou music sadly?
Sweets with sweets war not, joy delights in joy.
Why lovest thou that which thou receivest not gladly,
Or else receivest with pleasure thine annoy?
If the true concord of well-tuned sounds.
By unions married, do offend thine ear,
They do but sweetly chide thce, who confounds
In singleness the parts that thou shouldst bear.
Mark how one string, sweet husband to another,
Strikes each in each by mutual ordering,
Resembling sire and child and happy mother
Who all in one, one pleasing note do sing:
Whose speechless song, being many, seeming one.
Sings this to thee: thou single wilt prove none.
(W. Shakespeare. Sonnet VIII)
Hepeuncnennte ntme cnyuan ononpemenno peannsannn nyx snauenn anexo ne ncuepntnamr ncex
raxnx xnntx mera]op n +rom conere, no onn ocrarouno penpesenrarnnnt. Ormernm eme rontxo
xonnonxy: sect cnntno nosnnne nouepxnyro connaenne n cnone single nyx snauenn: xo.ocmo n
omoe.iui (o nore; single = single note).
nx opasno cncremt n ocnonno nen nponsneennx noonoe ncnontsonanne nonncemnn
oxastnaercx, cneonarentno, ouent naxntm.
Oparnmcx x nnreparype XX nexa.
B crnxornopennn T.C. 3nnora Hmonnax necnt Ant]pea Hpy]poxa neuep cpannnnaercx c
nannenrom na onepannonnom crone:
When the evening is spread out against the sky
Like a patient etherized upon a table.
Hepnax acconnannx, xoropax nosnnxaer y unrarenx, acconnannx c onesntm, neuep rxxeno onen, no
cnono etherize nmeer na snauennx: vcin.mi oqupo+ n npeepauami e oqup, a cnono ether no+rnuecxn
90
cnnonnm cnona sky. Tax nosnnxaer norexcr, crpoxa nonyuaer oanount cmtcn: neo n cron +ro neuro
onee onroneunoe, uem neuep n nannenr; re-ro n rnynne nosnnxaer rema cmeprn, xoropax npoxonr n
norexcre ncero crnxornopennx, naunnax c +nnrpa]a ns Aa anre n anee, xora ronopnrcx o
nocxpemennn Hasapx, o orpesanno ronone Hoanna Hpereun, o Beunom naxee, cnmnonnsnpymmem
cmeprt, n xonuax nocnennmn cnonamn mt ronem.
B Bocnomnnannxx ercrna . Tomaca cronxnonenne nyx pasntx napnanron cnona front, a nmenno
qpoum, nepeooeie nosuuu n npuxora, nosnonxer unrarenm rnyxe nponnxnyrt n ercxoe nocnpnxrne
mnpa.
I was born in a large Welsh industrial town at the beginning of the Great War. [...] This sea town was
my world; outside, a strange Wales, coal-pitted, mountained, river run, full, so far as I knew, of choirs
and sheep and story-book tall hats, moved about its business which was none of mine; beyond that
unknown Wales lay England, which was London, and a country called The Front from which many of
our neighbours never came back. At the beginning, the only front I knew was the little lobby before
our front door; I could not understand how so many people never returned from there; but later I grew to
know more, though still without understanding, and carried a wooden rifle into Cumdonkin Park and
shot down the invisible, unknown enemy like a flock of wild birds.
Cronxnonenne nyx pasntx napnanron cnona opasyer npnem oc1panennn, naroapx xoropomy
xecroxax nenenocrt nont, nocnpnnxrax cxnost npnsmy ercxoro nonnmannx, omymaercx ocoenno ocrpo.
To, uro ]ynxnnx ncnontsonannx mnorosnaunocrn sect saxnmuaercx nmenno n +rom, nornepxaercx
momno xonneprennne npnemon, pacxptnammnx nenocpecrnennocrt ercxoro nocnpnxrnx ponnt.
nnenne mnorosnaunocrn onnctnanoct n nnreparype neonoxparno, n cymecrnyer ouent mnoro
repmnnon, nastnammnx pasnnunte rnnt snauenn. Ocnonnte npornnonocrannennx, xoropte nam n
antnemem nonaoxrcx, +ro npornnonocrannenne npxmoro n nepenocnoro (mera]opnuecxoro nnn
meronnmnuecxoro), omero n cnennannsnponannoro, ysyantnoro n oxxasnonantnoro, omexstxonoro n
repmnnonornuecxoro, nerpantnoro n crnnncrnuecxn oxpamennoro, conpemennoro n ycrapenmero
snauenn. Hoponoe onncanne rnnon snauennx nmeercx n coornercrnymme nexcnxonornuecxo
nnreparype, n unrarent c nnmn yxe snaxom*. Mt orpannunmcx sect rontxo nexoroptmn sameuannxmn,
naxntmn nx crnnncrnuecxoro anannsa n ornocxmnmncx x onnosnnnn npxmoro n nepenocnoro snauenn.
* Cm.: nanp.: Arnold I. The English Word. - M., 1986.
Hpnuoe, nnn nounna1nnnoe, snauenne cnona peannsyercx nnn, rounee, moxer peannsonartcx npn
orcyrcrnnn xonrexcra. Hpxmte snauennx otuno xnnxmrcx ononpemenno n ocnonntmn, n nanonee
uacrorntmn, no crarncrnuecxn +ror nonpoc noxa ne ocneonancx. Ecnn sarnanne cocronr ns onoro cnona
(n aprnxnx) (C.P. Snow The Search, Homecomings; J. Conrad Chance, The Typhoon, Victory; W.B. Yeats
Meditations, The Statues, A Vision), ro +ro cnono ynorpeneno n cnoem npxmom snauennn. He cnyuano,
nnpouem, ontmnncrno nnreparypntx nponsneenn na anrnncxom xstxe nmeer nasnannx, cocroxmne
xorx t ns nyx cnon, nocxontxy mnorosnaunocrt anrnncxo nexcnxn enaer onocnonnte nasnannx
neocrarouno xcntmn.
Kpome roro, n xonrexcre ncero nponsneennx n onocnonnoe nasnanne nerxo nonyuaer nepenocnoe
snauenne. The Search osnauaer yxonnte noncxn, a ne peantnte, ]nsnuecxne; Victory oosnauaer
mopantnym noey, no cmeprt n nopaxenne n ]axrnuecxo opte; Justice (x. Ioncyopcn) nasnanne
nponnuecxoe, r.e. unrarent nnont oxastnaercx nepe conmemennem snauenn.
Cymecrnyer ocot crnnncrnuecxn npnem (unnyc-npneu) npenamepenno npocrort onncannx
nocpecrnom cnon, ynorpenenntx rontxo n npxmtx snauennxx, nastnaemt an1onornen.
Peanncrnuecxo rounocrtm n npocroro cnonapx xapaxrepnsymrcx mnorne uacrn nponsneenn 3.
Xemnnry+x. B nauane paccxasa In Another Country unraem:
In the fall the war was always there, but we did not go to it any more. It was cold in the fall in Milan
and the dark came very early. Then the electric lights came on, and it was pleasant along the streets
looking in the windows... It was a cold fall and the wind came down from the mountains.
Vnorpenenne otenntx cnon n nx npxmtx snauennxx cosaer npecrannenne o cepxannocrn
paccxasunxa panenoro monooro amepnxanna, otunoro nx 3. Xemnnry+x myxecrnennoro repox.
91
3nauenne nastnaercx nepenocntm nnn opasntm, xora ono ne rontxo nastnaer, no n onnctnaer nnn
xapaxrepnsyer npemer uepes ero cxocrno nnn cnxst c pyrnm npemerom. Konrexcryantnoe snauenne
npn +rom oxastnaercx conocrannenntm c npxmtm snauennem, uro nouepxnnaer n nem re ueprt, na
xoroptx ocnonan nepenoc. M. nxxenc onnctnaer ouent +neprnunym mennnncxym cecrpy, cpannnnax ee
c nnamo-mamnno: She was a dynamo of activity. She was here, there and everywhere admonishing the
doctor, slanging the nurses, telling you to do something and then snatching it away to do it herself... (M.
Dickens. One Pair of Feet).
Texnnuecxn repmnn nnamo nonyuaer sect oxxasnonantnoe mera]opnuecxoe snauenne ucmo:uur
:e.oee:ecro ouepeuu. Hpxmoe snauenne n rexcre orcyrcrnyer. Mera]opa ne rontxo enaer noprper-
xapaxrepncrnxy, annt n cneymmem sa ne npenoxennn, onee xpxnm, no n orpaxaer necenoe n cnerxa
nponnuecxoe ornomenne anropa (paccxas neercx or nepnoro nnna) x nepconaxy. 3amernm nonyrno, uro
]ynxnnonantno-crnnncrnuecxax xonnorannx raxxe moxer nmert xapaxreponornuecxym ]ynxnnm,
nocxontxy ona ntstnaer acconnannn, cnxsannte co c]epo ynorpenennx +roro cnona.
Pasymeercx, ne ncxxoe nepenocnoe snauenne xnnxercx crnnncrnuecxn penenanrntm: n xstxe mnoro
crepmnxcx mera]op, ne nmemmnx neopasntx cnnonnmon n xnnxmmnxcx enncrnenntm nasnannem
pe]epenra: the mouth of the river, the leg of the table (nnpouem, n +rn mera]opt, ecnn nx mnoro,
oxastnamrcx +xcnpeccnnntmn). Taxne cnyuan cneyer ornnuart or ysyantntx mera]op, xoropte
xnnxmrcx nroptm nasnannem pe]epenra, cp.: the heart of the matter : : the essence of the matter.
Taxne mera]opt ntnonnxmr crnnncrnuecxym ]ynxnnm. Tax, cow npnmennrentno x xenmnne moxer
trt crnnncrnuecxn penenanrntm n cnoe rpyo +xcnpeccnnnocrn. Ocoenno naxntm co
crnnncrnuecxo rouxn spennx xnnxmrcx neoxnannte mera]opt, ammne +]]exr nonoro nnennx, r.e.
opasnte, xonxpernte n uyncrnennte, opamammne na cex nnnmanne unrarenx. Cneyer ncnomnnrt, uro
crnnncrnuecxax mera]opa ecrt cxptroe cpannenne: na ocnonannn npnsnaxa, omero nx oonx
conocrannxemtx unenon, nasnanne onoro npemera npnmenxercx x pyromy, ntxnnxx xaxym-nnyt
naxnym uepry nroporo (nanpnmep +neprnm mennnncxo cecrpt). Mera]opa ocnonana na acconnannn no
cxocrny*.
* Nosek J. Internal Structure of English Colloquial Metaphor. In: Brno Studies in English. - V. 8. - 1969.
Me1onnunuecxnu nastnaercx snauenne, xoropoe nosmoxno n pesyntrare nepenoca nasnannx onoro
npemera na pyro na ocnone xaxo-nnyt nocroxnno cnxsn mexy nnmn. Meronnmnx ocnonana na
acconnannn no cmexnocrn. Coomaemoe nonxrne ooramaercx npn +rom xonxperntmn opasamn: Give
everyman thy ear and few thy voice (W. Shakespeare).
Hepenocnoe snauenne n no+rnuecxo meronnmnn nnn mera]ope cosaercx na annt cnyua n nonxrno
ns crpyxrypt xonrexcra. Ha cymnocrn n npnpoe opasa n rponon mt yxe nopono ocranannnnannct
ntme. 3ect xe neoxonmo nanomnnrt, uro rpont xnnxmrcx rexnnxo ocymecrnnennx conocrannennx
osnauaemoro c ntpanntm nx nero opasom.
6. Hcnontsonanne unorosnaunoc1n cnona n coue1annn c non1opou
Bsanmoecrnne npxmtx n nepenocntx snauenn cnona npn ocymecrnnennn xaxo-nno
crnnncrnuecxo ]ynxnnn moxer trt napanrua1nuecxnu n cnn1arua1nuecxnu. Hpxmoe snauenne
cnon spit n weep ne npecranneno n onncannn oxx n paccxase . Tomaca, xoropoe mt nnrnponann na c.
115. Ho +rn snauennx nsnecrnt unrarenm, n no+romy, unrax o nnmmmemcx oxe n nnauymnx
mnxnax, on noccranannnnaer nx cex xaprnny ynnncxo nenorot. Cnona +rn oxastnamrcx
crnnncrnuecxn penenanrntmn naroapx cnoe mnorosnaunocrn, xoropax ecrnyer n
napanrua1nuecxou nnane.
Ho +]]exr cxocrna n pasnnunx snauenn napnanron mnorosnaunoro cnona moxer peannsonartcx raxxe
cnn1arua1nuecxn. nx +roro napnanrt onxnt trt pacnonoxent n ono peueno nenn, n npnrom
ocrarouno nnsxo. Mnorosnaunocrt oxastnaercx crnnncrnuecxn ecrnenno n couerannn c nonropom.
O ]ynxnnxx n nnax nonropa mt yem eme ronopnrt neonoxparno, a sect ormernm rontxo, uro
nexcnuecxnu non1opou nastnaercx nonropenne cnona nnn cnonocouerannx n cocrane onoro
npenoxennx, asana nnn nenoro rexcra. Bennunna paccroxnnx mexy nonropxmmnmncx ennnnamn n
uncno nonropenn moryr trt pasnnuntmn, no oxsarentno raxnmn, urot unrarent mor samernrt
nonrop.
Honrop moxer n ne couerartcx c ncnontsonannem mnorosnaunocrn, rora ero ]ynxnnx moxer trt
92
ycnnnrentno nnn +monnonantno, nnn ycnnnrentno-+monnonantno, xax +ro nmeer mecro n nepntx nyx
crpoxax npnneennoro nnxe crnxornopennx . Hopenca:
Fight your little fight, my boy,
Fight and be a man.
Hcnontsonanne mnorosnaunocrn cnona n couerannn c nonropom moxer no cnoe crnnncrnuecxo
]ynxnnn npnnnxartcx x nrpe cnon, xax +ro n nponcxonr n crnxornopennn Don'ts n ornomennn
npnnararentnoro little, xoropoe sect ncnontsyercx n pasntx napnanrax, c pasntmn xonnorannxmn,
npnuem n nexoroptx cnyuaxx xonnorannn cnntno noannxmr enorarnnnt xomnonenr snauennx, rax uro
nonxrne pasmepa oxastnaercx conepmenno necymecrnenntm. Ho oparnmcx x rexcry:
DON'TS
Fight your little fight, my boy,
Fight and be a man.
Don't be a good little, good little boy
being as good as you can
and agreeing with all the mealy-mouthed, mealy-mouthed
truths that the sly trot out
to protect themselves and their greedy-mouthed, greedy-mouthed
cowardice, every old lout.
Don't live up to the dear little girl who costs
You your manhood, and makes you pay.
Nor the dear old mother who so proudly boasts
that you'll make your way.
Don't earn golden opinions, opinions golden,
or at least worth treasury notes
from all sorts of men; don't be beholden
to the herd inside the pen.
Don't long to have dear little, dear little boys
whom you'll have to educate
to earn their living; nor yet girls, sweet joys
who will find it so hard to mate.
Nor a dear little home, with its cost, its cost
that you have to pay,
earning your living while your life is lost
and dull death comes in a day.
Don't be sucked in by the su-superior,
don't swallow the culture bait,
don't drink, don't drink and get beerier and beerier,
do learn to discriminate.
Do hold yourself together, and fight
with a hit-hit here and a hit-hit there,
and a comfortable feeling at night
that you've let in a little air.
A little fresh air in the money sty,
knocked a little hole in the holy prison,
done your own little bit, made your own little try
that the risen Christ should be risen.
93
Tema nporecra npornn memancxo mopann, memancxnx neanon n memancxoro nnnemepnx
pacxptnaercx n cnoeopasnom cnonoynorpenennn, naponpymmem cnonoynorpenenne nspocntx n
pasronopax c ertmn. Anrop npennnr ]antmnnte nacrannennx, xoropte monoo uenonex ycntmnr or
cmcmxammnx (mealy-mouthed ycnneno nonropom) crapmnx, rpeymmnx, urot mantunx nso ncex cnn
crapancx trt xopomnm (be a good little, good little boy being as good as you can), n nacrounno
pexomenyer +rnx coneron ne cnymart, ne trt rem noxopntm nanntxo, xaxnm ero xorxr nnert xanxn, a
oportcx n trt myxunno. Konrpacr mexy snaunrentnocrtm remt n naponno nn]anrnntnocrtm
nexcnxn cosaer ocrpt carnpnuecxn +]]exr.
Honropt, napxy c naponntm ncnontsonannem ]amnntxpno-pasronopnoro crnnx n ocoenno baby-
talk, xnnxmrcx rem xnmuentm crnnncrnuecxnm npnemom, c xoroporo yono naunnart ananns. Onn
pasnoopasnt no xapaxrepy. Hapxy c npocrtm nonropennem nyx nnn onee conepmenno roxecrnenntx
+nemenron: mealy-mouthed, mealy-mouthed, greedy-mouthed, greedy-mouthed, nnonrcx nonropenne c
xaxo-nnyt napnanne. Taxnm oxastnaercx, nanpnmep, greedy-mouthed no ornomennm x mealy-
mouthed. Cxocrno mexy nnmn sacrannxer nx roruac conocrannrt, a pasnnune ononnxer xapaxrepncrnxy
xnrptx craptx rynexnen (the sly, every old lout). Bectma +]]exren uacrnunt nonrop (earning your
living while your life is lost), re mop]onornuecxax nnsocrt rontxo pesue orrenxer ro, uro living n life ne
ono n ro xe.
nx remt annoro naparpa]a nnrepecnt cemanrnuecxne napnannn n nonrope, r.e. ncnontsonanne
pasntx nexcnxo-cemanrnuecxnx napnanron, nxoxmnx n cemanrnuecxym crpyxrypy onoro n roro xe
cnona, nouepxnnammnx, naroapx ero napannentnomy ynorpenennm n onom xonrexcre, pasnnunx n
xonnorannxx.
Cnono little ynorpeneno n annom crnxornopennn n nyx pasnnuntx nexcnxo-cemanrnuecxnx
napnanrax c npxmo npornnononoxntmn xonnorannxmn. Bo ]pasax good little, good little boy, dear little
girl, dear little home little nmeer ono snauenne; no ]pasax little fight, let in a little air, a little fresh
air, a little hole in the holy prison, your own little bit, your own little try pyroe.
Hcnontsonanne cnona little sect onontno cnoxno; oparnmcx cnauana x romy, uro noome
nanmaercx n xstxe. B npxmom snauennn little osnauaer pasmep n cnnonnmnuno nerpantnomy small. B
pasronopnom crnne peun +ro npemerno-nornuecxoe snauenne cnntno noanneno +monnonantntm, rax uro
little ntpaxaer cnmnarnm, nexnocrt, couyncrnne, cocrpaanne n +xnnnanenrno ymentmnrentno-
nacxarentntm cy]]nxcam pyccxoro xstxa. Hmenno +ro snauenne n cocrannxer ocnony crnnncrnuecxo
xonnorannn nepno rpynnt npnmepon.
Hoxasarentno, uro nx pasronopno peun, ocoenno nx peun, ynorpenrentno n pasronopax c ertmn,
xapaxrepna coueraemocrt little n +rom snauennn c npnnararentntmn dear n nice: a dear little cottage, a dear
little boy, a dear little kitten, a nice little wife n r..
uacroe ynorpenenne little snyunr a]]exranne, noono romy xax n pasronopno peun
snoynorpenenne ymentmnrentntmn cy]]nxcamn cosaer nneuarnenne nencxpennero cmcmxantx.
Camax crepeornnnocrt +rnx couerann, ynorpenenntx n necocrnenno-npxmo peun, noxastnaer nx
npnrnopcrno n nxnnocrt, nencxpennocrt; no+r nepepasnnnaer rex, xro yer conasnxrt mnomy meuramn
o memancxom narononyunn, n ntcmennaer nx.
3amernm, uro little moxer ynorpenxrtcx nponnuecxn: one of my little ideas n axe c orrenxom capxasma:
so that's your little plan, is it!
anee, nocxontxy n cemanrnuecxym crpyxrypy cnona little nxonr n napnanr, cnnonnmnunt
npnnararentntm unimportant, mean, paltry, +ra onenxa nnonrcx n norexcr crnxornopennx n nmecre c
acypntm nonropom n narnerannem onnx n rex xe cnon enaer rporecxno n paspymaer cnaxym
nacxonocrt oemann cemenoro cuacrtx n ymra, xoropte oxnamr na-mantunxa.
Bropax rpynna cnyuaen let in a little air, fight your little fight n r.. npnnanexnr npxmo peun no+ra,
sect ner, nnn nourn ner, nponnn, coxpanxercx npxmoe snauenne pasmepa, nonrop ntenxer mtcnt o rom,
uro axe cxpomnte pesyntrart optt xaxoro sa ro, urot n cnxro rmptme crano t nerue tmart,
nennt n nyxnt nx omero ena. Crnxornopenne nonyuaer, raxnm opasom, ocrpym connantnym
nanpannennocrt, n xonrpacr nexcnuecxnx snauenn nyx nexcnxo-cemanrnuecxnx napnanron onoro n roro
xe cnona nrpaer npn +rom nemanym pont.
B paccmorpennom cnyuae conocrannenne nyx napnanron onoro n roro xe cnona nponcxonr
cnnrarmarnuecxn, r.e. n rexcre npncyrcrnymr oa: little, cnnonnmnunt nacxarentno-ymentmnrentnomy
cy]]nxcy, n little co snauennem pasmepnocrn n npornnonocrannennem nynm (= xom oi ue+uoeo).
94
pyro rnn conocrannennx npxmoro n nepenocnoro snauenn nmeer mecro n raxnx mera]opax, xax don't
be beholden to the herd inside the pen, mera]opa, n xoropo n rexcre npecrannen rontxo onn unen
cpannennx, r.e. rontxo nepenocnoe snauenne, re nmn, noxopnte nopxxy neme, cymecrnymmemy n
oxpyxammem Hopenca mnpe, nasnant craom n sarone; money sty n holy prison, re +ror nopxox neme
nasnan xnenom n rmptmo. B pxy pyrnx mnoroopasntx xyoxecrnenntx cpecrn +rn mera]opt
conepmenno uerxo ntpaxamr ornomenne anropa x onnctnaemo ecrnnrentnocrn. Konxpernocrt
opason cnococrnyer nepeaue +roro ornomennx n unrarenm.
Capxacrnuecxoe ynorpenenne little moxno nnnmcrpnponart ananornuntm npnmepom ns pasronopon
craporo xyoxnnxa xnmcona c mantunxom, xoroporo on nastnaer nocarnxom:
If you want to be a great man and leave two thousand pounds a year and a nice clean wife... and a kid
with real eyes that open and close. you'll have to work in your dinner time...
Get some cash in the bank and then you can go in for art and be as bad as you like you'll still be
happy... and you'll be able to afford a nice little wife and nice little babies and nice little parties, and you'll
get into some nice little society and get a whole lot of nice little compliments from all the other people.
(J. Gary. The Horse's Mouth)
Coueranne c little n nocnennx unenax xonneprennnn oneeno o acypa, oruero naponponanne
cranonnrcx eme onee sntm.
7. Cnnonnunuecxnn n uac1nunmn non1op
Eme onee cnoxntm oxastnaercx nsanmoecrnne nnsxnx snauenn, xora onn ntpaxent ne
napnanramn onoro cnona, a cnnonnmamn nnn xora rexcr coepxnr uacrnunt nonrop, r.e. onoxopennte
cnona, cemanrnuecxn nnsxne.
Cnnonnuaun nastnamrcx cnona, npnnanexamne x ono uacrn peun, nnsxne nnn roxecrnennte no
npemerno-nornuecxomy snauennm xorx t n onom ns cnonx nexcnxo-cemanrnuecxnx napnanron n raxne,
uro nx nnx moxno yxasart xonrexcrt, n xoroptx onn nsanmosamenxemt*.
* Cm.: Arnold I. The English Word. M., 1986.
Cnnonnmt ncera nmemr n necxonte xomnonenrt nnn n npemerno-nornuecxom snauennn, nnn n
xonnorannxx. Ho+romy cnnonnmnuecxn nonrop nosnonxer onee nonno n ncecroponne pacxptrt n
onncart npemer.
Paccmorpnm cnnonnmnuecxn nonrop n LXI conere Bexcnnpa:
Is it thy will thy image should keep open
My heavy eyelids to the weary night?
Dost thou desire my slumbers should be broken.
While shadows like to thee do mock my sight?
Is it thy spirit that thou send'st from thee
So far from home into my deeds to pry,
To find out shames and idle hours in me,
The scope and tenour of thy Jealousy?
O, no! thy love, though much, is not so great:
It is my love that keeps mine eye awake;
Mine own true love that doth my rest defeat,
To play the watchman ever far thy sake:
For thee watch I whilst thou dost wake elsewhere,
From me far off, with others all too near.
Ho+r ronopnr o cnoe nmnn, n cnna +ro nmnn opasno nepeaercx onncannem nenosmoxnocrn noxox
n cna, nx uero ncnontsyercx cnnonnmnuecxn nonrop: keep open my heavy eyelids, my slumbers should be
broken, keeps mine eye awake, doth my rest defeat, to play the watchman, for thee watch I.
Hcnontsonanne cnnonnmon nosnonxer art xonxpernoe n rounoe onncanne ecconnnnt. 3ro n rxxecrt
95
nesaxptnammnxcx nex, n xoporxne, npeptnammnecx norpyxennx n con, nocne xoroptx uenonex onxrt
nexnr c orxptrtmn rnasamn, n nenosmoxnocrt ortxa, n nocroxnnax, neornxsnax, rpenoxnax mtcnt,
xoropax ne aer sacnyrt.
Onaxo nocrenenno pyro rnn nonropa uac1nunmn non1op, r.e. ncnontsonanne onoxopenntx cnon
wake n watch, nnonr n pyroe uyncrno, pyrym remy. Hoxnnxercx nexoropax nrpa cnon. ecrnnrentno,
wake nmeer sect na snauennx: my love that keeps ry eye awake snaunr, uro nmont nnmnna no+ra cna, no
thou dost wake elsewhere peannsyer pyroe snauenne, a nmenno: ue cnami u npeoaeamic pase.e:euu+.
na snauennx cpasy peannsyer rnaron watch: ooopcmeoeami c raro-uuovoi e.im n c.eoumi. Tax
npnorxptnaercx unrarenm n uyncrno pennocrn, xoropoe ynr n no+re ero nosnmnennax, nponox npemx c
pyrnmn: From me far off, with others all too near.
Hapxy c +rnm ocnonntm nonropom coner coepxnr nent px pyrnx, xoropte moxno nasnart onee
uacrntmn. Coner naunnaercx c nyx nourn onnaxontx no cmtcny nonpocon (nropo necxontxo
ononnxer nepnt). B nnx, xpome yxe ynomxnyrtx ntme cnnonnmon, cnnonnmnunt eme Is it thy will
dost thou desire. B nocneymmnx crpouxax cnnonnmnunt: spirit n shadow, to pry n find out. Hocne +rnx
cnnonnmnuntx nonropon noxnnxercx +monnonantnt +xcnpeccnnnt nonrop cnona love, ycnnennt
+nnrerom my love (mine own true love) n npornnonocrannennt +romy xe cnony, no c pyrnm pe]epenrom
thy love.
B pesyntrare co-npornnonocrannennx cnnonnmon n rexcre pacxptnaercx pasnnna n snauennn cxontx
cnon. 3ect ymecrno npnnecrn cnona R.M. Hormana o rom, uro xyoxecrnennt rexcr crponrcx na
ocnone nyx rnnon ornomenn: co-npornnonocrannennx nonropxmmnxcx +xnnnanenrntx +nemenron n co-
npornnonocrannennx cocecrnymmnx (ne+xnnnanenrntx) +nemenron*.
* Cm.: Hom+au P.M. Crpyxrypa xyoxecrnennoro rexcra. M., 1970.
Hmenno raxnm opasom n LXI conere cranonxrcx cnryarnnntmn cnnonnmamn cnona image, shadows,
spirit, xoropte n xstxe cnnonnmamn ne xnnxmrcx, a sect osnauamr opas nmnmo, xoropt nnmaer
no+ra cna.
8. exonponanne xyoaec1nennoro 1exc1a npn nouomn nexcnuecxoro anannsa.
Teua1nuecxan ce1xa
Hent px nccneonarene nontsonancx nexcnuecxnm anannsom nx ntxnnennx coepxannx
no+rnuecxoro rexcra nnn rpynnt rexcron n pacxptrnx orpaxennoro n nnx mnponocnpnxrnx*.
* Fontmo nnrepec npecrannxer paora R.H. Hennna O nexoroptx ueprax nnana coepxannx n no+rnuecxnx rexcrax.
B c.: Crpyxrypnax rnnonornx xstxon. M., 1966. B.C. Faencxn n T.H. Forartpena nccneonann crarncrnuecxym crpyxrypy
nexcnxn n nnpnxe A. Bosnecencxoro. Cm. resnct nx oxnaa K xapaxrepncrnxe nnana coepxannx no+rnuecxoro rexcra na
ocnone crarncrnuecxo crpyxrypt ero nexcnxn (Tesnct mexnysoncxo xon]epennnn Hponemt npnxnano nnnrnncrnxn.
M., 1969).
B annom naparpa]e yer onncana meronxa exonponannx crnxornopennx, ocnonannax na
npenonoxennn, uro cemanrnuecxn, remarnuecxn n crnnncrnuecxn nanonee cymecrnenntmn xnnxmrcx
nonropxmmnecx n annom rexcre snauennx, a n nnane oosnauammero ocoenno naxnt pexne cnona n
cnona, ntcrynammne n neotuntx couerannxx. Taxo noxo cornacyercx c namnm omnm npnnnnnom
paccmorpennx +nemenron n nx cnxsn c nentm n yuera pacxoxenn mexy rpannnonno n cnryarnnno
oosnauammnm n nornepxaercx nonoxennxmn reopnn nn]opmannn, xoropax yunr, uro nanonee
nn]opmarnnnt +nemenrt nnsxo npecxasyemocrn.
Meronxa onpanana n c rouxn spennx ncnxonornn, nocxontxy ona yunrtnaer ro, xax nosnnxamr n
paspemamrcx n nanexrnxe uacroro n pexoro ne npornnocroxmne pyr pyry ueprt n exrentnocrn
ncnxnxn. Hepnax crepeornnnsannx, r.e. crpemnenne x ncnontsonannm yxe nporopenntx nyre, x
coxpanennm nonyuennoro ontra. Bropax ocnanenne nnnmannx npn nonropennn onornnnoro
paspaxennx n crpemnenne x ononnennm n mon]nxannn yxe onpananmnx cex cnxse. Hcxox ns
+roro, ]nxcannx nnnmannx unrarenx na xaxom-nno +nemenre cmtcna moxer trt ocrnrnyra ero
nonropom, no nonropom c napnannxmn, nnn npecrannennem n neotuno ]opme, nanpnmep n nne
pexoro cnona.
nx pacxptrnx coepxannx n crnnncrnuecxoro ronxonannx rexcra mt yem paccmarpnnart
cemanrnuecxym crpyxrypy, r.e. nexcnxo-cemanrnuecxne napnanrt, remarnuecxym npnnanexnocrt
xonnorannn n acconnannn cnon, opamax ocooe nnnmanne na nonropxmmnecx snauennx n pexne cnona.
96
Ocranannnnaxct na rom nnn nnom snamenarentnom cnone, mt ormernm, n xaxom ns nosmoxntx nx nero
napnanron ono ynorpeneno n xaxne y +roro napnanra nosmoxnt xonnorannn n nexcnuecxne cnxsn. Ho
nexcnuecxnun cnnsnun mt yem nonnmart ornomennx cnnonnmnn, anronnmnn, mop]onornuecxo
nponsnonocrn (onoxopennte cnona), cemanrnuecxo nponsnonocrn (nosmoxnte opasnte
ynorpenennx annoro cnona) n noome nmte ornomennx, npn xoroptx conocrannxemte cnona onaamr
xaxnm-nnyt nnom cemanrnuecxo omnocrn (nxnmuenne snauennx onoro cnona n snauenne pyroro no
rnny po n nn nnn nxnmuenne cmtcnon necxontxnx cnon n cmtcn onoro cnona c conounnennem
mexy nnamn, r.e. pasnte nnt rnnonnmnn), omnocrt +monnonantno nnn crnnncrnuecxo oxpacxn n
r.. Hexcnuecxne cnxsn, cneonarentno, npenonaramr nannune omnx xomnonenron n cemnom cocrane
enorarnnntx snauenn nnn n xonnorannxx.
Hannune nexcnuecxnx cnxse nponepxercx no resaypycy H. Poxe, no c onymennem nexoroptx,
ocnonanntx na nnrynnnn xoppexrnnon, nocxontxy nsnecrno, uro n xnaccn]nxannxx +roro resaypyca
nemano nenocneonarentnocre.
Ecnn y paccmarpnnaemoro cnona onapyxnnaercx nannune cemanrnuecxo cnxsn c onnm cnonom nnn
onee n nocneymmnx npenoxennxx, ro raxoe cnono moxno cunrart remarnuecxnm. Ecnn ero noxnnenne
nouepxnyro xaxnm-nno crnnncrnuecxnm npnemom nnn rpynno npnemon, r.e. xonneprennne, ono nmeer
crnnncrnuecxym ]ynxnnm. Cneyer nmert n nny, uro n remarnuecxne, n crnnncrnuecxne snauennx moryr
npncyrcrnonart n cxptrom nne, r.e. ne yyun ntpaxenntmn na nonepxnocrn rexcra.
B cncreme xstxa uncno cem, r.e. rex +nemenrapntx snauenn, ns xoroptx cxnatnamrcx nexcnuecxne
snauennx cnon, orpannueno, n onn nounnxmrcx onpeenenno nepapxnn. Honropxxct n rexcre, cemt
cocrannxmr ero remarnuecxym cerxy.
B xauecrne marepnana nx anannsa ntpano rpynoe nx nonnmannx crnxornopenne . Tomaca
Hanopornnxont xonm. Btnpax rpynt rexcr, mt maxcnmantno npnnnxaem reopernuecxoe
paccmorpenne x npaxrnuecxnm saauam exonponannx. Hocxontxy crnxornopenne +ro onontno nnnnoe,
mt ne yem crpemnrtcx x ncuepntnammemy anannsy, a nnmt namernm ocnonnte npnnnnnt n
nanpannenne paort.
FERN HILL
Now as I was young and easy under the apple boughs
About the lilting house and happy as the grass was green,
The night above the dingle starry,
Time let me hail and climb
Golden in the heydays of his eyes.
And honoured among wagons I was prince of the apple towns
And once below a time I lordly had the trees and leaves
Trail with daisies and barley
Down the rivers of the windfall light.
And as I was green and carefree, famous among the barns
About the happy yard and singing as the farm was home,
In the sun that is young once only,
Time let me play and be
Golden in the mercy of his means,
And green and golden I was huntsman and herdsman, the calves
Sang to my horn, the foxes in the hills barked clear and cold,
And the sabbath rang slowly
In the pebbles of the holy streams.
All the sun long it was running, it was lovely, the hay
Fields high as the house, the tunes from the chimneys, it was air
And playing, lovely and watery
And fire green as grass.
And nightly under the simple stars
As I rode to sleep, the owls were bearing the farm away,
All the moon long I heard, blessed among stables, the nightjars
Flying with the ricks, and horses flashing into the dark
97
And then to awake, and the farm, like a wanderer white
With the dew, come back the cock on his shoulder: it was all
Shining, it was Adam and maiden,
The sky gathered again
And the sun grew round that very day.
So it must have been after the birth of the simple light
In the first, spinning place, the spellbound horses walking warm
Out of the whinnying green stable
On to the fields of praise.
And honoured among foxes and pheasants by the gay house
Under the new-made clouds and happy as the heart was long
In the sun born over and over,
I ran my heedless ways,
My wishes raced through the house-high hay
And nothing I cared, at my sky blue trades, that time allows
In all his tuneful turning so few and such morning songs
Before the children green and golden
Follow him out of grace.
Nothing I cared, in the lamb white days, that time would
take me
Up the swallow-thronged loft by the shadow of my hand,
In the moon that is always rising,
Nor that riding to sleep
I should hear him fly with the high fields
And wake to the farm forever fled from the childless land.
Oh, as I was young and easy in the mercy of his means,
Time held me green and dying
Though I sang in my chains like the sea.
Hpexe ncero oparnm nnnmanne na sarnanne. Oosnauammnm nx ncxxoro sarnannx xnnxercx ocooe
mecro n nauane nponsneennx, ntenenne sarnanntmn yxnamn n xpynntm mpn]rom n paccroxnne,
orenxmmee ero or nepno crpoxn. 3nauenne cnon sarnannx moxer naxonrtcx n pasntx ornomennxx c
ocrantntm rexcrom: ero ]ynxnnx moxer trt nnono, notroxnnamme, noxcnxmme. B annom
cnyuae cnona Fern n Hill acconnnpymrcx c anrnncxo npnpoo, a ns roro, uro n rexcre crnxornopennx
cnono fern ne nonropxercx, no saro c onpeenenntm aprnxnem ncrpeuamrcx necxontxo pas cnono the farm,
a raxxe nasnannx nocrpoex na ]epme (the barn, the stable n cnona yard, fields, hay), xcno, uro Fern Hill
nasnanne ]epmt.
Ananns naunem c nonropxmmnxcx snauenn, urot nonyunrt remarnuecxym cerxy.
Hepnoe npenoxenne rexcra sannmaer nenym crpo]y, no+romy nexcnxy yonee paccmarpnnart no
crpouxam. Hepnte xe cnona nnoxr ocnonnym remy crnxornopennx n noxastnamr ero
anronorpa]nuecxn xapaxrep: ono nonecrnyer o nxx mnocrn no+ra. To, uro +ro ocnonnax rema, nerxo
nornepxaercx, nocxontxy ananornuno naunnamrcx n cneymmax crpo]a, n rpertx crpouxa or xonna, a
cnono I ncrpeuaercx n crnxornopennn 12 pas. Cnono young nouepxnyro napymennem rpammarnuecxo
nanenrnocrn; npomemee npemx coueraercx c napeunem nacroxmero npemenn, cneonarentno, ono
crnnncrnuecxn penenanrno. Ono ynorpeneno n cnoem ocnonnom napnanre. Pasnarart ero na cemt nx
roro, urot ycranonnrt remy, x xoropo ero nao ornecrn, roxe ner neoxonmocrn, nocxontxy ono nourn
xnnxercx cnonom-remo n coornercrnenno cnonom-cemo. Temarnuecxn, cemanrnuecxn n nexcnuecxn
yponnn n nem nourn connaamr. Onaxo emy ne xnaraer acrpaxrnocrn, n cocrnenno cnonom-remo
xnnxercx coornercrnymmee cymecrnnrentnoe youth. T. Ban nx* npenaraer cneymmee npannno: ecnn n
no+rnuecxom rexcre cema peannsyercx nenocpecrnenno na nexcnuecxom yponne, ona nourn ncera
xnnxercx remarnuecxnm cnonom annoro rexcra.
* Van Dijk T.A. Semantique structurale ct analyse thematique. Un essai de lecture; Andre de Bouchet. Du bord de la Faux
//Lingua. V. 23. N 1. 1969.
uro xacaercx remarnuecxoro nonx cnona youth, ro n cnonape H. Poxe ono nxonr n none npemx.
98
Tenept mt moxem narn cnono time n nocneymmem rexcre n yenrtcx n rom, uro mt namnn ocnonnym,
rnannym remy crnxornopennx, nonnomennym n opase npemenn:
Time let me hail and climb / Golden in the heydays of his eyes...
once below a time I lordly had...
Time let me play and be / Golden in the mercy of his means,...
time allows / In all his tuneful turning so few and such morning songs
/ Before the children green and golden / Follow him out of grace.
that time would take me...
I should hear him fly...
Oh, as I was young and easy in the mercy of his means, / Time held
me green and dying...
Hrax, cnono time npoxonr uepes nce crnxornopenne, coueraxct c rnaronamn, noxastnammnmn ero
nnacrt na nnpnuecxnm repoem: let me, allows, would take me, held me.
Ormernm cymecrnennoe pasnnune n rnaronax, cnxsanntx co cnonom time: cnauana +ro rnaront c omnm
snauennem oaeami ceoooov, paspeuami, a n xonne c anronnmnuecxnm snauennem oeprami. B xonne
crnxornopennx nnacrt npemenn na uenonexom nonyuaer xonrpacrnpymmym co cuacrnnntm nauanom
rparnuecxym nory npeuyncrnnx cmeprn: I was young and easy in the mercy of his means, / Time held me
green and dying*. B nocnene crpo]e o npemenn ynorpenen rnaron fly. H camn rnaront let, allow n
pyrne, n samemammee cnono time mecronmenne he noxastnamr ero nepconn]nxannm.
* 3amernm nonyrno, uro cnona die n death ouent uacrt n nocnennx crpouxax nnpnxn . Tomaca. Bor necxontxo npnmepon:
Until I die he will not leave my side (Elegy); Rage, rage against the dying of the light (Do Not Go Gentle...); Dragging him up the
stairs to one who lies dead (The Conversation of Prayer); And death shall have no dominion (n rom xe crnxornopennn).
Tema npemenn nonropxercx raxxe n cnonax night, nightly, day, morning n n neotuntx nonyormeuenntx
xoncrpyxnnxx, ynorpenenntx n ]ynxnnn ocroxrentcrn npemenn: once below a time, all the sun long, all
the moon long, in the lamb white days, x xoroptm nam eme npnercx ne pas nosnpamartcx. 3ect nanomnnm,
uro napymenne ormeuennocrn nmeer crnnncrnuecxym ]ynxnnm n uro cymecrnyer meronxa nx ee
nccneonannx, xoropax nastnaercx 1pancqopuannonnon. Tpanc]opmnpyx ]pasy n nopmantnym,
onpeenxmr, xaxoe snauenne nnec no+r nyrem orcrynnennx or rpannnonno oosnauammero. Cpannnnax
all the sun (the moon) long c otuntm all day (night) long, mt yexaemcx, uro cnonam sun n moon npnana
cema npemenn.
Ho nepnemcx x cnony young, ananns xoroporo mt ne saxonunnn. Hocmorpen no cnonapxm ero cnnonnmt,
onoxopennte cnona n cnona, xoropte moryr c nnm acconnnponartcx, onapyxnm, uro mnorne ns nnx
npncyrcrnymr n crnxornopennn. Ocoenno nnrepecno cnono green, xoropoe ornocnrcx ro x rpane, ro x
mantunxy, ro x ornm, ro x erxm noome, ro onxrt x repom: happy as the grass was green; And as I was
green and carefree; And green and golden I was; And fire green as grass; the children green and golden; Time
held me green. Crnnncrnuecxax ]ynxnnx noepxana annnrepanne. Xorx npnmennrentno x rpane n ornm
green osnauaer nner, a npnmennrentno x mantunxy ero mnocrt, cnexecrt, neontrnocrt, nce xe +ro
npnnararentnoe cnxstnaer nx (rpany, oront n mantunxa) n raxnm opasom nnonr eme ony ne nexamym
na nonepxnocrn, no pacxptrym n opasax remy cuacrnnnoro enncrna peenxa n npnpot. Kcrarn,
npnnararentnoe young raxxe nmeer na apeca: I was young; the sun that is young once only.
Cneymmnm cnonom crpouxn xnnxercx easy. Ero nexcnxo-cemanrnuecxne napnanrt: 1) nerpynt, 2)
essaornt, 3) npnxrnt, 4) necrporn. Hocxontxy n annom rexcre cnono ynorpeneno n snauennn
oessaoomui, ro n remo sect moxer trt nmenno essaornocrt nnn yonontcrnne. H ecrnnrentno,
nmenno +ra rema c ee xonnorannxmn paocrn n cuacrtx nponnstnaer nce crnxornopenne: happy, singing,
carefree, play, lovely, blessed, honoured, gay, happy, heedless, nothing I cared, I sang. 3ect mt nnont
ncrpeuaemcx c rem xe npnemom: +nnrer happy ornocnrcx cnauana x camomy mantunxy, a sarem xo nopy
]epmt. Cuacrte mantunxa coomaercx n ncemy, uro ero oxpyxaer.
Kax yxe ronopnnoct nnauane, cnono moxno cunrart remarnuecxnm, ecnn y nero onapyxnnamrcx
nexcnuecxne cnxsn c nocneymmnmn cnonamn. Konnorarnnnte n acconnarnnnte cnxsn mexy young n
easy necomnennt. Ho mt nce xe yxaxem n na cnnraxcnuecxoe nornepxenne nx cnxsannocrn: cnona +rn
ynorpenent xax onoponte unent, coennennte comsom and*.
* Cm.: Fries Ch. The Structure of English. N.Y., 1951.
99
Cneymmne na cnona nnoxr remy npnpot, no npnpot ne nxo, a epenencxo: apple boughs. Cnon
+ro rpynnt n antnemem ouent mnoro. Pacrennx: grass, apple towns, trees, leaves, daisies, barley;
xnnornte n nrnnt: the calves, the foxes, the owls, nightjars, horses, the cock, the pheasants, lamb, swallow.
Taxnm opasom, mt moxem cunrart remarnuecxnmn nce rpn npnnararentntx: young, easy, happy n ]pasy
apple boughs.
Honyunn ocnony remarnuecxo cerxn, mt moxem cxasart, uro n crnxornopennn onncano cuacrnnnoe,
essaornoe ercrno no+ra, nponeennoe na ]epme n paocrnom enncrne c npnpoo. B rexcre ecrt n
nropax, onee rnyoxax ]nnoco]cxax rema o nnacrn npemenn na uenonexom.
Bo nropo uacrn anannsa neoxonmo oparnrtcx x pexnm cnonam n neotuntm couerannxm. Taxnx
cnon cpannnrentno nemnoro: lilting, dingle, starry, hail, in the heydays, sabbath.
Cnono lilt (eece.o uaneeami), noono sing, npenonaraer n xauecrne cyexra xnnoe cymecrno,
no+romy lilting house (n antme gay house) neormeuennoe coueranne. 3ro napymenne coueraemocrn
nmeer mera]opnuecxym crnnncrnuecxym ]ynxnnm, xoropax ntxnnxercx yxe ynomxnyrtm ntme cnocoom
rpanc]opmnponannx. oannxx n uncne cem cnona house cemy oymennennocrn, mt pacxptnaem onn ns
rnnnuntx nx no+rnuecxoro xstxa mexannsmon mexannsm onnnernopennx.
Crnxornopenne nocnenaer xnsnt raxo, xaxo ee nnnr mantunx, coennxx n ennoe cuacrnnnoe nenoe
cex, oxpyxammym ecrnnrentnocrt, ]anrasnm n con. B rpaxronxe no+rom opasa oma, n xoropom
xnner mantunx, +ro moxno ynnert ocoenno narnxno. om noer, +ro pono om, cuacrnnnt om, n
no+romy noer n mantunx (singing as the farm was home). 3ro tn manentxn om, crora cena tnn ntme
nero, no on tn raxo necent (gay house), uro mantunxy xasanoct, uro axe rpyt ero poxamr menonn
(tune from the chimneys). Houtm, xora mantunx sactnan, emy cnnnoct, uro om ynocnr cona. Vrpom,
xora on npoctnancx, om noxnnxncx cnona, xax nyrnnx, cnepxammn, ent or poct, c neryxom na
nneue. B nocnene crpo]e nora rpycrn; mantunx n ne yman rora o rom, uro xora-nnyt on
npocnercx n mnpe, re ne yer ere n xya +ra ]epma n +ror om nnxora ne nepnyrcx.
Hpnem napymennx otuno coueraemocrn cnon nsnmnennt npnem . Tomaca, n neapom no ncex
paorax o nonyormeuenntx crpyxrypax npexe ncero npnnoxrcx npnmept ns ero crnxornopenn. Ho nx
nene annoro anannsa naxno ne +ro, a ro, uro paccmarpnnax napanrmarnuecxn pexoe cnono lilt, mt n
ycnonnxx annoro nponsneennx onxrt onapyxnnaem cnnrarmarnuecxn uacrornoe nx rexcra snauenne. B
cneymme crpo]e noer ne rontxo cam mantunx, nomr no ero poxox renxra, namr nncnnt, snennr n
pyute ortx, r.e. nmecre c mantunxom noer nce, uro ero oxpyxaer. antme +ra rema npncyrcrnyer n raxnx
neotuntx couerannxx cmtcnon, xax: the tunes from the chimneys, the whinnying green stable, time allows
in all his tuneful turning so few and such morning songs. Herpyno nonxrt, uro +ra rema paocrno mystxn
naxna ne enorarnnntm, a xonnorarnnntm snauennem, cosanax +xcnpeccnnnocrt n +monnonantnocrt.
Kpacounax nannrpa roxe xnnxercx cnerno n paocrno: n crnxornopennn neonoxparno nonropxmrcx
noposnt n nmecre green n golden, a raxxe white n blue.
B ornomennn pexoro cnona dingle (ueoo.iua nopocua oepeei+u oo.uua) nanmaercx ananornunoe
xnnenne, uro n n ornomennn lilt: +ro napanrmarnuecxn pexoe cnono oennxercx cnnrarmarnuecxn co
snaunrentno nx annoro rexcra remarnuecxo rpynno, cnxsanno c reorpa]nuecxnm onncannem
mecrnocrn: dingle, apple towns, rivers, hills, streams, land, sea. uonernuecxn dingle acconnnpyercx c sing.
B saxnmuenne namero anannsa neoxonmo nouepxnyrt, uro npn ycranonnennn remarnuecxo cerxn
+roro crnxornopennx nam npnxonnoct yunrtnart ne rontxo ysyantnte snauennx cnon, no n nx
xonrexcryantnte snauennx, nosnnxammne n nyx rnnax crpyxryp, a nmenno: n nonyormeuenntx
crpyxrypax c nounnennem n n counnnrentntx crpyxrypax c comsom and. O ocoennocrxx raxnx
crpyxryp mt yxe ynomnnann ntme, ormeuax, uro mexy +nemenramn raxo crpyxrypt ncera nmeercx
nsnecrnax nnnrnncrnuecxax onoponocrt. Ha ase cnnraxcnuecxo pannosnaunocrn raxnx crpyxryp n nnx
nosnnxaer omnocrt n pyrnx, ne rontxo rpammarnuecxnx, no n nexcnuecxnx cocrannxmmnx snauennx.
Ecnn n cemanrnuecxo crpyxrype +rnx cnon nmeercx necxontxo nexcnxo-cemanrnuecxnx napnanron, ro n
counnnrentno crpyxrype oxsarentno peannsymrcx napnanrt, xapaxrepnsymmnecx nanontme
nexcnuecxo nnsocrtm, xax enorarnnno, rax n xonnorarnnno, npnnanexamne x onomy paspxy,
cemanrnuecxomy nonm, anronnmnunte nnn cnnonnmnunte. Counnnrentnte couerannx onapyxnnamr,
raxnm opasom, xonrexcryantnym nsanmosanncnmocrt, nxoxmne n nnx cnona oxastnamrcx yrounnrenxmn
pyr nx pyra. B paccmarpnnaemom crnxornopennn noonoe nsanmnoe xonrexcryantnoe yrounenne
ncrpeuaercx ouent uacro n no+romy sacnyxnnaer cnennantnoro nnnmannx. 3ro raxne counnnrentnte
crpyxrypt, xax young and easy... and happy; hail and climb; the trees and leaves; daisies and barley; green and
100
carefree; ...and singing; play and be golden; clear and cold; lovely and watery; foxes and pheasants; green and
dying. Hocnenxx napa ocoenno nnrepecna, rax xax c ontmo cxarocrtm ntpaxaer nce ry xe ocnonnym
remy o nensexno cmeprn ncero xnnoro.
3axanunnax na +rom nexcnuecxoe exonponanne crnxornopennx Hanopornnxont xonm*, samernm,
uro ono oxastnaercx nenonntm ne rontxo noromy, uro mt oxnarnnn ne ncm nexcnxy, no n noromy, uro
neoxonm ananns n pyrnx yponne, ocoenno cnnraxcnuecxoro n ]onernuecxoro. Kpome roro, nx
nonnort anannsa ne xnaraer nponepxn c nomomtm xaxo-nnyt pyro meronxn, nanpnmep anannsa
xonneprennnn.
* Ananns +roro crnxornopennx tn panee onynnxonan anropom n crarte Temarnuecxne cnona xyoxecrnennoro rexcra.
(Hnocrp. xs. n mxone. 1971. N 2.)
IAABA III. CTHAHCTHHECKHH AHAAH3 HA YPOBHE MOPmOAOIHH
1. Tpancnosnnnn paspnon cymec1nn1entnoro
Ho uopqonornen n anno rnane nonnmaercx conoxynnocrt cnocrnenntx anrnncxomy xstxy
mop]onornuecxnx npornnonocrannenn, rpammarnuecxnx xareropn n cnocoon nx ntpaxennx, nxnmuax n
]ynxnnonnpymmym napannentno c cnnrernuecxnmn ]opmamn cncremy couerann cnyxentx cnon c
nonnosnauntmn. Crnnncrnuecxn norennnan mop]onornn cnonoopasonannx tn yxe paccmorpen n rnane
o nexcnuecxo crnnncrnxe, a sect nnnmanne yer cocpeoroueno na mop]onornn cnononsmenennx c
yuerom, onaxo, recno cnxsn mexy rpammarnxo n nexcnxo.
Kax nsnecrno, xaxax rpammarnuecxax ]opma nmeer necxontxo snauenn, ns xoroptx ono moxno
paccmarpnnart xax rnannoe, a pyrne xax nepenocnte. B nacroxme rnane paccmarpnnaercx
crnnncrnuecxn +]]exr ynorpenennx cnon pasntx uacre peun n neotuntx nexcnxo-rpammarnuecxnx n
rpammarnuecxnx snauennxx n c neotuno pe]epenrno ornecennocrtm. Taxoe pacxoxenne mexy
rpannnonno oosnauammnm n cnryarnnno oosnauammnm na yponne mop]onornn nastnaercx
1pancnosnnnen (nnn nnora rpammarnuecxo mera]opo). Btpaxenne +monn, onenxn n
+xcnpeccnnnocrt, a nnora n ]ynxnnonantno-crnnncrnuecxne xonnorannn ocymecrnnxmrcx npn +rom sa
cuer napymennx npnntuntx rpammarnuecxnx nanenrnocrntx cnxse.
Kaxax uacrt peun, n sanncnmocrn or npncymnx e rpammarnuecxnx xareropn n cnocoon nx
ntpaxennx, nmeer npn rpancnosnnnn cnom cnenn]nxy. Paccmorpenne +ro cnenn]nxn yono nauart c
cymecrnnrentntx. B coornercrnnn c npncymnmn nm rpammarnuecxnmn xareropnxmn +xcnpeccnnnte
nosmoxnocrn cymecrnnrentntx cnxsant, n nepnym ouepet, c neotuntm ynorpenennem ]opm uncna n
naexa, a raxxe c xapaxrepom mecronmennoro samemennx. nnenne rpancnosnnnn sect, xax n n pyrnx
uacrxx peun, cnxsano c rem, uro nexcnxo-cemanrnuecxne napnanrt onoro n roro xe cnona moryr
npnnanexart x pasntm nexcnxo-rpammarnuecxnm paspxam n nmert pasnnunym nanenrnocrt n
pe]epenrnym ornecennocrt x pasntm c]epam ecrnnrentnocrn. O nexcnxo-cemanrnuecxnx napnanrax
cnona yxe ronopnnoct ntme*, a na nonxrnn nexcnxo-rpammarnuecxoro paspxa neoxonmo ocranonnrtcx.
* Cm. rn. II, 1.
Aexcnxo-rpauua1nuecxnn paspn onpeenxercx xax xnacc nexcnuecxnx ennnn, oennenntx
omnm nexcnxo-rpammarnuecxnm snauennem, omnocrtm ]opm, n xoroptx npoxnnxmrcx npncymne +rnm
ennnnam rpammarnuecxne xareropnn, omnocrtm nosmoxntx cnon-samecrnrene, a n nexoroptx cnyuaxx
n onpeenenntm naopom cy]]nxcon n moene cnonoopasonannx*. Hexcnxo-rpammarnuecxne paspxt
xnnxmrcx norpynnamn nnyrpn uacre peun, n connaenne nanenrnocrntx cnocrn nnyrpn paspxa
nonnee, uem nnyrpn uacrn peun.
* Fonee nopono cm.: Apuo.io H.B. Cemanrnuecxax crpyxrypa cnona. H., 1966; Oua re: Hexcnxonornx conpemennoro
anrnncxoro xstxa. M., 1986.
Hanmennx noxastnamr, uro rpancnosnnnx n nne nepexoa cnona ns paspxa n paspx moxer art xax
+xcnpeccnnnte, onenounte, +monnonantnte, rax n ]ynxnnonantno-crnnncrnuecxne xonnorannn. nx
ronxonannx rexcra ocot nnrepec npecrannxmr rpancnosnnnn n nepnt paspx.
Hanonee xopomo nsyuenntm n nsnecrntm rnnom noono rpancnosnnnn xnnxercx rax nastnaemoe
onnne1nopenne, nnn nepconnqnxannn, npn xoropom xnnennx npnpot, npemert nnn xnnornte
naenxmrcx uenoneuecxnmn uyncrnamn, mtcnxmn, peutm (anrponomop]nsm). Hsmenenne paspxa npn
101
rpancnosnnnn nepconn]nxannn ntpaxaercx n nsmenennn coornecennocrn c mecronmennxmn, nsmenennn
cnnraxcnuecxo, nexcnuecxo n mop]onornuecxo nanenrnocrn. B crpoxe x. Fapona:
Roll on, thou dark and deep blue Ocean roll!
Ocean ns cymecrnnrentnoro napnnarentno-neoymennennoro cranonnrcx oymennenntm nmenem
cocrnenntm. Ono samenxercx mecronmennem thou, nnmercx c sarnanno yxnt n ynorpeneno n ]ynxnnn
pnropnuecxoro opamennx. Ouent noxoxe n opamenne A. Tennncona x mopm:
Break, break, break
On thy cold grey stones, o Sea!
Kpnrepnem, nosnonxmmnm cynrt o rom, uro nepconn]nxannx nnn nmax pyrax rpancnosnnnx
crnnncrnuecxn penenanrna, moxer cnyxnrt yuacrne ee n xonneprennnn. B npnneenno ntme crpoxe A.
Tennncona rpycrnt n ropxecrnennt ron cosaercx ne rontxo opamennem x mopm, no n nonropom,
ntpasnrentntm +nnrerom cold grey stones n sameno npnrxxarentnoro mecronmennx nroporo nnna
mnoxecrnennoro uncna apxanuecxnm thy.
Hocxontxy rpammarnuecxnm npnsnaxom cymecrnnrentntx nasnann nnna xnnxercx, cpen pyrnx,
nosmoxnocrt ]opmt ponrentnoro naexa c 's n samena mecronmennxmn he n she, ro +rn xe ueprt
xnnxmrcx ]opmantntmn npnsnaxamn nepconn]nxannn, a nepconn]nxannx ncera conponoxaercx
+xcnpeccnnnocrtm. Cpannnre: Winter's grim face*.
* Cm. raxxe c. 194.
axe cnntno crepmaxcx n npnntunax nepconn]nxannx, xax, nanpnmep, npn ynorpenennn n ]opme
ponrentnoro naexa nasnann crpan n ropoon, nce xe coxpanxer nexoropym npnnonxrocrt. Cpannnre:
London's people, my country's laws the people of London, the laws of my country.
pyrnm ornocnrentno nsyuenntm rnnom rpancnosnnnn n nepnt paspx xnnxmrcx soonnunuecxne
ue1aqopm (soomop]nsmt). B npnmenennn x nmxm cnona nroporo paspxa, r.e. nasnannx xnnorntx, nrnn
nnn ]anracrnuecxnx cymecrn, nonyuamr mera]opnuecxoe, +monnonantno oxpamennoe n nepexo onnoe
snauenne*. 3ro nerxo samernrt, cpannnnax npxmte n mera]opnuecxne napnanrt cnon: ass, bear, beast,
bitch, bookworm, donkey, duck, kid, monkey, mule, pig, shark, snake, swine, tabby, toad, wolf, worm, angel,
devil, imp, sphinx, witch.
* O soonnmax cm.: Humeuu 4.A., Ivm+au E.A., Uepe+ucuua M.H. Conocrannrentnt ananns soomop]ntx xapaxrepncrnx.
B xn.: Hannonantno-xyntrypnax cnenn]nxa peuenoro noneennx. M., 1977.
I was not going to have all the old tabbies bossing
her around just because she is not what they call
our class.
(A. Wilson. The Middle Age)
Craptmn xomxamn (old tabbies) reponnx nastnaer pyrnx am-narponecc, cnonx cnonnxnnn no
narornopnrentnomy omecrny, o xoroptx necxontxo pantme n ro xe rnane ronopnrcx: The women she
worked with she regarded as fools and did not hesitate to tell them so, uro nornepxaer namn coopaxennx
o +monnonantnocrn cnona tabbies n +rom napnanre. Cpannnre raxxe npenepexnrentnt ron n
cneymmem npnmepe: What were you talking about to that old mare downstairs? (S. Delaney).
Hapxy c +monnonantno +rn cnona nmemr n cnntnym orpnnarentnym onenounym, a raxxe
+xcnpeccnnnym n crnnncrnuecxym (pasronopnym) xonnorannn. Hmontrno, uro n rex cnyuaxx, xora
nasnannx xnnorntx nmemr cnnonnmt, onn n nepenocntx nasnannxx nme moryr ornnuartcx no
nnrencnnnocrn n xapaxrepy xonnorann. Tax, pig, donkey, monkey nmemr nacxono-nponnuecxn xapaxrep
(Don't be such a donkey, dear (C.P. Snow), rora xax swine, ass, ape rpyym n pesxo orpnnarentnym
oxpacxy.
Orpnnarentnte xonnorannn ycnnnnamrcx nocroxnntmn +nnreramn n +m]arnuecxnmn xoncrpyxnnxmn:
you impudent pup, you filthy swine, you lazy dog, that big horse of a girl.
Camo coo pasymeercx, uro rpancnosnnnx cnxsana ne rontxo c orpnnarentno onenxo n ne
102
orpannunnaercx nepenocom ns nroporo paspxa. Tax, nanpnmep, n nopme nexcnxn xenmnna nastnaercx
cnonamn nepnoro paspxa. 3xcnpeccnx n +monnonantnocrt nepeaercx npn rpancnosnnnn cnonamn nroporo
paspxa: duck, angel, fairy; mecroro: star, rose, jewel; cetmoro, r.e. nemecrnenntmn: honey, pearl nnn
acrpaxrntmn: love, beauty.
Tpancnosnnnn nosmoxnt n nx cnon pasntx uacre peun, a ne rontxo nx pasntx paspxon.
Tpancnosnnnx npnnararentntx n paspx nasnann nnna n ynorpenenne nx n anennxrnnno ]ynxnnn
moxer nonyunrt ne rontxo +monnonantnym n +xcnpeccnnnym, no n ]ynxnnonantno-crnnncrnuecxym,
nanpnmep pasronopnym, oxpacxy: Listen, my sweet. Come on, lovely! Bosmoxna raxxe no+rnuecxax
crnnncrnuecxax xonnorannx: To thy chamber-window, sweet (P. Shelly).
3monnonantnte, nnn +xcnpeccnnnte, xonnorannn nosnnxamr raxxe npn rpancnosnnnn ornneuenntx
cymecrnnrentntx n cymecrnnrentnte nnna. Cpannnnax:
The chubby little eccentricity :: a chubby eccentric child
He is a disgrace to his family :: he is a disgraceful son
The old oddity :: an odd old person,
nerpyno samernrt, uro npn roxecrne ocrantntx xonnorann npnmept n neno xononxe
+xcnpeccnnnee.
urot noxasart nsanmoecrnne nexcnxo-rpammarnuecxoro snauennx, rpancnosnnnn n cnnraxcnuecxnx
xoncrpyxnn, nponeem eme onn +xcnepnmenr.
Paccmorpnm uertpe cnnonnmnuntx npenoxennx, pacnonoxenntx no nncxoxme +xcnpeccnnnocrn.
Cpannnre:
You little horror,
You horrid little thing,
You horrid girl,
You are a horrid girl.
B nepnom npnmepe +xcnpeccnnnocrt n +monnonantnocrt nontment sa cuer cycranrnnannn
npnnararentnoro c +monnonantno rnneponnsnponanntm nexcnuecxnm snauennem n sa cuer
cnnraxcnuecxo xoncrpyxnnn; nropo nourn +xnnnanenren no +xcnpeccnnnocrn, sect napymenne
rpannnonnocrn osnauammero cosano sa cuer npnmenennx omero nmenn (thing) x uenonexy; n rpertem
+xcnpeccnnnocrt cnaee n onnpaercx rontxo na nexcnuecxoe snauenne horrid n cnnraxcnuecxym
xoncrpyxnnm; n uerneprom rontxo na snauenne horrid.
B couerannn c pyrnmn xoncrpyxnnxmn cycranrnnannx moxer art xnnxnym oxpacxy, r.e.
]ynxnnonantno-crnnncrnuecxym xonnorannm:
a flush of heat :: a hot flush
a man of intelligence :: an intelligent man
the dark of the night :: the dark night
the dark intensity :: the intense darkness.
Cycranrnnnponannoe npnnararentnoe oxastnaercx onee acrpaxrntm n onee xnnxntm, uem
onoxopennoe cymecrnnrentnoe, opasonannoe nyrem epnnannn: The devil-artist who had staged it (the
battle) was a master, in comparison with whom all other artists of the sublime and the terrible were babies (R.
Aldington. The Death of the Hero).
2. C1nnnc1nuecxnn no1ennnan qopu renn1nna n unoaec1nennoro uncna
Btme yxe ronopnnoct o nosmoxnocrxx ]opmt rennrnna xax xonrexcryantnoro nnnxaropa
nepconn]nxannn. Ho ero crnnncrnuecxn norennnan +rnm ne ncuepntnaercx. Anropt Ipammarnxn
conpemennoro anrnncxoro xstxa* ormeuamr, nanpnmep, uro ynorpenenne ]nexrnnno ]opmt
xapaxrepno nx raserntx sarononxon, n ne rontxo noromy, uro ram ouent naxnoe snauenne nmeer
xparxocrt, no n noromy, uro +ra ]opma nouepxnnaer onpeenenne. Cpannnnax Hollywood's Studios Empty
n The Studios of Hollywood Empty, onn oramr npenourenne nepnomy sarononxy ne rontxo ns-sa
103
xparxocrn, no n noromy, uro n nem cnono Hollywood oxastnaercx nouepxnyrtm. Hmontrno, uro +rn
anropt ormeuamr raxxe ynorpenenne ]nexrnnnoro rennrnna c nmenamn, npecrannxmmnmn ocot
nnrepec nx uenoneuecxo exrentnocrn: the mind's general development, my life's aim, duty's call, love's
spirit n r.. A +ro cnnerentcrnyer o ontme +xcnpeccnnnocrn no cpannennm c of-phrase.
* Quirk R., Greenbaum S., Leech G., Swartvik J. A Grammar of Contemporary English. - Ldn, 1974. P. 199201.
Cosammee +xcnpeccnnnocrt napymenne rnnnuno nanenrnocrn moxer cocroxrt eme n n rom, uro
couerammnecx ennnnt npnnanexar x pasntm yponnxm (rereporennax nanenrnocrt). Tax, nanpnmep,
naexnt cy]]nxc moxer npncoennxrtcx ne x ocnone, xax otuno, a x nenomy cnonocouerannm nnn
npenoxennm (rpynnono rennrnn).
Taxont myrounte npnmept c xpxo ntpaxenno pasronopno oxpacxo, xoropte npnnonr x. Fenn:
She's the boy I used to go with's mother.
She's the man that bought my wheelbarrow's wife.
It's the young fellow in the backroom's car. He is the niece,
I told you about's husband*.
* Satirical Editor's Post, Chosen by J. Bailey. Philadelphia, 1952. P. 91.
Mop]ema noxasarent rennrnna npncoennxercx no ncex +rnx npnmepax ne x ocnone, a x nenomy
onpeennrentnomy xomnnexcy cymecrnnrentnomy c onpeenxmmnm ero npnarountm npenoxennem.
Komnsm snyuannx nosnnxaer sa cuer mnornx ]axropon: sa cuer yxe ynomxnyro rereporenno
nanenrnocrn, sa cuer ontmo nnnt xomnnexca, sa cuer nornuecxo neconmecrnmocrn croxmnx pxom
cnon: She's the boy..., She's the man..., ...wheelbarrow's wife, ...about's husband.
antnemnmn cnnraxcnuecxnmn cnxsxmn +ra neconmecrnmocrt cnnmaercx, n oxastnaercx, uro n nepnom
cnyuae ona ne mantunx, a mart mantunxa, n uro no nropom npnmepe peut ner ne o xene rauxn, a o xene
uenonexa, xoropt xynnn rauxy, n r.. Ho couerannx +rn pocamrcx n rnasa n saannxmr.
Ananornunax rereporennax nanenrnocrt nosmoxna n nx oxonuannx mnoxecrnennoro uncna, xoropoe,
npncoennxxct x nenomy npenoxennm, roxe snyunr saanno: One I-am-sorry-for-you is worth twenty I-
told-you-so's*.
* Hpnmep B.M. Hexnno.
Kax n n npetymnx npnmepax, neotunocrt sect axxymynnpyercx. Homnmo yxasanno rereporenno
nanenrnocrn, mt nnnm uncnnrentnte, onpeenxmmne nente npenoxennx.
Mnorosnaunocrt rpammarnuecxnx ]opm moxer nepeanart nn]opmannm nroporo poa, ananornuno
romy, xax +ro nponcxonr npn ononpemenno peannsannn pasntx snauenn onoro nonncemanrnunoro
cnona. Ponrentnt naex moxer, xax nsnecrno, nepeanart ornomennx npnnanexnocrn, cyexrnoe
ornomenne x onpeenxemomy, oexrnoe ornomenne x onpeenxemomy, ornomenne nenoro n uacrn n
nexoropte pyrne. Hasnanne erexrnnnoro paccxasa The Murder of My Aunt moxno nonnmart noxxo, n
ecrnnrentno, n xonne paccxasa rerymxa oxastnaercx ne xeprno, a ynne. Cpannnre: Daniel's Trail
(A. Bennet).
Hoxasarent uncna moxer cosanart +m]asy napymennem rpannnonntx nanenrntx cnocrn. Tax,
+xcnpeccnnnocrt cneymmero orptnxa ns pomana I. Ipnna Cyrt ena n snaunrentno crenenn sanncnr
or neotunoro ynorpenennx ornneuenntx cymecrnnrentntx n ]opme mnoxecrnennoro uncna, xorx,
pasymeercx, ne rontxo or +roro: Heaven remained rigidly in its proper place on the other side of death, and on
this side flourished the injustices, the cruelties, the meannesses, that elsewhere people so cleverly hushed up.
Koneuno, +xcnpeccnnnocrt mnoxecrnennoro uncna y acrpaxrntx cymecrnnrentntx rpyno
orrpannunrt or roro, uro rpammarncrt nastnamr orentntmn cnyuaxmn npoxnnennx rex nnn nntx
acrpaxrntx cnocrn, no nannune +xcnpeccnnnocrn n +rom npnmepe nce xe ne nonexnr comnennm. A
world without goodness it'd be Paradise. But it wouldn't no more than now. The only paradises were fools'
paradises, ostriches' paradises (A. Huxley).
Hpenepexenne x camo nee pax nepeaercx n annom cnyuae rpancnosnnne n paspx npemerntx
napnnarentntx cymecrnnrentntx, cnrnannsnpyemo ]opmo mnoxecrnennoro uncna n nanncannem co
crpouno yxnt.
Hrax, camoe omee npannno cocronr n rom, uro cymecrnnrentnte n anrnncxom xstxe nmemr ne
]opmt uncna. Ha +ro npannno naxnatnaercx orpannuenne: nmena cocrnennte, acrpaxrnte n
nemecrnennte nmemr rontxo ony ]opmy uncna, no +ro orpannuenne moxer trt cnxro, n rem camtm
104
nepeamrcx xaxne-ro ocote snauennx. Paccmorpnm eme onn npnmep, a nmenno ]opmy mnoxecrnennoro
uncna y nemecrnenntx cymecrnnrentntx, xoropte npnamr macmranocrt nesaxntm onncannxm.
Xapaxrepnoe nx penonmnnonnoro pomanrnxa H.F. Bennn yexenne, uro rnpannx ne neuna, uro ona
ncropnuecxn opeuena, nonnomeno n ero crnxornopennn Osnmannx n opase nexamnx n nycrtne n
nonysactnanntx necxom onomxon craryn xora-ro ncemorymero ]apaona:
Nothing beside remains. Round the decay
Of that colossal wreck, boundless and bare
The lone and level sands stretch far away.
uopma sands nrpaer naxnym pont n xonneprennnn npnemon (+nnrert, annnrepannx), noxastnamme,
uro or morymecrna ecnora ne ocranoct nnuero, ono opameno n npax. uncno nemecrnenntx
cymecrnnrentntx, nx xoroptx nosmoxna noonax ]ynxnnx, orpannueno. Hpnneem eme rontxo na
npnmepa: Waters on a starry night are beautiful and fair (W. Wordsworth); But where are the snows of
yesteryear? (F. Villon).
Hapxy c noono opasno +xcnpeccnnnocrtm ]opmt mnoxecrnennoro uncna ynomxnem eme
nnrencn]nnnpymmym +xcnpeccnnnocrt nstrounocrn rex cnyuaen, xora n ]opme mnoxecrnennoro uncna
ynorpenxmrcx cymecrnnrentnte, yxe coepxamne yxasanne na mnoxecrnennocrt n cnoem enorarnnnom
snauennn. Cpannnre: a lot of money :: lots of money; a number of people :: numbers of people.
3. C1nnnc1nuecxne qynxnnn ap1nxnn
uynxnnonnponanne aprnxnx xnnxercx narnxntm npnmepom roro, uro xo npecrannxer coo cncremy
snaxon, npannn nx ]ynxnnonnponannx, orpannuenn na +rn npannna. Hocxontxy xstxono xo xnnxercx
aanrnnno cncremo, ro, paccmarpnnax ero, mt onxnt nponanmart n ycnonnx, npn xoroptx +rn
orpannuennx moryr npn nepeaue +xcnpeccnnno nn]opmannn cnnmartcx.
Hmena cocrnennte oymennennte ynorpenxmrcx, xax nsnecrno, es aprnxnx, sa ncxnmuennem
onpeenennoro aprnxnx c ]amnnnxmn n ]opme mnoxecrnennoro uncna: The Hardys were rather late (S.
Maugham) n neonpeenennoro aprnxnx n otuno nnoxme ]ynxnnn: He was engaged to be married to a
Miss Hubbard (S. Maugham). Oa +rn cnyuax nmemr ]ynxnnonantno-crnnncrnuecxym oxpacxy: oa
npnnanexar pasronopno nopme. Cma xe, no-nnnmomy, cneyer ornecrn n meronnmnuecxoe
ynorpenenne cocrnenntx nmen c neonpeenenntm aprnxnem nx nasnannx nponsneennx, uro aer
rpancnosnnnm n paspx omnx nmen: Have you a Rosetti? I asked (S. Maugham). Hmeercx n nny xaprnna
Pocerrn.
Heonpeenennt aprnxnt nepe ]amnnne npn orcyrcrnnn rpancnosnnnn cosaer onenounoe
mera]opnuecxoe snauenne: I do not claim to be a Caruso B ue c:umam, :mo xopouo nom. Cpannnre: I do
not claim to be Caruso B ue eoeopm, :mo +eu soevm Kapvso. Onenount xomnonenr n nocnenem cnyuae
orcyrcrnyer. Kax n ontmnncrne onenountx xonnorann, ]opmantnte npnsnaxn ne npeonpeenxmr,
nonoxnrentnax nnn orpnnarentnax onenxa nmeercx n nny. B cneymmem npnmepe ns xnnrn H. Bnnepa
Knepnernxa onenxa cyryo nonoxnrentnax: A century ago there may have been no Leibnitz, but there
was a Gauss, a Faraday and a Darwin. Heonpeenennt aprnxnt nouepxnnaer ntcoxym onenxy ponn +rnx
yuentx n pasnnrnn nayxn. Onaxo uacro neonpeenennt aprnxnt nepe ]amnnne nnuem ne
npnmeuarentnoro uenonexa aer npespnrentnoe yxasanne na xaxne-nnyt ypnte ueprt nocnrenx +ro
]amnnnn. Tax, Cxon, repo pomana I. Ipnna Cyrt ena, cunraer, uro on ne moxer nocrynnrt, xax
pyro nepconax F+rcrep, xoroporo on npesnpaer: He was not a Bagster. B pomane B. Fponre
Bepnn orneprnyrax nmnmtm reponnx ronopnr, uro e cyxeno onnouecrno, rax xax ona ne moxer
crart xeno raxnx nme, xax Manone nnn Caxc: I will never marry a Malone or a Sykes and no one else
will ever marry me. H Manone n Caxc, raxnm opasom, nonyuamr xnno orpnnarentnym xapaxrepncrnxy,
nonxrnym axe ecnn unrarent ne snaer, xro onn raxne.
Heonpeenennt aprnxnt nepe ]amnnne moxer pacxptnart n eme ono snauenne, a nmenno
npnnanexnocrt x snamennro cemte; n +rom cnyuae ncera nmeercx onenount xomnonenr, npnuem
xonnorannn moryr trt n onontno cnoxntmn. Vsyantno npn +rom peut ner o rom, uro annomy nnny
cnocrnennt ]amnntnte ueprt snarnoro poa: Elisabeth was a Tudor. Ho ecnn mt oparnmcx x npnmepy
oxxasnonantnoro ncnontsonannx noono xoncrpyxnnn n pomane x. 3nnor Mentnnna na unocce, ro
ynnnm, xax nncarentnnna neonoxparno ronopnr o cecrpax ocon she was a Dodson, carnpnuecxn
105
pasonauax xecroxoe, unannnnoe n npeentno orpannuennoe memancxoe cemecrno, nx camoonontcrno n
nenente nperensnn. uamnnnx ocon snyunr ouent neapncroxparnuno, n coueranne ee c neonpeenenntm
aprnxnem cosaer xapaxrepnt nx carnpt npnem ncrapmonnn, pexymero cnyx necoornercrnnx.
Onpeenennt aprnxnt nepe ]amnnne moxer trt +xcnpeccnnntm n yxastnart na ro, uro annoe
nnno snamennrocrt, n xopomem nnn ypnom cmtcne espasnnuno: Know my partner? Old Robinson.
Yes, the Robinson. Don't you know? The notorious Robinson. (J. Conrad. Lord Jim).
Onpeenennt aprnxnt, acconnnpyx cnono c npemecrnymmnm xonrexcrom, npnaer emy oanounte
npnsnaxn, n no+romy moxer nrpart ontmym pont n mexannsme mera]opt*. Aprnxnt cnyxnr
xnanronannm, npn xoropom unrarent onxen cam nocnonnnrt neocrammne snentx.
Tax, nanpnmep, Anronn, nonepnn, uro Kneonarpa meprna, nocxnnnaer:
I will o'erktake thee, Cleopatra,
And weep for my pardon. So it must be, for now
All length is torture: since the torch is out...
(W. Shakespeare. Antony and Cleopatra)
* Cm.: Brooke-Rose Chr: A Grammar of Metaphor. In: Essays on the Language of Literature / Ed. by S. Chatman and S.R.
Levin. Boston, 1967, orxya mt sanmcrnyem ananns +roro npnmepa.
B mera]ope the torch onpeenennt aprnxnt yxastnaer mnorosnaunym cnxst c npemecrnymmnm
xonrexcrom. Anronn moxer nasnart ]axenom camy Kneonarpy, ee xnsnt, nx nmont nnn nce +ro nmecre.
Taxax mnoxecrnennocrt cmtcnon xnnxercx ono ns naxntx uepr xomnaxrnocrn cosanaemoro mera]opo
xyoxecrnennoro opasa.
Ocoo cneyer ocranonnrtcx na ynorpenennn aprnxne npn nepeuncnennn. B arpnyrnnntx
couerannxx c necxontxnmn sanncnmtmn onopontmn unenamn onoponte unent otuno samtxamrcx
mexy nepntm aprnxnem, xoropt yxastnaer na nmenno xapaxrep cnonocouerannx, n cymecrnnrentntm.
nx xoncrpyxnnn couerannx n nonropennn aprnxnx neoxonmocrn ner, no nx ntnonnennx
crnnncrnuecxo ]ynxnnn on moxer nonaonrtcx: Under the low sky the grass shone with a brilliant, an
almost artificial sheen (C.P. Snow). Hoxnnenne nroporo aprnxnx oxastnaercx neoxnanntm n, npnnnexax
nnnmanne x cneymmemy sa nnm cnony, nouepxnnaer ero naxnocrt n cosaer nneuarnenne nauana nonoro
cnonocouerannx. 3]]exr nonropennx aprnxnx n omem ananornuen nonropy nmoro pyroro
erepmnnarnna nnn comsa n moxer couerartcx co crnnncrnuecxnm npnemom napac1annn, r.e.
pacnonoxennx cnon n ntpaxenn n nopxxe nx nospacrammero snauennx. Hpn nepeuncnennnx, r.e. n pxy
onopontx unenon, orcrynnenne or nopmt moxer ntpaxartcx xax n nonrope aprnxnx, rax n n onymennn
ero: It began to rain slowly and heavily and drenchingly... and her thoughts went down the lane toward the
field, the hedge, the trees oak, beech, elm (Gr. Greene). B annom cnyuae uepeonanne pxon c aprnxnem n
es aprnxnx cosaer onpeenennt pnrm npenoxennx: ro samenxer, ro ycxopxer ero remn*.
* Hoponee o +rom cm.: Meuiroea B.B. Aprnxnt npn nepeuncnennn. B c.: Bonpoct crpyxrypt anrnncxoro xstxa n
cnnxponnn n naxponnn. Btn. 2. - H., 1969, orxya mt sanmcrnyem +rn na npnmepa.
Orcyrcrnne aprnxnx nepe npemerntm cymecrnnrentntm n enncrnennom uncne omyrnmoe
napymenne nopmt. Ono nepeaer maxcnmantnym crenent acrpaxnnn n oomennx. Bneennt raxnm
cnocoom opas nnmaercx cnoe xonxpernocrn. B crnxornopennn B. Oena Crpannnx xpanxx
ycranocrt nyrnnxa, npomemero uepes mopx n neca, onncana n oomenntx opasax. Heotunt
cnnraxcnc coueraercx c orcyrcrnnem aprnxnx.
There head falls forward, fatigued at evening,
And dreams of home,
Waving from window, spread of welcome.
Kissing of wife under single sheet;
But waking sees
Bird-flocks nameless to him, through doorway voices
Of new men making another love.
106
Pasmtrocrt opason nomoraer unrarenm nouyncrnonart, uro omamnn ymr n cuacrte rontxo con.
B saxnmuenne naparpa]a ormernm, uro napxy c paccmorpenntmn ntme crnnncrnuecxnmn
ocoennocrxmn ynorpenennx aprnxne cymecrnyer eme cnenn]nxa xanponax, r.e. ocoennocrn
ynorpenennx aprnxne n anropcxnx pemapxax, raserntx sarononxax n r..
4. Hpo1nnonoc1annennn n cnc1eue uec1onuennn xax qax1op c1nnn
Crnnncrnuecxne ]ynxnnn mecronmenn raxxe sanncxr or pacxoxennx mexy rpannnonno n
cnryarnnno oosnauammnm. Tpancnosnnnx sect ocymecrnnxercx xax nepenoc onoro mecronmennx n
c]epy ecrnnx pyroro mecronmennx. Hexcnxo-rpammarnuecxne paspxt mecronmenn nsnecrnt. 3ro
nnunte, npnrxxarentnte, yxasarentnte, ornocnrentnte, neonpeenennte n pyrne mecronmennx. Co
crnnncrnuecxo rouxn spennx nanonee naxntmn xnnxmrcx nnunte, yxasarentnte n neonpeenennte. Ha
nnx mt n ocranonnmcx onee nopono.
Anunme uec1onuennn. Xapaxrepno ynorpenenne mecronmenn nepnoro n nroporo nnna n nnpnxe,
coepxannem xoropo xnnxercx rnyoxo nnunoe ntpaxenne nepexnnannx, cocroxnnx, yxonnoro mnpa.
rnannoe n uacro enncrnennoe ecrnymmee nnno nnpnuecxoro crnxornopennx. Opameno
nnpnuecxoe crnxornopenne ne x unrarenm, a x nnsxomy nx no+ra uenonexy nosnmnenno, pyry,
marepn n r.., xoropte otuno nastnamrcx rontxo mecronmennem nroporo nnna.
Crnnncrnuecxax ]ynxnnx mecronmenn n npose n no+snn pasnnuna.
Mecronmenne nepnoro nnna enncrnennoro uncna xnnxercx onnm ns ]opmantntx npnsnaxon
nonecrnonannx or nepnoro nnna, nonyunnmero n conpemenno nnreparype cront mnpoxoe
pacnpocrpanenne.
B peuentx xapaxrepncrnxax yrpnponanno uacroe mecronmenne nepnoro nnna nsonnuaer
camoonontcrno n +ronsm ronopxmero, xax +ro nnno n peun xnnoocca ns paccxasa P. Hapnepa
Inestmxo nmnn.
... I mean I want you to be sure and see the kiddies.
I've got three.
I've seen their pictures, said Bartellet. You must
be very proud of them. They're all girls, aren't they?
Yes, sir, three girls. I wouldn't have a boy. I mean
I always wanted girls. I mean girls have got a lot
more zip to them.I mean they're a lot zippier. But
let's go! The Rolls is downstairs and if we start now
we'll get there before dark. I mean I want you to see
the place while it's still daylight.
Haoopor, ynorpenenne one nnn you, xoropte ronopxmn ornocnr x camomy cee, cnnerentcrnyer o
nexoropo cepxannocrn, ronopxmn ne nosnonxer cee cnnmxom npxmo ronopnrt o uyncrnax, o uem-
nnyt, uro ero nnuno ouent rporaer. One, raxnm opasom, ononpemenno nepeaer n +monnonantnocrt, n
cepxannocrt, ]opmantno osnauaer nmoro, a no cymecrny, ornocnrcx x ronopxmemy. 3amena I
neonpeenenntm one nnn mecronmennem nroporo nnna mnoxecrnennoro uncna you n oomamme
]ynxnnn cosaer onee recnt xonraxr mexy ronopxmnm n cnymammnm, snyunr cxpomnee n
ynaxnrentnee. Ionopxmn enaer cnymammero coyuacrnnxom cnonx nepexnnann. F. uapntcron
npnnonr cneymmn npnmep ns ntect x. Hpncrnn Onacnt nonopor:
Olwen: Then it's not so bad then. You can always build another image for yourself to fall in love with.
Robert: No, you can't. That's the trouble you lose the capacity for building. You run short of the stuff that
creates beautiful illusions.
B peun Onyen you ynorpeneno xax otunoe mecronmenne nroporo nnna n ornocnrcx x Poepry. Ho
Poepr ynorpenxer you oomenno, r.e. nxnmuax cex camoro, cnom coecennny Onyen n pyrnx nme
noome. Tem camtm on napnpyer nponnm Onyen, xoropax namexaer na ro, uro on cosan cee
neocront xymnp. Poepr ornnuno nonnmaer, uro cnona Onyen xapaxrepnsymr nmenno ero ornomenne
x xnsnn n x nycro, pasnpamenno Ferrn, no samnmaercx +rnm oomammnm you, enaer nn, uro ne
107
npnnnmaer cxasannoe na cno cuer nnn npnnnmaer rontxo uacrnuno.
B anropcxom nonecrnonannn oomammee you nmeer cnonm enorarom n nepnoe, n nropoe nnno, r.e.
oennxer anropa n unrarenx, nonnexax nocnenero n xpyr onnctnaemtx nepexnnann n mtcne.
Ananornunym ]ynxnnm n ]amnntxpno-pasronopno peun moxer nmert samena I raxnmn
cymecrnnrentntmn, xax a man, a chap, a fellow, a girl. B xyoxecrnenno nnreparype raxax samena
nosmoxna, ecrecrnenno, nno n npxmo peun, nno npn nonecrnonannn or nepnoro nnna.
Oomammee one n oomammee you, ornecennte x ronopxmemy, ouent nnsxn no snauennm.
B cneymmem npnmepe ns pomana I. Ipnna Cyrt ena Cxon ymaer o cee, no nontsyercx ne
mecronmennem I, a neonpeenenntm one, pacnpocrpanxx rem camtm cnon nepexnnannx na pyrnx, r.e.
cosanax oomenne. If one knew, he wondered, the facts, would one have to feel pity even for the
planets? If one reached what they called the heart of the matter? He cnyuano, xoneuno, +ro oomenne
neoxonmo no ]pase, xoropax pacxptnaer ]nnoco]cxn cmtcn sarnannx pomana, ntnnrammero
cocrpaanne xax ocnony mopann. 3amena one na you nsmennna t cmtcn nesnaunrentno, no ]pasa snyuana
t necxontxo menee acrpaxrno n ]nnoco]cxn.
Xaxcnn c nomomtm one cosaer carnpnuecxn norexcr, nsenaercx na nnnemepnem Fepnana,
xoropt, cornamaxct art corpynnxy mnsepnym npnanxy, ronopnr o cee n esnnuno ]opme, urot
cnxrt c cex ornercrnennocrt: One feels quite ashamed of offering it. But what can one do? One could
obviously do nothing, for the good reason. That one was impersonal and did not exist (A. Huxley. Point
Counter Point).
Ionopxmn moxer ronopnrt o cee n n rpertem nnne, rora on xax t cmorpnr na cex co cropont n
rem camtm cnntnee xonnenrpnpyer na cee nnnmanne. K. M+nc]nn nnmer o cee n cnoem nennnxe: I do
not want to write; I want to live. What does she mean by that? It's hard to say. ononnnrentnt cmtcn +roro
ntcxastnannx xononoe oruyxenne. Ocnonno cmtcn ne nsmennncx t, ecnn t mt samennnn she na I:
I do not want to write; I want to live. What do I mean by that? It's hard for me to say. 3amena I na one npnana
t ntcxastnannm onee oomennt cmtcn, npenonarammn ontmee nonnmanne n couyncrnne: One
doesn't want to write; One wants to live, what does one mean by that One cannot say.
Mecronmenne nroporo nnna enncrnennoro uncna thou, ero oexrnt naex thee, npnrxxarentnoe
mecronmenne thy n ero aconmrnax ]opma thine, ycnnnrentnoe n nosnparnoe thyself n conpemennom
anrnncxom xstxe yxe neynorpenrentnt, sa ncxnmuennem nanexra, no nmemr ysyantnym
]ynxnnonantno-crnnncrnuecxym xonnorannm. B no+snn n n opamennxx x Fory onn cosamr
apxansnpymmym npnnonxrocrt. Thou moxer nepeanart ncropnuecxn nnn reorpa]nuecxn xonopnr.
Tax, nanpnmep, nepeanax peut na xstxe, n xoropom mecronmenne nroporo nnna enncrnennoro uncna
cymecrnyer (ncnancxn, nrantxncxn), 3. Xemnnry+ ncnontsyer thou n coornercrnymmne rnarontnte
]opmt xax ono ns cpecrn nx cosannx mecrnoro xonopnra. Ananornunym crnnncrnuecxym ]ynxnnm
nmeer mecronmenne nroporo nnna ye, xoropoe n conpemennom anrnncxom xstxe apxanuno n coxpannnoct
rontxo n nanexrax. Ono, coornercrnenno, naxno nx peuentx xapaxrepncrnx.
Konnorannn mecronmenn ncropnuecxn nsmenunnt n cnxsant c npannnamn +rnxera. Bo npemena
Bexcnnpa, nanpnmep, opamartcx na rt x nocroponnemy xenrntmeny tno ocxopnennem. C+p Ton
noronapnnaer c+pa 3npm ocxopnrt Hesapno n aer emy raxo coner: If thou thou'st him some thrice it
shall not be amiss. (W. Shakespeare. The Twelfth Night).
Crnnncrnuecxne nosmoxnocrn ynorpenennx mecronmenn rpertero nnna enncrnennoro uncna he, she,
it nnrepecnt noromy, uro +rn mecronmennx moryr cnyxnrt ]opmantntmn noxasarenxmn onnnernopennx
ecnn he nnn she samenxmr cymecrnnrentnte, rpannnonno samemaemte it, n raxnm opasom cosamr
+monnonantnym npnnonxrocrt, n naoopor: samemenne mecronmennem it oymennenntx
cymecrnnrentntx cnonr nx n paspx neme n rem npnnnxaer, npnaer ntcxastnannm nponnuecxn,
mmopncrnuecxn, neoopnrentnt n pexe nacxont xapaxrep: O, Lord! He involuntarily ejaculated as
the incredibly dilapidated figure appeared in the light. It stopped; it uncovered pale gums, and long upper teeth
in a malevolent grin. Is there anything wrong with me, Mister Mate? it asked (J. Conrad npnmep F.
uapntcron).
Onenounax xonnorannx raxoro poa npncyma n pyrnm xstxam, no ona recno cnxsana c nmemmecx n
annom xstxe cncremo ntpaxennx xareropnn poa.
Ananornunym ]ynxnnm cnnxennx moryr nmert mecronmennx what, this, that, anything nnn
mecronmennoe ynorpenenne cnona thing, nnn ynorpenenne nx oosnauennx nme cymecrnnrentntx,
xoropte n npxmom snauennn oomenno nastnamr xnnorntx nnn ]anracrnuecxne cymecrna: beast, brute,
creature, fury.
108
B npnnonxrom onnnernopennn neecntx cnernn, cnn npnpot, ropoon, pex n r.n. ntop mexy he n
she cyexrnnen n nennxom sanncnr or opasa, xoropt anrop cosaer. B +rom cmtcne nnrepecno
ynomxnyrt n xauecrne npnmepa onnnernopenne connna n pomane T. Xapn T+cc ns poa '3pepnnne,
re nncarent aer cnennantnoe noxcnenne, nouemy on cunraer, uro connny onee nooaer mecronmenne
myxcxoro poa.
uynxnnx mecronmenn npn rpancnosnnnn paspxon ouent cymecrnenna. Hnrepecno nx ncnontsonanne
n nonecrn 3. Xemnnry+x Cnera Knnnmanxapo. Vmnpammn or ranrpent repo nonecrn nncarent
Ienpn omymaer npnnnxenne cmeprn xax npnnnxenne xnnoro cymecrna: Because just then, death had
come and rested its head on the foot of the cot and he could smell its breath. 3ect ner rpannnonnoro
onnnernopennx, noromy uro ncnontsonanne mecronmennx it (a ne he nnn she) noxastnaer, uro cnono death
nonaaer ne n paspx cymecrnnrentntx nnna, a n paspx oymennenntx (its breath), no ne nasnann nnna,
r.e. ynoonxercx xnnornomy.
Mecronmenne we npn ocnonnom snauennn eoeopuu e+ecme c opveu+ .uo+ u.u .ua+u moxer trt n
nopme xstxa ncnontsonano rax, uro ero ]axrnuecxnm pe]epenrom xnnxercx rontxo ronopxmn. 3ro rax
nastnaemte Pluralis Majestatis (mnoxecrnennoe nennunx), ynorpenxemoe n xoponencxnx yxasax,
mann]ecrax n r.n., n Pluralis Modestiae (mnoxecrnennoe cxpomnocrn), nnn anropcxoe mt,
ynorpenxemoe nx roro, urot ns cxpomnocrn oennnrt cex c remn, x xomy opamena peut.
B xyoxecrnenno nnreparype mnoxecrnennoe cxpomnocrn ntstnaer acconnannn c nayuno nposo n
rem cosaer +]]exr ocronepnocrn. B. Cxorr, nanpnmep, n ncropnuecxnx pomanax ncnontsyer we, n y
unrarenx cosamrcx acconnannn c nayuno-ncropnuecxo nnreparypo. B nayuno npose nseramr oonx
mecronmenn nepnoro nnna n samenxmr nx cnonamn the present writer, the present reviewer.
Mecronmenne rpertero nnna mnoxecrnennoro uncna they npnoperaer +monnonantnocrt, xora ono
ynorpeneno nesanncnmo: All the people like us are We, and everyone else is they (R.Kipling). Cnoeopasne
saxnmuaercx n rom, uro they nnuero ne samemaer, a npocro yxastnaer na ro, uro ecrnne nponsnonrcx
rpynno nnn, ne nxnmuamme coecennxa nnn ronopxmero, xoropt xax t orropaxnnaercx or +rnx
they.
B npecmeprnom mononore repox 3. Xemnnry+x you ornocnrcx x camomy repom, r.e. ncnontsonano n
c]epe ecrnnx mecronmennx nepnoro nnna, n ro xe npemx ono coxpanxer n cnoe npxmoe snauenne, r.e.
ntstnaer unrarenx na conepexnnanne n npornnonocrannxer repox n unrarenx nm.
You kept from thinking and it was all marvellous.You were equipped with good insides so that you
did not go to pieces that way that most of them had, and you made an attitude that you cared nothing for
the work you used to do now, that you could no longer do it. But, in yourself, you said that you would
write about these people; about the very rich; that you were really not of them but a spy in their country;
that you would leave it and write of it and for once it would be written by someone who knew what he
was writing of. But he would never do it...
(E. Hemingway. The Snows of Kilimanjaro)
Vxasarentnte mecronmennx this n that yxastnamr na npemert, ntenxx nx ns xnacca nm noontx, n
orctnamr x ynomxnyrtm panee npemeram, nonxrnxm n r.., xoropte moryr trt ntpaxent cnonamn nnn
npenoxennxmn. Ecnn raxo ]ynxnnn y nnx n rexcre ner n onn nn x uemy ne orctnamr n ne ntenxmr
npemer ns xnacca emy noontx, yxasarentnte mecronmennx nmemr +mornnnym cnny.
Robert: I'm sorry, but I must know this. Was that something to do with that missing five hundred pounds?
Gordon (excitedly): Oh for God's sake don't drag that money into it!
We don't want all that all over again.
(J.B. Priestley. Dangerous Corner)
B annom npnmepe n that missing five hundred pounds tno t ocrarouno onpeenennoro aprnxnx, a
antme nepe cnonom money axe aprnxnx morno t ne trt. Vnorpenenne that yxastnaer na
nsnonnonannocrt ronopxmnx.
xopx nnnon, nontsyxct oporo mnccnc 3nnor, xnner sa ee cuer n n ee cemte, nmecro
naroapnocrn oruaxnno npesnpax nce, uro ero oxpyxaer.
109
George: Oh, don't be so innocent, Ruth. This house! This room! This hideous. God-awful room!
Ruth: Aren't you being just a little insulting?
George: Im simply telling you what you very well know. They may be your relations but have you
honestly got one tiny thing in common with any of them? These people
Ruth: Oh, no! Not these people! Please not that!
(J. Osborne and A. Creighton. The Epitaph for George Dillon)
These people snyunr yxe npocro ocxopnrentno, n Py]t npeptnaer xopxa.
This n that moryr ntpaxart xax paspaxenne n rnen, rax n nacmemxy, necenocrt.
Hstrounax emoncrpannx npnsnax ]amnntxpno-pasronopnoro crnnx: They had this headmaster, this
very cute girl.
Vxasarentnte mecronmennx moryr ncnontsonartcx nmecro nnuntx, cosanax +m]asy.
Ocoenno +xcnpeccnnnt yxasarentnte mecronmennx n couerannn c npnrxxarentntmn mecronmennxmn
n nocrnosnnnn: that ring of yours, that brother of mine, this idea, of his.
Cneymmax crynent ycnnennx nonyuaercx npn nxnmuennn +nnrera. 3nnrer moxer trt ntpaxen
npnnararentntm: this lovely ring of yours, that old ramshackle house of his, that wretched puppy of yours.
Crnnncrnuecxn nerpantnte npnrxxarentnte mecronmennx ntpaxamr npnnanexnocrt nnn cnyxar
onpeennrenem cymecrnnrentntx, oosnauammnx, nanpnmep, uacrn rena, npemert oext n pyrne
nnunte nemn, ey n r.., uro xnnxercx xapaxrepno ocoennocrtm anrnncxoro xstxa, n ro npemx xax no
]pannyscxom n nemenxom xstxax ynorpenxercx n +rnx cnyuaxx onpeenennt aprnxnt. Ho
npnrxxarentnte mecronmennx (npenmymecrnenno your) oxastnamrcx +monnonantntmn n
+m]arnuecxnmn, xora onn ornocxrcx x uemy-nnyt, uro ne npnnanexnr coecennxy, no cnxsano c nnm
+monnonantno, npannrcx emy nnn uacro nm ynomnnaercx.
Betty: You couldn't even be generous though you'd given your precious Martin everything we'd got.
(J.B. Priestley. Dangerous Corner)
3m]arnuntmn n +monnonantntmn moryr trt n pyrne mecronmennx, npnuem ycnonnem
+monnonantnocrn ncera xnnxercx napymenne otuno cnxsn c pe]epenrom.
5. Pasnme cnocom ycnnennn npnnara1entnmx
Enncrnennax rpammarnuecxax xareropnx, npncymax n conpemennom anrnncxom xstxe
npnnararentntm, +ro xareropnx cpannennx. Ona nepeaer crenent nnrencnnnocrn ntpaxennoro
npnnararentntm npnsnaxa n, cneonarentno, ouent nnsxa x crnnncrnuecxo xareropnn +xcnpeccnnnocrn.
3ro ocoenno cnpanennno nx +nn1nna, rpammarnuecxoe snauenne xoroporo esornocnrentno ontmax
mepa npnsnaxa: a most valuable idea, the sweetest baby, the newest fashion of all.
B nomomt npenocxono crenenn npnnararentnoro n napxy c ne nx ntpaxennx +nxrnna
ncnontsymrcx n pyrne cpecrna cnnraxcnuecxoro nopxxa. Cpannnre: the sweetest baby :: the sweetest of
babies; a foolish wife :: a foolish, foolish wife :: a most foolish wife :: the most foolish of wives :: my fool of a
wife :: my wife is foolishness herself :: she is as foolish as can be :: is she as foolish as all that?
B ]amnntxpno-pasronopnom crnne nnn npocropeunn nosmoxno ycnnenne npn nomomn that: She is that
foolish.
B nnreparypno-pasronopnom crnne +monnonantno-onenount xomnonenr nnonrcx npn napnom
ynorpenennn c onenountmn cnonamn: nice and warm, good and strong.
Mrs Elliot: Oh, Josie, you are a naughty girl, you really are. I was hoping you'd have everything nice
and clean and tidy when I came in.
(J. Osborne and A. Creighton. The Epitaph for George Dillon)
Hpnmep +ror nontmenno +xcnpeccnnen n no cnoemy cnnraxcnuecxomy pncynxy, n naroapx onnnm
110
ycnnnrene.
Kareropnx cpannennx oxnartnaer rontxo xauecrnennte n xonnuecrnennte npnnararentnte.
Vnorpenenne cpannnrentno nnn npenocxono crenenn nx ocrantntx npnnararentntx, xoroptm +ra
xareropnx necnocrnenna, coomaer npnnararentnomy ontmym +xcnpeccnnnocrt: You cannot be deader
than the dead (E. Hemingway).
Hoontm xe opasom, nocxontxy cnnrernuecxne ]opmt crenene cpannennx cnocrnennt rontxo
onocnoxntm n nemnornm nycnoxntm npnnararentntm, orxnonennx or +roro npannna moryr nmert
crnnncrnuecxym ]ynxnnm. B cneymmem npnmepe ]opma curiouser saannxer unrarenx n ononpemenno
ntaer nonnenne manentxo reponnn, uro nouepxnnaercx n anropcxnx xommenrapnxx: Curiouser and
curiouser! cried Alice (she was so much surprised that for the moment she quite forgot how to speak good
English) (L. Carroll. Alice in Wonderland).
Hapymenne nanenrnocrn n nne coennennx cy]]nxca npenocxono crenenn c ocnono
cymecrnnrentnoro +xcnpeccnnno, xomnuno n xopomo sanomnnaercx, r.e. yonnernopxer ocnonntm
rpeonannxm xstxa pexnamt. B npnneennom nnxe npnmepe cnoeopasnt +nxrnn cosan sa cuer
nonoro napymennx nanenrnocrn: the orangemostest drink in the world.
Baxnym crnnncrnuecxym pont nrpaer napymenne npemerno ornecennocrn n, coornercrnenno,
nsmenenne nanenrnocrn n cmemennom +nnrere. B crnxornopennn V.F. Herca Hea n neet
npnnararentnoe white orneceno ne x camomy neem, a x ero nnxennm white rush. Cpannnre: the shrill
girls, his hungry ribs and shoulders.
Ananornunoe nontmenne +xcnpeccnnnocrn nanmaercx n n pasronopno peun. Hpnnararentnoe idiotic
xapaxrepnsyer ymcrnennte cnoconocrn uenonexa n onxno tno t couerartcx c cymecrnnrentntm
nnna. Onaxo ono uacro coueraercx c nasnannxmn npemeron, nepeanax paspaxenne ronopxmero: My
idiotic shoe-laces are undone.
Cpannnnax pasnte nexcnxo-rpammarnuecxne paspxt npnnararentntx c rouxn spennx nx
xonnorarnnntx nosmoxnocre, nerpyno samernrt, uro xauecrnennte npnnararentnte oraue
xonnorannxmn, uem onoxopennte c nnmn ornocnrentnte: glass:: glassy; gold :: golden n r..
6. C1nnnc1nuecxne nosuoanoc1n rnarontnmx xa1eropnn
Btme, n cnxsn c anannsom mecronmenn, mt nonyunnn npecrannenne o crnnncrnuecxom +]]exre
rpancnosnnn n onacrn xareropnn nnna. Ho rnaron nmeer onee pasnnrym cncremy cnonoopasonannx n
ontmee uncno rpammarnuecxnx xareropn, uem xaxax-nno pyrax uacrt peun. Coornercrnenno anpnopn
moxno yrnepxart, uro ero crnnncrnuecxn norennnan onxen trt snaunrentntm.
Moxno, no-nnnmomy, yrnepxart, uro naxntm cpecrnom +xcnpeccnn sect cnyxnr raxxe
1pancnosnnnn. Hsnecrno, nanpnmep, uro n xnnom, +monnonantnom nonecrnonannn o cotrnxx,
nponcxonnmnx n npomnom nnn oxnaemtx n yymem, ynorpenxmr rax nastnaemoe nacroxmee
ncropnuecxoe. K. Fpyrman n O. Ecnepcen ynorpenxmr repmnn nacroxmee pamarnuecxoe. Hacroxmee
pamarnuecxoe cosaer cnoero poa xyoxecrnennym nnnmsnm o npomnom paccxastnaercx rax, xax
yro ono pasnopaunnaercx nepe rnasamn unrarenx nnn cnymarenx.
Ananornuntm opasom npoonxennte ]opmt nacroxmero, npomemero n yymero nepexo
ynorpenxmrcx n cnyuaxx, xora no xapaxrepy ecrnnx cneonano t ynorpenrt neonpeenennym
]opmy.
Hpoonxennte ]opmt onee +monnonantnt. Onn moryr ntpaxart mnmonernoe paspaxenne
coecennxon. B yxe ynomnnanmemcx pasronope Py]n n xopxa nnnona +monnonantnocrt +ro cnent
ntxnnxercx mnornmn nnnrnncrnuecxnmn uepramn, n rom uncne ynorpenennem nno-npemenntx ]opm
rnarona:
Ruth: You're burning yourself out. And for what?...
George: You don't even begin to understand you're no different from the rest. Burning myself out! You
bet I'm burning myself out! I've been doing that for so many years now and who in hell cares?
Hpoonxennax ]opma ynorpenxercx sect nx ecrnn, pacxptnammnx xapaxrep nepconaxa n
anexo ne espasnnuntx nx ronopxmero.
Hacroxmee npoonxennoe ynorpenxercx n pasronope raxxe nx ntpaxennx ynnnennx, neonepnx,
nosmymennx cnonamn coecennxa, npnuem moxer ncnontsonartcx nonrop: Burning myself out! You bet I'm
111
burning myself out! Cpannnre raxxe: Everybody's being so damned considerate (I. Shaw. The Young Lions).
xnmmn Hoprep neroyer na ro, uro emy npnxonrcx ropronart n naptxe:
Jimmy: One day when I'm no longer spending my days running a sweet-stall,
I may write a book about us all.
(J. Osborne. Look Back in Anger)
3xcnpeccnnnocrt nosnnxaer sect ononpemenno n na nexcnuecxom n na rpammarnuecxom yponnxx.
3xcnpeccnnno yxe camo coueranne to spend one's days; +xcnpeccnnno n ynorpenenne npoonxenno
]opmt, xoropax no cnryannn neoxsarentna.
Ecnn nponnx n neonontcrno ntpaxamrcx nepecnpocom, nonpocnrentnax ]opma coueraercx co
cnennantno nnronanne: You're not really suggesting that... are you? You're not trying to convince me
that...?
Heroonanne ntpaxaercx nmnranne neonepnx. Cnymarent enaer nn, uro ne moxer nonepnrt cnonm
ymam.
Konnorarnnnocrt nno-npemenntx ]opm sanncnr or xonrexcra.
Hnora npoonxennax ]opma naroapx cnoe +monnonantnocrn oxastnaercx onee mxrxo n
nexnnno, uem npocroe nacroxmee. opax mnccnc 3nnor mxrxo ronopnr: I'd better show you the way. He's
not feeling so good today.
Bce paccmorpennte cnyuan rpancnosnnnn nmenn +monnonantnym ntpasnrentnocrt, no rpancnosnnnx
moxer raxxe nmert n ]ynxnnonantno-crnnncrnuecxn xapaxrep. B peueno xapaxrepncrnxe repoen moxer
ncrpernrtcx xapaxrepnoe nx npocropeunx ynorpenenne ]opmt I, he, we ain't nnn I says, n +ro npn
paccxasax o yxe mnnynmnx cotrnxx; nnn ]opma enncrnennoro uncna has, is, was npn nonexamem no
mnoxecrnennom uncne: Times has changed. Tpancnosnnnx moxer trt nono, r.e. xacartcx ]opm n
npemenn n uncna, nnn onnapno rontxo npemenn, rontxo nnna.
Hanpnmep (n ro xe ntece):
Josie: Well, I'm doing it, aren't I? nnn:
Percy: ...But what about me? I'm going to look a proper bloody fool, aren't I?
B nocnenem npnmepe nnrepecno ormernrt, uro Hepcn cnepna n coornercrnnn c nnreparypno nopmo
ynorpenxer otunym ]opmy nepnoro nnna enncrnennoro uncna, a n antrepnarnnno uacrn nonpoca
]opmy mnoxecrnennoro uncna are.
nx nep]exrno ]opmt rnarona n npocropeunn xapaxrepen nponycx ncnomorarentnoro rnarona: You
done me a hill turn: you done me hout of a contrac (B. Shaw). B rnaronax, re ]opma nroporo npnuacrnx
connaaer c ]opmo npomemero npemenn, +ro neer x omonnmnn n axe cnnxnnm nep]exra n
nmnep]exra.
Pasnnunte ]ynxnnn moryr nmert n xyoxecrnennom rexcre apxanunte rnarontnte ]opmt. Onn moryr
cosanart xonopnr oranenno +noxn nnn npnanart ropxecrnenno-nosntmennym oxpacxy, nnn,
nanpornn, coornercrnonart npocropeunm, nocxontxy +rn crapte ]opmt coxpannnnct n nanexrax.
nx rnarona n +rom nnane naxnt cranmne apxanuntmn yxe n XVII n. ]opmt 2-ro nnna enncrnennoro
uncna nacroxmero npemenn na -st: dost, knowest, livest, hast; -th nx 3-ro nnna enncrnennoro uncna: doth,
knoweth, liveth; n n npomemem npemenn: hadst, didst.
Ipammarnuecxne ]opmt camn no cee ne ornnuamrcx opasnocrtm, no moryr nonyunrt ee npn nonrope.
Hoono romy xax cnono ne panno camomy cee n +monnonantno-+xcnpeccnnnom ornomennn, ecnn ono
nonropeno necxontxo pas, rax n rpammarnuecxne ]opmt nonyuamr crnnncrnuecxym snaunmocrt npn
nonropennn n noome npn neotunom pacnpeenennn. B paccmarpnnaemo namn c]epe rnarona ocoenno
nnrepecno n cnxsn c +rnm oparnrt nnnmanne na rnaront n rnarontnte ]opmt c moantntm snauennem.
Honxrno, uro moantnte snauennx ocoenno naxnt nx crnnncrnxn yxe noromy, uro nepeamr
ornomenne ronopxmero x coomaemomy: ycnnennoe yrnepxenne, nonpoc, comnenne, orpnnanne,
xenarentnocrt, onxencrnonanne n r.. Kax moantnte rnaront can, may, must, ought, shall, will, rax n
moantnte uacrnnt just, only n moantnte cnona sacnyxnnamr npn ronxonannn rexcra camoro
npncrantnoro nnnmannx.
nx roro urot yxcnnrt cee +ro, paccmorpnm rontxo onn uacrnt, no ocrarouno xapaxrepnt
112
cnyua, a nmenno ynorpenenne shall n nacrounnom yrnepxennn. 3arnanne crnxornopennx . Tomaca
And Death Shall Have No Dominion ntpasnrentno ]opmynnpyer ero ocnonnym remy. 3ro cnop no+ra co
cmeprtm. Crnxornopenne cocronr ns rpex crpo], no enxrt crpox xaxax. Hpenoxenne And death shall
have no dominion nonropxercx n n nauane, n n xonne xaxo crpo]t. Taxo xontneno nonrop ntenxer
ocnonnym mtcnt crnxornopennx n nounnxer e apxnrexronnxy nenoro, rax uro nce ocrantnoe cranonnrcx
pasnnrnem +ro mtcnn. Mt paccmorpnm rontxo nepnym crpo]y. B ne ronopnrcx, uro nocne cmeprn
uenonex cnnnaercx c npnpoo. Kax t nn tno rparnuno nonoxenne uenonexa n momenr cmeprn, +ra
rparenx yer npeoonena: esymntm yer nosnpamen pasym, a yronynmne nonnmyrcx ns rnynn.
Cmeprt ne nnacrna na nnmn onn yyr xnrt n nono ]opme trnx. Tpaxronxa cmeprn sect ne
mncrnuecxax, a ]nnoco]cxax. Hocxontxy uenonex paccmarpnnaercx xax uacrt npnpot, on ne ncuesaer
eccneno. Poxenne n cmeprt uenonexa cyrt ]opmt cnnxnnx ero c npnpoo. Cnoxno nepennerammnecx
opast nepno uacrn crpo]t pacxptnamr enncrno poxennx n cmeprn.
AND DEATH SHALL HAVE NO DOMINION
And Death shall have no dominion.
Dead men naked they shall be one
With the man in the wind and the west moon;
When their bones are picked clean and the clean bones gone,
They shall have stars at elbow and foot;
Though they go mad they shall be sane,
Though they sink through the sea they shall rise again;
Though lovers be lost love shall not;
And death shall have no dominion.
Inaron shall, xax nsnecrno, ne uncro moantnt. penneanrnncxn rnaron sceal osnauan
onxencrnonanne. B conpemennom anrnncxom shall ynorpenxercx n xauecrne ncnomorarentnoro rnarona
yymero npemenn n, xax npannno, coxpanxer moantnocrt, yyun ynorpenen n yymem npemenn ne
nx nepnoro nnna. Onaxo +ro npannno conmaercx ne ouent crporo. B npnneenno crpo]e shall
nonropeno nocemt pas n rem camtm ano xpynntm nnanom, nonyuaer ontmym +xcnpeccnnnocrt n
axryannsnpyer nce sanoxennte n nem moantnte nosmoxnocrn. Crpo]a noxoxa na npopouecrno n
ropxecrnennoe oemanne. Ocooe pacnpeenenne n xonrexcre naenxer shall ntcoxo +xcnpeccnnnocrtm,
n ntpaxaemoe nm onxencrnonanne n nacrounnoe yrnepxenne omnnnpymr n +rom crnxornopennn c
ontmo cnno.
3xcnpeccnnnocrt +roro shall noepxana oraro xonneprennne. Homnmo nonropon, nasonem
ana]opnuecxne napannentnte xoncrpyxnnn n mecro, cetmo n noctmo crpoxax n anrnresy cnernoro n
mpaunoro (cpannnre anronnmt: mad :: sane, sink :: rise).
7. Hapeunn n nx c1nnnc1nuecxan qynxnnn
Omnx nccneonann crnnncrnuecxnx ]ynxnn napeun n nnreparype noxa ner, no cymecrnymr
nnrepecnte uacrnte nanmennx.
Tax, H.C. Fyxrnxpona, onnpaxct na annte pyrnx anropon nnnrnncron n nnreparyponeon,
cpannnnaer ncnontsonanne nexcnxo-cemanrnuecxnx napnanron cnona now n nayuno n xyoxecrnenno
npose*. B nayuntx rexcrax now cnyxnr cpecrnom cnxsn n xoe nornuecxoro paccyxennx. Ono moxer
osnauart oa.ee, umar, e oauuo paoome, e noc.eovmue+, uure.
* Bvxmupoea H.C. O nsyuennn crnnx nayuno npost. B c.: Ocoennocrn xstxa nayuno nnreparypt. M., 1965. C.
36. Crartx coepxnr nopont osop mnornx paor no crnnncrnxe n no anannsy ocoennocre crnnx nayuno npost n
uacrnocrn.
B xnnre H. Bnnepa naxonm cneymmn npnmep noonoro ynorpenennx: Now there is no normal
process except death which completely clears the brain from all past impressions; and after death it is
impossible to set it going again.
B xyoxecrnenno nnreparype now moxer nrpart ontmym pont n cosannn npemennoro nnana
nonecrnonannx. Bcne sa M.O. Menentconom n B. Koxnnontm H.C. Fyxrnxpona nccneyer ]ynxnnm now
113
n pomane 3. Xemnnry+x Ho xom snonnr xonoxon n rpaxryer now xax merponom pamarnuecxoro
ecrnnx pomana. Bcx xnsnt repox o ntnonnennx saannx xax t nounnena +romy ocnonnomy momenry
now. K +romy cneyer oannrt, uro now noome ono ns nsnmnenntx xnmuentx cnon 3. Xemnnry+x,
nx nponsneenn xoroporo xapaxrepno cnoxnoe nepennerenne npemenntx nnanon nacroxmero,
npomemero n yymero, xax n n cneymmem npnmepe ns paccxasa In Another Country.
Another boy who walked with us sometimes and made us five wore a black silk handkerchief across
his face because he had no nose then and his face was to be rebuilt. He had gone out to the front from
the military academy and been wounded within an hour after he had gone to the front line for the first
time. They rebuilt his face, but he came from a very old family and they could never get the nose
exactly right. He went to South America and worked in a bank. But this was a long time ago, and then
we did not any of us know how it was going to be afterward. We only knew then that there was always
the war, but that we were not going to it any more.
Texcr nactmen napeunxmn n remnopantntmn cnonocouerannxmn. Hapeune then (e mo epe+)
nouepxnyro orenxer npemx nonecrnonannx or npemenn, n xoropom nponcxonr ecrnne camoro
paccxasa. Cnoxnoe nepennerenne roro, uro tno o n nocne, cosanaemoe n +rom orptnxe
nsanmoecrnnem ocymecrnnxmmero perpocnexnnm then n napeun afterward, always, not any more n
nno-npemenntmn ]opmamn rnarona, nrpaer naxnym pont n nepeaue ncnxonornuecxoro cocroxnnx repoen
n onncannn nx cytt. Hxrt monotx panentx o]nnepon oxasannct na nepenome mexy npomntm n
yymnm. B npomnom ncxaneunnmax nx nona. Bona rora eme mna, no onn n ne yuacrnonart yxe ne
mornn. Fyymee neonpeenenno n rpenoxno: xax nce yer norom (afterward), onn ne snann. pyrnmn
cnonamn, n orpaxennn necxontxnx npemenntx nnacron unrarent nnnr cyty norepxnnoro noxonennx.
Ocoo, no yxe n nexcnxonornuecxom nnane cneyer ocranonnrtcx na napeunn never. Ha nepnt nsrnx
moxer noxasartcx, uro ono ecemanrnsnponano n remnopantnoe snauenne ntrecneno +xcnpeccnnntm.
HCB nmeer pasronopnym crnnncrnuecxym xonnorannm. Konrexcr xax yro nornepxaer +ro: they could
never get the nose exactly right (uurar ue +oe.u oooumic uvruo qop+i). Onaxo, npnnnexax onee
mnpoxne xonrexcryantnte yxasannx, unrarent nnnr, uro coxpanxercx n npxmoe snauenne c npncymnmn
emy acconnannxmn esnaexnocrn.
B saxnmuenne rnant o mop]onornuecxnx crnnncrnuecxnx cpecrnax neoxonmo ormernrt, uro +ro
nponemarnxe o cnx nop onxnoro nnnmannx ne yenxnoct. Mexy rem conpemennoe npecrannenne o
xstxe xax o mnorocrynenuaro nepapxnuecxo cncreme, nce yponnn xoropo recno nsanmocnxsant,
rpeyer xomnnexcnoro nccneonannx sarponyrtx n +ro rnane nonpocon.
IAABA IV. CHHTAKCHHECKAR CTHAHCTHKA
1. Omne saueuannn
Hpemerom cnnraxcnca xnnxercx, xax nsnecrno, npenoxenne n cnonocoueranne. nx crnnncrnxn
exonponannx naxno yuecrt nce ro, uro ycranonneno na +rom yponne nnnrnocrnnncrnxo,
nnreparyponeuecxo crnnncrnxo n rpannnonno pnropnxo n no+rnxo, nanpnmep onncanne
pnropnuecxnx ]nryp.
B +ro rnane yyr paccmorpent nnnrnncrnuecxne nonpoct cnnraxcnuecxoro yponnx. Cma ornocnrcx
cnnraxcnuecxax cnnonnmnx, r.e. nepeaua npnnnsnrentno onnaxono npemerno-nornuecxo
nn]opmannn pasntmn cnnraxcnuecxnmn xoncrpyxnnxmn c pasno ]ynxnnonantno-crnnncrnuecxo n
+xcnpeccnnno oxpacxo n xonnorannxmn. Cpannnre, nanpnmep, rnarontnte n esrnarontnte
noynrentnte npenoxennx: Step in here! In here! Wait a moment! Just a moment!
Crnnncrnuecxn +]]exr ocnonan na ycranonnennn cnnonnmnn pasntx rnnon cnnraxcnuecxnx
xoncrpyxnn, ns xoroptx ona, c rpannnonntm ncnontsonannem cnnraxcnuecxnx cnxse, nerpantna, a
pyrax, c nepeocmtcnennem nx, +xcnpeccnnna n +monnonantna. Hanpnmep, +xcnpeccnnno-nponnuecxoe
ntpaxenne orpnnannx nosmoxno n npenoxennxx yrnepnrentntx nnn nonpocnrentntx no ]opme.
But why should two people stay together and be unhappy? the barmaid was saying. Why? When
they can get a divorce and be happy?
Because marriage is a sacrament, replied the stranger.
114
Sacrament yourself! the barmaid retorted contemptuously.
(A. Huxley. Point Counter Point)
Hepntx na pnropnuecxnx nonpoca coornercrnymr yrnepxennm: nmxm necuacrnnntm n paxe
cneyer pasnecrnct. Hocnenee nocxnnnanne +xcnpeccnnno-orpnnarentno n ntpaxaer npespenne x onoy
coecennxa.
Kaxomy ]ynxnnonantnomy crnnm cnocrnennt cnon ocoennocrn cnnraxcnuecxnx nocrpoenn, cnon
rnnnunte xoncrpyxnnn, xoropte nnoxrcx n xyoxecrnennoe nponsneenne n nsanmoecrnymr n nem co
cnennantntm crnnncrnuecxnm +]]exrom. nx pasronopno peun, nanpnmep, xapaxrepnt nstrounocrt
cnnraxcnuecxoro nocrpoennx, nepepacnpeenenne rpannn npenoxennx, +nnnnrnuecxne npenoxennx,
cmemennte xoncrpyxnnn, n xoroptx xonen npenoxennx aercx n nnom cnnraxcnuecxom crpoe, uem
nauano, n, naxonen, ooconennte pyr or pyra +nemenrt onoro n roro xe ntcxastnannx. Bce +rn
ueprt ncnontsymrcx nx nepeaun npxmo peun: Boy, did I gallop! With those three sons of Africa racing
after me and hissing! (K. Maclnnes. Absolute Beginners).
Honyormeuennte crpyxrypt (cm. c. 136151) a grief ago npecrannxmr coo pyro uacrnt cnyua
pacxoxennx mexy cnryarnnno oosnauammnm n rpannnonno oosnauammnm. Hx cneyer ornnuart or
cnyuaen rpancnosnnnn, re ona cymecrnymmax n xstxe crpyxrypa samenxercx pyro, raxxe
cymecrnymme, no xapaxrepno n pyrom ynorpenennn nnn snauennn. Tax xe, xax n mop]onornn,
rpancnosnnnx n cnnraxcnce cosaer ononnnrentnte xonnorannn. B mop]onornn, nanpnmep, nepnoe nnno
mnoxecrnennoro uncna moxer trt ynorpeneno n snauennn nepnoro nnna enncrnennoro uncna, cosanax
pasnte xonnorannn. Taxona ]ynxnnonantno-crnnncrnuecxax xonnorannx xoponencxoro mt n
snamennrom We are not amused xoponent Bnxropnn. Hoontm xe opasom n n cnnraxcnce ona ]opma
moxer ynorpenxrtcx n snauennn, otuno npncymem pyro ]opme. Pnropnuecxn nonpoc, nanpnmep,
xnnxercx no cmtcny +m]arnuecxnm yrnepxennem nnn orpnnannem: Men will confess to treason, murder,
arson, false teeth or a wig. How many of them will own up to a lack of humour? (F. Colby. Essays).
Bonpocnrentnax ]opma nouepxnnaer ynepennocrt anropa n rom, uro n orcyrcrnne uyncrna mmopa
cosnartcx nnxro ne saxouer. Vcnnennoe nosecrnne na unrarenx ocnonano na rom, uro on nxnmuaercx n
paccyxenne, onxen cam npnnxrt pemenne.
Honxrnx nonyormeuenntx crpyxryp n rpancnosnnnn xnnxmrcx ocrnxennxmn conpemenno
nnnrnncrnxn. Tpannnonnax crnnncrnxa nx ne snana. Tam cnnraxcnuecxne nocrpoennx, ycnnnnammne
+xcnpeccnnnocrt ntcxastnannx, nastnamrcx pnropnuecxnmn ]nrypamn, ]nrypamn peun nnn
ntpasnrentntmn cpecrnamn.
B paorax M.. Kysnen n R.M. Cxpenena* +rn pnropnuecxne ]nrypt crpynnnponant n coornercrnnn
c npecrannenntmn n nnx rnnamn orxnonennx or nopmt. Coxpanxx npenoxennt +rnmn anropamn
npnnnnn, mt n antnemem paccmorpnm pacxoxennx rpannnonno n cnryarnnno osnauammero n
necxontxo nnom nopxxe, a nmenno:
1. Heotunoe pasmemenne +nemenron, r.e. npexe ncero, pasnte nnt nnnepcnn.
2. Hepeocmtcnenne, nnn rpancnosnnnx, cnnraxcnuecxnx xoncrpyxnn.
3. Bneenne +nemenron, xoropte nono npemerno nn]opmannn ne amr (nanpnmep, pasnte nnt
nonropon).
4. Hponycx nornuecxn neoxonmtx +nemenron: acnneron, +nnnncnc, ymonuanne, anosnonesnc n r..
5. Hapymenne samxnyrocrn npenoxennx: anaxony], ncrannte xoncrpyxnnn.
* Kuznez M.D., Skrebnev J.M. Stilistik der englischer Sprache. Leipzig, 1968; Kvsue M.., Crpeouee P.M. Crnnncrnxa
anrnncxoro xstxa. H., 1960.
2. Heomunoe pasuemenne +neuen1on npenoaennn nnnepcnn
3monnonantnocrt n +xcnpeccnnnocrt moryr trt nepeant n peun ne rontxo cnennantntm ntopom
cnon, xax o rom mna peut ntme (cm. rn. II), no n ocotm nx pasmemennem.
B anrnncxom xstxe y xaxoro unena npenoxennx, xax nsnecrno, ecrt otunoe mecro, onpeenxemoe
cnocoom ero cnnraxcnuecxoro ntpaxennx, cnxsxmn c pyrnmn cnonamn n rnnom npenoxennx.
Hapymenne otunoro nopxxa cneonannx unenon npenoxennx, n pesyntrare xoroporo xaxo-nnyt
+nemenr oxastnaercx ntenenntm n nonyuaer cnennantnte xonnorannn +monnonantnocrn nnn
115
+xcnpeccnnnocrn, nastnaercx nnnepcnen. Hnnepcnx onpeenxercx nonoxennem cnnraxcnuecxn cnxsanntx
mexy coo unenon npenoxennx ornocnrentno pyr pyra. Hsmenenne nopxxa cnon ne moxer trt
neorpannuenntm, ono nounneno nexoroptm npannnam, r.e. ncnontsymrcx anexo ne nce nosmoxnte
pasmemennx, a rontxo nexoropte. Tax, nanpnmep, nonexamee moxer cneonart sa rnaronom, no aprnxnt
n yxasarentnoe mecronmenne onxnt oxsarentno npemecrnonart romy cymecrnnrentnomy, x xoropomy
onn ornocxrcx.
Hexoropte nsmenennx nopxxa cnon nsmenxmr cnnraxcnuecxne ornomennx, a c nnmn n nect cmtcn
npenoxennx: When a man wants to kill a tiger he calls it sport; when a tiger wants to kill a man it is ferocity;
pyrne coueramr rpammarnuecxym n +xcnpeccnnnym ]ynxnnn. Cpannnre: I had known it : : Had I known it :
: If I had known it, re nropoe ornnuaercx or nepnoro rpammarnuecxnm snauennem, a or rpertero
+xcnpeccnnnocrtm. Haxonen, nosmoxnt nsmenennx nopxxa cnon, xoropte ne menxmr rpammarnuecxoro
snauennx n ne cnxsant c +xcnpeccnnnocrtm nnn +monnonantnocrtm, no nmemr ]ynxnnonantno-
crnnncrnuecxym oxpacxy. K raxnm npnnanexnr, nanpnmep, ornecenne npenora n xonen npenoxennx,
nosmoxnoe rontxo n pasronopnom crnne. Cpannnre: the man of whom I spoke : : the man I spoke of.
Hmenno pasronopnomy crnnm, n ocoenno ]amnntxpno-pasronopnomy, cnocrnenno ntenenne na
nepnoe mecro +monnonantno omnnnpymmero +nemenra (repmnn H. Fnym]nna):
Flowers! You wouldn't believe it, madam, the flowers he used to bring me.
White! He turned as white as a woman.
(K. Mansfield. Lady's Maid)
Cnennantno cnnraxcnuecxo ]opmo ycnnennx n noontx cnyuaxx cnyxnr xoncrpyxnnx it is flowers
that, it was flowers that. Taxne xoncrpyxnnn nastnamr +uqa1nuecxnun. B paccmorpenntx npnmepax
enymxa cnauana nastnaer npemer, ocoenno ee nonnymmn (nnert), nastnaer ro, uro ee ontme ncero
nopasnno n peaxnnn monooro uenonexa (ero nenocrt), a norom noxcnxer cnryannm.
B xnnxno peun ananornunt +]]exr cosaercx, nanpornn, orrxrnnannem: ncnxonornuecxn naxnt
+nemenr cranxr n xonne npenoxennx, uem cosaercx nexoropoe nanpxxennoe oxnanne, nocxontxy
unrarent ne nonyuaer npnntunoro emy yxasannx na npemer peun n nauane coomennx.
C rouxn spennx crnnncrnuecxoro anannsa nnrepecna rontxo nnnepcnx +xcnpeccnnnoro, nnn
+monnonantnoro, nnn crnnncrnuecxn ]ynxnnonantnoro xapaxrepa, a ne ncxxoe neotunoe pasmemenne
cnon. Vcnonnocrt enennx na nsopasnrentnte n ntpasnrentnte cpecrna onapyxnnaercx n sect. B
nauane rnant yxastnanoct, uro cnnraxcnuecxne cpecrna nmemr no npenmymecrny ntpasnrentnym
]ynxnnm, no onn moryr trt n nsopasnrentntmn. Tax, mnorouncnennte cnyuan nnnepcnn n
Hpnxnmuennxx Annct n crpane uyec nepeamr crpemnrentnocrt ecrnnx n onnctnaemtx cotrnxx:
She felt that she was dozing off, and had just begun to dream that she was walking hand in hand with
Dinah... when suddenly, thump! thump! down she came upon a heap of sticks and dry leaves, and the fall
was over.
Alice was not a bit hurt, and she jumped up on her feet in a moment: she looked up, but it was all dark
overhead; before her was another long passage, and the white rabbit was still in sight, hurrying down it.
There was not a moment to be lost: away went Alice like the wind.
(L. Carroll. Alice in Wonderland)
Hnnepcnx n cnyuaxx down she came n away went Alice noxastnaer neoxnannocrt naennx n
crpemnrentnocrt era Annct n noromy xnnxercx crnnncrnuecxn penenanrno. Hnaue ocronr eno c
nnnepcne before her was another long passage. Ona xnnxercx pesyntrarom roro, uro npenoxenne
naunnaercx c ocroxrentcrna mecra. Hopxox cnon coornercrnyer nnxennm or annoro x nonomy, or
1eum x peue, r.e. coornercrnyer axryantnomy unenennm npenoxennx n, cneonarentno, oxastnaercx
crnnncrnuecxn nerpantntm. B rex cnyuaxx, xora raxo nopxox napymen, r.e. npn nauantnom
nonoxennn peum, ee, xax nornuecxnn npenxa1, ntenxer ycnnennoe yapenne, uro npenpamaer
nnronannm n +m]arnuecxym. 3xcnpeccnnnocrt, cneonarentno, nosnnxaer npn +rom no romy xe npnnnnny
pacxoxennx mexy ysyantno n cnryarnnno oosnauammnm.
Hnnepcnx moxer nonyunrt +xcnpeccnnnocrt raxxe n cnyuaxx, xora ona ntstnaer npecrannenne o rex
116
xonrexcrax, nx xoroptx coornercrnymmee pacnonoxenne cnon xnnxercx otuntm. Tax, nanpnmep, n
anrnncxo no+snn npnnararentnoe moxer ne rontxo, xax +ro otuno n nx npost, npemecrnonart
onpeenxemomy cymecrnnrentnomy, no n cneonart sa nnm: Worried by silence, sentries whisper, curious,
nervous. But nothing happens (T.S. Eliot). Hocrnosnnnx npnnararentnoro n npose npnaer crnnm
ropxecrnennocrt, npnnonxrocrt nnn mystxantnocrt.
3xcnpeccnnnax n ]ynxnnonantno-crnnncrnuecxax oxpacxa nnnepcnn xapaxrepna npenmymecrnenno nx
npost, nocxontxy n crnxax nopxox cnon nounnxercx pnrmnxo-nnronannonno crpyxrype crnxa, a
pacnonoxenne xomnonenron cnnraxcnuecxnx xoncrpyxnn ornocnrentno cnoono.
Paccmorpnm nexoropte rnnnuecxne cnyuan nnnepcnn.
1. Hpenxarnn, ntpaxennt cymecrnnrentntm nnn npnnararentntm, moxer npemecrnonart
nonexamemy n cnxsounomy rnarony: Beautiful those donkeys were! (K. Mansfield. The Lady's Maid). 3ror
rnn nnnepcnn ocoenno xapaxrepen nx pasronopno peun, re on uacro coueraercx c +nnnncom,
pacunenenntm nonpocom n pyrnmn rnnnuntmn nx pasronopno peun ocoennocrxmn: Artful wasn't it?
(K. Mansfield. The Lady's Maid); Queer how it works out, isn't it? (J.B. Priestley. Dangerous Corner).
B xnnxno peun +nnnnca n +rom cnyuae ner, saro uacro, xorx n ne oxsarentno, cneyer nnnepcnx
cnxsounoro rnarona n nonexamero: Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown (W. Shakespeare); Sure I am,
from what I have heard, and from what I have seen... (G.G. Byron).
Cpecrnom ntenennx snamenarentnoro rnarona-cxasyemoro cnyxnr raxxe nocranonxa ero nepe
nonexamnm, sa xoroptm cneyer ncnomorarentnt nnn moantnt rnaron: Go I must.
2. Hpxmoe ononnenne c nentm +m]ast moxer trt nocranneno na nepnoe mecro: Her love letters I
returned to the detectives for filing (Gr. Greene. End of the Affair).
3. Onpeenenne, ntpaxennoe npnnararentntm nnn necxontxnmn npnnararentntmn, npn nocranonxe
ero nocne onpeenxemoro npnaer ntcxastnannm ropxecrnennt, necxontxo apxansnponannt,
npnnonxrt xapaxrep, oprannsyer ero pnrmnuecxn, moxer axnenrnponartcx napeunxmn nnn comsamn n
axe nonyuaer orrenox npenxarnnnocrn: Spring begins with the first narcissus, rather cold and shy and
wintry (D.H. Lawrence); In some places there are odd yellow tulips, slender, spiky, and Chinese-looking (D.H.
Lawrence).
4. Ocroxrentcrnennte cnona, ntnnnyrte na nepnoe mecro, ne rontxo axnenrnpymrcx camn, no n
axnenrnpymr nonexamee, xoropoe npn +rom oxastnaercx ntnnnyrtm na nocnenee mecro, a nocnenee
mecro raxxe xnnxercx +m]arnuecxo nosnnne: Hallo! Here come two lovers (K.Mansfield); Among them
stood tulips (R. Aldington).
Ocoennax xnnocrt n nnamnunocrt nonecrnonannx cosaercx ntnnxennem na nepnoe mecro
nocrnosnrnna: off they sped, out he hopped, up you go.
Hocxontxy n cnoxnom npenoxennn nopmantntm nopxxom cneonannx uacre xnnxercx
npemecrnonanne rnannoro npenoxennx, ro cpecrnom +m]ast moxer trt ntnnxenne na nepnoe mecro
npnarounoro npenoxennx, xax n cnonax ysnanmero ncm npany n conepmenno oruaxnmerocx Poepra:
Whether she changes or doesn't change now 1 don't care (J.B. Priestley).
Crnnncrnuecxym nnnepcnm, xoropax, xax yxastnanoct ntme, nounnxercx nsnecrntm orpannuennxm,
sanncxmnm or cncremt xstxa, cneyer ornnuart or napymenn otunoro nopxxa cnon n peun
nepconaxe-nnocrpannen. Taxne napymennx ncnontsymrcx, nanpnmep, 3. uopcrepom, 3. Xemnnry+em, A.
V+cxepom n mnornmn pyrnmn anropamn n peuentx xapaxrepncrnxax.
3. Hepeocumcnenne, nnn 1pancnosnnnn, cnn1axcnuecxnx c1pyx1yp
Ono ns ocnonntx xnaccn]nxann npenoxenn n cnnraxcnce xnnxercx, xax nsnecrno,
xnaccn]nxannx no nenn ntcxastnannx na nonecrnonarentnte, nonpocnrentnte, nocxnnnarentnte n
noynrentnte. Hsnecrno raxxe enenne npenoxenn na yrnepnrentnte n orpnnarentnte. Kaxt ns
+rnx paspxon nmeer cnon ]opmantnte n nnronannonnte npnsnaxn. Kaxt moxer, onaxo, ncrpernrtcx
n n snauennn nmoro ns ocrantntx, npnoperax npn +rom ocooe moantnoe nnn +monnonantnoe
snauenne, +xcnpeccnnnocrt nnn crnnncrnuecxym oxpacxy. Tax, nanpnmep, yrnepnrentnte no ]opme
npenoxennx moryr ncnontsonartcx xax nonpoct, ecnn cnpamnnammn xouer noxasart, uro on yxe
oratnaercx o rom, xaxon yer orner, n emy +ro ne espasnnuno. Onn raxxe moryr cnyxnrt xax
noyxennx x ecrnnm. Tax nastnaemte pnropnuecxne nonpoct cnyxar +m]arnuecxnm yrnepxennem, a
nonennrentnte npenoxennx moryr nnora nepeanart ne noyxenne x ecrnnm, a yrposy nnn
nacmemxy. Bce +rn cnnrn, r.e. ynorpenenne cnnraxcnuecxnx crpyxryp n necnocrnenntx nm
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enorarnnntx snauennxx n c ononnnrentntmn xonnorannxmn, nastnamrcx 1pancnosnnnen.
Paccmorpnm cnauana rpancnosnnnm nonecrnonarentnoro npenoxennx c npenpamennem ero n nonpoc.
Taxax rpancnosnnnx c ouent pasnoopasntmn xonnorannxmn nonyunna onontno mnpoxoe
pacnpocrpanenne n pasronopno peun.
B ntece H. Ba]epa Vnpaxnenne nx nxrn nantnen npocronart, no npxmoymnt meentnt
]apnxanr Cr+nnn n ero xena, memanxa, nonnax nperensn na ntcoxym xyntrypy n nxyc, opmrcx sa
nnnxnne na enxrnanarnnernero ctna Knana. B npnneennom nnxe nanore moxno paccmorpert pasnte
rnnt nonpocon c npxmtm nopxxom cnon:
Louise (brightly, putting her husband in his place): Who was in it, dear? Lawrence Olivier? I always think he is
best for those Greek things, don't you? ... I'll never forget that wonderful night when they put out his eyes I
could hear that scream for weeks and weeks afterwards everywhere I went. There was something so farouche
about it. You know the word, dear, farouche? like animals in the jungle.
Stanley (to Clive): And that's supposed to be cultured?
Clive: What?
Stanley: People having their eyes put out.
Clive: I don't know what cultured means. I always thought it has something to do with pearls.
Louise: Nonsense, you know perfectly well what your father means. It's not people's eyes, Stanley; it's
poetry. Of course I don't expect you to understand.
Stanley (to Clive): And this is what you want to study at Cambridge, when you get up there next month?
Clive: Yes, it is, more or less.
Stanley: May I ask, why?
Clive: Well, poetry's its own reward, actually like virtue. All art is, I should think.
Stanley: And this is the most useful thing you can find to do with your time?
Clive: It's not a question of useful.
Stanley: Isn't it?
Clive: Not really.
Tpancnosnnnx, r.e. npxmo nopxox cnon n nonpocax Cr+nnn (And that's supposed to be cultured? n And
this is what you want to study at Cambridge?), nactmaer +rn nonpoct nponne n axe capxasmom.
Hpaxrnunt Cr+nnn osaouen yymnm ctna, n npnpont spant cmtcn nomoraer emy nnert
yxsnnmocrt cnoon n nx noxasno xyntrypt, xoropo rax xnunrcx Hynsa. Hpxmo nopxox cnon
cnnerentcrnyer o rom, uro cnpamnnammn oratnaercx, xaxnm moxer trt orner, nosnnnn ctna n
xent emy nsnecrnt, nontsyxct opyxnem nponnn, on xouer noxasart nm ncm nenenocrt nx nperensn. B
noontx nonpocax, xacammnxcx namepenn coecennxa, otunt rnaront want, wish, hope, suppose,
suggest, believe n pyrne rnaront +ro xe neorpa]nuecxo rpynnt. To, uro cnpamnnammn yxe
cocrannn cnoe mnenne, moxer nepeanartcx raxnmn rnaronamn, xax suppose, think, guess. Hecxontxo
pantme n ro xe cnene Cr+nnn cnpamnnaer ctna: You like the idea, I suppose? Hno, noapnnammn
xapaxrep nmemr xonnorannn n nonpocax Hynst, ona xouer noxasart, uro onn c ctnom xopomo nonnmamr
pyr pyra, onn ennomtmnennnxn. Orcma nepnt pacunenennt, nocxastnammn nonpoc,
noyxammn x noepxxe n nornepxennm: I always think he's best for these Greek things, don't you?, n
nonpoc o ]pannyscxom cnone farouche. Hynsa meronxer ]pannyscxnm xstxom n nouepxnnaer, uro n ctn
ee, noono e, npnnanexnr x +nnre snaer xstxn, pasenxer ee nocroprn no nonoy nrpt Hopenca
Onnnte. Taxne nonpoct, noapnnammne cnymarenx, oxnammne nornepxennx ero nonnmannx,
coepxar otuno rnaront know, understand, see, get the point, perceive n r..
Oparnmcx renept x rpancnosnnnn oparnoro nanpannennx, r.e. x npenpamennm nonpoca n
+m]arnuecxoe yrnepxenne. 3ro rax nastnaemt pn1opnuecxnn nonpoc nanonee nsyuennax n
crnnncrnxe ]opma rpancnosnnnn.
Pnropnuecxn nonpoc ne npenonaraer ornera n crannrcx ne nx roro, urot noynrt cnymarenx
coomnrt neuro nensnecrnoe ronopxmemy. uynxnnx pnropnuecxoro nonpoca npnnneut nnnmanne,
ycnnnrt nneuarnenne, nontcnrt +monnonantnt ron, cosart npnnonxrocrt. Orner n nem yxe nocxasan,
n pnropnuecxn nonpoc rontxo nonnexaer unrarenx n paccyxenne nnn nepexnnanne, enax ero onee
axrnnntm, xxot sacrannxx camoro cenart ntno.
Pnropnuecxn nonpoc ncrpeuaercx no ncex crnnxx peun, no nmeer n xaxom ns nnx necxontxo
cnenn]nuecxym ]ynxnnm. LVII coner Bexcnnpa o ecnpeentno npeannocrn nosnmnenno
118
naunnaercx c +monnonantnoro nonpoca, xoropt n ecrnnrentnocrn xnnxercx yrnepxennem:
Being your slave, what should I do but tend
Upon the hours and times of your desire?
C.. Mapmax n nepenonr ero yrnepxennem:
nx nepntx cnyr ner nnuero pyroro,
Kax oxnart y nepn rocnoxy.
Cnnraxcnuecxax ]opma opnrnnana ontme nepeaer nponnuecxym rpycrt n nexnocrt.
B nsnecrno napnamenrcxo peun x. Fapona npornn nnnx o cmeprno xasnn nx paspymnrene
mamnn oparopcxoe ncnontsonanne pnropnuecxnx nonpocon ntpaxaer exn capxasm, neroonanne n
nmecre c rem coornercrnymmym cnryannn npnnonxrocrt.
B ntece Cnxrax Hoanna F. Boy aer ocrpocarnpnuecxym xapaxrepncrnxy anrnncxomy
nxenarpnornsmy, xora xanonnx c tute mee nocxnnnaer: How can what an Englishman believes be
heresy? It is a contradiction in terms. 3m]arnuecxoe yrnepxenne n annom cnyuae npnnanexnr ne
anropy, a nepconaxy.
B pasronopnom crnne peun n coornercrnenno n pamarnuecxom nanore pnropnuecxn nonpoc nepeaer
nponnm, nacmemxy, nosmymenne n ocnoxnxercx pacunenenno ]opmo:
Gordon: Well, I don't see it. And I know Betty better than you do.
Fredda (bitterly): You know everybody better than anybody else does, don't you?
Gordon: You would say that, wouldn't you? I can't help it if Martin liked me
better than he liked you.
(J.B. Priestley. Dangerous Corner)
Xapaxrep pnropnuecxoro nonpoca sect onee cnoxnt. upea n Iopon pennymr Maprnna pyr x
pyry. upea onxena yrnepxennem Iopona, yro on nyume snan Maprnna, uem ona, n tn x nemy
nnxe; nmenno o +rom ronopnr ee nonpoc, nouepxnnammn camooontmenne Iopona. Ero ncrpeunt
nonpoc napnpyer nponnm upet. Pennnxa Iopona you would say that coornercrnyer pyccxomy omo e
meoe+ ovxe, omo mar ua meo noxore.
Hcnontsonannt n pacunenennom nonpoce rnaron nmeer ouent ontmoe snauenne nx xapaxrepa
nepeanaemo +monnn. Cpannnnax You do speak English, don't you? n You can speak English, can't you?, mt
nnnm, uro no nropom cnyuae ne rontxo ntpaxaercx naexa, uro cnpamnnaemt ronopnr no-anrnncxn,
no n sapanee neoopnrentno onennnaercx cnyua orpnnarentnoro ornera. Bneenne nonpoca comsom or
ronopnr o neynepennocrn ronopxmero, o ero comnennn n npannntnocrn npenonoxennx: You can speak
English... or can't you?
B rex cnyuaxx, xora n pacunenennom nonpoce nmeercx nepexpecrnoe ynorpenenne yrnepnrentno n
orpnnarentno ]opmt, ronopxmn npenaraer coecennxy ntpasnrt cornacne co cxasanntm. Ecnn
raxoro nepexpecrnoro ynorpenennx ner, nonpoc nmeer noapnnammn nnn, nanpornn, capxacrnuecxn
xapaxrep: So you are that very person, are you?
Pasnonnnocrn pacunenenntx nonpocon xopomo nsyuent, n mt ocranonnnnct sect na nnx rontxo nx
roro, urot nouepxnyrt, uro cnnraxcnc pasronopno peun pacnonaraer ontmnm pasnoopasnem ]opm
nonpoca, xoropte n pyrnx crnnxx neynorpenrentnt.
B nayunom crnne peun naxnym pont nrpaer ncnontsonanne nonpoca, noxoxero na pnropnuecxn
nonpoc, no ne nnonne roxecrnennoro emy. 3ro nonpoc, conponoxammncx ornerom n nonnexammn
unrarenx n paccyxenne anropa, sacrannxmmn ero ymart nmecre c nnm. Hpnnnsnrentno ro xe camoe,
xorx n c ontme one +monnonantnocrn, nponcxonr n nynnnncrnuecxom rexcre. Ho+romy nnxe
npnnonrcx orptnox ns yxe nnrnponanno xnnrn H. Bnnepa, xoropt rpaxryer remy, omym nx nayxn n
nynnnncrnxn, n moxer cnyxnrt nnnmcrpanne oonx crnne:
There is nothing more dangerous to contemplate than World War III. It is worth considering whether
part of the danger may not be intrinsic in the unguarded use of learning machines. Again and again I have
heard the statement that learning machines cannot subject us to any new dangers, because we can turn
them off when we feel like it. But can we? To turn a machine off effectively, we must be in possession of
information as to whether the danger point has come. The mere fact that we have made the machine does
not guarantee that we shall have the proper information to do this. This is already implied in the statement
119
that the checker-playing machine can defeat the man who has programmed it, and this after a very limited
time of working in. Moreover, the very speed of operation of modern digital machines stands in the way
of our ability to perceive and think through the indications of danger...
(N. Wiener. Cybernetics)
Paccyxenne naunnaercx c pnropnuecxoro no ]opme nonpoca, xoropt enaer unrarenx axrnnntm,
sacrannxer ero saymartcx na nontm acnexrom ocnonno nponemt conpemennocrn. 3arem npnnonrcx
mnpoxo pacnpocrpanennoe n ecneunoe saxnnenne o rom, uro mamnny ncera moxno ntxnmunrt, n,
naxonen, npxmo nonpoc crannr +ro yrnepxenne no comnenne, a orner na nonpoc noxastnaer ero
necocroxrentnocrt. Tax, eme onn ns nennxnx yuentx conpemennocrn npeynpexaer o rom, xax onacen
xnnn, ntnymennt ns yrtnxn nayxn.
Tpancnosnnnx nonpocnrentntx npenoxenn nosmoxna ne rontxo no rnny pnropnuecxoro nonpoca c
nepexoom n +m]arnuecxoe yrnepxenne, no n c nepexoom n noynrentnte n nocxnnnarentnte
npenoxennx, oxsarentno onee +xcnpeccnnnte, uem ]opmt es rpancnosnnnn. Hpocroe nonennrentnoe
naxnonenne, axe cmxruennoe cnonom please, snyunr nx anrnncxoro yxa cnnmxom rpyo. Bexnnnax
npocta rpeyer nonpocnrentno xoncrpyxnnn. Hanpnmep: Open the door, please npenpamaercx n Will you
open the door, please nnn Would you mind opening the door nnn n xocnennt nonpoc: I wonder whether you
would mind opening the door. axe paccepnnmnct, nepconax ns ntect x. Ocopna xpnunr cnonm
cocexm: Do you mind being quiet down there, please!
Btme yxe npnnonncx npnmep nocxnnnarentnoro npenoxennx, nocrpoennoro xax nonpocnrentnoe n
nectma +m]arnunoro: Boy! Did I gallop! B pasronopnom crnne noont rnn rpancnosnnnn ncrpeuaercx
xax n anrnncxom, rax n n pyccxom xstxe: Am I tired! Kax x ycran! Aren't you ashamed of yourself! He
crtno ree! Wasn't it amarvellous trip! Hy, ne sameuarentnax nn noesxa! What on earth are you doing!
uro rt, uepr nostmn, enaemt! Herpyno nnert, uro n nexoroptx cnyuaxx +xcnpeccnnnocrt nmeer uncro
cnnraxcnuecxym npnpoy, a n pyrnx ycnnnnaercx nexcnuecxnmn cpecrnamn.
4. Tpancnosnnnn cnn1axcnuecxnx c1pyx1yp c orpannuennmun nosuoanoc1nun
nexcnuecxoro n uopqonornuecxoro naptnponannn
Hocne paccmorpennx rpancnosnnnn yrnepxennx n nonpoca nornuno oparnrtcx x rpancnosnnnn
orpnnannx n x nopasymenaemomy orpnnannm n paccmorpert cnyua, xora +m]arnuecxoe orpnnanne
ntpaxaercx npenoxennxmn, n xoroptx ner orpnnarentntx cnon. 3rn cnyuan nenecoopasno nasnart
rpancnosnnne crpyxryp c orpannuenntmn nosmoxnocrxmn nexcnuecxoro n mop]onornuecxoro
naptnponannx. Hx cnoeopasne ne ncuepntnaercx rem, uro orpnnanne n nnx ntpaxeno es nomomn
orpnnarentntx cnon. Cnooa nepeocmtcnennx sect anexo ne rax nennxa, xax n pnropnuecxnx nonpocax
nnn nonpocax c npxmtm nopxxom cnon. Vxe O. Ecnepcen ormeuan nx nnomarnunocrt*, n nexoropte ns
nnx moryr paccmarpnnartcx xax ennnnt nocroxnnoro xonrexcra, n xoroptx nosnnxaer ]paseonornuecxn
cnxsannoe snauenne onoro ns xomnonenron. uncno raxnx opasonann ne ouent snaunrentno, n
ncrpeuamrcx onn npenmymecrnenno n pasronopnom crnne peun. Did you give her my regards? I asked
him. Yeah. The hell he did, the bastard (J. Salinger. The Catcher in the Rye).
* Ecnepceu O. unnoco]nx rpammarnxn. M., 1958, C. 389.
Hpnnox npnmept raxnx nepeocmtcnenn, M.. Kysnen n R.M. Cxpenen cnpanennno ormeuamr nx
npenmymecrnenno nponnuecxn xapaxrep, nocxnnnarentnym ]opmy npenoxennx n crpyxrypnym
sanncnmocrt or npemecrnymmero ntcxastnannx coecennxa*. Cneonarentno, sect ononpemenno
nponcxonr n rpancnosnnnx nonecrnonarentntx n nonennrentntx npenoxenn n nocxnnnarentnte. Bor
nexoropte ns npnneenntx +rnmn anropamn npnmepon:
Pickering (slowly): I think I know what you mean, Mrs Higgins.
Higgins: Well, dash me if I do!
(B. Shaw)
Catch you taking liberties with a gentleman!
120
(B. Shaw)
* Cm.: Kvsue M.., Crpeouee P.M. Vxas. cou. - C. 92.
Hocnenn npnmep sacnyxnnaer ocooro nnnmannx. upaseonornuecxn cnonapt yxastnaer catch me,
catch me at it, catch me doing this xax pasronopnoe ntpaxenne, xoropoe coornercrnyer pyccxomy uu sa :mo!
B +rom snauennn rnaron catch ynorpenxercx rontxo n nonennrentnom naxnonennn. Hnrepecno, uro ouent
noxoxne opasonannx: catch somebody bending (sacmami roeo-.uoo epacn.ox), catch somebody napping,
tripping (sacmami epacn.ox nnn no+ami ua ouuore) moryr ynorpenxrtcx n nmtx ]opmax es
orpnnarentnoro snauennx, no npnoperyr raxoe snauenne, yyun ynorpenent n nonennrentno ]opme:
Catch him tripping! Ero na omnxe ne nomaemt!*
* Cm.. nanpnmep, cnono catch n Anrno-pyccxom ]paseonornuecxom cnonape, cocr. A.B. Kynnntm (M.. 1967).
Cneyer ormernrt, uro ]opmt nonennrentnoro naxnonennx nanonee orart nosmoxnocrxmn
+xcnpeccnnnoro cmemennx snauennx n n pyccxom xstxe. Cpannnre: Hv oa, paccrasiea! (eiparamuee
neonepne n necornacne) nnn oruoac! (nponnuecxoe ocyxenne ecnonesno naext). nx
conpemennoro pyccxoro xstxa +xcnpeccnnno-nponnuecxoe nepeocmtcnenne yrnepnrentntx xoncrpyxnn
nsyueno n onncano .H. Bmenentm, xoropt paccmarpnnaer raxne xoncrpyxnnn, xax Cmauv nca
rop+umi! O:eui uvruo c uu+ coeemoeamic! Ecmi o :e+ ra.emi! Muoeo mi suaeui! Xopou opve!
Be.ura earuocmi! B meoe noeoeopm! n r..*
* L+e.ee .H. Hponemt cemanrnuecxoro anannsa nexcnxn (na marepnane pyccxoro xstxa). M., 1973.
.H. Bmenen paccmarpnnaer raxne cnyuan xax nnronannonno-cnxsannte napnanrt n pasrpannunnaer
cnoonte cnnraxcnuecxne xoncrpyxnnn n ]paseonornuecxne cxemt, n xoroptx cranonnrcx nenosmoxno
nnn ouent orpannuenno cnnonnmnuecxax samena onopntx cnon. Pasnnunte +monnonantnte cmemennx
moryr raxxe cnxstnartcx c orpannuennxmn n rpammarnuecxnx ]opmax c ]nxcnponanntm nopxxom cnon.
Tax, npnnararentnoe xopouu ynorpenxercx nx orpnnarentno onenxn oxsarentno n xparxo ]opme n
n nocrnosnnnn: Xopou opve! A rnaron uamu rontxo n npomemem npemenn: Haue. sa roeo
sacmvnumic! Haue. epe+! Haue. ovpara!
3xcnpeccnnno-nponnuecxoe nepeocmtcnenne moxer trt cnxsano co cmemennem cnnraxcnuecxnx
snauenn. Tax, npenoxenne: As if I ever stop thinking about the girl (B. Shaw) yxe ne nepeaer snauennx
npnarounoro npenoxennx crenenn n cpannennx, n npx nn moxno cornacnrtcx c M.. Kysnen n R.M.
Cxpenentm, xoropte ero rax nastnamr.
Cpannnre raxxe npnmep O. Ecnepcena: If this isn't Captain Donnithorne a-coming into the yard! (G. Eliot).
3ect npxmoe n xocnennoe orpnnanne nsanmno noramamrcx, n pesyntrare cmtcn yrnepnrentnt Hoem
ranumau .! Hepeocmtcnennm cnococrnymr noxpennxmmne orpnnanne uacrnnt, mexomernx n
moantnte cnona: Did he give you the money? The hell he did! Doesn't it tempt you? Tempt me, hell!
Cpannnre ananornunoe ynorpenenne: like hell, dash me, the deuce, damn n r.. 3ect ntnaamr xcnte ns
xonrexcra cnona (mecronmennx, ncnomorarentnte rnaront), no ne +xcnpeccnnnte +nemenrt Shut up,
Michael. Try and show a little breeding. Breeding be damned. Who has any breeding, anyway, except
bulls? (E. Hemingway)*.
* Cm.: Kvsueoea B.A. Innep]past c orpnnarentno-onenouno +xcnpeccne n conpemennom anrnncxom xstxe. B xn.:
3xcnpeccnnnte cpecrna anrnncxoro xstxa. H., 1975.
Moxno samernrt nexoropte onee nnn menee ycrounnte moenn xoncrpyxnn, xoroptm raxoe
nepeocmtcnenne cnocrnenno.
.H. Bmenen npenaraer nastnart noonte xoncrpyxnnn n pyccxom xstxe ]paseonornuecxnmn
cxemamn. Tepmnn moxno npnnxrt n nx anrnncxoro xstxa, nocxontxy n +rnx cnyuaxx nanmamrcx
nexoropte cnenn]nuecxn ]paseonornuecxne ueprt nocroxncrna cnnraxcnuecxoro, mop]onornuecxoro nnn
nexcnuecxoro xonrexcra npn nepeocmtcnennn.
Btme yxe npnnonncx npnmep c rnaronom catch n nonennrentnom naxnonennn. Ionopxmn ne
npenaraer conepmnrt nasnannoe ecrnne, a npeynpexaer o ero nenosmoxnocrn: catch me! npn +rom
osnauaer +eu ua omo+ ue no+ami.
3xcnpeccnnno-nponnuecxoe nepeocmtcnenne moxno ormernrt n n pennnxax c ynorpenennem ]opmt
121
yymero npemenn co cnenn]nuecxnm yrpoxammnm nepepasnnnannem n cnoeopasntm noonem
xonnepcnn npn opasonannn oxxasnonantnoro neonornsma: Lower it gently, it's a work of art I'll work-
of-art you! (A. Wesker).
nx nnnmcrpannn +roro nocnenero xnnennx nponnuecxoro npeopasonannx cnona nnxe npnnonrcx
onontno snaunrentnt orptnox ns nauana npnancxo cxasxn Crnnenca, re +ra crpyxrypa xnnxercx
uacrtm ontmo xonneprennnn.
THE STORY OF TUAN MAC CAIRILL
Finnian, the Abbot of Moville, went southwards and eastwards in great haste. News had come to him
in Donegal that there were yet people in his own province who believed in gods that he did not approve
of, and the gods that we do not approve of are treated scurvily, even by saintly men.
He was told of a powerful gentleman who observed neither Saint's Day nor Sunday.
A powerful person! said Finnian.
All that, was the reply.
We shall try this person's power, said Finnian.
He is reputed to be a wise and hardy man, said his informant.
We shall test his wisdom and his hardyhood.
He is, that gossip whispered he is amagician.
I will magician him, cried Finnian angrily. Where does that man live?
He was informed and he proceeded in that direction without delay.
In no great time he came to the stronghold of the gentleman who followed ancient ways, and he
demanded admittance in order that he might preach and prove the new God, and exercise and terrify and
banish even the memory of the old one; for to a god grown old Time is as ruthless as to a beggarman
grown old.
Bpemx ecrnnx nepno nacaxennx xpncrnancrna n Hpnannn. Honecrnonanne nponnsano ronxo
nponne, xoropax n snaunrentno mepe sanncnr or uncro xstxontx cpecrn.
Tema orptnxa nenrpantnax nx nce ncropnn npnancxoro napoa nponema pennrnosno
nerepnnmocrn. Hponnx no ornomennm x nerepnnmocrn n ecrnnxm aara unnnnana pacxptnaercx n
+rom neontmom orptnxe ouent nonno c nnrencnnno xonneprennne mnornx crnnncrnuecxnx npnemon.
Hemanax pont n +ro xonneprennnn npnnanexnr rpancnosnnnn nonecrnonarentnoro npenoxennx c
rnaronom n ]opme yymero npemenn n npenoxenne nocxnnnarentnoe. Hpana, nocne I will magician him
ner nocxnnnarentnoro snaxa, no nexcnuecxn xommenrapn: cried Finnian angrily yxastnaer na ro, uro
npenoxenne ntpaxaer +monnm.
Ho paccmorpnm orptnox nocneonarentno. unrarenx nacropaxnnamr n nepnom xe npenoxennn
onoponte ocroxrentcrna x cxasyemomy (went southwards and eastwards in great haste). B cneymme
]pase rema nerepnnmocrn nouepxnyra noxnarom: people in his own province who believed in gods he did
not approve of, and the gods that we do not approve of are treated scurvily, even by saintly men. Kpome roro,
crpyxrypa ]past cnoe pasronopno oxpacxo c npenorom n nocrnosnnnn n cemanrnuecxax
rereporennocrt cnon approve n gods, treat n gods amr pesxoe cnnxenne remt, xoropoe rem onee samerno
n saanno, uro cenrennnn npnan npeentno oomennt xapaxrep. 3arem cneyer nanor,
moennponannocrt xoroporo nnxax ne moxer ycxontsnyrt or nnnmannx unrarenx. B nem uepeymrcx
coomennx o cnne npornnnnxa c ropxecrnenntmn exnapannxmn unnnnana, n unrarent yxe roron x
rpertemy cront xe ntcoxonapnomy saxnnennm. Oxnanne ero omanyro ycntman, uro morymecrnennt
npornnnnx eme n xonyn, r.e. saxnxrt npar nepxnn, unnnnan concem ntxonr ns cex n cptnaercx na
]amnntxpno-pasronopnoe: I will magician him ( emy noxaxy xononart). 3ro rem onee cmemno, uro
noont cnnraxcnc xnnxercx xnntm anaxponnsmom, on xapaxrepen nx conpemennoro anrnncxoro xstxa
n n cxasxe snyunr naponno.
Cpannnnax rpn nnemne noxoxne pennnxn unnnnana: we shall try this person's power, we shall test his
wisdom n I will magician him, moxno nnert mexannsm rpancnosnnnn nonecrnonarentnoro npenoxennx n
nocxnnnarentnoe. 3nauenne yrpost coepxnrcx n n nepntx nyx pennnxax, no ram ono onnpaercx na
nexcnuecxn cocran ntcxastnann, n nexcnxa ynorpenxercx n omenpnnxrtx snauennxx n ]ynxnnn. B
nocnene pennnxe yrpoxammn cmtcn yxe ne sanncnr or nexcnuecxoro snauennx cnon, on nepeaercx
xoncrpyxnne, n xoropo nosnnnm snamenarentnoro rnarona sannmaer neonornsm, cosannt nyrem
122
xonnepcnn or cnona, ntsnanmero rnennym nnn paspaxennym peaxnnm ronopxmero (n annom cnyuae
magician v < magician n).
Oxonuanne orptnxa pasnnnaer yxe pasraannym unrarenem remy ]anarnsma n nerepnnmocrn, n
carnpnuecxo rpaxronxe xoropo naxnym pont ctrpana paccmorpennax rpancnosnnnx, noepxannax
pyrnmn ntpasnrentntmn cpecrnamn: napannennsmom, xonrpacrom ntcoxoro n cnnxennoro rona n r..
5. 3xcnpeccnnnoc1t o1pnnannn
Hocxontxy orpnnanne (xax n nonpoc n nonennrentnoe npenoxenne), xax yxe ne pas ormeuanoct, n
nenom onee +monnonantno n +xcnpeccnnno, uem yrnepxenne, crnnncrnuecxne nosmoxnocrn orpnnannx
sacnyxnnamr ocoo npncrantnoro paccmorpennx.
3xcnpeccnnnt norennnan orpnnarentntx xoncrpyxnn yono oxcnnrt c reopernxo-
nn]opmannonno rouxn spennx. C rouxn spennx reopnn nn]opmannn nn]opmannonnoe coepxanne
xaxoro coomennx xnnxercx ]ynxnne or nepoxrnocrn nxoxmnx n nero +nemenron. Ecnn
yrnepnrentnte n orpnnarentnte npenoxennx nmenn t onnaxonym nepoxrnocrt n rexcre, r.e.
ncrpeuannct t onnaxono uacro, ro cemanrnxo-cnnraxcnuecxax xapaxrepncrnxa cocrannxmmnx rexcr
npenoxenn ne tna t cama no cee nn]opmarnnno. Ho nocxontxy na camom ene orpnnarentnte
npenoxennx ncrpeuamrcx n cpenem no mnoro pas pexe, uem yrnepnrentnte, nx noxnnenne oxastnaercx
ocoo nn]opmarnnntm.
C pyro cropont, nonesno oparnrt nnnmanne n na ro, uro +xcnpeccnnnocrt orpnnannx sanncnr or ero
]ynxnnn yxastnart na ro, uro cnxsn mexy nasnanntmn n npenoxennn +nemenramn peantno ne
cymecrnyer. B pesyntrare ncxxoe orpnnanne nopasymenaer xonrpacr mexy nosmoxntm n
ecrnnrentntm, uro n cosaer +xcnpeccnnnt n onenount norennnan (cp. c. 118).
Paccmorpnm nexoropte npnmept: The rank and file of doctors are no more scientific than their tailors; or
their tailors are no less scientific than they (B. Shaw).
B onom npenoxennn F. Boy xonnenrpnpyer n mtcnt o rom, uro or oxropon oxnaercx yuenocrt, a
or noprntx yuenocrn ne rpeyercx, n yrnepxenne, uro n ecrnnrentnocrn eno ocronr concem nnaue.
Carnpnuecxax ntpasnrentnocrt noepxana xonrpacrom connantnoro nopxxa mexy oxropamn n
noprntmn. Moxno x romy xe samernrt, uro, necmorpx na nayunym nexomnerenrnocrt, oxropa nmemr
nectma sannnoe nmymecrnennoe nonoxenne, nosnonxmmee nm nmert cnonx nocroxnntx noprntx.
Crnnncrnuecxax penenanrnocrt orpnnannx n annom cnyuae moxer trt oexrnnno nornepxena rem,
uro carnpnuecxax ]ynxnnx, n xoropo ono yuacrnyer, ocymecrnnxercx neno xonneprennne npnemon
(napannennsm, noxnar, anrnresa n r..).
There is a point of no return unremarked at the time in most men lives.
(Gr. Greene. The Comedians)
Orpnnanne nosnonxer cenart ]pasy npeentno naxonnuno n ycnnnrt ntpaxenne neoparnmocrn
momenra, o xoropom ner peut.
Paccmorpnm xomnpeccnm nn]opmannn, nepeanno orpnnannem n snamennro ]pase nen Maxer: All
the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand.
Bect mononor npeentno +xcnpeccnnen, no +ra crpoxa ocoenno snaunrentna no mnornm npnunnam.
nx nen Maxer ne cymecrnyer nnxaxnx mopantntx rpannn. Hs uecronmnx n xaxt nnacrn ona rorona
na nmte snoexnnx, nnmt t ne ocranoct nnnmtx ynnx. Hponnrt xpont ona ne onrcx n nocne
yncrna xoponx ynxana cnoxono coneryer myxy ntmtrt pyxn. Ho n esymnn ona oepxnma ono
mtcntm cmtrt c pyx nennnmte nxrna xponn. B xoporxo ]pase cxar orpomnt sanac nn]opmannn:
nen Maxer n n esymnn ne satnaer o cnoe xencxo xpacore (manentxne pyuxn), o pocxomn, xoropo
ona nnaeer (nce apomart Apannn), n o rom, uro nx nee nce xonueno cnet npecrynnennx ocrannct n
camom ee cymecrne. Orpnnanne npornnonocrannxer nce ro, uem ona nnaeer n ropnrcx, n ro, uem crana
ona cama, nonpan uenoneunocrt. Hpncyrcrnne cnona all, +xsornunocrt n nstcxannocrt acconnann c
apomaramn Apannn, neconmecrnmocrt npecrannenn o nexno xencrnennocrn n o xecroxnx
npecrynnennxx ycnnnnamr +xcnpeccnnnocrt crpoxn.
Hponemt orpnnannx npecrannxmr nnrepec n c rouxn spennx ]ynxnnonantno crnnncrnxn,
nocxontxy nmemr cnon ocoennocrn n pasntx crnnxx peun. nonoe orpnnanne, nanpnmep, xnnxercx
123
xapaxrepno ocoennocrtm npocropeunx n, coornercrnenno, mnpoxo ncnontsyercx n peuentx
xapaxrepncrnxax: We aren't no thin red 'eroes, nor we aren't no blackguards too (R.Kipling).
Hpecrannxercx, onaxo, nenepntm yrnepxenne, uro noonoe xymynxrnnnoe orpnnanne
cnnerentcrnyer rontxo o nerpamornocrn ronopxmero. Ono n ro xe npemx +xcnpeccnnnee otunoro
nouepxnnaer xenanne ronopxmero trt conepmenno ynepenntm, uro orpnnanne yer sameueno.
Hoonoe mnoroxparnoe orpnnanne tno nopmo n penneanrnncxom n cpeneanrnncxom, n cneyer
npnsnart, uro na +rnx cranxx anrnncxn tn n +rom nnane ntpasnrentnee. Tenept nonoe orpnnanne
coxpannnoct rontxo n nopme nanexra.
B pasronopnom crnne peun orpnnanne moxer nmert pasnte +xcnpeccnnnte ]ynxnnn n nepeanart
pasnte ncnxonornuecxne cocroxnnx. Tax, orpnnarentnax xoncrpyxnnx nmecro neoxonmo
yrnepnrentno moxer nepeanart nonnenne, nepemnrentnocrt, xoneanne: I'm wondering if I oughtn't to
ring him up.
Haxonnenne orpnnannx n peun nepconaxa cnnerentcrnyer o ero nsnonnonannocrn. B ntece x.
Hpncrnn Bpemx n cemtx Konne mnccnc Konne, nosyxennax n oxnnnennax, cuacrnnnax rem, uro
naxonen nce ee ern c ne n oa ctna narononyuno nepnynnct c ]ponra (eno nponcxonr n 1919 roy),
pasronapnnaer co cnonm nonepenntm n ynorpenxer orpnnanne uyrt nn ne n xaxo ]pase:
Mrs C.: Isn't that lovely? All the children back home, and plenty of money to help them settle down.
And, mind you, Gerald, I shouldn't be a bit surprised if Robin doesn't do awfully well in some
business quite soon. Selling things, probably people find him so attractive. Dear Robin!
(Pauses. Then change of tone, more depth and feeling.) Gerald, it isn't so very long ago that I
thought myself the unluckiest woman in the world. If it hadn't been for the children, I wouldn't
have wanted to go on living. And now, though of course, it'll never be the same without him I
suddenly feel I'm one of the luckiest women in the world. All my children round me, quite safe
at last, very happy.
3xcnpeccnnnax ]ynxnnx orpnnannx ocoenno xcno ntpaxena n npenoxennn: I shouldn't be surprised if
Robin doesn't do awfully well.
Ha +xcnpeccnnnocrn orpnnannx ocnontnaercx ]nrypa peun, nastnaemax nn1o1on nnn
npeymentmennem (understatement) n cocroxmax n ynorpenennn uacrnnt c anronnmom, yxe coepxamnm
orpnnarentnt npe]nxc: it is not unlikely = it is very likely; he was not unaware of = he was quite aware of*.
Koncrpyxnnx c nnroro moxer nmert pasnte ]ynxnnn n couerannn c pasno crnnncrnuecxo oxpacxo. B
pasronopnom crnne ona nepeaer npenmymecrnenno nocnnrannym cepxannocrt nnn nponnm. B nayunom
crnne ona coomaer ntcxastnannm ontmym crporocrt n ocropoxnocrt: it is not difficult to see = it is easy
to see.
* Cm. c. 125.
Hnrora nnrepecna cnoe nannonantno cnenn]nunocrtm. Ee npnnxro oxcnxrt anrnncxnm
nannonantntm xapaxrepom, orpaxenntm n peuenom +rnxere anrnnuan: anrnncxo cepxannocrtm n
npoxnnennn onenox n +monn, crpemnennem nsexart xpanocre n coxpannrt camoonaanne n nmtx
cnryannxx. Hanpnmep: It is rather an unusual, story, isn't it? = You lie. It would not suit me all that well. = It is
impossible.
Btme yxe ronopnnoct o +xcnpeccnnnocrn orpnnannx na yponne nexcnxn, no cnxst pasnnuntx yponne
npn orpnnannn nacrontxo recnax, uro sect nenecoopasno nepnyrtcx x crnnncrnuecxo ]ynxnnn
orpnnarentntx npe]nxcon.
Onnne n nnpnxe x. Fapona cnon c orpnnarentntmn cy]]nxcamn n npe]nxcamn, n n uacrnocrn
npnnararentntx, ntpaxammnx orcyrcrnne nnn yrpary uero-nno, E.H. Knnmenxo crannr n cnxst c ome
renennne y no+ron-pomanrnxon +roro nepnoa x nontmenno, ocrpo +monnonantnocrn crnxon n x
crpemnennm nepeart +monnonantno oxpamenntmn cnonamn ocrpte nepexnnannx n nneuarnennx*.
* Cm.: K.u+euro E.H. Hponemt crnnx n anrnncxo nnreparype nepno rpern XIX nexa. -H., 1959. - C. 144.
Haxonnenne orpnnann n cneymmem orptnxe ycnnnnaer rparnsm. Fapon opamaercx x oxeany:
Man marks the earth with ruin his control
Stops with the shore; Upon the watery plain
124
The wrecks are all thy deed, nor doth remain
A shadow of man's ravage, save his own,
When, for a moment, like a drop of rain,
He sinks into thy depths with bubbling groan,
Without a grave, unknelled, uncoftlned, and unknown.
(G. Byron. Childe Harold)
B crnxornopennn M. Apnonta cpecrna orpnnannx nnte, onee oomennte, n omax +monnonantnax
nanpannennocrt, xoropym onn nouepxnnamr, nnax: no+r npocnr nosnmnennym trt ocoenno nepno
uyncrny, no nx oxpyxaer snont n xecroxn mnp. Iepo ronopnr nosnmnenno:
Ah, love, let us be true
To one another! for the world...
Hath really neither joy, nor love, nor light,
Nor certitude, nor peace, nor help for pain;
And we are here as on a darkling plain.
3acnyxnnaer nnnmannx ro, uro n sect, noono panee npnneenntm npnmepam, orpnnanne nrpaer
naxnym pont n xonneprennnn.
nanason +xcnpeccnnntx nosmoxnocre ncex nnon orpnnannx nectma snaunrenen. B carnpe x.
Cnn]ra, xax ormeuaer E.H. Knnmenxo, orpnnarentnte npe]nxct xnnxmrcx cpecrnamn ycnnennx n
nponnn. B Hpnmre nx nensneunmtx nonropxmrcx couerannx: insupportable plagues, effect of that
incurable distemper, inexpressible, incurable fools, inconceivable plagues. Bee +rn orpnnannx nouepxnnamr
esnaexnocrt nensneunmtx.
Hccneonanne crnnncrnuecxoro ]ynxnnonnponannx orpnnannx rontxo naunnaercx.
6. Cpec1na cnn1axcnuecxon cnnsn
Cpecrna cnnraxcnuecxo cnxsn paccmarpnnannct npenmymecrnenno n nnreparyponeuecxo
crnnncrnxe. Vuente nccneonann, xaxnm opasom nnxenne mtcnn, pasnnrne ocnonno nen, a raxxe
cnoco nnennx mnpa n neonornx, xapaxrepnte nx +noxn, nx anropa nnn nx nnna, c rouxn spennx
xoroporo neercx nonecrnonanne, orpaxamrcx n crpyxrypno-cnnraxcnuecxnx ueprax rexcra. K raxnm
crpyxrypno-cnnraxcnuecxnm uepram rexcra ornocxr crpyxrypy npenoxenn n nx oem, crenent nx
nonnort n anronomnocrn, ontmee nnn mentmee ncnontsonanne nounnennx n coornomenne, uncna
npnarountx npenoxenn n npenoxntx ooporon, cnocot coennennx npenoxenn n asant n
cnocot nepexoa or asana x asany*.
* Cm.: Cu.i+au T.H. Hponemt cnnraxcnuecxo crnnncrnxn. Vuen. san. HIHH nm. A.H. Iepnena. 1967. T. 315;
Ao+ouu B.I. Ocoennocrn cnnraxcnuecxo crpyxrypt n xyoxecrnenno npose XX n. na 3anae. B c.: Philologica. H., 1973.
nx pannonanncrnuecxo xnaccnuecxo npost, nanpnmep, xapaxrepnt nonnte npenoxennx c
pasnernnenno cncremo cnoxnoro nounnennx, c ocoo rmarentntm noxasom npnunnno-cnecrnenntx
cnxse n noome cnxse mexy uacrxmn npenoxennx, mexy npenoxennxmn n asane n mexy onee
xpynntmn uacrxmn rexcra.
nx xnaccnnncron xapaxrepno crpemnenne x nornuecxomy oxasarentcrny, xoropoe onn moryr
npenounrart yexennm uepes +monnonantnoe nsopaxenne npemera. Xo oxasarentcrna rpeyer
xnno ntpaxenntx npnunnno-cnecrnenntx cnxse, a raxxe pacxptrnx omnounocrn npornnononoxntx
rouex spennx nnn rex nenepntx mnenn, xoropte mornn t nosnnxnyrt y unrarenx. Orcma snaunrentnax
pont npnunnno-cnecrnenntx, npornnnrentntx, ycrynnrentntx n pasennrentntx comson n cpecrn
cnxsn.
V pomanrnxon crpemnenne x +monnonantno +xcnpeccnnnocrn n nrpe noopaxennx npnnonr x onnnm
nocxnnnarentntx n nonpocnrentntx npenoxenn, napa1axcnuecxon cnnsn npocromy cononoxennm
npenoxenn nnyrpn asana n x onnnm nnnepcnn. Cnoxnonounnennte npenoxennx c xapaxrepno
nx nnx pannonanncrnunocrtm ntrecnxmrcx npncoennennem, xoropoe moxer trt noepxano
napannentntmn xoncrpyxnnxmn n ana]opo. 3]]exr nenocpecrnennocrn nnora nonyuaercx naroapx
125
ynoonennm cnnraxcnca pasronopnomy. Fontmym pont nrpamr nnonte +nemenrt.
Hmnpeccnonncrt amr cepnm mnmonerntx nneuarnenn, xaxoe ns xoroptx moxer ymemartcx n
orentnom npenoxennn, nepexo onococrannom nnn +nnnnrnuecxom, ne cnxsannom comsamn c
cocennmn npenoxennxmn. Ho nce +rn npenoxennx ne anronomnt, n npecrannenne o npemere
onncannx nonyuaercx rontxo or onee mnpoxoro cnnraxcnuecxoro nenoro.
B npose XX n. B.I. Amonn ormeuaer ne npornnononoxnte renennnn, a nmenno: cnxrne uerxnx
pasenon mexy cnnraxcnuecxnmn ennnnamn (cnnraxcnuecxoe cnnxnne, npnmepom xoroporo xnnxercx
norox cosnannx) n, nanpornn, pasnenne cnnraxcnuecxnx ennnn na nynxryannonno ooconennte uacrn
(npncoennnrentnte xoncrpyxnnn).
Koneuno, nce +ro ornocnrcx nnmt x renennnxm n oxnart nocneonarentnoro orpaxennx
]nnoco]cxo nnn +crernuecxo xonnennnn nncarenx n crpyxrype ero npenoxennx tno t nannno,
nocxontxy ona sanncnr n or mnornx pyrnx ]axropon: xanpa, remt, xapaxrepa nsopaxaemoro n r.. Ho n
camom omem nne +rn cnxsn yunrtnart neoxonmo.
Crnnncrnuecxne ]ynxnnn comson, nectma naxnte n pasnoopasnte, nsyuent eme neocrarouno.
Hponemt cnxsnocrn rexcra npnnnexamr nocnenee npemx nnnmanne ouent mnornx yuentx. Ocoenno
npnmeuarentnt paort M. Xonnnex*. B +rnx paorax nccneyercx ntpaxenne cnnraxcnuecxnx cnxse c
nomomtm mecronmenn, napeunax cnxst, pasnte napnanrt nonropon n +ro xe ]ynxnnn, samena
neonpeenennoro aprnxnx onpeenenntm, cnxst npn nomomn enncrna npemen n ornocnrentnoe
ynorpenenne npemen n onom nonecrnonannn, nponycx nopasymenaemoro cnona n ero samemenne.
* Halliday M.A.K., Hasan R. Cohesion in English. - Ldn, 1966.
T.H. Cnntman pasnnuaer na cnocoa cnxsn npenoxenn, nxoxmnx n ennoe nonecrnonanne: 1) cnxst
npn nomomn xnno ntpaxenntx rpammarnuecxnx n nexcnuecxnx cpecrn n 2) cnxst cmtcnonax, r.e.
pasneprtnanne no npemenn, npnunnnax cnxst n r.n. 3ror rnn cnxsn ncxonr ns enncrna coepxannx n
ntpaxaercx pxononoxennem n nnronanne.
Camn cpecrna cnxsn pasenxmrcx +rnm anropom na ne ontmne rpynnt n sanncnmocrn or nx ]ynxnnn
n nesanncnmo or nx xapaxrepa: 1) na re, xoropte ocymecrnnxmr cnxst mexy npenoxennxmn nnn
orpesxamn rexcra n nenom (cma nxoxr comst, mecronmennte napeunx, uacrnnt, yxasarentnte
mecronmennx, cnyxamne xonencannn); 2) na re, xoropte ocymecrnnxmr cnxst mexy camocroxrentntmn
npenoxennxmn uepes cnxst orentntx unenon npenoxennx (+ro rnanntm opasom mecronmennx nnunte
n yxasarentnte, crenenn cpannennx npnnararentntx n r.n.)*. Honropxxct ns onoro npenoxennx n
pyroe, +rn cnona cnyxar cnxstm mexy npenoxennxmn. Tor xe +]]exr ocrnraercx mecronmenntm
nonropom. Hocnenn ornnuaercx rem, uro nonropxercx ne cnono, a yxasanne na ero pe]epenr. Hnunte,
ornocnrentnte n yxasarentnte mecronmennx cnxstnamr na npenoxennx, samemax xaxo-nno unen
npenoxennx nnn yxastnax na coepxanne ncero npnarounoro npenoxennx, xaxo-ro ero uacrn nnn
axe nenoro orpesxa rexcra.
* Cm.: Cu.i+au T.H. Vxas. cou.
Honropnoe yxasanne na oexrt n rexcre nonyunno renept nasnanne nonropno nomnnannn*.
* Cm., nanpnmep: Iar B.I. Honropnax nomnnannx n ee crnnncrnuecxoe ncnontsonanne. B c.: Bonpoct ]pannyscxo
]nnonornn. M., 1972; Bpeea E.B. Mera]opnuecxax nonropnax nomnnannx n rexcrax xyoxecrnenno npost. B c.: Texcr
xax oexr xomnnexcnoro anannsa n nyse. H., 1984.
B antnemem n +rom naparpa]e mt cocpeorounm nnnmanne na cpecrnax cnxsn nnyrpn npenoxenn.
Cnocot ntpaxennx cnnraxcnuecxnx ornomenn nnyrpn npenoxenn npn nomomn comson,
ornocnrentntx mecronmenn nnn pyrnx cpecrn n cnoem nsanmoecrnnn c xapaxrepom pasnernnennocrn
npenoxennx moryr ononpemenno c nornuecxnmn ntnonnxrt n naxnte crnnncrnuecxne ]ynxnnn.
Bor uro nncan .X. Hopenc o nponeme, xoropym mt renept nastnaem nponemo axcenepannn:
The girl who is going to fall in love knows all about it beforehand from books and the movies... she
knows exactly how she feels when her lover or husband betrays her or when she betrays him; she knows
precisely what it is to be a forsaken wife, an adoring mother, an erratic grandmother. All at the age of
eighteen.
Inyoxo pasnernnennt xomnnexc c npnarountmn npenoxennxmn, xoropte nnoxrcx cnonamn: who,
how, when, what, nosnonxer oennnrt ncm cnoxnocrt nnuno xnsnn xenmnnt n onom npenoxennn n
126
sarem cymmnponart nponemy, npornnonocrannxx cnoxnomy xomnnexcy onococrannoe: All at the age of
eighteen, n ntpasnrt npn +rom orpnnarentnoe ornomenne camoro anropa x onnctnaemo cnryannn.
3naunmtm moxer oxasartcx xax ynorpenenne, rax n orcyrcrnne comson. x. Ocopn onnctnaer
nponnnnnantnt ropo: It is full of dirty blank spaces, high black walls, a gas holder, a tall chimney, a main
road that shakes with dust and lorries (J. Osborne. Entertainer).
Orcyrcrnne comson n +rom onncannn noxastnaer, uro nepeuncnenne ne xnnxercx ncuepntnammnm, px
oxastnaercx nesamxnyrtm. Ecnn n +ro xe npenoxenne nnecrn mnorocomsne, px ocranercx nesamxnyrtm,
no xaxt npncoennennt comsom +nemenr yer ntenen, n nce ntcxastnanne craner eme onee
+xcnpeccnnntm n x romy xe pnrmnuntm: It is full of dirty blank spaces and high black walls, and a gas
holder, and a tall chimney, and a main road that shakes with dust and lorries.
Ecnn coms yer nneen rontxo nepe nocnennm onopontm unenom, nepeuncnenne oxaxercx
saxonuenntm n nce ntcxastnanne craner onee cnoxontm: It is full of dirty blank spaces, high black walls,
a gas holder, a tall chimney and a main road that shakes with dust and lorries.
Moxno tno t coennnrt +rn xe +nemenrt nonapno. 3ro npnneno t x ycranonnennm xaxo-ro
omnocrn mexy nycrtpxmn n uepntmn crenamn, c ono cropont, n rasrontepom n ]apnuno rpyo
c pyro, nouepxnyno t pente] napnconannoro anropom nnycrpnantnoro nesaxa. ecrnnrentno,
nonapnoe coennenne onopontx unenon ncnontsyercx nx coennennx nnsxnx no cmtcny cnon,
npornnonocrannennx anronnmon nnn cnon, nastnammnx ouent anexne nonxrnx. 3ro moxer cosanart
+]]exr ouent mnpoxoro oxnara nonxrn, a nnora neoxnannocrn, r.e. omanyroro oxnannx.
nx roro urot noxasart, xaxnmn cnoxntmn n mnororpanntmn moryr trt ]ynxnnn comsa, oparnmcx
x ouent rpynomy nx exonponannx crnxornopennm A. Maxnnma You, Andrew Marvell. 3ro
crnxornopenne naunnaercx c comsa and, n cnoconocrt comsa coornocnrtcx c npomntm n nacroxmnm
ononpemenno cosaer sect mnpoxn ]nnoco]cxn, ncropnuecxn n nnpnuecxn ]on. 3arnanne ronopnr
unrarenm o snamennrom no+re XVII nexa 3npm Mapnene (1621 1678). Cyx no romy, uro opamenne
nanncano ne n otuno ]opme nocnxmennx (Ona tna t To Andrew Marvell), no+r ntpan nponnuecxn
pasronopnt ron. urot nonxrt, npornn uero Maxnnm nospaxaer, n uem on cnopnr c Mapnenom, nao
snart rnopuecrno Mapnena, no nonpoyem cnauana nsnneut ncm nosmoxnym nn]opmannm ns camoro
crnxornopennx. Bor ono:
YOU, ANDREW MARVELL
And here face down beneath the sun
And here upon earth's noonward height
To feel the always coming on
The always rising of the night
To feel creep up the curving cast
The earthly chill of dusk and slow
Upon those under lands the vast
And ever-climbing shadows grow
And strange at Ecbatan the trees
Take leaf by leaf the evening strange
The flooding dark about their knees
The mountains of Persia change
And now at Kermanshah the gate
Dark empty and the withered grass
And through the twilight now the late
Few travellers in the westward pass
And Baghdad darken and the bridge
Across the silent river gone
And through Arabia the edge
Of evening widen and steal on
127
And deepen on Palmyra street
The wheel rut in the ruined stone
And Lebanon fade out and Crete
High through the clouds and overblown
And over Sicily the air
Still flashing with the landward gulls
And loom and slowly disappear
The sails above the shadowy hulls
And Spain go under and the shore
Of Africa the guilded sand
And evening vanish and no more
The low pale light across the land
Nor now the long light on the sea
And here face downward in the sun
To feel how swift how secretly
The shadow of the night comes on...
Honxrt crnxornopenne c nepnoro npourennx rpyno, no mystxantnocrt ero, nouepxnyrax
pnrmnuecxnm and, omymaercx cpasy. Honnmanne sarpyneno rem, uro n nponsneennn ns enxrn crpo]
ner nn onoro snaxa npennnannx, sa ncxnmuennem rnpe n mnororounx n xonne. Hpana, opnenrnponartcx
nomoraer enenne na crpo]t n nce ror xe coms and. Bect rexcr ymemaercx n npeenax onoro
npenoxennx, y xoroporo ner nn nauana, nn xonna. 3ro npoonxenne xaxo-ro ecet, xoropax nauanact
pantme n c xoropo nac cnxstnaer nepnoe and. nnxenne, o xoropom ronopnr no+r, ne optnaercx, ono
yer npoonxartcx n antme, o uem ronopnr mnororoune n xonne. A enxrt crpo] +ro xycox
npenoxennx nn]nnnrnn to feel n cnxsannax c nnm cepnx onopontx unenon, cnnraxcnuecxax
xonneprennnx cnoxntx ononnenn n nne repynnantntx, nn]nnnrnnntx n npnuacrntx ooporon c
axxysarnnom:
to feel the ... coming ... the ... rising of the night to feel creep up ... and ... grow and ... take ... change
and ... dark empty ... and ... pass and ... darken and ... gone and ... widen and steal on and deepen ... and
... fade out and ... high ... overblown and ... flashing ... and loom and ... disappear ... and ... go under
and... and ... vanish and no more ... and here ... to feel how ... the shadow of the night comes on.
Pacrxnyrt nn]nnnrnnnt oopor c nepeuncnennem xaprnn, xoropte nnnr no+r, cosaer
saxnartnammym yx nanpxxennocrt. Bce nepeuncnennte rnaront nnxennx cnnraxcnuecxn cnxsant c
cymecrnnrentntmn ono cemanrnuecxo rpynnt: shadow, night, dusk, evening, dark n r..
Opas nannrammecx noun cnnr c xaprnnamn anexnx crpan. Hame nnnmanne npnnnexamr snyunte
nasnannx +xsornuecxnx ropoon n crpan: 3xaran (n Hpane), Hepcnx, Kepmanma (na sanae Hpana), Fara
(n Hpaxe), Apannx, Hantmnpa (Cnpnx), Hnnan, Kpnr, Cnnnnnx, Hcnannx. Mtcnennt nsrnx unrarenx
cxontsnr no camtm xpacnntm mecram semnoro mapa c nocroxa na sana, r.e. xax t ncne nacrynamme
noun. Ho mecra +rn ne rontxo acconnnpymrcx c xpacoro mxno noun, onn nanomnnamr o pennnx
xyntrypax, cmenxnmnx pyr pyra. nnxenne, xoropoe nocnpnnnmaer unrarent, +ro rpannosnoe
nnxenne ne rontxo n npocrpancrne, no n no npemenn cxnost rtcxuenernx.
3ro nennuecrnenno xpacort n ne nonnman 3npm Mapnen, c xoroptm nponnuecxn cnopnr A.
Maxnnm. B nsnecrnom crnxornopennn To His Coy Mistress Mapnen npnstnaer nmnmym cnemnrt
npeanartcx nacnaxennm, noromy uro sa cnnno cnoe on uyncrnyer xonecnnny npemenn, necymym nout
n cmeprt.
Had we but world enough and time
This coyness, lady, were no crime...
But at my back I always hear
128
Time's winged chariot hurrying near.
V A. Maxnnma nacrynnenne noun ne cosaer mpaunoro nacrpoennx naroapx conneuno pamxe nauana
n xonna, xoropax nanomnnaer o rom, uro nocne noun onxrt c nocroxa npner ent, uro nx uenonexa,
ennoro c rem mnpom, n xoropom on xnner, +ra cmena nx n noun npexpacna n ecxoneuna.
Coms and sect opnenrnpyer unrarenx n cnoxno cnnraxcnuecxo crpyxrype, cosaer pnrmnunocrt,
nouepxnnaer cmeny naxonnuntx n emxnx opason, n, naxonen, coms nomoraer cosart mnpoxn
]nnoco]cxn, ncropnuecxn n nnpnuecxn ]on n nrpaer nemanym pont n nepeaue rnyoxo
]nnoco]cxo xonnennnn o cnxsn npemen n napoon n cnope c no+rom, xnnmnm rpn nexa nasa.
7. Bnm n qynxnnn non1opon
Hon1opou, nnn penpnson, nastnaercx ]nrypa peun, xoropax cocronr n nonropennn snyxon, cnon,
mop]em, cnnonnmon nnn cnnraxcnuecxnx xoncrpyxnn n ycnonnxx ocrarouno recnort pxa, r.e.
ocrarouno nnsxo pyr or pyra, urot nx moxno tno samernrt. Tax xe, xax n pyrne ]nrypt peun,
ycnnnnammne ntpasnrentnocrt ntcxastnannx, nonropt moxno paccmarpnnart n nnane pacxoxennx
mexy rpannnonno oosnauammnm n cnryarnnno oosnauammnm xax nexoropoe nenenanpannennoe
orxnonenne or nerpantno cnnraxcnuecxo nopmt, nx xoropo ocrarouno onoxparnoro ynorpenennx
cnona: Beat! beat! drums! blow! bugles! blow! (W. Whitman).
K npemerno-nornuecxo nn]opmannn nonrop otuno nnuero ne oannxer, n no+romy ero moxno
pacnennnart xax nstrounocrt: Tyger, tyger, burning bright (W. Blake) ne ecrt opamenne x nym rnrpam
ynoenne sect rontxo +xcnpeccnnno. Ho nontsonartcx repmnnom nstrounocrt nx nonropa moxno
nnmt c oronopxo, noromy uro nonropt nepeamr snaunrentnym ononnnrentnym nn]opmannm
+monnonantnocrn, +xcnpeccnnnocrn n crnnnsannn n, xpome roro, uacro cnyxar naxntm cpecrnom cnxsn
mexy npenoxennxmn, npnuem nnora npemerno-nornuecxym nn]opmannm tnaer rpyno orennrt or
ononnnrentno, nparmarnuecxo.
Mnoroopasne npncymnx nonropy ]ynxnn ocoenno cnntno ntpaxeno n no+snn. Hexoropte anropt*
axe cunramr nonropt crnnncrnuecxnm npnsnaxom no+snn, ornnuammnm ee or npost, n nopasenxmr
nonropt na merpnuecxne n +n]onnuecxne +nemenrt.
* Cm.. nanp.: Kemroecru A. Ho+rnuecxn cnonapt. M., 1966.
K merpnuecxnm +nemenram ornocxr crony, crnx, crpo]y, anaxpysy n +nnxpysy, a x +n]onnuecxnm
pn]mt, acconanct, ncconanct, pe]pen.
Mt paccmorpnm re nnt nonropa, xoropte xnnxmrcx omnmn nx no+snn n npost*. Paccmorpenne
nonropa n cnnraxcnuecxo crnnncrnxe necxontxo ycnonno, rax xax nonropxrtcx moryr +nemenrt pasntx
yponne, n xnaccn]nnnpymrcx nonropt n sanncnmocrn or roro, xaxne +nemenrt nonropxmrcx.
* Cm.: Noek J. Pause and Repetition in Modern Colloquial English. In: Prague Studies in English. 1969.
Haunem c no+rnuecxnx npnmepon. Hepennerenne necxontxnx nnon nonropa enaer nesatnaemtmn
nocnenne crpoxn XVIII conera Bexcnnpa. 3ect nonnomena ona ns xnmuentx rem Bexcnnpa rema
esxanocrnoro npemenn n ennoopcrna c nnm no+snn, naroapx xoropo xpacora cranonnrcx
eccmeprno n nenonnacrno npemenn. Baxnocrt remt ntstnaer xonneprennnm, r.e. cxonnenne
crnnncrnuecxnx npnemon npn nepeaue onoro omero coepxannx:
So long as men can breathe or eyes can see
So long lives this and this gives life to thee.
Hnrencnnnax xonneprennnx nosnonxer pasnnunrt n +rnx nyx crpoxax necxontxo pasntx nnon
nonropa.
1) Merp nepnonuecxoe nonropenne xmnuecxo cront.
2) 3nyxono nonrop n nne annnrepannn, xoropt mt noponee paccmorpnm n rnane V, long lives...
life.
3) Honrop cnon nnn ]pas so long ... so long; n annom cnyuae nonrop xnnxercx ana]opnuecxnm, rax
xax nonropxmmnecx +nemenrt pacnonoxent n nauane crpoxn.
129
4) Honrop mop]em (xoropt raxxe nastnamr uacrnuntm nonropom); sect nonropxercx xopnenax
mop]ema n cnonax live n life.
5) Honrop xoncrpyxnn napannentnte xoncrpyxnnn men can breathe n eyes can see cnnraxcnuecxn
nocrpoent onnaxono.
6) Bropo npnmep napannennsma: ...lives this and this gives... nocnr nasnanne xnasma. Xnasu cocronr n
rom, uro n nyx cocennx cnonocouerannxx (nnn npenoxennxx), nocrpoenntx na napannennsme, nropoe
crponrcx n oparno nocneonarentnocrn, rax uro nonyuaercx nepexpecrnoe pacnonoxenne onnaxontx
unenon nyx cmexntx xoncrpyxnn.
7) B annom npnmepe, onaxo, xnasm ocnoxnen rem, uro cnnraxcnuecxn onnaxonte +nemenrt this ...
this ntpaxent roxecrnenntmn cnonamn. Taxax ]nrypa, cocroxmax n nonropennn cnona na crtxe nyx
xoncrpyxnn, nastnaercx noxna1ou, anannnosncom, +nananencncom nnn crtxom. Hoxnar noxastnaer
cnxst mexy nymx nexmn, ynennunnaer ne rontxo +xcnpeccnnnocrt, no n pnrmnunocrt.
8) Cemanrnuecxn nonrop ...men can breathe = eyes can see, r.e. noxa cymecrnyer xnsnt.
Honrop nexcnuecxnx snauenn, r.e. naxonnenne cnnonnmon, n namem npnmepe npecrannen raxxe
cnryarnnntmn cnnonnmamn breathe n live. Mt paccmarpnnann ero n cnxsn c cnnonnmne na npnmepe LXI
conera Bexcnnpa (cm. c. 130).
Taxnm opasom, ne crpoxn Bexcnnpa amr nenym +nnnxnonenm nonropa. oannrt ocraercx
nemnoro. B ononnenne x npecrannenntm sect ana]ope n noxnary, n sanncnmocrn or pacnonoxennx
nonropxmmnxcx cnon, pasnnuamr eme +nnqopy, r.e. nonropenne cnona n xonne nyx nnn onee ]pas, n
xontnenon non1op, nnn pauxy (cm. tired with all these n LXVI conere, c. 64). Honropenne comson, xoropoe
yxe paccmarpnnanoct na npnmepe LXV1 conera, nastnaercx nonncnne1on.
uynxnnn nonropa n ra ononnnrentnax nn]opmannx, xoropym on necer, moryr trt nectma
pasnoopasntmn. Honrop moxer, nanpnmep, ntennrt rnannym nem nnn remy rexcra. Taxon
anannnosnc n xonne snamennro ot Knrca o rpeuecxo ypne:
Beauty is truth, truth beauty, that is all
Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know.
Hoxnar nouepxnnaer enncrno n axe roxecrnennocrt xpacort n npant. Hnnrnncrnuecxn +ro
ntpaxaercx rem, uro nonexamee n npenxarnn, cnxsannte rnaronom be, menxmrcx mecramn, a +ro
nosmoxno rontxo n rom cnyuae, ecnn mexy oosnauaemtmn nmn nonxrnxmn cymecrnyer roxecrno.
Honrop moxer ntnonnxrt n necxontxo ]ynxnn ononpemenno. B Hecnn o Iaanare I. Honr]enno
nonrop cosaer ]ontxnopnt xonopnr, necennym pnrmnunocrt, saxpennxer n nouepxnnaer nsanmocnxst
orentntx opason, cnnnax nx n ennym xaprnny.
Should you ask me, whence these stories?
Whence these legends and traditions,
With the odours of the forest,
With the dew and damp of meadows,
With the curling smoke of wigwams,
With the rushing of great rivers,
With their frequent repetitions,
And their wild reverberations,
As of thunder in the mountains?
I should answer, I should tell you,
From the forests and the prairies,
From the great lakes of the Northland,
From the land of the Ojibways,
From the land of the Dakotas,
From the mountains, moors and fenlands,
Where the heron, the Shuh-shuh-gah,
Feeds among the reeds and rushes.
I repeat them as I heard them
From the lips of Nawadaha,
130
The musician the sweet singer.
Should you ask where Nawadaha
Found these songs, so wild and wayward,
Found these legends and traditions,
I should answer, I should tell you,
In the bird-nests of the forest,
In the lodges of the beaver,
In the hoof prints of the bison,
In the eyrie of the eagle!
B nepntx crpo]ax Hecnn o Iaanare unrarent onxrt ncrpeuaercx c xonneprennne crnnncrnuecxnx
npnemon, n n nepnym ouepet nonropon, xoropax nnonr ero n xanp nnpnxo-+nnuecxoro nponsneennx,
crnnnsonannoro n yxe nnecxoro napono-no+rnuecxoro rnopuecrna. Honrop npnaer cxasy
pnrmnuecxn, necennt xapaxrep n oennxer n ono nenoe nepeuncnenne +nemenron npnpot xpax.
Hnrepecno, uro ncnontsonanne nonropa (frequent repetitions) cnennantno ynomxnyro n noxcneno anropom
xax sanmcrnonannoe nm y nnecxoro nenna Hanaaxn. A noxnnenne nonropon n necnxx Hanaaxn I.
Honr]enno oxcnxer nnnxnnem oxpyxamme npnpot (reverberations / As of thunder in the mountains).
Pasnnunoro poa nonropt moryr cnyxnrt naxntm cpecrnom cnxsn nnyrpn rexcra. Cnxst npn nomomn
npenoron nmeer onee xonxpernt xapaxrep, uem comsnax cnxst. B npnneennom npnmepe cnxst
ocymecrnnxercx ana]opnuecxnm nonropom npenoron with, from n in c napannentntmn xoncrpyxnnxmn n
nexoroptmn pyrnmn nonropamn. Cnxst nepeuncnenntx opason, cxnatnammnxcx n ony omym
xaprnny, tna t sameuena unrarenem n npn npocrom cneonannn nx pyr sa pyrom, r.e. xax ]ynxnnx
recnort pxa, no nonrop npenoron n xoncrpyxnn enaer +ry cnxst marepnantno ntpaxenno.
Hapxy c nexcnuecxnm cnnonnmnuecxnm nonropom (stories legends, moors fenlands), sect mnpoxo
npecrannen uncro cnnraxcnuecxn nonrop n nne onopontx unenon npenoxennx. Tounee,
nexcnuecxn cnnonnmnuecxn nonrop xnnxercx xax t pasnnrnem nonropa cnnraxcnuecxoro.
Ho+ma I. Honr]enno nastnaercx necne. Ho cnono song mnorosnauno, n snauenne, xoropoe nxnatnaer
n nero no+r, noxcnxercx rpemx onopontmn unenamn: stories, legends and traditions. Onoponte unent
nosnonxmr yrounnrt n erannsnponart coepxanne ntcxastnannx. Xapaxrep neren n rpannn,
paccxasanntx n necnn, noxcnxercx cepne npenoxntx ooporon, naunnammnxcx c npenora with.
3aymartcx na ncrounnxamn necnn sacrannxer nonropenne xocnennoro nonpoca co cnonom whence. B
ornere na +ror nonpoc onxrt cepnx onnaxontx no cnnraxcnuecxo ]ynxnnn n onnaxono nocrpoenntx,
r.e. napannentntx, xoncrpyxnn c ana]opnuecxnm npenorom from. Bnyrpn +ro cnnraxcnuecxo
xonneprennnn xonneprennnx onocnonntx onopontx unenon: the forests and the prairies... from the
mountains, moors and fenlands.
Xorx mnoroopasne ]ynxnn nonropa ocoenno cnntno npecranneno n no+snn, nocxontxy
crnxocnoxenne ocnonano na nonropnocrn xoncrpyxrnnntx +nemenron, nonrop nrpaer nemanym pont n n
npose. Oparnmcx x npnmepy. Henrpantno nponemo rnopuecrna 3.M. uopcrepa xnnxercx nponema
nsanmononnmannx n uenoneuecxnx xonraxron. B pomane Hoesxa n Hnnm +ra nponema peannsyercx n
ornomennxx anrnnuannna unnnnra n nnnna Asnsa. Bosmoxna nn pyxa mexy anrnnuannnom n
nnnnem? Konnonxa pomana coepxnr +monnonantnt, opasnt orner, ntpasnrentnocrt xoroporo n
snaunrentno mepe onnpaercx na nexcnuecxn nonrop:
Down with the English anyhow. That's certain. Clear out, you fellows, double quick, I say. We may
hate one another, but we hate you most. If I don't make you go, Ahmed will, Karim will, if it's fifty five
hundred years we shall get rid of you, yes, we shall drive every blasted Englishman into the sea, and
then he rode against him furiously and then, he concluded, half kissing him, you and I shall be
friends.
Why can't we be friends now? said the other, holding him affectionately. It's what I want. It's what
you want.
But the horses didn't want it they swerved apart; the earth didn't want it, sending up rocks through
which riders must pass single file; the temples, the tanks, the jail, the palace, the birds, the carrion, the
Guest House, that came into view as they issued from the gap and saw Man beneath: they didn't want it,
they said in their hundred voices, No, not yet, and the sky said No, not there.
131
(E.M. Forster. A Passage to India)
Hoesxa n Hnnm poman anrnxononnantnt. Anrop ero noxastnaer, uro nsanmononnmanne
napoon nosmoxno rontxo nocne ynnuroxennx xononnantnoro yrnerennx. oport orentntx nme, nx
crpemnennx x pyxe nx +roro neocrarouno, xaxnm t cnntntm +ro crpemnenne nn tno.
Cepnn nexcnuecxnx nonropon moryr uepeonartcx n rexcre nnn nepennerartcx, noono mornnam n
mystxantnom nponsneennn, npnuem xaxt px coornercrnyer xaxomy-nnyt onomy nenomy,
cmxernomy nnn +monnonantnomy mornny.
Bsnonnonannt mononor Asnsa coepxnr necxontxo orentntx nonropon: hate... hate, will... will, then...
then n cnnonnmnuecxn nonrop Down with the English... clear out... make you go... get rid of you... drive
every blasted Englishman into the sea.
Bonpoc unnnnra nnonr nont nonrop rnaron want; on n Asns xorxr trt pystxmn, no anropcxn
xommenrapn noxastnaer, uro n ycnonnxx xononnantno Hnnn +ro nenosmoxno, +romy npornnocronr nce
ro, uro nx oxpyxaer. Honropxxct ns onoro npenoxennx n pyroe, cnono want cnxstnaer nx n ennoe
nenoe. 3naunrentnocrt orptnxa onxrt yxastnaercx xonneprennne: napannentntmn xoncrpyxnnxmn,
narnerannem onopontx unenon n mera]opo, rax xax rnaron want coennxercx c cymecrnnrentntmn
neoymennenntmn. 3xcnpeccnnnocrt nepno uacrn orptnxa npenmymecrnenno ycnnnrentnax, nropo
opasnax.
Honrop n peun Asnsa nepeaer ero +monnonantnocrt, xapaxrep raxoro nonropa otuen nx npxmo
peun. B rom xe pomane on uacro ncnontsyercx raxnm opasom: Do you remember our mosque, Mrs
Moore? I do. I do, she said suddenly vital and young.
3xcnpeccnnnax nstrounocrt ranronornuecxoro xapaxrepa rnnnuna nx npocropeunx: Why don't you
shut your great big old gob, you poor bloody old fool! (J. Osborne. Entertainer).
Taxnm opasom, n n peuentx xapaxrepncrnxax nepconaxe nonropt pexo ntnonnxmr rontxo ony
xaxym-nnyt ]ynxnnm. Onn nourn ncera coueramr +xcnpeccnnnocrt n ]ynxnnonantno-crnnncrnuecxne
ueprt, +xcnpeccnnnocrt n +monnonantnocrt, +xcnpeccnnnocrt n ]ynxnnm cnxsn mexy npenoxennxmn.
Tanronornuecxn nonrop moxer nmert carnpnuecxym nanpannennocrt. Pasonauax nycrory n
onoopasne rnopuecrna cnoero nepconaxa, Mynpo nnmer: His Noontide Peace, a study of two dun cows
under a walnut tree, was followed by A Midday Sanctuary, a study of a walnut tree with two dun cows under
it.
Tan1onornen npnnxro nastnart nonrop, xoropt nnuero x coepxannm ntcxastnannx ne oannxer.
Kax nnno ns npnneenntx npnmepon, +ro ornocnrcx rontxo x nornuecxomy coepxannm coomennx, x
nn]opmannn nepnoro rnna. Bropo rnn nn]opmannn ranronornx nepeaer ocrarouno +]]exrnnno. Ona
moxer, nanpnmep, ncnontsonartcx nx peueno xapaxrepncrnxn nepconaxe.
Hponema nonropa npnnnexaer nnnmanne ouent mnornx nccneonarene, uncno paor, nocnxmenntx
nonropy, nenpeptnno pacrer. Fontmo nnrepec npecrannxer saaua pasrpannuennx nonropa
ntpasnrentnoro cpecrna n crnnncrnuecxoro npnema, c ono cropont, n nonropa rnna ntnnxennx,
oecneunnammero crpyxrypnym cnxsannocrt nenoro rexcra n ycranannnnammero nepapxnm ero
+nemenron, c pyro.
8. Cnn1axcnuecxne cnocom xounpeccnn
(nponycx nornuecxn neoxonumx +neuen1on nmcxasmnannn)
Hponycx nornuecxn neoxonmtx +nemenron ntcxastnannx moxer npnnnmart pasnte ]opmt n nmert
pasnte crnnncrnuecxne ]ynxnnn. nnenne +ro onontno ocroxrentno nsyueno n onncano crnnncrnxo n
uncne ]nryp peun. Cma ornocxrcx ncnontsonanne onococranntx n nenonntx npenoxenn (+nnnnc),
eccomsne, ymonuanne nnn nnsxn x nemy anosnonesnc n senrma.
Homnnarnnnte onococrannte npenoxennx nmemr ontmo +xcnpeccnnnt norennnan, nocxontxy
cymecrnnrentnte, xnnxmmnecx nx rnanntm unenom, conmemamr n cee opas npemera n nem ero
cymecrnonannx. Onn ncnontsymrcx n onncannxx ocranonxn ecrnnx n nauane pomana nnn rnant, n
anropcxnx pemapxax n nauane ntec, n nmtx onncannxx, re omax xaprnna cxnatnaercx ns orentntx
+nemenron, a raxxe n n nnamnuecxom nonecrnonannn.
Plant has two rooms down an area in Ellam Street. Shop in front, sitting room behind. We went in
through the shop. Smell of boot polish like a lion cage. Back room with an old kitchen range. Good
132
mahogany table. Horsehair chairs. Bed in corner made up like a sofa. Glass-front bookcase full of nice
books, Chambers's Encyclopedia. Bible dictionary. Sixpenny Philosophers.
(J. Gary. The Horse's Mouth)
Bropax uacrt orptnxa cocronr ns onococranntx, no ne onocnonntx npenoxenn. Cneyer oparnrt
nnnmanne na ro, uro onococrannte npenoxennx ne coepxar pasentnoro ntpaxennx cyexra n
npenxara, ne moryr no+romy cunrartcx nenonntmn n oennxmrcx co cnyuaxmn nponycxa nornuecxn
neoxonmtx +nemenron nocrontxy, nocxontxy n re n pyrne xnnxmrcx cpecrnamn cnnraxcnuecxo
xomnpeccnn.
Paccmarpnnax cnnraxcnuecxym xomnpeccnm nn]opmannn n xyoxecrnenno nnreparype, neoxonmo
nomnnrt, uro crnnt +ro ne conoxynnocrt npnemon, a orpaxenne nocnpnxrnx oxpyxamme
ecrnnrentnocrn, opasnoro nnennx mnpa n opasnoro mtmnennx. Crnnt ne cocronr ns ]nryp n rponon,
xorx n rexnnxe nsopaxennx onn n nrpamr naxnym pont, on cxnatnaercx ns mnoxecrna pasnnuntx
]axropon n, n uacrnocrn, ns nsanmoecrnnx oropaxaemo peantnocrn n ecrnnrentno nnn
npnrnopno nnnnnyantnocrn paccxasunxa, ronopxmero nepconaxa n noome ornpannrenx coomennx.
Cnnraxcnuecxne xoncrpyxnnn nonyuamr crnnncrnuecxym ]ynxnnm, nocxontxy onn cnoe
naxonnunocrtm nnn, nanpornn, pasnepnyrocrtm, nnn pyrnmn xauecrnamn cnxsant co crpoem mtmnennx,
orpaxenntm n nponsneennn, c xapaxrepom n ocoennocrxmn nocnpnxrnx nnna, or nmenn xoroporo
neercx nonecrnonanne.
Hpnneem eme onn orptnox ns roro xe pomana x. K+pn, urot noxasart, xax nnnnnyantnocrt
paccxasunxa orpaxaercx n cnnraxcnuecxom nocrpoennn nesaxntx onncann.
Surrey all in one blaze like a forest fire. Great clouds of dirty yellow smoke rolling up. Nine carat
gold. Sky water-green to lettuce green. A few top clouds, yellow and solid as lemons. River disappeared
out of its hole. Just a gap full of the same fire, the same smoky gold, the same green. Far bank like a
magic island floating in the green.
Hpnmep coepxnr n pyro nn xomnpeccnn snauamee orcyrcrnne aprnxnx, nnnrnncrnuecxn
penenanrnoe uepes npornnonocrannenne mapxnponannomy uneny onnosnnnn, r.e. cymecrnnrentnomy c
aprnxnem. Fnaronpnxrnte ycnonnx nx onymennx aprnxnx cosamrcx ncera npn napannentnom
nocrpoennn npenoxennx nnn cnonocouerannx, npn nannunn onopontx unenon*. B +rom npnmepe
orcyrcrnne aprnxnx naxno n no pyro npnunne. Hyneno aprnxnt noxastnaer, uro oosnauennt
cymecrnnrentntm npemer mtcnnrcx xax nsnecrnoe ornneuenne. B annom cnyuae xax xyoxecrnennt
opas. nx repox-paccxasunxa n +rom pomane xnsnt nencronoe, nenpeptnnoe rnopuecrno. Ero sopxn
rnas xyoxnnxa c neocnano nnrencnnnocrtm ntxnartnaer ns oxpyxammero ero spnmoro mnpa nce
nonte xonxpernte erann, mtcnenno xnmcon moennpyer nx n xyoxecrnennte opast, roronte x
romy, urot nepern na nonorno. 3ror nororonnrentnt +ran rnopuecrna sannmaer ontmoe mecro n
pomane. Hmenno +ror nponecc xanoro naxonnennx opason n rnopuecxo namxrn n nepeamr
+xcnenrpnuecxn cnnraxcnuecxn pncynox n nyneno aprnxnt.
* Cm. ananns noonoro rexcra
3nnnnc moxer trt ntpaxen nenonntmn npenoxennxmn. Henonntm npenoxennem nastnaercx
npocroe nycocrannoe npenoxenne, nosnnnonnax moent xoroporo ne nonnocrtm ntpaxena cnonecntmn
]opmamn, r.e. raxoe, n xoropom ona nnn oe rnannte nosnnnn ntpaxent orpnnarentno. Hponymennte
+nemenrt ntcxastnannx nerxo noccranannnnamrcx n annom xonrexcre.
Fyyun ocoenno xapaxrepntm nx pasronopno peun, +nnnnc axe n nne nanora npnaer
ntcxastnannm nnronannm xnno peun, nnamnunocrt, a nnora n nexoropym onepnrentnym npocrory.
Hponycx comson moxer trt nponxronan rpeonannxmn pnrma. Hpn nnnntx nepeuncnennxx on aer
crpemnrentnym cmeny xaprnn nnn nouepxnnaer nactmennocrt orentntmn uacrntmn nneuarnennxmn n
npeenax ome xaprnnt, nenosmoxnocrt nepeuncnnrt nx nce.
Many windows
Many floors
Many people
133
Many stores
Many streets
And many hangings
Many whistles
Many clangings
Many, many, many, many
Many of everything, many of any.
(D.J. Bisset)
Hcnontsonanne eccomsno cnxsn npnnonr x romy, uro cnnraxcnuecxax nentnocrt cnoxnoro enncrna
oxastnaercx ntpaxenno coornomennem ocnonntx xoncrpyxrnnntx ennnn n pnrmomenonuecxnmn
cpecrnamn, uro npnaer peun ontmym cxarocrt, xomnaxrnocrt n uacro nnamnunocrt.
Vmonuanne n nnsxn x nemy anosnonesnc cocroxr n +monnonantnom optne ntcxastnannx, no npn
ymonuannn ronopxmn cosnarentno npeocrannxer cnymarenm oraartcx o neocxasannom, a npn
anosnonesnce on ecrnnrentno nnn npnrnopno ne moxer npoonxart or nonnennx nnn nepemnrentnocrn.
Oe ]nrypt nacrontxo nnsxn, uro nx uacro rpyno pasnnunrt.
Emily: George, please don't think of that. I don't know why I said it. It's not true. You're
George: No, Emily, you stick to it. I'm glad you spoke to me like you did. But you'll see: I'm going to
change so quick. ... you bet I'm going to change. And, like you say, being gone all that time... in
other places and meeting other people... Gosh, if anything like that can happen I don't want to go
away. I guess new people aren't any better than old ones. I'll bet they almost never are. Emily... I
feel that you're as good a friend as I've got. I don't need to go and meet the people in other town.
Emily: But, George, maybe it's very important for you to go and learn all that about cattle judging and
soils and those things... Of course, I don't know.
George (after a pause, very seriously): Emily, I'm going to make up my mind right now. I won't go. I'll tell
Pa about it tonight.
Emily: Why, George, I don't see why you have to decide right now. It's a whole year away.
George: Emily, I'm glad you spoke to me about that... that fault in my character. What you said was
right; but there was one thing wrong in it, and that was when you said that for a year I wasn't
noticing people, and... you, for instance. Why, you say you were watching me when I did
everything... I was doing the same about you all the time. Why, sure, I always thought about
you as one of the chief people I thought about. I always made sure where you were sitting on the
bleacher and who you were with, and for three days now I've been trying to walk home with
you; but something always got in the way. Yesterday I was standing over against the wall
waiting for you, and you walked home with Miss Corcoran.
Emily: George!.. Life's awful funny! How could I have known that? Why, I thought
George: Listen, Emily, I'm going to tell you why I'm not going to Agriculture School. I think that
once you've found a person that you're very fond of... I mean a person who's fond of you,
too, and likes you enough to be interested in your character... Well, I think that's just as
important as college is, and even more so. That's what I think...
Emily: I think that's awfully important, too.
George: Emily.
Emily: Ye-s, George.
George: Emily, if I do improve and make a big change... would you be... I mean: could you be...
Emily: I... I am now; I always have been.
George (pause): So I guess this is an important talk we've been having.
Emily: Yes... yes.
B +rom oxcnennn n nmnn nyx mntx cymecrn n ntece T. Vanepa Ham ropo ncnontsyemt
anropom anosnonesnc nepeaer nonnenne repoen. Hayst or nonnennx sect ne ncera nxnmuamr
anosnonesnc. Hnora onn ormeuamrcx n nocne saxonuenntx npenoxenn. Hanpnmep: Why, you say you
were watching me when I did everything... I was doing the same about you all the time npenoxennx
saxonuent, n nonnenne ntaer rontxo naysa. Ho ]past: Emily, if I do improve and make a big change...
134
would you be... I mean: could you be... nocrpoent na anosnonesnce: xopx ne moxer npoonxart or
nonnennx.
Concem pyro xapaxrep nmeer ymonuanne n cneymme cnene ns ntect T. Vnntxmca Bnesanno
npomntm nerom. Forarax crapyxa mnccnc Bnnen ntraercx noxynnrt npaua, urot sacrannrt ero
cenart onepannm na mosre cnoe necuacrno nnemxnnnne, pasonauenn xoropo ona onrcx. Bce
ymonuannx ocnonant na rom, uro ronopxmne, n ocoenno oxrop, ne xorxr nastnart nemn cnonmn
nmenamn.
Doctor: Mrs Venable?
Mrs V.: Yes.
Doctor: In your letter, last week you made some reference to a to a fund of some kind, an endowment
fund of
Mrs V.: I wrote you that my lawyers and bankers and certified public accountants were setting up the
Sebastian Memorial Foundation to subsidize the work of young people like you that are pushing
out the frontiers of art and science but have financial problems. You have a financial problem,
don't you, Doctor?
Doctor: Yes, we do have that problem. My work is such a new and radical thing that people in charge of
state funds are naturally a little scared of it and keep us on a small budget, so small that . We
need a separate ward for my patients, I need trained assistants, I'd like to marry a girl. I can't
afford to marry! But here's also the problem of getting the right patients, not just criminal
psychopaths that the state turns over to us for my operations because it's well risky... I don't
want to turn you against my work at Lion's View but 1 have to be honest with you. There is a
good deal of risk in my operation. Whenever you enter the brain with a foreign object...
Mrs V.: Yes.
Doctor: Even a needle-thin knife...
Mrs V.: Yes.
Doctor: In a skilled surgeon fingers...
Mrs V.: Yes.
Doctor: There is a great deal of risk involved in the operation...
Mrs V.: You said that it pacifies them, it quiets them down, it suddenly makes them peaceful.
Doctor: Yes, it does that, that much we already know, but...
Mrs V.: What?
Doctor: Well, it will be ten years before we can tell if the immediate benefits of the operation will be
lasting or passing or even if there'd still be and this is what haunts me about it! any
possibility, afterwards, of reconstructing a totally sound person. It may be that the person will
always be limited afterwards, relieved of acute disturbances but limited, Mrs Venable...
9. Cnn1axcnuecxan xonneprennnn
Btme yxe ne pas mna peut o cnnraxcnuecxo xonneprennnn xax onom ns nnon nonropa. Vunrtnax
ontmym pacnpocrpanennocrt n crnnncrnuecxym snaunmocrt +roro xnnennx, ocranonnmcx na nem
nopono.
Cnn1axcnuecxon xonneprennnen nastnaercx rpynna ns necxontxnx connaammnx no ]ynxnnn
+nemenron, oennenntx onnaxontm cnnraxcnuecxnm ornomennem x nounnxmmemy nx cnony nnn
npenoxennm. 3ro moxer trt rpynna onopontx unenon npenoxennx: To make a separate peace with
poverty, filth, immorality or ignorance is treason to the rest of the human race (S. Levenson. Everything but
Money).
B annom cnyuae npenoxenne coepxnr rpynny npenoxntx ononnenn, cnxsanntx co cnonom
peace. B pyrnx cnyuaxx xonneprennnm opasymr onoponte onpeenennx, ocroxrentcrna,
npnnoxennx, nonexamne nnn cxasyemte. Onn moryr es nsmenennx rpammarnuecxoro cmtcna
coennxrtcx comsamn nnn npocro cneonart pyr sa pyrom.
Pasnepnyrte cnnraxcnuecxne xonneprennnn nosnonxmr nonyunrt nectma mnpoxne oomennx. u.
MaxTnnnn cneymmnmn cnonamn xapaxrepnsyer pont xenmnnt: In Alaskan igloos, in Swiss chalets, and
Spanish casas in tenements, palaces, split level ranch houses every place in the world where men and children
come home to sleep, or eat, or brag of their exploits, or plan excursions, or be comforted, housewives are
135
concocting that comfort.
Konneprennnx moxer trt cosana n ennnnamn pyroro yponnx, nanpnmep, npnarountmn
npenoxennxmn n cocrane cnoxnonounnennoro npenoxennx, ornocxmnmncx x onomy n romy xe cnony
rnannoro.
But what they must not look for in real life, what they would expect in vain, what it is necessary to
guard them against, is supposing that such conduct will make a similar impression on those around
them, that the sacrifices they make will be considered and the principles on which they act understood
and valued, as the novel writer, at his good pleasure, makes them. (Extracts, from the Journals and
Correspondence of Miss Berry from the year 1783 to 1852, ed. Lady Theresa Lewis, 1865, quoted from
The Pelican Guide to English Literature.)
Cxasyemoe is supposing n +rom npnmepe cnxsano c rpemx npnarountmn nonexamnmn: what they
must... what they would... what it is necessary... n rpemx npnarountmn ononnnrentntmn: that such
conduct...that the sacrifices...and the principles.
K cnnraxcnuecxo xonneprennnn cneyer raxxe ornecrn nepeuncnnrentnte npenoxennx, r.e.
eccomsnte cnoxnte npenoxennx, cocroxmne ns pxa onopontx counnenntx npenoxenn.
nnenne cnnraxcnuecxo xonneprennnn nopono nccneonano H. Hypna n ee monorpa]nn o Hpycre n
M.E. Onopcxo*. H. Hypna nastnaer +ro xnnenne ne cnnraxcnuecxo, a crnnncrnuecxo xonneprennne,
sanmcrnyx, xax ona nnmer, +ror repmnn y Pn]]arepa. Ho Pn]]arep npnmenxer repmnn xonneprennnx n
nnom cmtcne n c pyro e]nnnnne, a nmenno xax axxymynxnnm n onpeenenno rouxe rexcra
necxontxnx pasntx crnnncrnuecxnx npnemon, +xcnpeccnnnocrt xoroptx cxnatnaercx npn ntnonnennn
ome crnnncrnuecxo ]ynxnnn.
* Louria I. La convergence stylistique chez Proust. Paris, 1957; Oouopcra M.E. Cnnraxcnuecxne xonneprennnn. Vuen.
san. HIHH nm. A.H. Iepnena. 1972. T. 491.
Hocxontxy cnnraxcnuecxax xonneprennnx, o xoropo ner peut n annom naparpa]e, nepexo
ocnoxnxercx pyrnmn crnnncrnuecxnmn npnemamn: nonropom, napannentntmn xoncrpyxnnxmn,
mnorocomsnem (nonncnneronom), ana]opo, cnnonnmamn, annnrepanne, cnnnencncom, nnnepcne n r..,
ro, coueraxct c nnmn, ona ecrnnrentno nepexo aer crnnncrnuecxym xonneprennnm, no nce xe ne
roxecrnenna e n onxna paccmarpnnartcx xax onn ns rnnon nonropa.
3]]exr cnnraxcnuecxo xonneprennnn moxer trt ocnonan na cemanrnuecxo neonoponocrn
cnnraxcnuecxn onopontx unenon. Tax, xomnuecxn nnn carnpnuecxn +]]exr cosaercx rax
nastnaemtm xaornuecxnm nepeuncnennem, npn xoropom n onn px cranxrcx npemert menxne,
nposanuecxne n nosntmennte, xnnte nmn n acrpaxrnte nonxrnx, anexoe n nnsxoe. B nauane pomana
C. Fennoy Ienepcon xopont oxx raxoe xaornuecxoe nepeuncnenne nepeaer cmxrenne repox,
cnoxnocrt n sanyrannocrt ero ornomenn c oxpyxammnmn.
What made me take this trip to Africa? There is no quick explanation. Things got worse and worse and
worse and pretty soon they were too complicated.
When I think of my condition at the age of fifty-five when I bought the ticket, all is grief. The facts
begin to crowd me and soon I get a pressure in the chest. A disorderly rush begins my parents, my
wives, my girls, my children, my farm, my animals, my habits, my money, my music lessons, my
drunkenness, my prejudices, my brutality, my teeth, niy face, my soul! I have to cry, No, no, get back,
curse you, let me alone! But how can they let me alone? They belong to me. They are mine. And they
pile into me from all sides. It turns into chaos.
Ienepcon ntraercx oxcnnrt, xax cnyunnoct, uro on pemnn yexart n A]pnxy. Hepnax rpynna
onopontx unenon nonrop npenxarnnon got worse and worse and worse ycnnena mnorocomsnem.
Crnnncrnuecxax ]ynxnnx napacranne esnaexnocrn. Cneymmax rpynna onnctnaer ecnopxounym
cymaroxy (disorderly rash) nanannnmnxcx na repox ]axron: ero ponrenn, ero xent, ero nmonnnnt, ero
ern, ero ]epma, ero xnnornte, ero npnntuxn, ero entrn, ero ypoxn mystxn n r.. Oennenne n onom
pxy ponrene n syon, xen (no mnoxecrnennom uncne) n ymn, nmonnnn n ypoxon mystxn n r..
noxastnaer, xax oruaxnno sanyrancx repo.
Cnnraxcnuecxax xonneprennnx ocnoxnxercx napannentntmn xoncrpyxnnxmn, npnuem cnnraxcnuecxn
136
napannennsm nanmaercx nnyrpn npenoxennx n coueraercx c ana]opo. Bce onoponte unent
nepeuncnennx ynorpenent c npnrxxarentntm mecronmennem my. B +ro crnnncrnuecxo xonneprennnn,
opasonanno xaornuecxnm nepeuncnennem n ana]opnuecxnmn napannentntmn xoncrpyxnnxmn, my
nrpaer ouent naxnym pont. Ienepcony ouent rpyno nsannrtcx or ncex nsmyunnmnx ero oys nmenno
noromy, uro nce +ro npnnanexnr emy. 3ro ocroxrentcrno n antnemem nouepxnyro cnnonnmnuntmn
n npnnnsnrentno napannentntmn xoncrpyxnnxmn n npenoxennxx: They belong to me. They are mine.
Cnnnencncou nastnaercx oennenne nyx nnn onee onopontx unenon, rax nnn nnaue
pasnnuammnxcx n rpammarnuecxom ornomennn. B annom npnmepe nanmaercx cnnnencnc uncna onn
+nemenrt pxa croxr no mnoxecrnennom uncne: ponrenn, xent, nmonnnnt, ern, xnnornte, npnntuxn,
ypoxn mystxn, npepaccyxn, syt; pyrne n enncrnennom: ]epma, xannran, ntxncrno, xecroxocrt,
nnno, yma. Bonnt Ienepcona: No, no, get back, curse you, let me alone! roxe cnnraxcnuecxax
xonneprennnx cnauana c nonropom, norom npeptnaemax nnontm +monnonantntm curse you.
Hnora cnnnencncom nastnamr raxxe xoncrpyxnnn c neonopontmn cnxsxmn nounnenntx
+nemenron c omnm nounnxmmnm cnonom, cosammne raxnm opasom xomnuecxn +]]exr:
She was seen washing clothes with industry and a cake of soap. He lost his hat and his temper. The Rich
arrived in pairs and also in Rolls Royces. (H. Belloc) ...whether she would break her heart, or break the
looking glass; Mr Bounderby could not at all foresee.
(Ch. Dickens)
3ry pasnonnnocrt cnnnencnca nastnamr senruon.
uynxnnn cnnraxcnuecxnx xonneprennnn nectma pasnoopasnt*.
* Crnnncrnuecxoe ]ynxnnonnponanne couerann ns rpex n onee cnon, oennenntx counnnrentno cnxstm, ncecroponne
nccneonano M.E. Onopcxo, xoropax noxastnaer pont +roro rnna xonneprennnn xax ocooro rnna xonrexcra,
cnococrnymmero ne rontxo ntxnnennm snauennx neonosnauntx cnon, no n npnpamennm nn]opmannn.
pxne npnmept xonneprennnn, nexamnx n ocnone xpacouno pnrmnuecxo npost, unrarent naer y
. Tomaca n B. O'Kecn. Fontmo nnrepec n +rom ornomennn npecrannxer nauano anronorpa]nuecxoro
pomana B. O'Kecn cryuyct n nept, uertpe nepntx crpannnt xoroporo nmemamr rontxo rpn
npenoxennx n onnctnamr ero poxenne n ynnne n 80-x roax npomnoro cronernx n ynnn rex ner
pasnepnyrtmn xonneprennnxmn, anax noponym n xpxym xaprnny omecrnenno n xyntrypno xnsnn n
tra crpant. Konneprennnn y B. O'Kecn nxoxr ona n pyrym, nepenneramrcx, narneramr +nnrert,
opast, pnrmt, amr emy nosmoxnocrt mnpoxoro oxnara ecrnnrentnocrn n nepexoa or erane x
mnpouamnm oomennxm.
B nepnom npenoxennn sa nonexamnm a mother in child-pain cneymr ecxrt cxasyemtx,
onnctnammnx pot, nocnenee ns xoroptx pressed a little boy out of the womb into the world where... aer
nauano nono xonneprennnn, cnxsanno co cnonom world:
Where white horses... Where soldiers paraded... Where a great poet named Tennyson... Where energy
was poured out in bibles... Where it was believed... Where Ruskin... Where almost all found all in all in
God... Where every shrubbery... put a latchkey into the pocket of every catholic and protestant for a
private gateway into the kingdom of heaven. And the woman in child-pain...
Kaxoe where naunnaer nont asan, nnyrpn xoroporo pasnnnamrcx nonte xonneprennnn, rouxo
xonuaercx rontxo nocnenn asan.
In Dublin, sometime in the early eighties, on the last day of the month of March, a mother in child-pain
clenched her teeth, dug her knees home into the bed, sweated and panted and grunted, became a tense
living mass of agony and effort, groaned and pressed and groaned and pressed and pressed a little boy out
of the womb into a world where white horses and black horses and brown horses and white and black
horses and brown and white horses trotted tap-tap-tap tap-tap-tappety-tap over cobble stones conceitedly
in front of landau, brougham, or vis-a-vis; lumberingly in front of tramcar, pantingly and patiently in front
of laden lorry, dray or float; and gaily in front of the merry and irresponsible jaunting-car.
Where soldiers paraded, like figures taken out of a toybox, wearing their red coats with yellow
137
breastpieces; blue jackets with white breastpieces; and tight trousers with red stripes or white stripes or
yellow stripes down the whole length of each leg; marching out on each royal birthday of the Queen to
the Phoenix Park for a Review and Sham Battle, with guns and lances and swords and cannons; going by
the Saluting Point at a quick march, or at a trot, and lastly, at a gallop, with a thunder of hoofs and a rattle
of shaking cannon, that made all hearts quiver with hope for a new war; while the soldiers having got
back to the barracks when the fun was all over, rubbed down their sweating horses or cleaned their rifles,
murmuring all the time against the birthdays of queens that gave them all so much mucking about for
nothing.
Where a great poet named Tennyson, antici-pating Hollywood, had built up in the studio of his mind,
his come into the garden, Maud, the black bat night has flown; and had sent his cardboard kings and
warriors and uncompromising virgins out into the highways and byways.
Where...*
Where...
Where...
Where almost all found all in all in God on Sundays; and the rest of the week found all in all in bustles,
Bibles and bassinets; preaching, prisons and puseyism; valentines, Victoria crosses, and vaccination; tea
fights, tennis and transsubstantiation; magic lanterns, minstrel shows, and mioramas; music halls,
melodramas, and melodeons; antimacassars, moonlighting, and midwives; fashions, fenians, and fancy-
fairs; musk, money, and monarchy.
Where...
And the woman...
(S. O'Casey. I Knock at the Door)
* uacrt asanen n antnemem onymena.
Onoponte unent otuno ncnontsymrcx nx nepeuncnennx nnontx nonxrn, ornocxmnxcx x
onomy n romy xe poy. Taxono nepeuncnenne pasntx macre nomae n pasntx rnnon +xnnaxe n
nepnom asane. Konneprennnx xonxpernsnpyer nenoe, onnctnaer ero n eranxx n nouepxnnaer
mnoxecrno n pasnoopasne rex oexron, xoropte n antnemem samyr noopaxenne mantunxa. Taxono
nepeuncnenne pasntx nneron n omynnponannn conar n nx opyxnx: with guns and lances and swords and
cannons. Hocnenn px opasyer n cmtcnonym rpaannm: xaxt nocneymmn ns onopontx unenon
oxastnaercx onee nneuarnxmmnm, uem npetymn. Hpnnararentnte nnera yuacrnymr n xonneprennnxx
+roro rexcra no mnory pas. 3ro ne cnyuano: n antnemem xpacora n paocrt, xoropte amr uenonexy
cneronte n nneronte nneuarnennx, sannmamr ontmoe mecro n pomane no xonrpacry, noromy uro ns ncex
e n nnmenn, ntnanmnx na onm mantunxa, nepnonuecxax norepx spennx ns-sa rxxeno onesnn rnas
ero rnannax rparenx.
Pacxoxenne mexy rpannnonno n cnryarnnno oosnauammnm n xonneprennnn moxer trt
xonnuecrnenntm n xauecrnenntm. Hpn orcyrcrnnn crnnncrnuecxo ]ynxnnn uncno onopontx unenon
ornocnrentno pexo npentmaer rpn; onee ntcoxne uncna, xax npannno, +xcnpeccnnnt. Hocunraem
+nemenrt xonneprennnn n nauane pomana B. O'Kecn: ocroxrentcrna npemenn (2), cxasyemte x
cymecrnnrentnomy a mother (10), nonexamne npnarounoro npenoxennx (5), ocroxrentcrna opasa
ecrnnx (5) n r.. Cxasyemoe n rnarontno ]opme trotted nocranneno n npnarounom npenoxennn, n
nauane nnnno cepnn ornocxmnxcx x nemy ocroxrentcrn, a n antnemem ono nopasymenaercx;
naroapx +romy onymennm cnona, nponnuecxn xapaxrepnsymmne noneenne nomae, oxastnamrcx
ntenenntmn: conceitedly, lumberingly, pantingly, patiently, gaily.
Hoonoe pacxoxenne mexy rpannne n rexcrom moxno nasnart crpyxrypntm.
Kauecrnennoe pacxoxenne mexy rpannnonno n cnryarnnno oosnauammnm moxer npn
xonneprennnn nmert xapaxrep cemanrnuecxo nnn rpammarnuecxo neonoponocrn, nnn anaxony]a.
Anaxonyqou nastnaercx napymenne npannntno cnnraxcnuecxo cnxsn, npn xoropom coennxemte
uacrn npenoxennx noxoxr no cmtcny, no ne cornaconant rpammarnuecxn. B npnneennom ntme
orptnxe ns xnnrn B. O'Kecn npnmepom anaxony]a xnnxercx asan o no+re-naypeare A. Tennncone (c.
261). Hpenepexnrentnoe ornomenne B. O'Kecn x xapaxrepno nx rnopuecrna +roro no+ra
neannsannn ecrnnrentnocrn n rporarentno xpacnnocrn ntpaxaercx opasno: Tennncon npenocxnrnn
Ionnnny n nocrponn n cnoem noopaxennn xnnocrynm, re pasnopaunnaercx menopamarnuecxn
138
nmonnt cmxer ero no+mt Mo. Anaxony] n annom cnyuae coennen c annmsne. Hmeercx n nny
nauano XXII necnn Mo:
Come into the garden, Maud,
For the black bat. Night, has flown,
Come into the garden, Maud,
I am here at the gate alone...
Hapymenne cnnraxcnuecxo cnxsn cocronr n rom, uro onpeenxemtm x npnrxxarentnomy
mecronmennm his oxastnaercx nonennrentnoe npenoxenne, rpa]nuecxn nnxax ne ntenennoe.
Henocpecrnenno sa anaxony]om cneyer nepeuncnenne pyrnx nepconaxe Tennncona, naenenntx
nponnuecxnmn +nnreramn.
B saxnmuenne naparpa]a nouepxnem, uro onncannax sect cnnraxcnuecxax xonneprennnx ornocnrcx x
cnnraxcncy. Hpnmennrentno x onee ntcoxomy yponnm, r.e. x ntnnxennm, noont xonrexcr opasyer
pasnepnyroe cnennenne (cm. c. 8791).
10. Ax1yantnoe unenenne npenoaennn
nx oosnauennx mecra, sannmaemoro n crpyxrype nenoro rexcra remn nnn nntmn xstxontmn
+nemenramn, npnnxro nontsonartcx repmnnom yponent, nonyunnmnm sa nocnenne rot mnpoxoe
pacnpocrpanenne n nnnrnncrnxe. B +ro xnnre mt ronopnm o ]onernuecxom, nexcnuecxom,
mop]onornuecxom n cnnraxcnuecxom yponnxx. F.A. Hntnm cunraer, uro nocne rpyon uexocnonanxnx
xstxoneon B. Maresnyca n . unpaca n nemenxoro xstxonea K. Foocra ena nn moxno comnenartcx n
rom, uro ocot yponent npecrannxer n axryantnoe unenenne npenoxenn n uro +ror yponent ne
connaaer nn c cnnraxcnuecxnm, nn c xaxnm pyrnm yponnem*.
* H.iuu B.A. O axryantnom unenennn npenoxennx. Bonpoct reopnn anrnncxoro n nemenxoro xstxon. Vuen. san.
HIHH nm. A.H. Iepnena. 1969. - T. 352.
Crnnncrt (nepnonauantno crnnncrt npaxcxo mxont, a renept nourn nce) ycmarpnnamr n eme onn
yponent rexcrono, npn xoropom nccneonarent nmeer eno c xareropnxmn, ]ynxnnonnpymmnmn n
pamxax onee mnpoxnx, uem pamxn npenoxennx. Ha rexcronom yponne nccneymrcx pasnnunte nnt
nepeaun peun anropa n nepconaxe, crpyxrypa n ]ynxnnn asanen, pyrne xomnosnnnonnte npnemt n
cpecrna cnxsn n ntnnxennx.
Axryantnoe unenenne npenoxennx npornnonocrannxercx ]opmantnomy unenennm ero na
rpammarnuecxn cyexr n rpammarnuecxn npenxar, no ono ntxcnxer cnoco nxnmuennx npenoxennx
n npemerno-remarnuecxn xonrexcr ncero ntcxastnannx. Ocnonnte +nemenrt axryantnoro unenennx
npenoxennx +ro ncxonax rouxa nnn ocnona ntcxastnannx, ro ecrt ro, uro xnnxercx n anno cnryannn
nsnecrntm nnn no xpane mepe moxer trt nerxo nonxro n ns uero ncxonr ronopxmn, n xpo
ntcxastnannx, ro ecrt ro, uro ronopxmn coomaer o ncxono rouxe ntcxastnannx*.
* Mamesuvc B. O rax nastnaemom axryantnom unenennn npenoxennx. B c.: Hpaxcxn nnnrnncrnuecxn xpyxox. M.,
1967. C. 239.
B cnxsnom ntcxastnannn xaxoe nocneymmee npenoxenne coepxnr n xauecrne 1eum ro, o uem yxe
ronopnnoct n npemecrnymmem, uro nnnrnncrnuecxn nepeaercx mecronmenntm samemennem, nonropom,
onpeenenntm aprnxnem n r.. Hepnoe npenoxenne rexcra npn +rom oxastnaercx nonnocrtm xpom
ntcxastnannx (peuon). 3ro otuno trnnoe npenoxenne c omnm yxasannem npemenn (Once upon a
time there lived a king). Ho nncarent nepexo oxonrcx es raxoro npenoxennx n naunnaer
nonecrnonanne o repoe rax, xax yro n on, n cnryannx, o xoropo ner peut, nam yxe snaxomt (cpannnre:
Hecnnx nomen onaxt na oxory n Xnn onn necnnx, n nomen on onaxt na oxory).
Axryantnoe unenenne npenoxennx enenne na remy (r.e. annoe) n pemy (nonoe) orxptnaer nx
crnnncrnxn ontmne n noxa nourn ne ncnontsonannte nosmoxnocrn. Hpn nsyuennn rexcra c rouxn
spennx axryantnoro unenennx npenoxennx npnnnmamrcx no nnnmanne raxne ]axropt, xax nonropenne
cnon, yxe ynorpenenntx panee, ncnontsonanne mecronmenn, onpeenennt n neonpeenennt
aprnxnn, remarnuecxax cnxst cnon n mnoroe pyroe.
B xauecrne npnmepa nx raxoro anannsa F.A. Hntnm n yxasanno crarte paccmarpnnaer camoe nauano
139
nepno rnant pomana 3. Xemnnry+x Ho xom snonnr xonoxon n npnnonr cneymmn orptnox:
He lay flat on the brown, pine-needled floor of the forest, his chin on his folded arms, and high
overhead the wind blew in the tops of the pine-trees. The mountainside sloped gently where he lay; but
below it was steep and he could see the dark of the oiled road winding through the pass. There was a
stream alongside the road and far down the pass he saw a mill beside the stream and the falling water of
the dam, white in the summer sunlight.
B nepnom npenoxennn remo xnnxercx he, a pemo ncx ocrantnax uacrt npenoxennx. To, uro +ror
on monoo amepnxancxn o]nnep Poepr xopan, cpaxammncx na cropone pecnynnxannen,
unrarent ysnaer rontxo nocrenenno, n npnrom snaunrentno nosnee. B nauane xe pomana
nopasymenaercx, uro +ro n xaxo-ro mepe yxe nsnecrno. Boome 3. Xemnnry+ coomaer cymecrnennym
nonym nn]opmannm nonyrno n rax, xax yro ona n ne xnnxercx nono, uro, no mnennm F.A. Hntnma,
npnaer crnnm 3. Xemnnry+x ocoym ocrpory n ntpasnrentnocrt. Bnyrpn xpynno pemt n nepnom
npenoxennn ntenxmrcx onee menxne orpesxn, xoropte, n cnom ouepet, roxe enxrcx na remy n pemy:
his chin n high overhead F.A. Hntnm pacnennnaer xax remy, a on his folded arms n the wind blew in the tops
of the pine-trees cunraer pemarnuecxnmn. Hocxontxy no nropom npenoxennn he lay nonropxercx, +ro
moxno paccmarpnnart xax remy, a the mountainside sloped gently xax pemy; n nocneymmem x reme
ornocxrcx below, he could see n where he lay, a nce ocrantnoe, r.e. coomenne o rom, uro tno nnnsy n uro
on mor nnert, x peme. Tema he saw nepexonr n n cneymmee npenoxenne, re nce ocrantnoe xnnxercx
pemo. Axryantnoe unenenne npenoxennx ecrnnrentno xnnxercx crnnncrnuecxn nectma cymecrnenno
xapaxrepncrnxo rexcra, n eno anexo ne orpannunnaercx ocrporo n ntpasnrentnocrtm. 3ect
cneonano t oparnrt nnnmanne na pyroe: ncx ra nonax nn]opmannx, xoropym nonyuaer unrarent, npn
ntpannom unenennn npenoxennx xnnxercx nono nn]opmanne n nx repox, n pesyntrare unrarent o
nsnecrno crenenn oroxecrnnxer cex c nnpnuecxnm repoem 3. Xemnnry+x. Hocxontxy xro raxo on
nensnecrno, unrarent nocrannxer na ero mecro cex n nxnnaercx n repox, xora ror nexnr, nonoxnn
noopoox na cornyrt noxort, nnnr nepxymxn cocen na ronono n xpyro cxnon ropt nepe coo.
Bocnpnxrne nonyuaercx xonxperntm, unrarent cmorpnr na oxpyxammee rnasamn repox. Axryantnoe
unenenne, cneonarentno, nanpannxer n xonrponnpyer nponecc exonponannx rexcra unrarenem. Anrop
ne nosnonxer emy trt nocroponnnm nanmarenem, a sacrannxer nnert nce ro, uro nnnr repo, n
nmenno rax, xax on +ro nnnr.
11. Texc1onon yponent. Hnan paccxasunxa n nnan nepconaaa
An1opcxon peutm nastnamr uacrn nnreparypnoro nponsneennx, n xoroptx anrop opamaercx x
unrarenm or cex, a ne uepes peut nepconaxe. Hponema nsyuennx anropcxo peun xax cpecrna
pacxptrnx opasa anropa xnnxercx ono ns ouent naxntx n crnnncrnxe. B.B. Bnnorpaon cunraer, uro n
cnoeopasnn crpyxrypt anropcxo peun rnyxe n xpue ncero ntpaxaercx crnnncrnuecxoe enncrno
nponsneennx*. Cnnraxcnc anropcxo peun, nanpnmep, noxastnaer pasnnunym crenent acrpaxrnocrn n
xonxpernocrn mnponocnpnxrnx.
* Buuoepaooe B.B. O xstxe xyoxecrnenno nnreparypt. M., 1959. C. 154, 253; Iou:apoea E.A, Hyrn
nnnrnocrnnncrnuecxoro ntpaxennx xareropn anropnepconax n xyoxecrnennom rexcre. Tomcx, 1984.
Knaccnnncrt, nanpnmep, nnenn mnp n crporom coornomennn npnunnno-cnecrnenntx cnxse, n n
coornercrnnn c +rnm n nx cnnraxcnce n anropcxom nonecrnonannn ontmoe mecro sannmamr
cnoxnonounnennte npenoxennx c pasnepnyro crpyxrypo n orartm pasnoopasnem nounnnrentntx
comson.
Camo coo pasymeercx, uro nnyrpn raxo ome renennnn nosmoxnt snaunrentnte napnannn,
sanncxmne or cmxera, xapaxrepa nsopaxaemoro, ornomennx x nemy anropa, or xanpa n r..
Hepnte anrnncxne pomanncrt XVIII nexa . e]o, x. Cnn]r, C. Pnuapcon nncann xax t or nnna
repox n paccxasunxa cotrn, r.e. n rpertem nnne, n y nnx xstx nepconaxe ornnuaercx or xstxa anropa,
uacro nponnuecxn nosntmennoro.
Peun anropa npornnonocrannxercx peut nepconaxe, ]ynxnnx xoropo mnoroopasna, rax xax ona aer
ne rontxo nnxenne nonecrnonannm, no n xapaxrepncrnxy xax camoro nepconaxa, rax n ro connantno
rpynnt n +noxn, x xoropo nepconax npnnanexnr, n mnoroe pyroe. Hpxmax peut moxer cneonart sa
140
anropcxo, npemecrnonart e nnn npeptnart ee, no ncera opasyer camocroxrentnoe npenoxenne.
Anropcxoe nonecrnonanne neercx otuno n rpertem nnne, xorx nnora anrop n cam noxnnxercx na cnene n
opamaercx x unrarenm nnuno. Taxont, nanpnmep, snamennrte nnpnuecxne orcrynnennx n pmapxe
rmecnannx V. Texxepex n y x. uaynsa.
Taxoe +nnsonuecxoe opamenne cneyer ornnuart or nonecrnonannx or nepnoro nnna. Hanncannte or
nepnoro nnna pomant otuno nastnamr nemenxnm repmnnom Ich-Roman*. B raxom pomane
nonecrnonanne neer ono ns ecrnymmnx nnn. 3ro moxer trt nenrpantnt nepconax, xax n pomane
x. C+nnnxepa Ha nponacrtm no pxn n no mnornx pyrnx conpemenntx pomanax o nopocrxax, nnn
onee nnn menee nocroponnn ouennen onnctnaemtx cotrn.
* Cm.: Romberg B. Studies in the Narrative Technique of the First-Person Novel. Stockholm, 1962; Kohn D. Narrated
Monologue, Definition of a Functional Style, Comparative Literature. Oregon, 1966. V. 18. N 2.
Anropcxax peut nosnonxer ycranonnrt rouxy spennx anropa na nsopaxaemoe, ero nnenne
ecrnnrentnocrn, ero onenxy nocrannenntx n nponsneennn nponem. Ich-Roman cosaer n nepeaer
eme ony rouxy spennx. Cosanne pasntx rouex spennx moxer ocymecrnnxrtcx n ncnontsonannem ]opmt
pomana n nnctmax. Hexoropte anropt (. K+pn, H. apenn) npneramr n x nonnomy nsnoxennm cmxera
pasntmn ecrnymmnmn nnnamn.
Ecnn anrop ne oroxecrnnxer cex c paccxasunxom n anropcxax peut na nporxxennn ncero
nponsneennx ntepxana n yxe roro nnna, or nmenn xoroporo neercx nonecrnonanne, c nsnecrno
crnnnsanne, raxax ]opma nastnaercx cxasou. B ]opme cxasa, n npnrom ]ontxnopnoro, nanncana Hecnt
o Iaanare I. Honr]enno.
Hpocremee (xnaccnuecxoe) rexcronoe crpoenne cxnatnaercx ns npornnonocrannennx nyx
xonrexcrontx rnnon npxmo peun n peun paccxasunxa. B conpemenno npose nponcxonr nerpannsannx
+ro onnosnnnn nnamnuecxn nepexo onoro nnana n pyro. uncno xonrexcrontx npnemon
ynennunnaercx, n nnx nxoxr neoosnauennax npxmax peut, necocrnenno-npxmax peut n cmemannax peut,
npn xoropo n peun paccxasunxa eme cnntnee, uem n necocrnenno-npxmo peun, xonnenrpnpymrcx
crnnente n cemanrnuecxne npnsnaxn nnana nepconaxa, uro npnaer nonecrnonannm nonn]onnuecxn
xapaxrep*.
* Cm.: Bvroecra M.B. Bonpoct crnnncrnxn n Hpaxcxo nnnrnncrnuecxo mxone. B c.: Hexoropte nonpoct anrnncxo
]nnonornn. Btn. 1. uenxnncx, 1969. C. 141 151; Oua re. K nonpocy o xstxonom crpoennn nnana paccxasunxa n pomane
or nepnoro nnna. Tam xe. C. 152171.
B pomanax unnnnra, Cmonerra, Crepna, nxxenca n pyrnx n anropcxo peun n n peun nepconaxe
nnn paccxasunxa orpaxent pasnnunte ]ynxnnonantnte crnnn xstxa. B sanncnmocrn or npemera
nsopaxennx nocnponsnonrcx otuno n naponnom nnane ro enono xstx Cnrn, ro nnecxn crnnt
nnn crnnt nepxonno npononen, ro cnoxnt xstx cyonponsnocrna, ro cnercxax manepnocrt cnnernnn,
ncnontsyemcx nx nepeaun mnenn n onenox, rocnocrnymmnx n onpeenenntx xpyrax. Haponnocrt
xax xyoxecrnennt npnem cnocrnenna n pyrnm xanpam nnreparypt XVIII nexa. Hpxmax anropcxax
peut n npornnonec +ro naponnocrn ntepxnnaercx xax naxrnuecxn xnnxnax. B couerannn c
mnororonocnem peun nepconaxe +ro cosaer nonn]onnm, o xoropo nncan M.M. Faxrnn.
Onnosnnnx peun anropa n npxmo peun nepconaxe uacrnuno connaaer c npornnonocrannennem
mononora n nanora, xorx, xoneuno, n nanore coepxarcx +nemenrt mononornuecxo peun. Onaxo +rn
]opmt nmemr xaxax cnom cnenn]nxy, sanncxmym or +xcrpannnrnncrnuecxnx ycnonn omennx. B
nanore +rn +xcrpannnrnncrnuecxne ycnonnx cosamrcx napannnrnncrnuecxnmn cpecrnamn nepeaun
nn]opmannn (mnmnxa, xecrt, ecrnnx n oxpyxammne npemert), xoropte nepenneramrcx c
nnnrnncrnuecxnmn. Kpome roro, yuacrne coecennxa cnenn]nuecxn naptnpyer nn]opmannm, ro
ononnxx, ro nsmenxx ee. Orcma xonnexrnnnocrt nn]opmannn, ee nosmoxnax pasnonnanonocrt n
pasnnunax onenxa. nanor cocronr ns orentntx onee nnn menee xoporxnx pennnx, coomammnx,
ntpaxammnx +monnn, nepecnpamnnammnx, npeptnammnx n r..
3a nocnenne rot n crnnncrnxe yenxnoct mnoro nnnmannx necocrnenno-npxmo peun c ee
nsanmoecrnnem ronoca anropa n ronoca nepconaxa, nosnonxmmnm npnart nonecrnonannm ontmoe
+xcnpeccnnnoe n crnnncrnuecxoe pasnoopasne.
Ho n xocnennax peut cama no cee moxer, xax noxasan P. xocon, trt crnnncrnuecxn snaunmo n
nxnatnart n ntcxastnanne ononnnrentnte cmtcnt. Hnrepnpernpyx peut Anronnx na rpoom ynroro
saronopmnxamn Hesapx, P. xocon noxastnaer, xax ncxycno Anronn narpannnnaer ronny na Fpyra,
namexax, uro Fpyr nxer. Anronn npenpamaer onot Fpyra o mornnax yncrna n xstxonym ]nxnnm,
141
nacrounno npnnox nx n xocnenno peun: The noble Brutus hath told you Caesar was ambitious. Kocnennax
peut ncera moantna: ornercrnennocrt sa ncrnnnocrt yrnepxennx nepexnatnaercx na roro, utn cnona
npnnoxrcx. Hpnnox +rn xe cnona no nropo pas, Anronn ynorpenxer ]opmy nonpoca n rem eme
ontme crannr nx no comnenne. Hpornnnrentnt coms but npornnonocrannxer cnona Fpyra cocrnenno
peun Anronnx:
He was my friend, faithful and just to me;
But Brutus says he was ambitious?
Vrnepxennx Fpyra eme onee erpanpymr n cosnannn cnymarene, xora nocne paccxasa o
rpoexparnom orxase Hesapx or npenoxenno emy xopont, saxnmuennoro pnropnuecxnm nonpocom,
Anronn cnona nonropxer cnona Fpyra n xocnenno peun, npenapxx nx ycrynnrentntm yet:
Was this ambition?
Yet Brutus says he was ambitious;
And, sure, he is a honourable man.
Taxnm opasom, xorx Anronn npxmo ne onnnxer Fpyra no nxn, rpammarnuecxne cpecrna,
ncnontsyemte Bexcnnpom n ero mononore, n npexe ncero xocnennax peut, sacrannxmr cnymarene
ymart, uro Fpyr conran*.
* Jakobson R. Linguistics and Poetics. In: Style in Language / Ed. by Th.A. Sebeok. - Bloomington, 1960. - P. 375-376.
nx xyoxecrnennoro nsopaxennx ecrnymmnx nnn anrop nontsyercx, napxy c pyrnmn
cpecrnamn, peueno xapaxrepncrnxo, r.e. ocotm noopom cnon, ntpaxenn, cnnraxcnca,
oropaxammnmn xax peut connantno cpet, x xoropo npnnanexnr nepconax, rax n ero
nnnnnyantnt xapaxrep. Peuenax xapaxrepncrnxa nepconaxa ne orpannunnaercx ero npxmo peutm, r.e.
peutm, nepeanaemo ocnonno n nne camocroxrentnoro npenoxennx nnn npenoxenn n
coornercrnenno ntenxemo snaxamn npennnannx. Peut nepconaxa pasnnuntmn cnocoamn nponnxaer n
anropcxym n nepenneraercx c ne*. Tax, peut onoro nepconaxa moxer nepeanartcx pyrnm nepconaxem
nnn anropom n nne xocnenno peun; n +rom cnyuae ona oxastnaercx rpammarnuecxn nounnenno peun
nepeammero nnna. Pasnonnnocrt peun, n xoropo ncnontsymrcx ne nce cpecrna nepenoa
ntcxastnannx n xocnennym peut, a rontxo nexoropte ee ]opmantnte npnsnaxn, nastnaercx nonynpxmo
(a oua eoeopum, ue npuov).
* B +ro onacrn cymecrnyer mnoro paor xax oreuecrnenntx, rax n sapyexntx yuentx. Cm., nanpnmep: K.u+euro E.H.
uyxax peut n anrnncxom pomane. B xn.: K.u+euro E.H. Tpannnx n nonaropcrno n anrnncxo nnreparype. H., 1961. B
+ro paore ana nnnorpa]nx nonpoca.
Hpn nsopaxennn nnyrpennnx nepexnnann nepconaxa, ero mtcne, ero nneuarnenn or
nponcxoxmero ncnontsyercx nnyrpennn mononor, nnn, xax ero eme nastnamr, nepexnrax peut (ue+. Er
lebte Rede), necocrnenno-npxmax peut. Hpn o]opmnennn nnyrpennero mononora ecrnymr ocote
npannna nocneonarentnocrn npemen n ocote npannna couerannx ]opm naxnonenn. Bmecro nepnoro
nnna ncnontsyercx rperte. Hexcnxa coepxnr re xe ocoennocrn, uro n npxmax peut, r.e. coxpanxercx
manepa peun nepconaxa, cnocrnennte emy cnoneuxn n ntpaxennx. B cnnraxcnce cneyer ormernrt
uacroe ncnontsonanne nonpocnrentntx n nocxnnnarentntx npenoxenn. Bxnmuennax n anropcxoe
nonecrnonanne necocrnenno-npxmax peut recno c nnm nepenneraercx: ronoc nepconaxa cnnnaercx c
ronocom paccxasunxa. Honyuamrcx xax t na nnana nonecrnonannx: nnan paccxasunxa n nnan nepconaxa,
+monnonantnocrt n +xcnpeccnnnocrt nonecrnonannx npn +rom ycnnnnamrcx.
12. Texc1onon yponent. Cnepxqpasonoe ennc1no n asan
Asaneu nastnaercx orpesox nnctmenno peun or ono xpacno crpoxn o pyro, cocrannxmmn
ornocnrentno saxonuennt orpesox nnreparypnoro rexcra.
Teopnx asana nocxonr x paoram A.M. Hemxoncxoro n nopono paspaorana n rpyax T.H. Cnntman
n ee mxont n n paorax H.C. Hocnenona*.
* Heuroecru A.M. Pyccxn cnnraxcnc n nayunom ocnemennn. M., 1956; Hocne.oe H.C. Hponema cnoxnoro
cnnraxcnuecxoro nenoro n conpemennom pyccxom xstxe. Vuen. san. HIV. 1948. Btn. 137, xn. 2; Cu.i+au T.H. Vxas. cou.
142
Hontsyxct repmnnom asan, A.M. Hemxoncxn coxanen, uro ntnyxen sanmcrnonart rnnorpa]cxn
repmnn, nocxontxy noxoxmn cnnraxcnuecxn orcyrcrnyer. Hosnee, onaxo, raxne repmnnt
noxnnnnct. Cermenrt rexcra crann nastnart cnepx]pasontm enncrnom (CuE), nposanuecxo crpo]o,
cnoxntm cnnraxcnuecxnm nentm n r.n. Ipa]nuecxn npnsnax npn +rom nno orpactnaercx, nno
ocraercx xax ncnomorarentnt, a xoncrnrynpymmnmn npnsnaxamn cranonxrcx ornocnrentnax cmtcnonax
saxonuennocrt n cemanrnuecxax cnxsannocrt, onnpammaxcx na comsnte, mecronmennte, napeunte n
pyrne nexcnxo-cnnraxcnuecxne cpecrna cnxsn. Taxax repmnnonornx xnnxercx onee nocneonarentno n
crporo, nocxontxy ona nosnonxer nsexart cmemennx cnnraxrnxo-nnronannonntx n rnnorpa]cxnx
nonxrn, rem ne menee ontmnncrno crnnncron n renept coxpanxer repmnn asan, r.x. npncymee asany
nnreparypno-xomnosnnnonnoe snauenne n onosnaunax rpa]nuecxax ntenennocrt enamr ero yontm
+nemenrom npn ronxonannn xyoxecrnennoro rexcra.
Hpn urennn asan ntenxercx ocoo ynnnenno pasennrentno nayso. Pasennrentnax naysa mexy
asanamn nononr nror cxasannomy n npemecrnymmem asane n nororannnnaer nepexo x
nocneymmemy. Haysa n crpyxrypa asana nmemr naxnte crnnncrnxo-rexcronte ]ynxnnn: nomoramr
paccrannrt axnenrt, cosamr xomnosnnnm rexcra, orpaxamr n enamr samerntmn npnnnnnt oropa
marepnana n crenent oomennocrn nnn ponocrn nsopaxennx n crenent ero nonnort (r.e.
xnanronannx, nocxontxy nayst mexy asanamn coornercrnymr onymenntm uacrxm nonecrnonannx,
xoropte unrarent onxen cam nocnonnnrt).
CuE xnnxercx cnnraxrnxo-nnronannonntm enncrnom onee ntcoxoro nopxxa, uem npenoxenne.
Ono cocronr ns onoro nnn necxontxnx npenoxenn, coennenntx comsno-napeuntmn cnxsxmn,
mecronmenntmn nnn nexcnuecxnmn nonropamn, enncrnom npemenn, cmeno neonpeenennoro aprnxnx
onpeenenntm, uro ntpaxaer omnocrt remt n naxonrcx ononpemenno n xomnerennnn cnnraxcnca n n
xomnerennnn nnreparyponeuecxo crnnncrnxn. uynxnnm cnxsn ntnonnxmr nce +nemenrt, xoropte
nonropxmr uro-nno ns npemecrnymmero, samemamr, yxastnamr na uro-nno n npemecrnymmem nnn
nocneymmem rexcre nnn oomamr; r.e., paccmarpnnax cnxst nnyrpn CuE, unrarent yunrtnaer re xe
]axropt, uro npn axryantnom unenennn npenoxennx. Cnxst moxer ocymecrnnxrtcx n es cnennantntx
nexcnuecxnx nnn rpammarnuecxnx cpecrn npocrtm npnmtxannem na ocnone cnxsn no cmtcny.
Coornomenne mexy rpammarnuecxo n cmtcnono camocroxrentnocrtm npenoxenn nnyrpn asana
y pasntx anropon pasnnuno. V onoro n roro xe anropa ono pasnnuno n pasntx xanpax, no+romy npnnecrn
npnmep rnnnuno crpyxrypt asana noome nenosmoxno, no nx roro, urot npnmennrt cenannte ntme
yrnepxennx na xonxpernom marepnane, paccmorpnm nce-raxn peantnt npnmep.
Hpnneennt nnxe orptnox ns pomana V. uonxnepa Vcata cocronr ns rpex asanen, cnxsanntx
ome remo cytt conara n Amepnxe. Honecrnonanne neercx or nepnoro nnna n nepeaer mtcnn
onoro ns nepconaxe pomana, xoropomy n ror ro, xora amepnxancxne conart nosnpamannct c nepno
mnpono nont, tno ncero 5 ner.
In fact by 1919 even the five-year-old Jeffersonians like I was then were even a little blase about war
heroes, not only unscratched ones but wounded too getting off trains from Memphis Junction or New
Orleans. Not that I mean that even the unscratched ones actually called themselves heroes or thought they
were or in fact thought one way or the other about it until they got home and found the epithet being
dinned at them from all directions until finally some of them, a few of them, began to believe that perhaps
they were. I mean, dinned at them by the ones who organised and correlated the dinning the ones who
hadn't gone to that war and so were already on hand in advance to organise the big debarkation-port
parades and the smaller country-seat local ones, with inbuilt barbecue and beer; the ones that hadn't gone
to that one and didn't intend to go to the next one nor the one after that either, as long as all they had to do
to stay out was buy the tax free bonds and organise the hero-dinning parades so that the next crop of
eight- and nine-and ten-year-old males could see the divisional shoulder patches and the wound-and
service-stripes and the medal ribbons.
Until some of them anyway would begin to believe that many voices dinning at them must be right,
and they were heroes. Because, according, to Uncle Gavin, who had been a soldier too in his fashion (in
the American Field Service with the French Army in '16 and '17 until we got into it, then still in France as
a Y. M. C. A. secretary or whatever they were called) they had nothing else left: young men or even boys
most of whom had only the vaguest or completely erroneous idea of where and what Europe was, and
none at all about armies, let alone about the war, snatched up by lot overnight and regimented into an
143
expeditionary force, to survive (if they could) before they were twenty five years old what they would not
even recognise at the time to be the biggest experience of their lives. Then to be spewed, again willy-nilly
and again overnight, back into what they believed would be the familiar world they had been told they
were enduring disruption and risking injury and death so that it should be still there when they came back
only to find that it wasn't there any more. So that the bands and the parades and the barbecues and all the
rest of the hero-dinning not only would happen only that once and was arleady fading even before they
could get adjusted to it, it was already on the way out before the belated last of them even got back home,
already saying to them above the cold congealing meat and the flat beer while the last impatient brazen
chord died away: All right, little boys; eat your beef and potato salad and drink your beer and get out of
our way, who are already up to our necks in this new world whose single and principal industry is not just
solvent but dizzily remunerative peace.
So, according to Gavin, they had to believe they were heroes even though they couldn't remember now
exactly at what point or by what action they had reached, entered for a moment or a second, that heroic
state. Because otherwise they had nothing left: with only a third of life over, to know now that they had
already experienced their greatest experience, and now to find that the world for which they had so
endured and risked was in their absence so altered out of recognition by the ones who had stayed safe at
home as to have no place for them in it any more. So they had to believe that at least some little of it had
been true. Which (according to Gavin) was the why of the veterans' clubs and legions: the one sanctuary
where at least once a week they could find refuge among the other betrayed and dispossessed reaffirming
to each other that at least that one infinitesimal scrap had been so.
Hepnt asan cocronr ns rpex npenoxenn, nospacrammnx no cnoxnocrn n nnne. Kaxoe
nocneymmee noxcnxer npetymee n nnonrcx cnonamn x xouy cxasart, uro. Hpenoxennx cnxsant
ome remo peut ner o ornomennn x +nnrery repo nont xnrene ropoa xe]]epcona, n rom
uncne n nxrnnernnx, camnx nepnynmnxcx c nont conar n rex, xro naxnncx na none n xomy tno
ntrono nonnmart mymnxy (din) noxpyr yuacrnx n ne Amepnxn. Hexcnuecxax cnxst nnyrpn asana
mnoroopasna. Fontmym pont nrpaer nonrop: war heroes heroes hero-dinning (cp. hero-worship, xoropoe
xnno naponpyercx anropcxnm neonornsmom hero-dinning). Cnono heroes n nepnom xe npenoxennn
samenxercx mecronmennem ones c onpeenennem unscratched. Unscratched ones nonropxercx n n
cneymmem npenoxennn. B antnemem tnmne conart nastnamrcx, rnanntm opasom, they, n +ra
mecronmennax nenouxa cnxstnaer nce asant orptnxa. Cnono war ncrpeuaercx n nepnom npenoxennn n
couerannn war heroes, n rpertem to that war, a antme samemaercx mecronmennxmn: to that one, to the next
one, the one after that, ram, re ronopnrcx, uro re, xomy nona ntrona, xro naxnnaercx na none, camn n
ne ne yuacrnymr n ne yyr yuacrnonart; npn +rom nensexnocrt nont pasymeercx cama coo.
Knmuentm cnonom asana xnnxercx capxacrnuecxoe din: epithet being dinned, dinned at them, hero-dinning.
B nocnenem npenoxennn ronopnrcx o noxnrarenxx nont, nx exrentnocrt pasonauaercx n
xonneprennnn napannentntx xoncrpyxnn the ones who..., the ones that.
Cneymmn asan o camnx omanyrtx xeprnax mymnxn n o rom, xax nx omanynn, cnxstnaercx c
npetymnm nocpecrnom comsa until, mecronmennx they n nonropa rex xe cnon heroes n din. On cocronr
ns rpex eme onee nnnntx n eme onee cnoxntx npenoxenn, cnxsanntx mexy coo cnonamn
because n then.
Tpern asan cymmnpyer npemecrnymmne uacrn +roro nnyrpennero mononora, nononr nror
rpannosnoro omana. On nnonrcx comsom so n cocronr ns uertpex npenoxenn, recnax nornuecxax
cnxst mexy xoroptmn nexcnuecxn noxpennxercx comsamn n comsntmn cnonamn because, so, which n
mecronmenno cnxstm.
Taxnm opasom, asan moxno paccmarpnnart xax xomnosnnnonnt npnem, oneruammn unrarenm
nocnpnxrne rexcra, nocxontxy on rpa]nuecxn orpaxaer nornuecxym n +monnonantnym ero crpyxrypy.
Pasmtmnxx na cyto conara n Amepnxe, repo V. uonxnepa erannsnpyer cnom mtcnt, npnnonr
ocroxrentcrna, noxcnxer ncnxonornm omanyrtx mnome, nonxocrt rex, xro nrxnyn nx n +ry onm, a
renept roronnr cee nonte xeprnt, ypmanx ronont noctmn-, enxrn-, ecxrnnernnm mantunmxam.
Xapaxrepntmn ocoennocrxmn asana, xoropte ornnuamr crnnt onoro nanpannennx or pyroro,
xnnxmrcx ornocnrentnax sanepmennocrt nnn nesanepmennocrt, camocroxrentnocrt nnn
necamocroxrentnocrt cocrannxmmnx ero npenoxenn. V nmnpeccnonncron n pesyntrare nx renennnn x
cosannm omero nneuarnennx n orentntx uacrnocre cnnraxcnuecxne n pyrne ]opmantnte cnxsn
nnyrpn asana moryr orcyrcrnonart. V xnaccnnncron, napxy c remarnuecxo cnxstm, asan nmeer eme nce
144
nnt nexcnuecxnx n rpammarnuecxnx cnxse. Kaxoe npenoxenne, onaxo, npecrannxer coo neuro
sanepmennoe.
B saxnmuenne nouepxnem, uro c rouxn spennx crnnncrnxn exonponannx xaxt +nemenr rexcra, n n
rom uncne asan, nosecrnyer na unrarenx ne nsonnponanno, a nsanmoecrnyx c pyrnmn +nemenramn n
coomennem n nenom. Ho+romy npn paccmorpennn asana neoxonmo nmert n nny, uro yxasannax n ero
onpeenennn camocroxrentnocrt ornocnrentna.
B npnneennom npnmepe rpannnt asanen n cnepx]pasontx enncrn connaamr, no +ro ne ncera rax:
asan moxer nmemart necxontxo CuE, a ono CuE moxer saxnartnart necxontxo asanen.
Pasrpannuenne +rnx nyx nonxrn ne moxer nrnopnponart nx xoppenxnnn. Onaxo +ro ennnnt
pasnonopxxonte. CuE nonxrne cnnraxcnuecxoe: +ro nenouxa npenoxenn, oennenntx
roxecrnom pe]epennnn, enncrnom remt, xommynnxarnnno remapemarnuecxo nporpeccne n
ntpaxammnx saxonuennym mtcnt. Asan xe rpa]nxo-xomnosnnnonnax ennnna nnctmennoro rexcra.
Crpyxrypa asana nsyuaercx nnreparyponeuecxo crnnncrnxo xax noxasarent rnopuecxo manept
nncarenx nnn crnnx nnreparypnoro nanpannennx.
IAABA V. mOHETHHECKAR CTHAHCTHKA
1. Hcnonnn1entcxne qone1nuecxne cpec1na
Kaxoe nnreparypno-xyoxecrnennoe nponsneenne, xax no+rnuecxoe, rax n nposanuecxoe, ecrt
nponsneenne peuenoe, a cneonarentno, npecrannxer nexoropym snyxonym nocneonarentnocrt, ns
xoropo nosnnxaer nocneonarentnocrt cnon, ]pas, npenoxenn n antme nce coomenne.
Mystxantnt +crernuecxn +]]exr npn +rom cosaercx ne onnmn snyxamn nnn npoconuecxnmn
+nemenramn, r.e. nsmenennxmn n npornnonocrannennxmn ntcort rona, nnrencnnnocrn n onrort, no
snyxamn n npoconuecxnmn +nemenramn n enncrne co snauennem. 3nyxn xstxa nne snauennx n xonrexcra
]axramn ncxyccrna ne cranonxrcx. 3nyxonax cropona nponsneennx xyoxecrnenno nnreparypt
cocrannxer ono nenoe c pnrmom n snauennem n orentno or nnx na unrarenx nosecrnonart ne moxer.
nx roro urot trt +crernuecxn ecrnenno, snyxonax cropona nponsneennx onxna uem-ro
ntenxrtcx n opamart na cex nnnmanne. Bnpouem, nponecrn rpant mexy +crernuecxn ecrnenntmn n
ntnnnyrtmn +nemenramn rexcra n +crernuecxn nerpantntmn nectma rpyno, n n nonnnno
xyoxecrnennom nponsneennn ecrnennt nce ero +nemenrt.
nx yocrna nsnoxennx n paccmorpennx ]onernuecxne crnnncrnuecxne cpecrna moxno ycnonno
nopasennrt na ncnonnnrentcxne n anropcxne. Hcnonnnrentcxnmn mt nasonem ]onernuecxne cpecrna,
onycxammne naptnponanne, nmex n nny, uro npn nepexonponannn nponsneennx ns nnctmenno
]opmt n ycrnym nosmoxnt, n nsnecrntx npeenax, nexoropte pasnnunx n nnrepnperannn ero snyuannx,
uro, ecrecrnenno, nsmenxer n cmtcnonym nnrepnperannm*.
* Fontmo nxna n nsyuenne nnronannonno-snyxontx ncnonnnrentcxnx cpecrn nnec K.C. Cranncnancxn. Hsyuenne ero
paor npnnocnr crnnncrnxe ontmym nontsy. Cm.: Cmauuc.aecru K.C. Paora axrepa na coo. u. 1 n 2. M., 1951; Ou
re. Mox xnsnt n ncxyccrne. Cop. cou. T. 1. M., 1954; Ou re. Marepnant, nnctma, nccneonannx. M., 1955; Cu+ouoe
H.B. Mero K.C. Cranncnancxoro n ]nsnonornx +monn. M., 1962; Jxeuoav+ B. O urennn crnxon //Xnsnt ncxyccrna. 1919,
12 noxpx.
Hanpornn, ]onemnt cocran rexcra, ero nncrpymenronxa n crnxornopnt pasmep nennxom sanncxr or
anropa; +rn ]onernuecxne cpecrna moxno nasnart anropcxnmn.
Or ncnonnnrenx sanncxr ontme ncero rax nastnaemte npoconuecxne +nemenrt, r.e. nsmenennx n
npornnonocrannennx ntcort rona, nnrentnocrt nponsnecennx, rpomxocrt, ycxopennx n samenennx,
noome remn peun, pasptnt n nponsnecennn, nayst, paccranonxa onee nnn menee cnntntx cmtcnontx n
+m]arnuecxnx yapenn.
Hnronannx cpannnrentno mentme sanncnr or ncnonnnrenx, no n n +rom ornomennn, cnymax sanncn
ncnonnennx onoro n roro xe mononora Iamnera, xax ero unramr Maxn Perpen, Hon Cxo]nn n xon
Innry, moxno samernrt pacxoxennx, cnxsannte c pasnnuno rpaxronxo opasa Iamnera.
Bymunnoe ronxonanne rexcra onxno cnococrnonart ero onee aprncrnunomy ncnonnennm.
Aprncrnunoe ncnonnenne cnnerentcrnyer o rom, uro coepxanne rnyoxo nonxro, n nomoraer onecrn o
cnymarene mtcnn n uyncrna anropa.
145
2. An1opcxne qone1nuecxne c1nnnc1nuecxne cpec1na
Anropcxne ]onernuecxne cpecrna, nontmammne +xcnpeccnnnocrt peun n ee +monnonantnoe n
+crernuecxoe nosecrnne, cnxsant co snyxono marepne peun uepes ntop cnon n nx pacnonoxenne n
nonropt. B cnoe conoxynnocrn +rn cpecrna paccmarpnnamrcx yuennem o narosnyunn, nnn +n]onne.
3nqonnen, nnn nnc1pyuen1onxon, nastnamr raxxe n camt oexr +roro nsyuennx, r.e.
coornercrnymmym nacrpoennm coomennx ]onernuecxym oprannsannm ntcxastnannx*.
* Cm.: Kvsue M.., Crpeouee P.M. Vxas, cou.- C. 95-96.
Baxnym pont n nncrpymenronxe n pyrnx ]onernuecxnx cpecrnax nrpamr nonropt xax orentntx
snyxon, rax n cnonecnte.
Omn mexannsm nnyrpncnoronoro snyxonoro nonropa x. Hnu oennxer n cneymme cxeme, re
cornacnt snyx oosnauen C, a rnacnt V. Omax cxema anrnncxoro cnona C
0-3
V C
0-4
, r.e.
nnnnnantntx cornacntx moxer trt 03, a ]nnantntx or O o 4. B npnneenno rannne
nonropxmmnecx +nemenrt ntenent.
1. Annnrepannx CVC great/grow send/sit
2. Acconanc CVC great/fail send/bell
3. Konconanc CVC great/meat send/hand
4. Oparnax pn]ma CVC great/grazed send/sell
5. Hapapn]ma CVC great/groat send/sound
6. Pn]ma CVC great/bait send/end*
* Leech B. A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry. Ldn, 1969. - P. 89.
Btme mt yxe neonoxparno paccmarpnnann crnnncrnuecxne ]ynxnnn nonropon na pasntx yponnxx.
Ha yponne ]onernuecxom, nomnmo yxasanntx na cxeme annnrepannn, acconanca, xonconanca n ncex rnnon
pn]mt, +ro eme pnrm n merp. Pasnte rnnt nonropon oprannsymr snyxono crpo xyoxecrnennoro
nponsneennx. B no+rnuecxo peun onn oruernnno oprannsonant n ynopxouent, n npose nstrox
ynopxouennocrn moxer omymartcx xax napymammn +crernuecxoe nneuarnenne, rem ne menee mnorne
snyxonte ntpasnrentnte cpecrna xnnxmrcx omnmn nx no+snn n npost.
B annom pasene yyr paccmorpent nncrpymenronxa n nexoropte pyrne cnenn]nuecxne
]onernuecxne cpecrna: snyxonnct, snyxonopaxanne, snyxono cnmnonnsm, snyunte cnona.
Omax ]onernuecxax oxpacxa rexcra cosaercx ntenxmmnmncx (ntnnnyrtmn) na omem
]onernuecxom ]one nnsxo pacnonoxenntmn nonropamn. Btnnnyrocrt +rnx +nemenron coomaer nm
pnrmnuecxym pont, xoropax oxastnaercx rem onee samerno, uem recnee onn pacnonoxent. Fnnsocrt
nonropxmmnxcx snyxon nastnaercx 1ecno1on pna (repmnn R. Ttnxnona).
Kax n no+snn, rax n n npose nosmoxnt cmexnte snyxonte nonropt, pacnonoxennte nenouxo n
cosammne +monnonantnym npnnonxrocrt n ntpasnrentnocrt. E.. Honnnanon noxasan, uro marepnanom
n noontx nonropax moryr trt ne rontxo merp n pnrm, no n pasnnunte pyrne ]onernuecxne
npecrannennx. B xauecrne npnmepa snyxonoro ynoennx on nnrnpyer Ioronx: uyen nenp npn rnxo
noroe, xora nontno n nnanno..., re nonropxmrcx: ou ou, np np, eo eo, e.u .eu*. Honropt sect
cmexnte nyxcornacnte, no nosmoxnt n onee cnoxnte cnyuan, xora nonropxmmnecx cornacnte
pasenent pyrnmn snyxamn, nocneonarentnocrt nx moxer menxrtcx n nce xe onn ocramrcx omyrnmtmn
nx cnyxa, xax n cneymmem npnmepe, re nonropxmrcx: s l, s n, f l n, s t, n d.
* Ho.ueauoe E.. Omn ]onernuecxn npnnnnn ncxxo no+rnuecxo rexnnxn // Bonp. xstxosnannx. 1963. N 1.
His soul swooned slowly as he heard the snow falling, faintly through universe and faintly falling like
the descent of their last end, upon the living and the dead.
(J. Joyce)
Xapaxrep nncrpymenronxn sanncnr or cneymmnx ]axropon: ]onernuecxoe xauecrno nonropxmmnxcx
snyxon n crenent nx cxocrna (nonropom cunraercx nnsxoe pacnonoxenne ne rontxo onnaxontx, no n
cxontx snyxon, nanpnmep, cnyuan, xora crpoxa coepxnr necxontxo cnncrxmnx); recnora pxa, r.e.
nnsocrt nonropxmmnxcx snyxon; uem ona ontme, rem samernee +]]exr nncrpymenronxn; xonnuecrno
nonropxemtx snyxon; nonropt rpynn ns necxontxnx snyxon enamr nncrpymenronxy onee samerno, uem
146
nonropt orentntx snyxon.
Paccmorpnm nposanuecxn orptnox ns +cce . Hopenca Flowery Tuscany.
But in the morning it is quite different. Then the sun shines strong on the horizontal green cloud-puffs of
the pines, the sky is clear and full of life, the water runs hastily, still browned by the last juice of crushed
olives. And there the earth's bowl of crocuses is amazing. You cannot believe that the flowers are really still.
They are open with such delight, and their pistilthrust is so red-orange, and they are so many, all reaching
out wide and marvellous, that it suggests a perfect ecstasy of radiant, thronging movement, lit-up violet and
orange, and surging in some invisible rhythm of concerted delightful movement. You cannot believe they do
not move, and make some sort of crystalline sound of delight. If you sit still and watch, you begin to move
with them, like moving with the stars, and you feel the sound of their radiance. All the little cells of the
flowers must be leaping with flowery life and utterance.
Hncrpymenronxa orptnxa nomoraer nouyncrnonart npenecrt necennero yrpa n Tocxane, coomnrt
unrarenm ynoenne xpacxamn n mystxo nneron, nepeaer nacrpoenne nocropra, xoropt nepenonnxer
anropa. 3n]onnx orptnxa nocrpoena na npeonaannn rnacntx ntcoxoro noema [i], [i:], n]ronra [ai] n
pyrnx n]ronron c xomnonenrom [i] n nmeer cmtcnonym narpysxy, cosanax nneuarnenne uero-ro ouent
cnernoro, cnepxammero.
Moxer noxasartcx, uro raxne yrnepxennx o cnmnonnunocrn orentntx snyxon cyexrnnnt n
nponsnontnt. Onaxo n ecrnnrentnocrn +ro ne rax. Cymecrnymr nnrepecnte paort ncnxonoron,
nponepnnmnx acconnannn, xoropte ncntryemte cnxstnamr c remn nnn nntmn rnacntmn snyxamn.
Crarncrnuecxne annte oxasannct ouent noxasarentntmn.
3]]exr nncrpymenronxn moxer trt nectma pasnoopasntm. 3nyx [d], nanpnmep, npn uacrom
nonropennn omymaercx, no mnennm mnornx, xax neopt, cnxsannt c orpnnarentntmn +monnxmn.
Pasymeercx, n npnneennom nnxe crnxornopennn omymenne rpycrn n noannennocrn cosaercx opasamn
n acconnannxmn co cmeprtm, no cnpanennno n ro, uro na snyxonom yponne nncrpymenronxa +ro
nacrpoenne noepxnnaer.
DESIGN
I found a dimpled spider, fat and white,
On a white heal-all, holding up a moth
Like a white piece of rigid satin cloth
Assorted characters of death and blight
Mixed ready to begin the morning right,
Like the ingredients of a witches' broth
A snow-drop spider, a flower like a froth,
And dead wings carried like a paper kite.
What had that flower to do with being white,
The wayside blue and innocent heal-all?
What brought the kindred spider to that height,
Then steered the white moth thither in the night?
What but design of darkness to appal?
If design govern in a thing so small.
(R. Frost)
Cnoxnt n snonemn opas cmeprn ent nayx na enom nnerxe epxnr meprnoro enoro mortntxa
noepxan nncrpymenronxo, ocnonanno na nonropennn snyxa [d] n coornercrnymmero rnyxoro [t].
Hacrounno nonropxxct, +rn cornacnte cosamr xecrxn aprnxynxnnonnt pncynox. Cemt ns
uertpnanarn crpox conera pn]mymrcx na [ait]. 3ra xecrxax aprnxynxnnonnax oxpacxa nsanmoecrnyer
co snauennem cnon n ntnnraer xnmuente, remarnuecxne cnona death and blight n cnono design,
ntnnnyroe, xpome roro, cnntno nosnnne. Hnerox heal-all, xoropt, xax noxastnaer nasnanne,
cunraercx nenentm, tnaer otuno ronyoro nnera. Hayx, noxoxn nnerom na nocnexnnx, roxe
147
pexoe xnnenne. Ho+r saymtnaercx na cnmnonnuecxnm snauennem raxoro connaennx orcma nasnanne
Design.
3nyxonnctm nastnaercx coornercrnne snyxonoro cocrana ]past nsopaxaemomy, r.e. nepno, nnn
enorarnnno, uacrn coomennx, n ro npemx xax nncrpymenronxa cnxsana c xonnorarnnno ero uacrtm.
uacrntm cnyuaem snyxonncn xnnxercx snyxonopaaanne, r.e. ncnontsonanne cnon, ]onernuecxn
cocran xoroptx nanomnnaer nastnaemte n +rnx cnonax npemert n xnnennx snyxn npnpot, xpnxn
xnnorntx, nnxennx, conponoxammnecx xaxnm-nnyt mymom, peut n pasnnunte snyxn, xoroptmn
nmn ntpaxamr cnoe nacrpoenne, nonm n r..: bubble n xypuanne, splash n nnecx, rustle n mopox, buzz
v xyxxart, purr v mypntxart, flop n naenne, babble n onronnx, giggle n xnxnxante, whistle n
cnncr n r..
Onnctnax ropo, n xoropom on ponncx, ynnn noctmnecxrtx roon npomnoro nexa, B. O'Kecn
ncnomnnaer cnon ercxne nneuarnennx: +ro tn mnp, nanonnennt ronorom xontr: where white horses
and black horses and brown horses and white and black horses and brown and white horses trotted tap-tap-tap
tap-tap-tappety-tap over cobble stones...
B crnxornopennn P. Knnnnnra Boots ronor conarcxnx canor nsopaxaercx ne rontxo
snyxonopaxarentntm cnonom slog, xoropoe n npxmom snauennn nastnaer cnntnt yap, a nepenocno
snaunr vnp+o uaeami, no n nonropennem cnon foot boots, xoropte camn no cee snyxonopaxarentntmn
ne xnnxmrcx:
We're foot slog slog slog sloggin' over Africa
Foot foot foot foot sloggin' over Africa.
(Boots boots boots boots movin'up and down again!)
Kax snyxonnct, rax n npxmoe snyxonopaxanne ncnontsonant 3. Ho n crnxornopennn The Bells.
3nyxonnct moxer couerartcx c annnrepanne xax n ysxom cmtcne +roro repmnna, rax n n onee
mnpoxom ero nonnmannn, xax nmoro nonropa cornacntx n nnsxo pacnonoxenntx cnonax.
B pomane A. Kponnna Hnraent nacrounnoe nonropenne cnncrxmnx cosaer nneuarnenne menora n
nmecre c xonneprennne pyrnx cpecrn pncyer nosyxennt cxanantntmn cnyxamn ropo: Nothing so
exciting, so scandalous, so savouring of the black arts had startled Aberlaw since Trevor Day, the solicitor was
suspected of killing his wife with arsenic.
Hexoropte anropt ornocxr x nncrpymenronxe raxxe xnnenne naponouacnn, r.e. nnsocrn snyuannx
xonrexcryantno cnxsanntx cnon.
Mt ncrpeuaemcx c naponomacne n crnxornopennn 3. Ho Bopon, re nnsxnmn no snyuannm
xnnxmrcx, nanpnmep, cnona raven n never.
P. xocon, anannsnpyx +ro crnxornopenne, paccmarpnnaer naponomacnm xax rnn nonropa n ormeuaer,
uro nnsocrt snyuannx nyx xonrexcryantno cnxsanntx cnon cosaer ononnnrentnte cemanrnuecxne
cnxsn mexy nnmn. Cxocrno snyxon yxastnaer na neuro omee n snauennn. P. xocon naxonr, uro n
crnxornopennn Bopon sepxantnax nnsocrt pxa cornacntx n cnonax raven n never nouepxnnaer
oruaxnne n esnaexnocrt, xoropte cnmnonnsnpyer uepnax nrnna, cnxstnaer +rn na cnona n ono nenoe.
Haponomacnx cnxstnaer raxxe n ennoe nenoe na nenrpantntx cnmnona +roro nponsneennx nopona n
rent. Oa onn cnmnonnsnpymr nenstnnoe oruaxnne, npnuem nropo opas npoxnnxercx rontxo n xonne
nocnene crpo]t. xocon cunraer, uro nnnapnanrnocrt +ro rpynnt ocoo nouepxnnaercx
nsmenennem nopxxa cneonannx nonropxmmnxcx snyxon. Hocnenxx crpo]a snyunr rax:
And the raven, never flitting, still is sitting, still is sitting.
On the pallid bust of Pallas just above my chamber door;
And his eyes have all the seeming of a demon that is dreaming,
And the lamp-light o'er him streaming throws his shadow on the floor;
And my soul from out this shadow that lies floating on the floor
Shall be lifted nevermore.
B pomane x. Ioncyopcn Cepepxnax noxxa no nnyrpenne peun Maxna ncrpeuaercx naponomacnx,
coomammax rexcry nponnuecxoe snyuanne. Haponomacnx p, o, l, t, i neoxnanno cnxstnaer cnona poultry
n politics, noxastnaer, uro Maxn n cam ne npnnnmaer nceptes nonnrnxy cnoe rpynnt.
148
But still he strummed on, and his mind wandered in and out of poultry and politics, Old Forsyte, Fleur,
Foggartism and the Ferrar girl like a man in a maelstrom whirling round with his head just above water.
3ra naponomacnx n nocneymmax annnrepannx co snyxom [f] cosamr ]onernuecxym rpynnnponxy,
axnenrnpymmym nce ro, uro nonnyer Maxna, n noaer n norexcre ero nponnuecxoe ornomenne x
cnryannn. Cxocrno na ]onernuecxom yponne nneuer sa coo nosnnxnonenne nropnuntx snauenn, a c
nnmn n nontx cmtcnontx cnxse. 3nyxonoe noone cnnxaemtx raxnm opasom cnon moxer nmert
pasnoopasnte crnnncrnuecxne ]ynxnnn*.
* Cm. rnany Haponnmnuecxax arrpaxnnx n xn.: Ipueopiee B.H. Ho+rnxa cnona. M., 1979.
3. Annn1epannn n acconanc
Annn1epannn n mnpoxom cmtcne cnona ecrt nonrop cornacntx nnn rnacntx snyxon n nauane nnsxo
pacnonoxenntx yapntx cnoron: Doom is dark and deeper than any sea dingle (W. Auden). Annnrepanne
nastnamr raxxe nonrop nauantntx yxn: Apt Alliteration's artful aid (Ch. Churchill).
nx anrnncxo no+rnuecxo rpannnn annnrepannx nmeer ocoenno ontmoe snauenne, nocxontxy
anrnocaxconcxn crnx tn annnrepannonntm. Hoono pn]me n conpemenno no+snn, annnrepannx
cnyxnna ne rontxo nncrpymenronxe, no xnnxnact oprannsymmnm crnx npnemom merpnuecxo
xomnosnnnn. Pacnpeennnact ona saxonomepno. Kaxax crpoxa nmena uertpe yapennx, xonnuecrno
cnoron mexy yapennxmn tno nponsnontntm. Annnrepannx coueranact c nesypo. B cnoem
]ynamenrantnom nccneonannn B.M. Xnpmyncxn onpeenxer nesypy xax merpnuecxn oxsarentnoe
ceuenne crnxa, r.e. nepeptn n nnxennn pnrma, sapanee saannt, xax omn saxon crpoennx crnxa, xax
+nemenr merpnuecxo cxemt; nesypa pasnnaer crnx na na nonycrnmnx, r.e. merpnuecxn px ntcmero
nopxxa na menee omnpnte merpnuecxne rpynnt, pannte nnn nepannte, oennennte n nmecre c rem
npornnonocrannennte pyr pyry*. Crpoxa pasenxnact nesypo na na nonycrnmnx, no na yapennx n
xaxom nonycrnmnn. Hepnt yapnt cnor nroporo nonycrnmnx annnrepnponancx c onnm nnn uame c
nymx yapntmn cnoramn nepnoro, ntenxx raxnm opasom rnanencrnymmne n crnxe merpnuecxne
yapennx. B.M. Xnpmyncxn paccmarpnnaer annnrepannm anrnocaxconcxo no+snn xax ocot nn
nauantno pn]mt n npocnexnnaer sapoxenne n +ror nepno xanonnuecxo xoneuno pn]mt**.
* up+vucru B.M. Teopnx crnxa. H., 1975. C. 129.
** Tam xe. - C. 383.
3ra, no ntpaxennm B.M. Xnpmyncxoro, +mpnonantnax pn]ma neperynxpna, uacro npnnnsnrentna
(pn]mon), ncrpeuaercx n cepenne n n xonne nonycrnmnx (nesypnax pn]ma).
Coennenne annnrepannn n nesypno pn]mt, ro rouno, ro npnnnsnrentno, npecranneno n
yxonnom +noce Knnenynt]a n ero mxont (IX n.). B.M. Xnpmyncxn npnnonr orptnox ns
crnxornopennx uennxc, onnctnammero semno pa, n xoropom ne tnaer nn snmt c ee cnerom, nn
oxe, ram ncera xopomo n nneryr nnert.
Mt npnneem +ror orptnox n necxontxo onee nonnom nne, urot noxasart, xax neperynxpna
nesypnax pn]ma:
Ne maeg baer ren ne snaw,
ne forstes fnaest, ne fyres blaest,
ne haegles hryre, ne hrimes dryre,
ne sunnan haetu, ne sincaldu,
ne wearm weder, ne winter-scur
wihte gewyrdan; ac se wong seoma
eadig and ansund. Is baetaebele lond
blostmum geblowen.
Fontmo macrep camtx pasnoopasntx npoconuecxnx npnemon, B. Oen nourn rouno cneyer
pennnm npannnam annnrepannn, onnctnax nnxennx mopcxoro xonnox no npemx nont. Ero pnrm
acconnnpyercx c mopcxo nonno n nanomnnaer Feo-nynt], a merpnxa raxax xe, xax n pennnx no+max
Seafarer n Wanderer:
149
... Our long convoy
Turned away northward as tireless gulls
Wove over water webs of brightness
And sad sound. The insensible ocean.
Miles without mind, moaned all around our
Limited laughter, and below our songs
Were deaf deeps, dens of unaffection...
(W. Auden)
B crnxax . Tomaca ncrpeuaercx cnennantno nannncxn rnn annnrepannn*, xoropt nastnaercx
cynghanedd n npn xoropom n ono crpoxe coepxarcx ne cnmmerpnuecxne annnrepannn: Woke to my
hearing from harbour and neighbour wood (w h h w). Hnn xax n ero snamennrom crnxornopennn c
nocnomnnannxmn ercrna Fern Hill:
* Xorx, no cnnerentcrny Ipocca, cam . Tomac, xoropt tn poom ns V+ntca, orpnnan ncxxoe snaxomcrno c nannncxo
merpnuecxo cncremo; cm.: Gross H. Sound and Form in Modem Poetry. Ldn, 1965. P. 268.
Above the lilting house and happy as the grass was green...
And once below a time I lordly had the trees and leaves...
And green and golden I was huntsman and herdsman...
B conpemenno no+snn annnrepannx xnnxercx ne neymnm, a ncnomorarentntm cpecrnom. Pont ee
+xcnpeccnnnax annnrepnpyemte cnona ntenxmr naxnemne nonxrnx. B onom ns crnxornopenn roro
xe B. Oena, nomemennom n ero copnnxe The Age of Anxiety, no npemx nont ncrpernnnct n ape n Htm-
Hopxe n pasronapnnamr uertpe uenonexa. Fnaroapx annnrepannxm nnnmanne unrarenx ]nxcnpyercx na
ymepnom mnponosspennn ronopxmnx:
We would rather be ruined than changed
We would rather die in our dread
Than climb the cross of the moment
And let our illusions die.
Acconancou, nnn noxannuecxon annn1epannen, nastnaercx nonropenne yapntx rnacntx nnyrpn
crpoxn nnn ]past nnn na xonne ee n nne nenonno pn]mt.
Acconanc n nne nonropa yapntx, npenmymecrnenno rnacntx, snyxon mnpoxo ncnontsonan n yxe
ynomxnyrom crnxornopennn 3. Ho Bopon:
...Tell this soul, with sorrow laden, if within the distant Aiden,
I shall clasp a sainted maiden, whom the angels name Lenore
Clasp a rare and radiant maiden, whom the angels name Lenore?
Cnernt opas ymepme nosnmnenno nepean sect +nnrerom radiant maiden, necymnm orpomnym
+xcnpeccnnno-+monnonantnym narpysxy. Ocymecrnnenne ero crnnncrnuecxo ]ynxnnn noepxnnaercx
neno xonneprennne npnemon; naxnym pont cpen nnx na ]onernuecxom yponne nrpaer acconanc n nne
mnoroxparntx nonropon n]ronra [ei]. Hepexo or cxopn x naexex meure onxrt nmnmym n pam
nepean cnerntm snyuannem +ro crpo]t, npornnonocrannenno mpaunomy, snonememy xonopnry
ocrantno uacrn crnxornopennx. Ho xonrpacry c poxnm nyuom naext xnmuenoe cnono nevermore
ocoenno cnntno ntpaxaer ecnpocnernoe oruaxnne.
4. Pnqua
Pn]mo nastnaercx ocot nn perynxpnoro snyxonoro nonropa, a nmenno nonropenne onee nnn
menee cxontx couerann snyxon na xonnax crpox nnn n pyrnx, cnmmerpnuno pacnonoxenntx uacrxx
crnxornopenn, ntnonnxmmee oprannsymmym ]ynxnnm n crpo]nuecxo xomnosnnnn.
Pn]ma, raxnm opasom, nmeer nonym npnpoy: xax n ncxxn +n]onnuecxn snyxono nonrop, ona
150
xnnxercx ]axrom nncrpymenronxn, n, xax perynxpnt nonrop, ona ntnonnxer xomnosnnnonnym ]ynxnnm.
Axaemnx B.M. Xnpmyncxn cunraer xomnosnnnonnym ]ynxnnm camtm cymecrnenntm npnsnaxom
pn]mt*. B +ro xe paore on aer ynnnrentnoe no npocrore n nsxmecrny onpeenenne xomnosnnnn:
Komnosnnne nastnaercx xyoxecrnenno saxonomepnoe pacnpeenenne xaxoro t ro nn tno marepnana
n npocrpancrne nnn no npemenn**.
* up+vucru B.M. Vxas. cou. C. 246.
** Tam xe, C. 426.
Komnosnnnonnax pont pn]mt cocronr n snyxono oprannsannn crnxa, pn]ma oennxer crpoxn,
o]opmnxmmne ony mtcnt, n crpo]t, enaer onee omyrnmtm pnrm crnxa, cnococrnyer
sanomnnaemocrn no+rnuecxoro nponsneennx.
B ro xe ynomxnyro ntme paore B.M. Xnpmyncxn, npocnexnnax ncropnm pn]mt, noxastnaer, uro
n anrnocaxconcxo no+snn XXII nn. n n cpeneanrnncxn nepno annnrepannx ns oprannsymmero
npnnnnna npenparnnact n neoxsarentnt +nemenr nncrpymenronxn, a pn]ma, cnauana roxe
neoxsarentnax, cranonnrcx nce onee n onee otuno. Crporax n oxsarentnax pn]ma xax nocroxnnt
npnem merpnuecxo xomnosnnnn ycranannnnaercx n anrnncxo no+snn rontxo n xonne XIV nexa.
nx roro urot yxcnnrt mecro pn]mt n cncreme xyoxecrnenntx cpecrn, neoxonmo paccmorpert
ee xax onn ns nnon nonropa, xax onn ns nnon cnennennx n xax onn ns nnon orxnonennn or nopmt.
Hsyuenne pn]mt yer, raxnm opasom, cnxsano c nexoroptmn omereopernuecxnmn nonpocamn, o
xoroptx yxe ronopnnoct ntme.
3nyxonme non1opm onn ns neymnx npnsnaxon, ornnuammnx no+snm or npost. Crnxonte pxt
cxpennent mexy coo enncrnom ycrounno nonropxemocrn onoro, necxontxnx nnn ncex
xoncrpyxrnnntx +nemenron*. Pasnnuamr +nqonnuecxne n ue1pnuecxne non1opm. Pn]ma npnnanexnr
x +n]onnuecxnm rnnam nonropa, xya ornocxrcx raxxe annnrepannx, pe]pen, acconanct, ncconanct,
ana]opa, +nn]opa, naponomacnx, napannentnte xoncrpyxnnn. Merpnuecxne nonropt +ro crona n
xparnte ee nonropt (pasmep) n crpo]a.
* Kemroecru A. Ho+rnuecxn cnonapt. M., 1966.
nx crnnncrnxn exonponannx ouent naxno ro, uro pn]ma xnnxercx onnm ns rnanntx rnnon
no+rnuecxoro cnennennx, r.e. ncnontsonannx cxontx +nemenron n onnaxontx nosnnnxx, npnammero
crpyxrypnym nenocrnocrt ncemy nponsneennm nnn ontmomy ero orpesxy.
onontno pacnpocrpanennoe onpeenenne pn]mt xax xonnenoro cosnyunx nerouno. ecrnnrentno,
uame ncero pn]mymrcx, r.e. connaamr no snyuannm, nmenno xonnt crpox, naunnax or nocnenero
yapnoro cnora, onaxo nosmoxnt raxxe pn]mt n cepenne crpoxn (nesypnte), n nauane crpoxn
(rononnte) n axpomonorpammt.
Honoxenne pn]mt n crnxe n crpo]e nounnxercx ro nnn nno cxeme. Ho neprnxantnomy
pasmemennm pasnnuamr pn]mt cueanme (aa, bb), nepexpec1nme (ab, ab) n ononcmnammne (ab, ba).
Baxno raxxe ormernrt paccroxnne mexy crnxamn, coennenntmn pn]mo, n uncno crnxon,
oennenntx ono pn]mo. Ho cnoronomy oemy pn]mt enxrcx na uyacxne (yapenne na
nocnenem cnore), aencxne (yapenne na npenocnenem cnore) n, ax1nnnuecxne (yapenne na rpertem
or xonna cnore). nx anrnncxoro crnxa, naroapx peyxnnn oxonuann n npeonaamme n ncxonntx
cnonax onocnoxnocrn, xapaxrepnt myxcxne pn]mt.
Onnaxonocrt nosnnn moxer trt pasno: no cxocrny nonoxennx n crnxe pasnnuamr xonnente
pn]mt, nnyrpennne, nauantnte (pexn nn) n pn]mennte axpomonorpammt.
Konnenoe nonoxenne pn]m omensnecrno n noxcnenn ne rpeyer. Bnyrpennne pn]mt moxno
nponnnmcrpnponart cneymmnm orptnxom ns mmopncrnuecxoro crnxornopennx Inntepra n Cennnnana
Honanra:
When you're lying awake with a dismal headache, and repose is
tabooed by anxiety,
I conceive you may use any language you chose to indulge in
without impropriety.
Fynnunocrt coepxannx n annom cnyuae xonrpacrnpyer c nnnntmn crpoxamn, xoropte npnntuno
acconnnpymrcx c npnnonxrocrtm rona. Bnyrpennne pn]mt pasnnamr nnny crpoxn n cosamr
151
npornnopeune mexy rem, xax ona nanncana n xax snyunr. Coueranne +rnx xonrpacron aer n pesyntrare
xomnuecxn +]]exr n nponnuecxn cmtcn.
Bapnanrom raxo pn]monxn xnnxercx nponnuecxax pn]ma, coennxmmax cnono, npemecrnymmee
nesype, c xoneuntm cnonom crpoxn:
Oh! a private buffoon is a light-hearted loon,
If you listen to popular rumour;
From the morn to the night, he's so joyous and bright,
And he bubbles with wit and good humour!
(W.S. Gilbert. The Yeoman of the Guard)
Hauantnmun, nnn rononnmun, nastnamr nnora pn]mt, coennxmmne xonen ono crpoxn c
nauanom cneymme. pyroe, onee cnennantnoe nx nasnanne pn]mennax axpomonorpamma.
Axpouonorpauua ecrt nexcnxo-xomnosnnnonnt npnem cnoronoe, nexcnuecxoe nnn pn]mennoe
nonropenne na crtxe crpox. Hexcnuecxax axpomonorpamma nastnaercx raxxe noxna1ou,
anannnosncou n c1mxou, no n +rnx cnyuaxx naxen nonrop, a ne ero pacnonoxenne na crtxe crpox.
Cnoxnoe cnnerenne pasntx nosnnn pn]m n couerannn c annnrepanne mt naxonm n crnxornopennn
H. Maxnnca, nanncannom n 1938 roy, ammem mnpoxoe ]nnoco]cxoe oomenne n pacxptnammem
rxxente npeuyncrnnx o cyte ero noxonennx. 3nyxonte nonropt cosamr n cocennx uacrxx rexcra
rpynnt onnaxontx nnn noxoxnx snyxon, nouepxnnax cmtcn n orrenxx opast.
THE SUNLIGNT ON THE GARDEN
The sunlight on the garden
Hardens and grows cold,
We cannot cage the minute
Within its nets of gold,
When all is told
We cannot beg for pardon.
Our freedom as free lances
Advances towards its end;
The earth compels, upon it
Sonnets and bids descend;
And soon, my friend,
We shall have no time for dances.
The sky was good for flying
Defying the church bells
And every evil iron
Siren and what it tells:
The earth compels,
We are dying, Egypt dying.,
And not expecting pardon,
Hardened in heart anew,
But glad to have sat under
Thunder and rain with you,
And grateful too
For sunlight on the garden.
Crnxornopenne snyunr xax nexoropoe noneenne nroron nx no+ron 30-x roon, onnm ns xoroptx n
tn H. Maxnnc. Cnoxnax cxema pn]m cnxstnaer ero n ennym crpyxrypy. Kaxax crpo]a pn]myercx
abcbba. Hpnuem cnona garden n pardon cosamr pamounym pn]my n nepno n nocnene crpo]ax, no n
oparnom nopxxe. Kpome roro, pn]mt a n c nonropent xax rononnte pn]mt: garden hardens, upon it
152
sonnets.
Ouent cnoxnte n nstcxannte nonropt rnna axpomonorpammt ncnontsonant x. Fapxepom n ero
Elegy on Spain.
Evil lifts a hand and the heads of flowers fall
The pall of the hero who by the Ebro bleeding
Feeds with his blood the stones that rise and call
Tall as any man, No pasaran!
C rouxn spennx cxocrna snyuannx pn]mt moryr trt 1ounmun (heart part) n npnnnsn1entnmun.
Hpnnnsnrentnte pn]mt nopasenxmr na acconancm, n xoroptx npn onnaxonocrn rnacntx cornacnte
pasnnunt (advice compromise), xonconancm, n xoroptx connaamr, nanpornn, cornacnte (wind land,
grey grow), n ncconancm, n xoroptx connaamr neyapnte rnacnte n cornacnte, a yapnte ne
connaamr (devil evil).
B xonconancno pn]me (ee raxxe nastnamr napapn]mo n nonypn]mo) connaamr cornacnte,
npemecrnymmne neconnaammnm yapntm rnacntm (star stir). Ecnn sa yapntmn rnacntmn cneymr
eme cornacnte, connaamr n onn (hall hell). Fontmax pont xonconanca n anrnncxom crnxe oycnonnena
ornocnrentno ontme, uem n pyrnx xstxax, pontm cornacntx n anrnncxom xstxe, a raxxe rem, uro
ncconanc rnacntx n orxnnx cornacntx cnxstnamr xonconancnym pn]my c rpannnonno nx
anrnocaxconcxo no+snn annnrepanne. B npnneennom nnxe orptnxe ns crnxornopennx V. Oy+na,
xoropt nsnecren cnonmn +xcnepnmenramn c napapn]mo*, xonconancnax nauantnax pn]ma coueraercx c
annnrepanne nnyrpn xaxo crpoxn n rouno xoneuno pn]mo.
* Cm.: Hpuxooiro H.C., Porou O.H. Konconanc n annnrepannx n no+rnxe Vnn]pea Oy+na//unnon. nayxn. 1984. N 2.
Leaves
Murmuring by miriads in the shimmering trees
Lives
Wakening with wonder in Pyrenees.
Birds
Cheerily chirping in the early day.
Bards
Singing of summer scything thro' the hay.
B sanncnmocrn or uncna connaammnx snyxon pasnnuamr pn]mt enme (by cry) n ora1me (brevity
longevity), r.e. cocroxmne ns ontmoro uncna onnaxontx snyxon. B nnane mop]onornuecxnx
ocoennocre onocnonntm pn]mam npornnonocrannxmrcx pn]mt cocrannte, r.e. cocroxmne ns nyx
nnn onee cnon, oennenntx onnm yapennem (better forget her). Cocrannax pn]ma ncnontsyercx
npenmymecrnenno xax myrounax napxy c xanamypno pn]mo, oennxmme omonnmt. Komnuecxn
n nponnuecxn +]]exr cocranno pn]mt moxno noxasart na cneymme necenxe C. Cmnra:
O lovers true
And others too
Whose best is only better,
Take my advice
Shun compromise:
Forget him and forget her.
3ra myrounax necenax necenxa o rom, uro n nmnn neonycrnmt xomnpomncct n nao
pyxonocrnonartcx npnnnnnom nce nnn nnuero, snyunr neceno n saopno naroapx ]opme crnxa n
pn]me. Tounte pn]mt nepemexamrcx sect c ncconancamn n cocranntmn pn]mamn, xoropte nonaamr
n rpertm n mecrym crpoxn xaxo crpo]t. Cxema pn]monxn nonropxercx n xaxo crpo]e, n +ro roxe
cneyer paccmarpnnart xax cnennenne aabccb.
Paccmorpen pn]my xax nonrop n xax cnennenne, nocmorpnm, n xaxom cmtcne pn]ma moxer
paccmarpnnartcx xax pacxoxenne rpannnonno n cnryarnnno oosnauammero. 3ro pacxoxenne moxer
nrn nymx pasnnuntmn nyrxmn: orpannuennx, cymecrnymmne n nopme xstxa, moryr trt cnxrt nnn,
153
nanpornn, na crpyxrypy coomennx moryr trt nanoxent ononnnrentnte orpannuennx.
Cnxrne cymecrnymmnx orpannuenn mt nanmaem n pasntx rponax n n paccmorpenntx ntme
nonyormeuenntx crpyxrypax.
Pn]ma xnnxercx xpxnm npnmepom nroporo rnna, r.e. oannennx orpannuenn. Pn]ma ne nnocnr
napymennx ormeuennocrn npenoxennx, cymecrnenno sect ro, uro pn]ma nnonr ononnnrentnte
orpannuennx, xoropte cranonxrcx ononnnrentntmn npannnamn xoa, npnnxroro n annom coomennn,
ero cnenn]nuno xoncranro, ornnuamme ero or pyrnx coomenn. Camo coo pasymeercx, uro n
onom n rom xe crnxornopennn moryr conmemartcx oa rnna orxnonenn or nopmt.
3ro conmemenne moxno npocnenrt n crnxornopennn B. Oena:
CARRY HER OVER THE WATER
Carry her over the water,
And set her down under the tree,
Where the culvers white all day and all night,
And the winds from every quarter
Sing agreeably, agreeably of love.
Put a gold ring on her finger
And press her close to your heart,
While the fish in the lake their snapshots take.
And the frog, that sanguine singer,
Sings agreeably, agreeably, agreeably of love.
The streets shall all flock to your marriage,
The houses turn round to look,
The tables and chairs say suitable prayers,
And the horses drawing your carriage
Sing agreeably, agreeably, agreeably of love.
Orpannuennx, naxnatnaemte na xo cxemo pn]m, sect nectma cnoxnte. Oosnaunn pe]pen yxno
R, mt moxem nanncart ee raxnm opasom: abcaR. Hepnax n uerneprax crpoxn xaxo crpo]t pn]mymrcx
rax nastnaemtmn xencxnmn pn]mamn (yapenne na npenocnenem cnore): water quarter, finger singer,
marriage carriage. Ho cnoemy nonoxennm n crpo]e +ro oxnarnte pn]mt. Taxnm opasom, pe]pen
noxastnaer rpannnt crpo], a xaxo crpo]e coomaercx nenocrnocrt oxnarno pn]mo n
axpomonorpammo n rperte crpoxe (white night, lake take, chairs prayers) c myxcxnmn, saxptrtmn
(xonuammnmncx na cornacnte) pn]mamn.
Orpannuennx, naxnatnaemte na uncro ]onernuecxym cropony, cnxstnamr crnxornopenne n n
pnrmnxo-cnnraxcnuecxom nnane. B ornomennn xe coueraemocrn cnon nponcxonr oparnoe, r.e. cnxrne
npnntuntx orpannuenn. Taxoe cnxrne orpannuenn mt yxe nanmann n npemecrnymmnx rnanax,
nsyuax rpont n nonyormeuennte crpyxrypt. B +rom paocrnom necennem rnmne nmnn cnxrne
orpannuenn cosaer xpxne myrnnnte opast: o nmnn npnxrno nomr ronyn, nerpt, nxrymxn n noman,
oma oopaunnamrcx, urot nocmorpert na cnaty, a cront n cryntx nponsnocxr npnnnuecrnymmne
cnyuam monnrnt. Cnnraxcnuecxn nce crpyxrypt crnxornopennx crpyxrypt ormeuennte: NP + VP (noun
phrase + verb phrase), no rnarontnte ]past nert o nmnn, nponsnocnrt monnrnt n nopme xstxa
coueramrcx c cymecrnnrentntmn oymennenntmn nasnannxmn nnna. Hapymenne ncex +rnx ycnonn
nexcnuecxoro n cemanrnuecxoro cornaconannx n cosaer nneuarnenne necenoro ycrna.
5. Pn1u
Pn1uou nastnaercx ncxxoe pannomepnoe uepeonanne, nanpnmep ycxopennx n samenennx, yapntx n
neyapntx cnoron n axe nonropenne opason, mtcne n r.. A. Knxrxoncxn onpeenxer pnrm xax
nonnoopasnt nponecc nepnonuecxnx nonropon xonnuecrnenno rpynnt nnxennx n ee xauecrnenntx
mon]nxannxx. B nnreparype peueno ocnono pnrma xnnxercx cnnraxcnc*.
* Apuo.io H.B., Kououeuro E.T. Pnrm xax cocrannax uacrt maxpoxonrexcra. B c.: Bonpoct anrnncxo xonrexcronornn.
154
Btn. 1. H., 1974.
Pnrm nmeer ontmoe snauenne ne rontxo nx mystxn, crnxon, no n nx npost. Ho ecnn n no+snn
pnrmnxa neorennma or merpnxn, r.e. pasnoopasntx crnxornopntx pasmepon, ocnonanntx na yapennn,
ro n npose eno ocronr necxontxo nnaue. Pnrm npost ocnonan no npenmymecrny na nonrope opason,
nonrope rem n pyrnx xpynntx +nemenron rexcra, na napannentntx xoncrpyxnnxx, na ynorpenennn
npenoxenn c onopontmn unenamn, cnenn]nuecxom pacnonoxennn onpeenenn*. X. Ipocc cunraer,
uro no+snx ornnuaercx or npost onee nnrencnnntm ncnontsonannem ]onernuecxnx n noome
pnrmnuecxnx cpecrn nx nepeaun nacrpoennx, ncnxnuecxoro n ]nsnuecxoro nanpxxennx, nonnennx,
pasnnuntx +monn n omymenn, uepeonann nanpxxennx n penaxcannn**. Pnrm moxer ornocnrtcx ne
rontxo x +monnonantno c]epe on moxer oocrpxrt nocnpnxrne xoa mtcnn, ocrpoymnx anropa. X.
Ipocc cpannnnaer nposy x. xoca n x. Ocren n noxastnaer, uro, n ro npemx xax y nepnoro snyxonax
oprannsannx nnsxa x no+rnuecxo n ocnonana na uepeonannn snyxon, yapntx n neyapntx, onrnx n
xparxnx rnacntx, annnrepannn n r.n., y x. Ocren unrarent nonyuaer yonontcrnne or pnrma mtcnn.
* Apuo.io H.B. Crnnncrnuecxax ]ynxnnx rexcra n pnrm. B c.: Bonpoct reopnn anrnncxoro n pyccxoro xstxon.
Bonora. 1973.
** Gross H. Op. cit. - P. 11-13.
Pnrm npost onee rpyno ynonnrt, uem pnrm crnxornopnt, no n n npose moxno nanmart
pannomepnoe uepeonanne consmepnmtx +nemenron, xoropoe ecrnyer na +monnonantnoe nocnpnxrne
unrarenx, xorx ono n ne nnno rnasy, noono uepeonannm +nemenron n no+snn. Hpocnenm recnym cnxst
pnrmnuecxoro n +monnonantnoro crpox n orptnxe ns pomana P. Onnnrrona Cmeprt repox.
There shone the soft, slim yellow trumpet of the wild daffodil; the daffodil which has a pointed ruff
of white petals to display its gold head; and the more opulent double daffodil which, compared with the
other two, is like an ostentatious merchant between Florizel and Perdita. There were the many-headed
jonquils, creamy and thick-scented; the starry narcissus, so alert on its long, slender, stiff stem, so sharp-
eyed, so unlike a languid youth gazing into a pool; the hyacinth-blue frail squill almost lost in the lush
herbs; and the hyacinth, blue and white and red, with its firm, thick-set stem and innumerable bells
curling back their open points.Among them stood tulips the red, like thin blown bubbles of dark wine;
the yellow, more cup-like, more sensually open to the soft furry entry of the eager bees; the large
particoloured gold and red, noble and sombre like the royal banner of Spain.
Pnrm +roro orptnxa cocrannxmr nonropennx uepes npnnnsnrentno pannte npomexyrxn +nemenron
pasntx yponne: nonropxmrcx cxono nocrpoennte cnnraxcnuecxne xomnnexct, cxonte cnnrarmt,
nonropxmrcx cnona, nonropxmrcx snyxn. uepeonanne +rnx consmepnmtx +nemenron ocymecrnnxercx
sect n snaunrentno crenenn sa cuer ocoo apanxnponxn +nnreron, nomorammnx unrarenm noccosart
n cnoem noopaxennn npenecrt necennnx nneron Anrnnn. Xapaxrep nocnpnxrnx mornnnponan: necennne
nnert noxasant rax, xax nx ynnenn monote xyoxnnxn, xopx Vnnrepopn n ero nosnmnennax.
Orptnox moxer paccmarpnnartcx xax pnrmnuecxax nposa.
Hoonax pnrmnuecxax oprannsannx npost ne xnnxercx ncxnmuennem. Mt uacro naxonm ee n y
pyrnx anropon. B uacrnocrn, mnorne +nernuecxne n carnpnuecxne naccaxn n onncannx y u. nxxenca
moryr n cnny cnoe pnrmnunocrn paccmarpnnartcx xax crnxornopennx n npose. Taxono, nanpnmep, nauano
pomanon Xonont om n Honecrt o nyx ropoax, onncanne Koxrayna n Mnnncrepcrna
Oxonnunocre. Pnrmnunocrt nx ocnonana na pasnnunoro poa napannennsmax, nonropax, xontnentx
noxnarax n r..*
* Cm. ananns rexcron P. Onnnrrona n u. nxxenca n xn.: Arnold I., Diakonova N. Three Centuries of English Prose. H.,
1967; Cu.i+au T.H. nxxenc. H. 1970.
Pnrm xax n no+snn, rax n n npose ne xnnxercx opnamenrom nx snauennx nnn uyncrnenntm +nemenrom,
nnemnnm no ornomennm x snauennm. Tax xe, xax, nanpnmep, mera]opa, pnrm xnnxercx nocnrenem
snauennx. Ho+romy pnrmnuecxax oprannsannx rexcra raxxe crnnncrnuecxn penenanrna, ona enaer onee
uerxnmn n mtcnt, n +monnm anropa, npnuem +ro cnpanennno xax nx crnxornopenn c otuno
merpnxo, rax n nx nepnnpa n npost.
Bcxxoe nnreparypnoe nponsneenne orpaxaer nen, xnsnennt ontr n ornomenne x cotrnxm ero
anropa, cxonencnponannte n cnmnont, cnoconte nepeart +monnn, +rn cnmnont n +monnn
155
pacnonaramrcx n nsnecrnom nopxxe n pnrme. Hn]opmannx, xoropym necer pnrm, ne ncera moxer trt
ntpaxena n cnonax n nponrptnaer npn nepecxase. Pnrm npnaer ocoym naxnocrt rem nnn nntm nexm n
uyncrnam, ntcxasanntm cnonamn, no on necer n nexoropym camocroxrentnym narpysxy, xoropax, no
mtcnn X. Ipocca, nepeaer peaxnnm uenonexa na npemx*, cosaer nnnmsnm, uro ro, o uem mt unraem,
xnner cnoe xnsntm no npemenn n xnnxercx naxntm xomnonenrom xyoxecrnennoro npemenn.
* Gross H. Op. cit.
Koneuno, pnrm n merpnuecxne cpecrna uame nmemr ne nsopasnrentnym, a rontxo ntpasnrentnym
]ynxnnm, r.e. ycnnnnamr ecrnne pyrnx +nemenron. Tem nnrepecnee paccmorpert pnrm, npnmenennt
xax cpecrno nsopaxennx.
Amepnxancxn no+r-nmaxnnncr B.K. Vnntxmc nocnxrnn cnoe crnxornopenne xaprnne nnepnancxoro
xnnonncna XVI nexa Fperenx Kpecrtxncxn ranen. Fperent, onn ns poonauantnnxon ronnancxo
n ]namancxo peanncrnuecxo xnnonncn, nsopaxan n cnonx xaprnnax tr nnepnancxnx xpecrtxn n
pemecnennnxon, rpaxryx ero c rpyonartm mmopom. Kaprnna Kpecrtxncxn ranen (xepmec) nonna
onrnmnsma n xnsneyrnepxennx.
In Breughel's great picture, The Kermess,
the dancers go round, they go round and
around, the squeal, and the blare and the
tweedle of bagpipes, abugle and fiddles
tipping their bellies (round as the thick-
sided glasses whose wash they impound)
their hips and their bellies off balance
to turn them. Kicking and rolling about
the Fair Grounds, swinging their butts, those
shanks must be sound to bear up under such
rollicking measures, prance as they dance
in Breughel's great picture, The Kermess.
Tpexcnoxnax crona n rpexcronnte crpoxn cosamr uerxn pnrm nantca, a cnntnoe yapenne sacrannxer
nouyncrnonart, xax rxxeno ronamr oponte, nysarte nepconaxn Fperenx.
Bnnmarentno nunrtnaxct n crnxornopenne, moxno samernrt, xax rouno noopant cnona,
onnctnammne mym epenencxoro copnma: squeal (nnsr), blare (yenne), tweedle (nnnnxante); nnxennx
rannymmnx: kicking, rolling, swinging, prance.
Pnrm rouno nepeaer nnamnxy xanpono cnenxn. Cmxer cnoeopasen onncanne xaprnnt
crapnnnoro xyoxnnxa.
Opast xonxpernt, ocoenno roncrte xnnort, noxoxne na re xpyxxn, coepxnmoe xoroptx onn n
cex nmecrnnn. uerxoe, xcnoe n ouent cxaro noannoe coepxanne xaprnnt cocrannxer npemer +roro
xoporxoro crnxornopennx.
Ho nepnemcx x pnrmy. Pnrm, cneonarentno, nmeer ne rontxo ntpasnrentnym, no n cnmnonnuecxym n
nsopasnrentnym ]ynxnnn n anexo ne cnonrcx x merpnxe. B nponecce npenpamennx xnsnennoro ontra,
ornomenn, uyncrn n ne n marepnan nnreparypt on oprannsyer nx, npnaer nm crpyxrypnocrt.
Pnrm moxer nmnrnponart nnxenne, noneenne, ocranonxy, xax n crnxornopennn P. Knnnnnra o
marammnx no a]pnxancxo ntnn conarax nnn xax n onncannn mopcxnx nonn y I. Mennnnna (cm. c. 101)
On moxer nepeanart nanpxxenne, nonnenne, omee nacrpoenne, xax n Bopone 3. Ho.
Pasen no+rnxn, nocnxmennt pnrmnuecxo crpyxrype nnreparypntx nponsneenn n ee
+]]exrnnnocrn n nepeaue mtcnn n +monnn, nastnaercx npoconen.
Bo ncex paccmorpenntx cnyuaxx npoconuecxnmn +nemenramn, na xoropte onnpaercx pnrm, xnnxmrcx
yapenne, cnnraxcnuecxne xoncrpyxnnn, xonnuecrno rnacntx, snyxonopaxanne, annnrepannx.
Btenenne, ocymecrnnxemoe pnrmnuecxo oprannsanne nponsneennx, oecneunnaer
n]]epennnannm marepnana nponsneennx, cosanne nepcnexrnnt ona enaer onee ntnyxntmn,
pente]ntmn onn cnona, mtcnn, uyncrna n sarymentnaer, oronnraer na sann nnan pyrne.
Taxnm opasom, nonxrne npoconn n pnrma onxno trt orneceno n x npose; n n npose rax xe, xax n
no+snn, pnrm cnococrnyer coornecennm ncxyccrna c xnsntm.
156
IAABA VI. CTHAHCTHHECKHH AHAAH3 IPAmHKH
1. Bsanuoenc1nne rpaqnxn n snyuannn. Hynx1yannn
uopma cymecrnonannx nnreparypnoro xyoxecrnennoro nponsneennx ornnuaercx or ]opmt
cymecrnonannx nponsneennx nsopasnrentnoro ncxyccrna n cnoem ornomennn x marepnany. Mpamop nnn
epeno, ns xoroptx cenana cxyntnrypa, nxoxr neorennmo uacrtm n ee npnpoy. Pasnrax craryx
nepecraer cymecrnonart. Fymara, na xoropo naneuarana xnnra, na nnreparypnte ocronncrna xnnrn ne
nnnxer. Orroro uro +xsemnnxp nnn axe mnoro +xsemnnxpon xnnrn yyr ynnuroxent, camo
nponsneenne cymecrnonart ne nepecraner. Crnxornopenne ocraercx camnm coo naneuarano nn ono n
npounrano n xypnane nnn nponsneceno n ycntmano c +crpat nnn no pano. Tem ne menee, nocxontxy
nocnpnxrne nnreparypntx nponsneenn nponcxonr npenmymecrnenno uepes urenne, a ne co cnyxa,
rpa]nuecxoe nx o]opmnenne oxastnaercx enom ontmo naxnocrn. B annom cnyuae nmeer snauenne ne
]opmar xnnrn nnn pasopunnocrt mpn]ra, xorx +ro, xoneuno, roxe naxno nx yocrna urennx n omero
+crernuecxoro nneuarnennx, a nsanmoornomenne mpn]ron, enenne na asant n pacnonoxenne crpox,
sarnannte yxnt, snaxn npennnannx.
nx cosannx pnrmnuecxoro nneuarnennx npn spnrentnom nocnpnxrnn no+snn nennxa pont enennx na
crpo]t, omn nn crpannnt, xonna crpox. Ona ns ocoennocre no+snn cocronr n rom, uro ee
+crernuecxoe nosecrnne sanncnr or couerannx oenx peannsann: rpa]nxn n snyuannx.
Ipa]nuecxax ]opma crnxa orpaxaer ero crpyxrypy n nacrpannaer unrarenx na +monnonantnocrt n
+xcnpeccnnnocrt coomennx.
Bce +rn cpecrna crnnncrnuecxn neoxonmt, urot coomnrt unrarenm ro, uro n ycrno peun
nepeaercx npoconuecxnmn +nemenramn, yapennem, ronom ronoca, naysamn, ynnnennem nnn ynoennem
nexoroptx snyxon n r.. Onn nomoramr mtcnennomy ncnonnennm.
Otuno rpa]nuecxne cpecrna nanpannent na nepeauy +monnonantno oxpacxn, r.e. uyncrn, xoropte
nncarent coomaer unrarenm, nnn +m]ast xax omero cnennantnoro ynennuennx ycnnn ronopxmero,
ocoo nouepxnnammero uacrt ntcxastnannx nnn nocxastnammero nannune norexcra. uacrnuno c +ro
nentm unrarent moxer opnenrnponartcx na npxmoe onncanne, xapaxrepnsymmee ron xax xonont nnn,
naoopor, nacxont, myrnnnt nnn nsnonnonannt, na manepy nponsnecennx: ncxpnuan,
npoopmoran, nponsnec xonono n oruernnno n r..
Crnnncrnuecxym ]ynxnnm moryr ntnonnxrt n ocoennocrn op]orpa]nn. H.. txxonona n crarte o
carnpe I. unnnnra* opamaer nnnmanne na ro, uro esrpamornte nnctma nennxoro nopa xonarana
Vanta, apeconannte coepxanxe nopon n nsnommnxon Hernnnn, naponpymr n ntcmennamr nomnocrt
n ]antmt nennxocnercxoro yxaxnnannx. Ipyte omnxn n ntcoxonapntx n crpacrntx cnonax
pasonauamr nnsmennte uyncrna. Hcxaxennax op]orpa]nx rpa]aperno ]paseonornn nouepxnnaer
cnamanym nxnnocrt.
* Cm.: irouoea H.B. Carnpa unnnnra. Vuen. san. HIV. 1956. N 212. Cep. ]nnon. nayx. Btn. 28.
B.A. Kyxapenxo noxasana pont rpaqqona crnnncrnuecxn penenanrnoro ncxaxennx op]orpa]nuecxo
nopmt, orpaxammero nnnnnyantnte nnn nanexrnte napymennx nopmt ]onernuecxo. Hopono
rpa]]ont onncant n paore H.H. Ementxnono.
Cymecrnymr n cocrnenno rpa]nuecxne cpecrna, xoropte n cocrannxmr npemer anno rnant.
Ocoenno naxnoe mecro n pxy rpa]nuecxnx crnnncrnuecxnx cpecrn npnnanexnr nynxryannn,
nocxontxy napxy c ]ynxnne unenennx npenoxennx na cocrannxmmne ero cnnraxcnuecxne uacrn,
unenennem rexcra na npenoxennx n yxasannem ome xapaxrepncrnxn npenoxennx (nonpoc,
nocxnnnanne, yrnepxenne) nynxryannx yxastnaer n mnorne +nemenrt, naxnte n +monnonantno-
+xcnpeccnnnom ornomennn, nanpnmep +monnonantnte nayst, nponnm n mnoroe pyroe.
Hynxryannn npnnanexnr naxnax pont n nepeaue ornomennx anropa x ntcxastnaemomy, n namexe na
norexcr, n nocxase +monnonantno peaxnnn, xoropym oxnamr or unrarenx. Hynxryannx orpaxaer n
pnrmnxo-menonuecxoe crpoenne peun.
Crnnncrnuecxax narpyxennocrt pasnnuntx snaxon npennnannx neonnaxona. Ocooro nnnmannx
sacnyxnnamr nocxnnnarentnt n nonpocnrentnt snaxn. Camax nactmennocrt nmn rexcra
cnnerentcrnyer o ero +monnonantnocrn, xax +ro nnno ns cneymmero orptnxa ns ntect x. Ocopna n
A. Kperona 3nnra]nx xopxa nnnona:
157
George (savagely): That's good! Oh yes! And what about you?
Ruth (off her balance): What about me?
George: What are you doing here? All right, you've had your go at me. But what about
yourself?
Ruth: Well?
George: Oh, don't be so innocent, Ruth. This house! This room! This hideous. God-awful
room!
Ruth: Aren't you being just a little insulting?
George: I'm simply telling you what you very well know.
They may be your relations, but have you honestly got one tiny thing in common
with any of them? These people
Ruth: Oh, no! Not these people! Please not that!
After all, they don't still keep coals in the bath.
George: I didn't notice. Have you looked at them? Have you listened to them? They don't
merely act and talk like caricatures! That's what is so terrifying. Put any of them
on a stage, and no one would take them seriously for one minute! They think in
clichs, they talk in them, they even feel in them and, brother, that's an
achievement! Their existence is one great clicrhu that they carry about with them
like a snail in his little house and they live in it and die in it!
3monnonantnocrt rnpat xopxa npornn oxpyxammero ero memancrna n ero ona na Py]t sa coner
yrn ns oma 3nnoron, xoropte npnrpenn, xopmxr n noxr ero, n trt camocroxrentntm, ona, xoropym
on ntmemaer na rex xe 3nnorax, ntpaxaercx mnornmn xstxontmn cpecrnamn n, n uacrnocrn, onnnem
nocxnnnarentntx npenoxenn, ormeuaemtx nocxnnnarentntmn snaxamn.
uynxnnx nocxnnnarentnoro snaxa n nocxnnnarentntx npenoxennxx omensnecrna, no n
crnnncrnuecxom anannse neoxonmo yuecrt n ocote cnyuan pacxoxennx mexy rpannnonno n
cnryarnnno oosnauammnm, xora nocxnnnarentnt snax ynorpenxercx nocne npenoxenn, xoropte no
cnoe ]opme ne xnnxmrcx nocxnnnarentntmn. Bocxnnnarentnt snax n raxnx cnyuaxx yxastnaer na
ocooe, uame ncero nponnuecxoe, ornomenne x coepxannm ntcxastnannx, a nnora n na nosmymenne no
nonoy paccxastnaemoro: a truth, a faith, a generation of men goes and is forgotten, and it does not matter!
(J. Conrad. The Nigger of the Narcissus).
Baxnym pont ntnonnxmr raxxe +monnonantnte nayst, ormeuennte rnpe: Please not that!
3monnonantnte nayst uacro yxastnamrcx mnororounem (suspension marks). B npnneennom nnxe
orptnxe ns ntect C. Fexxera +monnonantnte nayst nomoramr samernrt nepemnrentnocrt,
neynepennocrt, cmymenne, nepnosnocrt nepconaxa:
Pozzo: You took me for Godot.
Estragon: Oh no, sir, not for an instant, sir.
Pozzo: Who is he?
Vladimir: Oh, he's a... he's a kind of acquaintance.
Estragon: Nothing of the kind, we hardly know him.
Vladimir: True... we don't know him very well... but all the same...
Estragon: Personally I wouldn't even know him if I saw him.
Pozzo: You took me for him.
Estragon (recoiling before Pozzo): That's to say... you understand... the
dusk... the strain... waiting... I confess... I imagined... for a second...
Pozzo: Why, it's very natural, very natural. I myself in your situation, if I had an appointment
with a Godin... Godet...
Godot... anyhow you see who I mean, I'd wait till it was black night before I gave up.
(S. Becket. Waiting for Godot)
Hayst n, coornercrnenno, mnororounx orpaxamr pasnnunte cocroxnnx ronopxmnx. Bnanmnp cmymen,
3crparon pacrepxn, a Honno npocro ne moxer ncnomnnrt nmx nnna, o xoropom mna peut.
Ionopxmn nnora optnaer cnom peut, ne saxonunn npenoxennx no nnnxnnem nanntna uyncrn nnn
158
ns coopaxenn raxra, samernn, uro ntaer xaxo-ro cexper, nnn noromy, uro npenounraer, urot
coecennx oraancx cam. Taxo anosnonesnc roxe ormeuaercx mnororounem:
You'd try. I know you'd try. Perhaps... But he had no idea himself how that sentence was supposed
to finish.
(Gr. Greene. The Heart of the Matter)
Mnororoune n rnpe no mnornx cnyuaxx nsanmosamenxemt. Tnpe raxxe ncnontsyercx n anosnonesnce:
Olwen: Martin didn't shoot himself.
Freda: Martin didn't
Olwen: Of course he didn't. I shot him.
(J.B. Priestley. Dangerous Corner)
upea, rano nmnnmax Maprnna, ne n cocroxnnn cpasy ocosnart ro, uro cntmnr. Oopnannax ]pasa
xax t rpeyer antnemnx noxcnenn, n Onyen, xoropax yxe pemnnact pacxptrt npany, roponnrcx
cxasart nce.
x. Ocopn, ontmo macrep tronoro nanora, ncnontsyer rnpe n npnneennom nnxe pasronope
mexy craptm aprncrom naptere n ero nnyuxo, peanncrnuecxn nocnponsnox pasronop, yuacrnnxn
xoroporo neocnymnnamr, npeptnamr pyr pyra n ne oxanunnamr ]pas, rax xax ne ouent snamr, uro
cxasart.
Billy: Jean, if ever you're in any kind of trouble, you will come to me now, won't you?
Jean: I will.
Billy: I mean it. Now look there's just the two of us here. Promise me you'll come and tell me.
Jean: Of course I will, but there's nothing
Billy: I'm not fooling about, I'm serious. Phoebe will be back any minute, and I don't want her to know. I
want you to promise me...
Jean: I promise you. If there is anything
Billy: If it's money, mind
Jean: Well, I tell you I've just
Billy: I've got a few pounds in the Post Office. Not much, mind you, but I've got a few pounds. Nobody
knows, so not to say a word, mind.
(J. Osborne. The Entertainer)
Tnpe nnn mnororoune moxer yxastnart na sarxnyrym naysy nepe xaxnm-nnyt naxntm cnonom nx
roro, urot npnnneut x nemy nnnmanne. Hpn +rom onn moryr couerartcx c xaxnm-nnyt sanonnnrenem
(time filler) rnna er, ugh, well, so: You come here after dark, and you go after dark. It's so so ignoble (Gr.
Greene. The Heart of the Matter).
Tnpe sect ]oxycnpyer nnnmanne na cnone nnsxn n nepeaer omym nepnosnocrt ntcxastnannx.
Hoxasannte npn nomomn rnpe nayst moryr trt nectma coepxarentntmn xax n npose, rax n n no+snn.
B xoporxom nnpnuecxom crnxornopennn 3. nxnncon paccxastnaer o nepexnrom ontmom crpaannn.
Hocne nero xnsnt xax yro ocranannnnaercx, uenonexa xax yro ner ecrt ero nepnt, cepne, norn, on
cmorpnr na cex oruyxenno, co cropont. Cocroxnne nanomnnaer cocroxnne samepsammero, xoropt
nomnnr cner, xono, espasnnune, a norom nepecraer oportcx:
After great pain, a formal feeling comes
The Nerves sit ceremonious, like Tombs
The stiff Heart questions was it He, that bore,
And Yesterday, or Centuries before?
The Feet, mechanical, go round
A Wooden way
159
Of Ground, or Air, or Ought
Regardless grown,
A Quarts contentment, like a stone
This is the Hour of Lead
Remembered, if outlived,
As Freezing persons, recollect the Snow
First Chill then Stupor then the letting go
Btpasnrentnte cpecrna +roro crnxornopennx orart, pasnoopasnt n recno nsanmocnxsant. Hayst
rontxo onn ns +nemenron cnoxno crpyxrypt, nmecre c ocrantntmn onn nepeamr ornymennocrt,
orpemennocrt n espasnnune, ocranmnecx nocne nepenecennoro crpaannx. Hepnoe npenoxenne, xorx n
coepxnr oa rnanntx unena n xax yro t ]opmantno saxonueno, xnno rpeyer noxcnennx n no+romy
moxer pacnennnartcx xax anosnonesnc. Hao eme cxasart unrarenm, o xaxom ]opmantnom uyncrne
ronopnr no+recca. Oxcnnrt +ro rpyno. Ona ocranannnnaercx. Cmorpnr na cex oruyxenno, co
cropont. uyncrnyer ne ona, a nepnt, no n onn yxe rontxo ropxecrnenno nocceamr xax rponnnt.
Hocne +roro neoxnannoro opasa cnona naysa. Henonxrno, xax moxno nepenecrn raxoe. Ho cnpamnnaer
o +rom onxrt ne ona cama, a cepne. Ono nsymneno: neyxenn +ro ono ntepxano +ry myxy n xora +ro
tno? Cnnraxcnuecxax crpyxrypa napymaercx, no nayst ner. Hentnocnmax ont ocranonnna npemx, n
xaxercx, uro nce +ro tno nuepa, no, moxer trt, npomnn nexa.
B cneymme crpoxe nays eme ontme, nnnnte nayst yxasant rnpe, a xoporxne sanxrtmn n
optnom crpoxn. Crpo]a ronopnr o espasnnunn x oxpyxammemy, o xaxom-ro oxamenennn. Hpoonxaercx
ra xe meronnmnx xonr ne cam uenonex, a ero norn, onn nepennramrcx mexannuecxn, a uenonex ne
oraer cee oruera n rom, re on naxonrcx; xm sect cranonnrcx ouent pesxo pnrmnuntm, n nce
cnnraxcnuecxne, pnrmnuecxne n nynxryannonnte cpecrna nocxastnamr xoporxne nayst: of Ground, or
Air, or Ought A Wooden way. Crpo]a saxanunnaercx nayso, noono mystxantnomy ]epmaro.
Hocnenxx crpo]a notroxnnaer nce npetymee +ro rxxent uac. Cnona naysa. On ne sayercx,
ecnn ero nepexnnemt. Hocnenne crpoxn noxastnamr, uro ynepennocrn n +rom ner. Cocroxnne noxoxe na
cocroxnne samepsammero. Hayst cranonxrcx uame. Crnxornopenne mnorosnaunrentno saxanunnaercx ne
rouxo, a rnpe. Konen, raxnm opasom, nensnecren. unrarent nocnpnnnmaer mnoroe uepes npoconuecxym
crpyxrypy, pnrm n nayst, o xoroptx cnrnannsnpyer nynxryannx.
Touxa crannrcx n xonne saxonuennoro nonecrnonarentnoro npenoxennx, xax nonnoro, rax n
nenonnoro. Hocxontxy npnsnaxamn npenoxennx, ornnuammnmn ero or pyrnx ]ynxnnonnpymmnx n
peun ennnn, xnnxmrcx ne rontxo npenxarnnnocrt nnn nannune rnarona n nnuno ]opme, no n nnronannx
n naysa, rouxa yxastnaer n naysy, n nnronannm. nx anrnncxo nynxryannn noome xapaxrepno
cneonanne npexe ncero nnronannonno cropone peun, npnuem cnnraxcnuecxoe nocrpoenne yunrtnaercx
anexo ne ncera*.
* Cm. Koopuua H.A., Ma.axoecru H.B. Anrnncxax nynxryannx. M., 1959. C. 9.
Crnnncrnuecxax ]ynxnnx rouxn moxer trt pasnnuno. Hpn onncannn enno xaprnnt nnn tcrpo
cment cotrn rouxa pasnnaer rexcr na orentnte xoporxne npenoxennx n ononpemenno cosaer
enncrno n nnamnunocrt nenoro. Touxn moryr npn +rom npemecrnonart comsam and, but n r..
C pyro cropont, oparnt npnem, r.e. ornocnrentno nnnnt rexcr es rouex, raxxe nepeaer
nnamnuecxym cnxst ontmo xaprnnt. Hsompennoe ncnontsonanne oonx rnnon naxonm y T.C. 3nnora.
Tpnym]antnt mapm n no+me Kopnonan naunnaercx c nepeuncnennx roro, uro nnnr ronna,
ncrpeuammax na momentx ynnnax Pnma xononnt noenrenx.
TRIUMPHAL MARCH
Stone, bronze, stone, steel, stone, oakleaves, horses' heels over the paving,
And the flags. And the trumpets. And so many eagles.
How many? Count them. And such a press of people.
We hardly knew ourselves that day, or knew the City.
This is the way to the temple, and we so many crowding the way.
So many waiting, how many waiting? What did it matter, on such a day?
160
Are they coming? No, not yet. You can see some eagles.
And hear the trumpets.
Here they come. Is he coming?
Tonor npoxoxmnx no momenno xamnem ynnne nonnon, pnrm nx nnxennx, pxnanne opyxnx
nepeant snyxono oprannsanne, pnrmom n merpnxo nepntx nyx crpox, re +nemenrt nepeuncnennx
orenent sanxrtmn. Konrpacr ynorpenennx sanxrtx n nepntx nyx crpoxax n rouex n nyx
nocneymmnx ouent naxen. Hepnte crpoxn mornn t ntrnxert rax:
Stone. Bronze. Stone. Steel. Stone. Oakleavcs. Horses' heels.
Over the paving.
Ho n +rom cnyuae pnrm nx cran t snaunrentno onee orptnncrtm n ne coornercrnonan t
ropxecrnennomy mapmy xononn. Hocneymmne xoporxne, n snaunrentno uacrn onococrannte
npenoxennx nepeamr nocnpnxrne ronnt, y xoropo or mnoxecrna nneuarnenn saxnartnaer yx. Hmn
omennnamrcx xoporxnmn pennnxamn. Pasrnxert nce n ronne rpyno, n onn nerepnennno saamr pyr
pyry nonpoct. Orcma onnne nonpocnrentntx snaxon. Orcyrcrnne xantuex cosaer nnamnsm.
Hocxontxy crnnncrnuecxne nosmoxnocrn snaxon npennnannx nsyuent eme xpane mano, mt
orpannunmcx +rnm uacrntm npnmepom n cxaxem eme necxontxo cnon o crnnncrnuecxom norennnane
xantuex. B ocnonnom xantuxn cnyxar nx ntenennx uyxo peun. 3ro moxer trt peut nepconaxe, a
nnora n mtcnn nx, xoropte ocramrcx nentcxasanntmn ncnyx. Ho+romy onn nmemr ontmoe snauenne
nx paccmorpennx rexcronoro yponnx n nsanmoecrnnx nnana paccxasunxa n nnana nepconaxe. uacrntm
cnyuaem ntenennx uyxo peun moxno cunrart ntenenne ntpaxenn n cnon, xoropte npncymn ne
ronopxmemy, a pyrnm nnnam. Hpn +rom, ntenxx +rn cnona xantuxamn xax uyxne, anrop nouepxnnaer,
uro cam on +rnx cnon ne ynorpenxer n nno ornocnrcx nponnuecxn x +romy ntpaxennm (nnn x croxmemy
sa nnm nonxrnm), nno, naxonen, ormeuaer, uro cnono ynorpeneno n neotunom snauennn, npnnxrom n
xaxom-nnyt onee nnn menee ysxom xpyry.
Paccmorpnm +rn ]ynxnnn na orptnxe ns pomana Cmeprt repox, o xoropom yxe mna peut ntme. B
orptnxe ronopnrcx o rom, xax mart xopxa Bnnrepopna nonyunna nsnecrne o ero cmeprn.
The telegram from the War Office regret to inform... killed in action... Their Majesties'
sympathy... went to the home address in the country, and was opened by Mrs Winterbourne. Such an
excitement for her, almost a pleasant change, for it was pretty dull in the country just after the Armistice.
She was sitting by the fire, yawning over her twenty-second lover the affair had lasted nearly a year
when the servant brought the telegram. It was addressed to Mr Winterbourne, but of course she opened it;
she had an idea that one of those women was after her husband, who however, was regrettably
chaste, from cowardice.
Mrs Winterbourne liked drama in private life. She uttered a most creditable shriek, clasped both hands
to her rather soggy bosom, and pretended to faint. The lover, one of those nice, clean, sporting
Englishmen with a minimum of intelligence and an infinite capacity of being gulled by females,
especially the clean English sort, clutched her unwillingly and automatically but with quite an Ethel M.
Dell appearance of emotion, and exclaimed:
Darling, what is it? Has he insulted you again?
Poor old Winterbourne was incapable of insulting anyone, but it was a convention always established
between Mrs Winterbourne and her lovers that Winterbourne insulted her, when his worst taunt had
been to pray earnestly for her conversion to the True Faith, along with the rest of poor misguided
England.
In low moaning tones, founded on the best tradition of sensational fiction, Mrs Winterbourne feebly
ejaculated:
Dead, dead, dead!
Who's dead? Winterbourne?
(Some apprehension perhaps in the attendant Sam Browne he would have to propose, of course, and
might be accepted.)
They've killed him, those vile, filthy foreigners. My baby son. Sam Browne, still mystified, read the
telegram. He then stood to attention, saluted (although not wearing a cap), and said solemnly: A clean
161
sportin' death, an Englishman's death. (When Huns were killed it was neither clean nor sportin', but
served the beggars (......, among men) right.)
B rexcre npecrannent mnorne rpa]nuecxne crnnncrnuecxne cpecrna, no ocoenno ontmym pont
nrpamr xantuxn, xypcnn n cxoxn. uynxnnn xantuex sect pasnoopasnt. Onn ntenxmr rexcr
renerpammt. Tenerpamma ana c nponycxamn, n +ro nouepxnnaer ee crepeornnnocrt. Kantuxamn
ntenena npxmax peut nepconaxe: amt n ee nmonnnxa, a raxxe cnona, xoropte ne npnnanexar
anropy, n xoroptx anrop nepepasnnnaer cnonx repoen n pasonauaer xapaxrepnte nx nnx npensxrte
nnn npocro nxnnte nonxrnx. Tyr n ona ns +rnx xenmnn, xoropte xxot npecneymr myxa, n
ntymannte ocxopnennx, xoropte repnnr ama, n enax sanymax Anrnnx, ne npnsnammax
Hcrnnno Bept, r.e. xaronnnnsma. Ono ns raxnx xapaxrepntx cnoneuex oxastnaercx neneuarntm, n n
xantuxax saxnmueno mnororoune. Kypcnnom ntenent cnona those, he, filthy, baby, Englishman. Kypcnn
yxastnaer na nx +m]arnunocrt n mnorosnaunrentnocrt n ycrax ronopxmnx. 3rn xenmnnt cymecrnymr
rontxo n noopaxennn Hsaennt Bnnrepopn, no pont onxenno n ocxopnenno nm, r.e. myxem,
xenmnnt +ro pont, xoropym ona nacrounno nrpaer nepe cnonmn nmonnnxamn, npnxptnax menxne n
nomnte cnxsn npnrnopntmn uyncrnamn, sanmcrnonanntmn ns yntnapntx pomanon, na uro npxmo
yxastnaer nmx nncarentnnnt 3rent enn. Hornmn na ]ponre ctn nastnaercx +n c ontmo
+m]aso, rax xax xenmnna ne xouer npnsnart, uro ona anexo ne monoa. Oa yuacrnnxa cnent
emoncrpnpymr cno narpnornsm, nponsnocx c ocotm ntpaxennem cnona filthy (foreigners), Englishman.
B cxoxax anrop aer cnon nectma capxacrnuecxne xommenrapnn.
2. O1cy1c1nne snaxon npennnannn
Orcyrcrnne snaxon npennnannx xnnxercx roxe snaunmtm, n conpemenntmn anropamn ncnontsyercx
uame, uem anropamn npomnoro. Tax, T.C. 3nnor es enno rouxn nanncan crnxornopenne n npose,
nocnxmennoe nrne sa Anrnnm. Crnxornopenne nanncano nocne +naxyannn anrnnuan ns mnxepxa n
cnxstnaer n ennoe nenoe mnoxecrno cotrn, yrnepxax, uro, n norepnen nopaxenne, anrnnuane nce-
raxn ocrannct nenoexenntmn. Texcr tn saxasan no+ry anrnncxnm mnnncrepcrnom nn]opmannn n
nocnan sarem n Htm-Hopx nmecre c ntcranxo ]ororpa]n o none.
Orcyrcrnne rouex cnnxaer ero c ]opmo, npnnxro n oxymenrax, n npnaer emy ocoym naxnocrt n
ropxecrnennocrt. pyrne snaxn npennnannx (sanxrax, rnpe, noeroune) ncnontsymrcx, no nx nemnoro.
Crnxornopenne npnnonrcx nennxom.
DEFENCE OF THE ISLANDS
Let these memorials of built stone music's
enduring instrument, of many centuries of
patient cultivation of the earth, of English
verse
be joined with the memory of this defence of
the islands
and the memory of those appointed to the grey
ships battleship, merchantman, trawler
contributing their share to the ages' pavement
of British bone on the sea floor
and of those who, in man's newest form of gamble
with death, fight the power of darkness in air
and fire
and of those who have followed their forbears
to Flanders and France, those undefeated in defeat,
unalterable in triumph, changing nothing
of their ancestors' ways but the weapons
and those again for whom the paths of glory are
162
the lanes and the streets of Britain:
to say to the past and the future generations
of our kin and of our speech, that we took up
our positions, in obedience to instructions.
V pasntx anropon crnnncrnuecxoe ncnontsonanne rex xe nynxryannonntx cpecrn moxer trt ouent
pasnnuntm. To xe orcyrcrnne rouex y x. xoca nepeaer norox cosnannx, a n crnxornopennn A.
Maxnnma (c. 241) ecxoneunym cnxst npemen n xyntryp n ncropnn uenoneuecrna.
Hnxe n na c. 301 npnneent pyrne nponsneennx es rouex. B crnxornopennn T.C. 3nnora 3amnra
ocrponon orcyrcrnne rouex oennxer n ono nenoe mnoxecrno cotrn, xnsne n nexon, xora nmn
Anrnnn ntnonnxnn cno onr. Crnxornopenne A. Maxnnma, naroapx cnoe crpyxrypno
nesanepmennocrn, cosaer nneuarnenne npemenno nporxxennocrn, neunoro nnxennx npemenn. V
crnxornopennx ner cnnraxcnuecxoro nauana n cnnraxcnuecxoro xonna, rax xe xax ner nx nce semnn nn
nauana, nn xonna y nacrynnennx noun. Tent noun ner c nocroxa, no+r nepeuncnxer raxne crpant, xax
Hepcnx, Apannx, Hnnan, Cnnnnnx, n ntstnaer acconnannn ne rontxo +xsornuecxo xpacort +rnx crpan,
no n npeemcrnennocrn nx xyntryp ecxoneunocrn mnornx cmen.
Cnntnoe nneuarnenne nponsnonr npnneennoe n pasopannoe X. Ipoccom anrnnoennoe crnxornopenne
3. Kemmnnrca*. Ono nmeer ]opmy rpeyrontnnxa, n nem ner nn onoro snaxa npennnannx, crnxornopenne
naunnaercx co crpouno yxnt, n nem ecrt rontxo ona ontmax yxna O (na nepmnne rpeyrontnnxa),
cnnraxcnuecxne xoncrpyxnnn naunnamrcx, ne saxanunnamrcx n nepexoxr ona n pyrym, anosnonesnc ne
noxasan nynxryannonno, n rem ne menee cmtcn nenoro conepmenno xcen, a +monnonantnax cnna ouent
nennxa. Cmeprentno panennt uenonex crapaercx oxcnnrt nmnmo, uro na none nce concem ne rax,
xax otuno cee npecrannxmr, n uro cam on yxe meprn.
* Cross H. Op. cit. P. 123.
i'm
asking
you dear to
what else could a
no but it doesn't
of course but you don't seem
to realize i can't make
it clearer war just isn't what
we imagine but please for god's O
what the hell yea it's true that was
me but that me isn't me
can't you see now no not
any christ but you
must understand
why because
i am
dead
Hame ronxonanne ornnuaercx or npenoxennoro X. Ipoccom. On cunraer, uro no+r oxcnxer ne ouent
nonxrnnno xenmnne, xax neneno npocnannxrt nony, nepeuncnxer cnon uyncrna n crpouxax, cocroxmnx
ns pasnoro uncna cnoron, or onoro o enxrn, noono romy, xax peenxy na nantnax oxcnxmr npocrym
apn]mernuecxym saauy, cunraer, uro pacmnpxmmaxcx n cyxnnammaxcx ]opma crnxornopennx
noxastnaer nnamnxy uyncrna, npnuem camax nnnnax noxastnaer paspaxenne, a camax xoporxax
esnaexnocrt. Taxoe ronxonanne npecrannxercx ynpomenntm. Cnona i can't make it clearer noxastnamr,
uro ronopxmemy rpyno oxcnnrt n e npnercx nonxrt nce camo, noromy uro on e yxe n +rom ne
nomoxer, noromy uro renept +ro yxe ne on, noromy uro on yxe ymep it's true that was me but that me isn't
me... because i am dead.
Crnxornopenne +ro ouent crpannoe no ]opme. Ono peanncrnuecxn nepeaer norox cosnannx
ymnpammero. Mtcnn ymnpammero nyramrcx, on ne n cocroxnnn nn ony ns nnx onecrn o xonna, no
rnannoe, ocnonnoe crpemnenne oxcnnrt nmnmo, uro c nnm nponcxonr, nponnstnaer nce
163
crnxornopenne. a, +ro tn on, no renept +ro yxe ne on, noromy uro on meprn. Tpeyrontnax ]opma
crnxornopennx noxastnaer nocnenee ycnnne ymnpammero, xoropoe ocrnraer xyntmnnannn n cepenne;
cnnt nocrenenno noxnamr ero, n on sarnxaer, meprnt. Crnxornopenne neotxnonenno +monnonantno
nactmenno, n ocoennocrn ]opmt yxe ne opnrnnantnnuanne, xax no mnornx pyrnx nemax 3.
Kemmnnrca, a oprannuecxn ntrexamr ns cymnocrn nepeanaemoro. Bnemnn nn crnxornopennx nepeaer
ero coepxanne, coornercrnyer reme. Pnrm oxastnaercx ne snyxontm, a nnsyantntm.
3. 3arnannme yxnm. Ocoennoc1n mpnq1a
B coornercrnnn c npannnamn rpammarnxn c sarnannon yxnm nnmercx nepnoe cnono rexcra, a raxxe
nepnoe cnono nocne rouxn, mnororounx, nonpocnrentnoro n nocxnnnarentnoro snaxon, saxanunnammnx
npenoxenne, n pasnte nnt nmen cocrnenntx. Hmena napnnarentnte nnmyrcx c sarnanno yxnt npn
opamennn n onnnernopennn, uro npnaer rexcry ocoym snaunrentnocrt n ropxecrnenno-npnnonxrym
oxpacxy.
O Music! Sphere-descended maid.
Friend of Pleasure, Wisdom's aid!
(W. Collins)
If way to the Better there be, it exacts a full look at the Worst (Th. Hardy).
Hpnnonxrocrt moxer trt nponnuecxo, naponno, xax n mononore xnma Hoprepa, xora on,
ntcmennax para cnoe xent Haxena, ronopnr:
He's a big chap. Well you've never heard so many wellbred commonplaces come from beneath the
same bowler hat. The Platitude from Outer Space that's brother Nigel.
(J. Osborne. Look Back in Anger)
B nnrnponannom na c. 301 crnxornopennn 3. nxnncon nexoropte ontmne yxnt ncnontsymrcx nx
meronnmnuecxo nepconn]nxannn: The stiff Heart questions... The Feet, mechanical, go round... pyrne
cnona ntenent sarnanntmn yxnamn, noromy uro nosnnxamr n cosnannn xax ouent naxnte. Taxnx cnon n
+rom crnxornopennn ouent mnoro: Yesterday, or Centuries before?.. Of Ground, or Air, or Ought A Wooden
Way... the Hour of Lead... the Snow... then Stupor...
Hente cnona moryr trt napant ontmnmn yxnamn n ntenxmrcx xax nponsnocnmte c ocoo
+m]aso nnn ocoenno rpomxo: And there was dead silence. Till at last came the whisper: 1 didn't kill Henry.
No, NO! Henry, surely you cannot blame me. I loved you, dearest (D.H. Lawrence. The Lovely Lady).
Mnoro nnrepecntx npnmepon +ro n pyrnx ocoennocre mpn]ronoro ntenennx moxno narn n
ercxo nnreparype y H. K+pponna, A.A. Mnnna n pyrnx. AS I WAS SAYING, said Eyore loudly
and sternly, as I was saying when I was interrupted by various Loud Sounds, I feel that? (A. Milne).
3ror npnem mnpoxo ncnontsyercx n pomane A. Cnnnnroy Knmu or nepn, npnuem cnona ntenxmrcx
ne rontxo sarnanntmn yxnamn n mpn]rom, no n yxasannem anropa o rone ronoca:
WILL YOU BE QUIET! he bawled.
B.H. Fannncxax* ornocnr x cnyuaxm cemanrnuecxoro ]ynxnnonnponannx sarnanntx yxn xapaxrepnoe
nx anrnncxo nnctmenno rpannnn nanncanne c sarnanntx yxn ncex snamenarentntx cnon n
sarnannxx xnnr n rnan. Ona raxxe ormeuaer, uro n conpemenntx nsannxx Anrnnn n Amepnxn crano
nxonrt n moy ynorpenenne n sarnannxx onnx crpountx yxn xax nx cocrnenntx nmen, rax n nx
napnnarentntx:
under milk wood
(by) dylan thomas
(New York, 1954)
* Ba.uucra B.H. Op]orpa]nx conpemennoro anrnncxoro xstxa. M., 1967. - C. 229.
164
B crnxornopnom rexcre sarnannte yxnt nnmyrcx n nauane xaxo crpoxn, nesanncnmo or roro,
naunnaer nn ona nonoe npenoxenne. Conpemennte no+rt +roro npannna nnora ne npnepxnnamrcx n
naunnamr crpoxy co crpouno yxnt, ecnn ynorpenenne sarnanno ne rpeyercx yxasanntmn ntme
nynxryannonntmn npannnamn. Taxoe napymenne rpannnn (raxax rpancnosnnnx) npnaer crnxornopennm
onee onepnrentnt pasronopnt nn.
pyrnm naxntm cpecrnom mpn]ronoro ntenennx xnnxercx xypcnn. Kypcnnou ntenxmrcx
+nnrpa]t, no+rnuecxne ncranxn, nposanuecxn rexcr, nnrart, cnona pyroro xstxa, nasnannx
ynomnnaemtx nponsneenn (neoxsarentno) n noome nce, uro no ornomennm x annomy rexcry
xnnxercx nnopontm nnn rpeyer neotunoro ycnnennx (+m]arnuecxn xypcnn). B crnnncrnuecxom
anannse ero ocoenno naxno yuecrt, ecnn xypcnn ncnontsyercx n ontmom oeme.
Mnorne cnyxente cnona, cnyxente rnaront, mecronmennx n r.n., xoropte xnnxmrcx otuno
neyapntmn, ntenxmrcx xypcnnom, ecnn onn nonyuamr yapenne, xora onn nouemy-nno oxastnamrcx
ocoenno naxntmn nnn xora nopasymenaercx xaxoe-nnyt npornnonocrannenne:
Bella!
Yes, Master Jon.
Do let's have tea, under the oak tree when they come; I know, they'd like it best.
You mean you'd like it best.
Little Jon considered.
No, they would, to please me.
(J. Galsworthy. Awakening)
Ecnn will n would ncnontsymrcx xax ncnomorarentnte rnaront nnn osnauamr otunoe, nocroxnnoe
ecrnne, na nnx ner yapennx. Vapnax ]opma osnauaer paspaxenne nnn nponnm n ntenxercx
xypcnnom:
...his liver was a little constricted, and his nerves rather on edge. His wife was always out when she
was in Town, and his daughter would flibberty-gibbet all over the place.
(J. Galsworthy. Awakening)
Vcnnennoe yrnepxenne moxer trt noxasano ne rontxo xypcnnom, no n xypcnnom n couerannn c
nonno ]opmo ncnomorarentnoro rnarona ram, re otuna coxpamennax. Hanpnmep:
Olwen (smiling at him affectionately): You are a baby, Robert. (J.B. Priestley. Dangerous Corner)
3ror npnmep nnrepecno cpannnrt c pyro pennnxo ns ro xe ntect:
Gordon (furious, rising and taking a step forward): You are a rotter, Stanton.
You are a rotter coornercrnonano t cmxruennm nnronannn n ne ntpaxano t rnena, a you are a baby,
Robert ne morno t snyuart nacxono. Pasnnna n mpn]re coornercrnyer pasnnne n nnronannn, a pasnnna n
nnronannn nepeaer pasnte +monnn.
axe ne +m]arnuecxoe, a uncro nopmarnnnoe ncnontsonanne xypcnna moxer nmert crnnncrnuecxym
narpysxy.
B crnxornopennn T.C. 3nnora A Cooking Egg (n anrnncxom xstxe rax nastnaercx xno ne nepno
cnexecrn) repom rpnnart ner, n ero ornomenne x naexam monoocrn oxpameno roptxo nponne. B
onncannn xomnart ynomnnaercx antom c nnamn Oxc]opa:
Pipit sat upright in her chair
Some distance from where I was sitting;
Views of Oxford Colleges
Lay on the table, with the knitting.
165
(T.S. Eliot. The Cooking Egg)
3arnanne antoma naneuarano xypcnnom, n +ro nmeer crnnncrnuecxym narpysxy xax nponnuecxn
namex na ro, uro nonyuennoe no+rom opasonanne crano npocro erantm nnreptepa.
Kypcnn nsannxer or neoxonmocrn nnonrt cnona xnnra, antom n r.n. n raxnm opasom
cnococrnyer xomnpeccnn no+rnuecxo nn]opmannn.
4. Ipaqnuecxan opasnoc1t
Ipaqnuecxan opasnoc1t ecrt enenne rexcra na asant nnn crnxornopennx na crpo]t,
sasypennocrt crpouex nnn ]nrypnte crnxn. Ho+snx moepnncron nocrenenno npenpamaercx n no+snm,
opamennym ne crontxo x cnyxy, cxontxo x spennm, no neotunoe pacnonoxenne crpox n noome
rpa]nuecxax opasnocrt nmeer cnom annmm ncropnm. Fontmo nnrepec n +rom ornomennn
npecrannxer poman H. Crepna Tpncrpam Benn.
mnrypnme c1nxn ornmt ne xnnxmrcx nsoperennem nono no+snn. Hx nsoperarenem cunraercx
pennerpeuecxn no+r Cnmmn Pooccxn, a n Poccnn nx nncan eme Cnmeon Hononxn. Tepmnn
]nrypnte orpaxaer nx cymnocrt: rax nastnamrcx crnxornopennx, crpoxn xoroptx pacnonoxent raxnm
opasom, uro nect rexcr nmeer ouepranne xaxo-nnyt ]nrypt: xpecra, snest, cepna, rpeyrontnnxa
(xax n rontxo uro paccmorpennom cnyuae) n r.. Bnemnn nn xaxoro crnxornopennx n xaxo-ro mepe
coornercrnyer ero reme n coepxannm.
Paccxas Mtmn n xnnre H. K+pponna Hpnxnmuennx Annct n crpane uyec nocrpoen na xonneprennnn
nyx crnnncrnuecxnx npnemon nrpt cnon n ]nrypnoro crnxa. Hrpa cnon, nocrpoennax na omonnmnn
cnon tale n tail, coueraercx c ]nrypntm crnxom, naneuaranntm raxnm opasom, uro on ecrnnrentno no
]opme noxox na xnocr mtmn. Bnepxy crpannuxn c +rnm crnxornopennem nsopaxena cama mtmt. Or
xaprnnxn n nne xnocra nyr crpouxn. Bpn]r x xonny cranonnrcx mentme, or uero xaxercx, uro xnocr
yronuaercx. Taxnm opasom tale n tail connaamr: xnocr mtmn xnnxercx ononpemenno ee paccxasom.
You promised to tell me your history, you know, said Alice, and why it is you hate C and D, she
added in a whisper, half afraid that it would be offended again.
Mine is a long and a sad tale! said the mouse, turning to Alice and sighing.
It is a long tail, certainly, said Alice, looking down with wonder at the mouse's tail; but why do you call
it sad? And she kept puzzling about it while the mouse was speaking, so that her idea of the tale was
something like this
Fury* said to
a mouse, that
he met
in the
house,
'Let us
both go
to law:
I will
prosecute
you.
Come, I'll
take no
denial:
We must
have a trial;
For
really
this
166
morning
I've
nothing
to do.'
Said the
mouse to
the cur,
'Such a
trial,
dear sir,
With no
jury or
judge,
would be
wasting
our breath.'
'I'll be
judge,
I'll be
jury.'
Said
cunning
old Fury;
Ill try
the whole
cause,
and
condemn
you
to
death.'
* Fury nmx coaxn.
B nponsneennxx 3. Kemmnnrca crnnncrnuecxoe ncnontsonanne rpa]nxn oneeno o xpanocrn, a
nnora n o acypa. 3. Kemmnnrc npeentno +xcnenrpnuen n ornomennn ]opmt, xorx remarnxa ero
rpannnonna: paocrn nmnn, xpacora npnpot, rparenx cmeprn. Kemmnnrc npocnannncx rem, uro n
cnoem crpemnennn +narnponart unrammym nynnxy nno concem orxastnancx or snaxon npennnannx,
nno crannn nx camtm saraountm opasom mexy uacrxmn cnon, ne ynorpenxn sarnanntx yxn,
orxastnancx or ncxxnx cnnraxcnuecxnx nopm, ncnontsonan ]nrypnte crnxn.
B rpa]nuecxne cpecrna, ]ynxnnonnpymmne na yponne rexcra n nenom, cneyer nxnmunrt n ro, uro R.
Ttnxnon nasnan +xnnnanen1ou 1exc1a. 3xnnnanenr rexcra otuno oosnauaercx pxom nnn
necxontxnmn pxamn rouex n yxastnaer na nponycx +nemenron rexcra, o xoroptx unrarent moxer n
xaxo-ro mepe oratnartcx. Tax, nanpnmep, n paccxase K. M+nc]nn Cnyxanxa nonecrnonanne neercx
or nepnoro nnna. Ieponnx npnnocnr uamxy uax n nocrent rocrte cnoe xosxxn n paccxastnaer e
ncropnm nce cnoe neyanmecx xnsnn. Paccxas nocrpoen xax mononor, no npemx or npemenn on
npeptnaercx pxom rouex. Touxn yxastnamr na ro, uro npnesxax nen ncrannxer xaxne-ro sameuannx,
saaer nnora nonpoct. 3ror nensnecrnt rexcr, o coepxannn xoroporo unrarent moxer oratnartcx,
nrpaer naxnym crnnncrnuecxym pont. On peanncrnuecxn onpantnaer npoonxnrentnocrt nsnnxnn
reponnn, nomoraer onee nonnomy pacxptrnm ee xapaxrepa n nmecre c rem nosnonxer ne sarpyxart
paccxas nstrouno nn]opmanne o coecennne, xoropax nx xyoxecrnenno saaun paccxasa
conepmenno nepenenanrna.
B saxnmuenne rnant ormernm, uro, xax nnno ns npnneenntx npnmepon, rpa]nuecxne crnnncrnuecxne
cpecrna nectma pasnoopasnt n cnxsant c ]onernuecxnmn, rpammarnuecxnmn, nexcnuecxnmn n pyrnmn
ntpasnrentntmn cpecrnamn xstxa. Tax, nanpnmep, nynxryannx moxer trt +xcnpeccnnno, orpaxax
pasnte crnnncrnuecxne npnemt (pnropnuecxn nonpoc, anosnonesnc n p.). nnna crpoxn orpaxaer xanp
167
n enenne na nnan paccxasunxa n nnan nepconaxa. Hcxaxenne op]orpa]nn cnyxnr peueno
xapaxrepncrnxe nepconaxa n r..
Ipa]nxy rexcra nentsx paccmarpnnart xax onn ns yponne xstxa, nocxontxy ee ornomenne x yponnxm
ne xapaxrepnsyercx nnrerparnnnocrtm n nepapxnunocrtm. Hpenoxenne ne cermenrnpyercx na snaxn
npennnannx, a rontxo mapxnpyercx nmn, ]onemt ne opasymrcx yxnamn.
Ipa]nxa npecrannxer coo ocoym cncremy snaxon n npannn nx ynorpenennx, npenasnauennym
nx xpanennx n nepeaun nepantnoro coomennx n nne, npnronom nx spnrentnoro nocnpnxrnx.
Cneonarentno, mt nmeem eno ne c ocotm yponnem, a c ocotm xoom.
IAABA VII. mYHKHHOHAALHAR CTHAHCTHKA
1. Rsmxonan cnc1eua, qynxnnonantnme c1nnn n nnnnnyantnan peut
Hponsneennx xyoxecrnenno nnreparypt n pyrne rexcrt, cnyxamne marepnanom nx
crnnncrnuecxoro anannsa, xnnxmrcx npnmepamn nnnnnyantno peun, anno n nenocpecrnennom
nanmennn. nx roro urot onncart rexcr n ntxnnrt ero ocoennocrn no cpannennm c pyrnmn
cymecrnymmnmn rexcramn n annom xstxe, neoxonmo ycranonnrt repmnnt nx cpannennx.
Henosmoxno ycranonnrt cnoeopasne uero t ro nn tno, ne snax, uro xnnxercx otuntm n ns xaxnx
nosmoxntx napnanron ntpano ro, uro nxnmueno n rexcr. uem onee uerxo ouepueno otunoe, rem
samernee nnnnnyantnte ocoennocrn. nx roro urot ycranonnrt xapaxrepnte n nonropxmmnecx
npnnnnnt ntopa, mt onxnt snart nce re ]opmt, ns xoroptx nponsnonrcx orop. Tepmnnamn
cpannennx cnyxar cncrema annoro xstxa n nenom n ero nopma. Ho nopuon nonnmaercx ne rontxo
nerpantnt nnreparypnt cranapr, no n ]ynxnnonantnte crnnn n nanexrt. Cncrema xstxa n ero
nopma ne ant nam n nenocpecrnennom nanmennn n ntxnnxmrcx nyrem acrpaxnnn.
Hontsyxct repmnnamn moennponannx, moxno npecrannrt cee cncremy xstxa xax moent
acrpaxrnym, nopmy xax moent crarncrnuecxym n nnnnnyantnym peut xax +mnnpnuecxn
nanmaemt marepnan.
stx xax cncrema npecrannxer coo mnoxecrno pasnnuno peannsyemtx n peun +nemenron n nx
ornomennxx, npornnonocrannennxx n cnxsxx.
Cnc1eua nsmxa, xoropax cocronr ns ]onernuecxo, nexcnuecxo n rpammarnuecxo nocncrem, moxer
paccmarpnnartcx xax crpyxrypa, nocxontxy na mnoxecrne +nemenron xstxa onpeenent saxonomepnte
ornomennx. 3rn ornomennx cocroxr n rom, uro ncnontsonanne ennnn onee nnsxnx yponne nx
nocrpoennx ennnn onee ntcoxnx yponne nmeer orpannuennym cnooy coueraemocrt +nemenron
orpannuena, uro n oecneunnaer neoxonmym nx xoa nstrounocrt. Cncrema xstxa onpeenxer omne
nosmoxnocrn ynorpenennx ero +nemenron, a nopma ro, uro peantno ynorpenxercx, npnnxro n nonxrno
n anno xstxono omnocrn n sanncnmocrn or xonxperntx ycnonn omennx.
nx roro urot na npnmepe noxcnnrt pasnnune mexy cncremo, nopmo n nnnnnyantno peutm,
oparnmcx x mecronmennxm.
B cncreme anrnncxoro xstxa mecronmenne nepnoro nnna enncrnennoro uncna osnauaer ronopxmero n
npornnonocranneno mecronmennm nepnoro nnna mnoxecrnennoro uncna, oosnauammemy ronopxmero n
eme ono nnn necxontxo nnn.
B nopme anrnncxoro xstxa, nanpnmep n nayunom crnne peun, nmecro I nosmoxno we nnn rax
nastnaemoe mnoxecrnennoe cxpomnocrn: As an illustration let us take the language of Euclidian geometry
and algebra (A. Einstein).
B nnnnnyantno peun we moxer trt nacxono nnn nacmemnnno ynorpeneno nmecro mecronmennx
nroporo nnna. Bpau moxer cxasart nannenry: Come, come, we mustn't get ourself all worked up, must we?
(J. Thurber. The White Deer).
Hnreparypnax nopma xstxa, xax nnmer E.C. Hcrpnna, onpeenxercx crenentm ynorpenennx npn
ycnonnn anropnrernocrn ncrounnxon*. Cocrannrenn rpammarnx n cnonape npn onncannn nnreparypno
nopmt onnpamrcx na marepnan nponsneenn xyoxecrnenno, nayuno n nynnnncrnuecxo npost.
Hpannntnocrt peun onpeenxercx ne nornuecxnmn nnn +rnmonornuecxnmn xpnrepnxmn, a rontxo
ynorpenrentnocrtm n peun opasonanntx nocnrene xstxa. Peut oycnonnena norpenocrxmn n
cnryanne omennx, no+romy n npannntnocrt ee ornocnrentna. Baxno ormernrt, uro orcrynnennx or
npannn rpammarnxn n peun nepconaxe ne npocro cnnerentcrnymr o nnsxom opasonarentnom yponne
nepconaxa, xax o +rom ronopxr manoncxymennte n crnnncrnuecxom anannse unrarenn, a uacro necyr n
168
cee snaunrentnym nn]opmannm o ocroxrentcrnax omennx, nacrpoennn n cocroxnnn ronopxmero.
* Hcmpuua E.C. Hopma pyccxoro nnreparypnoro xstxa n xyntrypa peun. M.; H., 1948. - C. 19.
Omennreparypnt cranapr nastnamr nopmo n ysxom cmtcne cnona.
Hsyuennem nopm npannntno peun sannmaercx cnennantnax orpacnt crnnncrnxn nopua1nnnan
c1nnnc1nxa, nnn op1onornn. Cymecrnenntm ornnunem opronornn or nnnrnocrnnncrnxn xnnxercx ro, uro
ona ne rontxo ormeuaer napnanrt ]ynxnnonnponannx xstxa, no n aer onenxy anannsnpyemtx ]opm xax
npannntntx nnn nenpannntntx. Opronornx nsyuaer raxxe xapaxrep n oem cosnarentnoro
nosecrnnx na pasnnrne n ]ynxnnonnponanne xstxa co cropont ero nocnrene n co cropont
opasonarentno cncremt, nocxontxy nopma n +rom cmtcne ncxyccrnenno noepxnnaercx mxono. Camo
coo pasymeercx, uro +rnmn nponemamn xyntrypt n pasnnrnx peun moryr sannmartcx rontxo re, xro
nnonne nnaeer anntm nnreparypntm xstxom n nmeer nyxnym ome]nnonornuecxym nororonxy.
Hanonee nsnecrno ns mnorouncnenntx anrnncxnx paor no nopmarnnno crnnncrnxe xnnxercx cnonapt
X. uaynepa*. B saaun opronornn nxonr ne rontxo paccmorpenne n ycrpanenne cemanrnuecxnx n
crnnncrnuecxnx necoornercrnn n peun, no n nsyuenne ycnonn ee nanontme ntpasnrentnocrn**.
Ocnonno opronornuecxo xareropne xnnxercx xareropnx napnanrnocrn, cnxsannax c rem, uro xstx
naxonrcx n cocroxnnn nenpeptnnoro pasnnrnx n nsmenennx, ncnecrnne uero n nem ncera cocymecrnymr
+nemenrt craporo n nonoro***.
* Fowler H. A Dictionary of Modern English Usage. Oxford, 1929.
** Cm.: Ax+auoea O.C., Be.ee B.4., Bece.umcru B.B. O ocnonntx nonxrnxx nopmt peun//unnon. nayxn, 1965, N 4;
Ax+auoea O. C., Bece.umcru B.B. Cnonapn npannntno peun //Hexcnxorpa]nuecxn copnnx. 1959. N 4; Crpeouee P.M. K
nonpocy o opronornn // Bonp. xstxosnannx, 1960. N 2.
*** Cm.: Quirk R., Greenbaum S., Leech G., Svartvik J. A Grammar of Contemporary English,- Ldn, 1972; Robinson P. Using
English.-Oxford, 1983.
Hopma xstxa orpaxaer rnnnunoe ncnontsonanne nosmoxnocre, npecrannxemtx cncremo, n
sanncnmocrn or yuacrnnxon, c]ept, ycnonn n nenn omennx.
Camoe cymecrnonanne nopmt npenonaraer nosmoxnocrt raxnx onnosnnn*, xax:
crpyxrypa : : nopma : : nnnnnyantnax peut;
omenaponax nopma : : nanexr;
nerpantnt crnnt : : pasronopnt crnnt : : xnnxnt crnnt;
nnreparypno npannntnax peut : : npocropeune.
* Ho onnosnnne nonnmaercx ornomenne uacrnunoro pasnnunx mexy uacrnuno nxontmn +nemenramn nnn mnoxecrnamn
+nemenron xstxa, cnoconoe ntnonnxrt cemnonornuecxym ]ynxnnm. Pasnnunrentnte npnsnaxn npn +rom nocxr nasnanne
n]]epennnantntx npnsnaxon. 3nax onnosnnnn : :.
Hopma, raxnm opasom, nxnmuaer pasnte nocncremt peannsannn crpyxrypt. Ona yxastnaer
rpannnonnte, no ne oxsarentno npannntnte ]opmt, nocxontxy nomnmo nnreparypno nopmt xstxa
cymecrnyer px pyrnx nopm: nanexr, npocropeune n r..
n]]epennnantnte npnsnaxn nepeuncnenntx ntme onnosnnn n pyrnx nm noontx moryr trt
reorpa]nuecxnmn (nx nanexron n nannonantntx napnanron), connantntmn, nocxontxy peut nmeer cnon
ocoennocrn n pasnnuntx omecrnenntx ycnonnxx n y pasnnuntx omecrnenntx rpynn,
nonornuecxnmn, yunrtnammnmn pasnnune n peun myxunn n xenmnn, ere, nopocrxon n nspocnoro
nacenennx.
Hopma coornercrnyer ne romy, uro moxno cxasart, a romy, uro yxe cxasano n uro no rpannnn
ronopnrcx n paccmarpnnaemom omecrne. Cncrema oxnartnaer neantnte ]opmt peannsannn
onpeenennoro xstxa, r.e. rexnnxy n +ranont nx coornercrnymme xstxono exrentnocrn; nopma xe
nxnmuaer moenn, ncropnuecxn yxe peannsonannte c nomomtm +ro rexnnxn n no +rnm +ranonam*.
* Kocepuv J. Cnnxponnx, naxponnx n ncropnx. B c.: Honoe n nnnrnncrnxe. - Btn. 3. M., 1963. - C. 175.
Anrnncxne nccneonarenn, coxpanxx nonxrne crnnt nx xyoxecrnenntx rexcron, nx pyrnx c]ep
omennx nnoxr repmnn perncrp. Pernc1p coueraer n cee cnryarnnnte ycnonnx omennx, ycrnym nnn
nnctmennym ]opmy n ponenym crpyxrypy xommynnxannn. Pasnnuamr, nanpnmep, perncrp ycrnoro
neo]nnnantnoro pasronopa, perncrp nayuno nexnnn, nepxonno cnyxt, mpnnuecxnx oxymenron,
169
pexnamt, xommepuecxo xoppecnonennnn, mereoponornuecxnx cnoox, rene]onntx pasronopon n r..
Vcranonnnmecx xnaccn]nxannn perncrpon ne cymecrnyer. Onpeenxmr nx no c]epe, ]opme n
ornomennxm xommynnxanron. Tax, nanpnmep, pexnama moxepa: And we've got the Mohair yarn blends in the
most luscious colours you've ever seen no c]epe omennx onpeenxercx xax xommepuecxax tronax
pexnama, no ]opme xax nnctmennt rexcr, no rony xax opamenne neo]nnnantnoe, xxot xopomo
snaxomtx nme, n, cneonarentno, ornocnrcx x perncrpy pexnamt.
Perncrpt moxno paccmarpnnart xax napnanrt xstxa n onn npnmepno coornercrnymr npnnxrtm n
pyccxo nnnrnncrnxe n ne ouent narosnyuntm repmnnam cyxstx nnn noxstx.
R.M. Cxpenen paccmarpnnaer cysnsmx xax nocncremy xstxa, nonnocrtm yonnernopxmmym nenxm
omennx n ro nnn nno c]epe. On nouepxnnaer, uro enncrno xstxa xax cncremt n ero unennmocrt na
cyxstxn ne ncxnmuamr pyr pyra, uro xstx ne xnnxercx romorenno cncremo, a pacnaaercx na px
pasnonnnocre, ocnyxnnammnx pasnte c]ept omennx. R.M. Cxpenen cunraer neoxonmtm
ornnuart cyxstxn, xax ycnonno samxnyrte n ycnonno ncxpernte nocncremt xstxa, or
]ynxnnonantntx crnne, xoropte xnnxmrcx xapaxrepncrnxamn +rnx cncrem.
uynxnnonantnt crnnt cxnatnaercx ns cnenn]nuntx xoncrnryenron rex nnn nntx cyxstxon.
Homnmo +rnx cnenn]nuntx +nemenron n cyxstxe npncyrcrnymr eme +nemenrt ornocnrentno
cnenn]nunte n necnenn]nunte.
Hoono perncrpam +rn cyxstxn ntenxmrcx noxa nponsnontno n sanncnmocrn or rouxn spennx
nccneonarenx, n uncno nx neonpeenenno nennxo.
uynxnnonantnte crnnn nsyuent nyume, n pacxoxennx n nx ntenennn xacamrcx rontxo crnnx
xyoxecrnenno npost n ennoro rasernoro crnnx. Ho+romy noponee nam npecronr ocranonnrtcx
nmenno na nnx.
mynxnnonantnme c1nnn nayunt, pasronopnt, enono, no+rnuecxn, oparopcxn n
nynnnncrnuecxn xnnxmrcx nocncremamn xstxa, xaxax ns xoroptx onaaer cnonmn
cnenn]nuecxnmn ocoennocrxmn n nexcnxe n ]paseonornn, n cnnraxcnuecxnx xoncrpyxnnxx, a nnora n n
]onernxe. Bosnnxnonenne n cymecrnonanne ]ynxnnonantntx crnne oycnonneno cnenn]nxo ycnonn
omennx n pasntx c]epax uenoneuecxo exrentnocrn. Cneyer nmert n nny, uro crnnn pasnnuamrcx xax
nosmoxnocrtm nnn nenosmoxnocrtm ynorpenennx rex nnn nntx +nemenron n xoncrpyxnn, rax n nx
uacrorntmn coornomennxmn. Cnennantnt rexnnuecxn repmnn, nanpnmep, moxer ncrpernrtcx n
pasronopnom crnne, no nepoxrnocrt noxnnennx ero sect conepmenno nnax, uem n rexnnuecxom rexcre no
anno cnennantnocrn, no repmnnt nx pasronopnoro crnnx nexapaxrepnt. Hent px yuentx yxe
sanxr nonyuennem crarncrnuecxnx anntx, onennnammnx nepoxrnocrt xaxoro +nemenra xstxono
crpyxrypt n nnane ero ]ynxnnonnponannx n pasntx ]ynxnnonantntx crnnxx*. Btxnnxmrcx
crarncrnuecxne saxonomepnocrn n ornomennn nnnt, mop]emnoro n +rnmonornuecxoro cocrana cnon,
pacnpeenennx uacre peun, npecrannenntx n rexcrax cemanrnuecxnx none, nnnt npenoxenn n r..
* Cm.. nanp.: Io.oeuu B.I. Hs xypca nexnn no nnnrnncrnuecxo crarncrnxe. Ioptxn. 1966; Lareeu: A.B. Ontr
crarncrnuecxoro ntenennx ]ynxnnonantntx crnne // Bonp. xstxosnannx. 1968. N 1.
Hasnanne ]ynxnnonantnt crnnt npecrannxercx ouent yauntm, noromy uro cnenn]nxa xaxoro
crnnx ntrexaer ns ocoennocre ]ynxnn xstxa n anno c]epe omennx. Tax, nanpnmep,
nynnnncrnuecxn crnnt nmeer cnoe ocnonno ]ynxnne nosecrnne na nonm, cosnanne n uyncrna
cnymarenx nnn unrarenx, a crnnt nayunt rontxo nepeauy nnrennexryantnoro coepxannx.
Crpyxrypa n nopma xstxa xnnxmrcx acrpaxnne. Ha yponne nanmennx cymecrnyer rontxo
nnnnnyantnax peut, xoropax nx crnnncrnxn npecrannena peuentm nponsneennem rexcrom. Texcr,
raxnm opasom, xnnxercx enncrnenntm +mnnpnuecxnm marepnanom crnnncrnxn.
Hpn paccmorpennn nnnnnyantno peun nnnrnncry npnxonrcx nmert eno c ontmnm
pasnoopasnem acnexron, r.e. c xnnennxmn axycrnuecxnmn, omecrnenntmn, ncnxo]nsnonornuecxnmn,
ncnxnuecxnmn. Coomenne npn +rom paccmarpnnaercx n cnxsn c xonrexcrom n cnryanne.
Crnnncrnuecxn ananns oxastnaercx n nexoropom cmtcne onee orpannuenntm, on yunrtnaer
xonrexcr n cnryannm, no nmeer eno rontxo c nnctmenntm orpaxennem snyxono peun. 3ro n npome, n
cnoxnee, noromy uro, xax yxastnan H.B. Bepa, rexcr nx cnoero nonnmannx rpeyer mtcnennoro
nepenoa na nponsnocnmt xstx*.
* Cm.: Lepoa H.B. Vxas. cou. C. 31.
Paccmarpnnax ananns n repmnnax reopnn nn]opmannn, moxno cxasart, uro nent ero cocronr n rom,
170
urot nosmoxno nnxe noorn x anropnrmy exonponannx coomennx, r.e. noxasart, xax nonyuarent
peun nonnmaer coomenne, a raxxe noxasart, xax nospacraer xonnuecrno nn]opmannn n cnone nnn
xon]nrypannn cnxsnoro ntcxastnannx n sanncnmocrn or nx neoxnannocrn, o uem yxe ronopnnoct ntme
npn oxcnennn npnnnnna omanyroro oxnannx. Kaxt +nemenr coomennx coepxnr rem ontme
nn]opmannn, uem ontme omee uncno nosmoxntx +nemenron, ns xoroptx annt +nemenr ntpan.
Opamenne x repmnnam reopnn nn]opmannn, xax yxe ronopnnoct, moxer oxasartcx nonesntm n
paccmorpennn nponem crnnncrnxn, nocxontxy +ro nosnonxer paccmarpnnart nx n nanonee oomennom
nne.
Hrax, nnnnnyantnax peut cymecrnyer n orentntx peantntx ntcxastnannxx. Oennenne n
cocrane xyoxecrnenno-peuenoro nenoro pasntx crnne annoro xstxa n xonrpacrnponanne +nemenron
onoro crnnx c +nemenramn pyroro ntnonnxmr pasnnunte +xcnpeccnnnte ]ynxnnn, na xoroptx mt
noponee ocranonnmcx n antnemem. 3ect mt nanomnnm rontxo, uro cneyer pasnnuart
crnnncrnuecxym oxpacxy, xoropym cnono nonyuaer na yponne nopmt, n crnnncrnuecxym ]ynxnnm,
xoropym cnono nonyuaer na yponne nnnnnyantno peun n ntnonnxer n paccmarpnnaemom xonrexcre.
2. Ocnonnme npo1nnonoc1annennn na yponne nopum
Crpyxrypa xstxa n ero cranaprnax omennreparypnax nopma nsyuamrcx n xypcax rpammarnxn,
nexcnxonornn n ]onernxn. B +ro rnane mt ocranonnmcx na nsanmoecrnnn nopmt n crpyxrypt, na
napnannxx na yponne nopmt n nx orpannuennxx, sanncxmnx or crpyxrypt, cocpeorounn cnoe nnnmanne
npexe ncero na ]ynxnnonantntx crnnxx xax rnannom npemere nnnrnocrnnncrnxn. Hocne +roro moxno
yer paccmorpert nsanmoecrnne nopmt n nnnnnyantno peun n orpannuennx, xoropte naxnatnaer
nopma na napnannn n nnnnnyantno peun.
Crnnenax crpyxrypa xstxa recno cnxsana c xonxperno ncropne n ycnonnxmn xnsnn ronopxmero na
nem napoa n no+romy oxastnaercx pasnnuno na pasntx +ranax ncropnn.
Ipannnt mexy crnnxmn ne moryr, pasymeercx, trt ouent xecrxnmn. Tax, oparopcxn crnnt moxer
nmert mnoro omero c nynnnncrnuecxnm, a x nocnenemy ouent nnsox crnnt rymannrapntx nayuntx
rexcron. Hynnnncrnuecxn rasernt crnnt nnora cnnxaercx c pasronopntm. Ho ecnn mt ycranonnm
crarncrnuecxne xapaxrepncrnxn +rnx crnne, ro yxasannte cnnxennx moxno paccmarpnnart xax
couerannx pasntx crnne n nnnnnyantno peun. Kaxt crnnt xstxa xapaxrepnsyercx onpeenenntmn
crarncrnuecxnmn napamerpamn n ornomennn nexcnxn n cnnraxcnca (nnnt cnon n npenoxenn,
cnonoopasonarentntx moene n cnnraxcnuecxnx xoncrpyxnn).
Tepmnn nerpantnt crnnt neyauen, rax xax n cymnocrn nopasymenaer marepnan, re crnnente
ueprt orcyrcrnymr. Ho nam npnercx coxpannrt ero nx oosnauennx ononnnrentnoro no ornomennm x
]ynxnnonantntm crnnxm mnoxecrna +nemenron nopmt.
Hen1pantnmn c1nnt ecrt nemapxnponannt unen crnnncrnuecxnx onnosnnn n oxastnaercx xax t
]onom nx nocnpnxrnx ntpaxenntx crnnncrnuecxnx ocoennocre. Ocnonntm cnocrnom ero xnnxercx
orcyrcrnne nonoxnrentno crnnncrnuecxo xapaxrepncrnxn n nosmoxnocrt ncnontsonannx ero
+nemenron n nmo cnryannn. Kax nce na yponne nopmt, nerpantnt crnnt xnnxercx acrpaxnne n n
nnnnnyantno peun, n rexcre orcyrcrnne crnnncrnuecxn oxpamenntx +nemenron moxer cosanart
npenamepennym npocrory, xoropax moxer ncnontsonartcx co cnennantntm xyoxecrnenntm saannem,
xax +ro nmeer mecro, nanpnmep, n rnopuecrne 3. Xemnnry+x nnn P. upocra. Ecnn crnnncrnuecxax
nerpantnocrt ntpanno nexcnxn coueraercx c norpenennem cnon n nx npxmtx snauennxx, npnem
nastnaercx an1onornen. Hpnem ne ncxnmuaer opasnocrn, no nocnenxx n +rom cnyuae onnpaercx na
remarnxy n cmxer ncero nponsneennx n nenom. Tax, no mnornx nponsneennxx P. upocra cnent ns
]epmepcxo xnsnn nnn nanmennx npnpot amr unrarenm nosmoxnocrt mnpoxnx ]nnoco]cxnx
rymanncrnuecxnx oomenn.
Herpantnomy crnnm, r.e. crnnm, nosmoxnomy n peueno cnryannn nmoro xapaxrepa,
npornnonocrannxmrcx ne ocnonnte rpynnt: nepnax ns nnx coornercrnyer nenororonnenno sapanee
peun tronoro omennx, a nropax sapanee oymanno peun omennx c mnpoxnm xpyrom nnn (public
speech). Pasnnunte crnnn nepno rpynnt otuno nastnamr pasronopnmun, a nropo xnnanmun. B
anrnncxo crnnncrnxe npnnxra necxontxo nnax repmnnonornx, a nmenno pasnnuamr cnonrannt casual
(non-formal) : : necnonrannt non-casual (formal); +rn repmnnt rounee orpaxamr cyrt ena. Hasnannx
pasronopnt n xnnxnt coornercrnymr nponcxoxennm +rnx crnne: n cnoe cnenn]nxe nepnax
rpynna oycnonnena xapaxrepntmn ocoennocrxmn tronoro nanora, a nropax rpynna ycnonnxmn
171
nnctmennoro omennx. Onaxo n nacroxmee npemx +ro enenne neoxsarentno coornercrnyer enennm
peun no rnnam peueno exrentnocrn na nnctmennym n ycrnym ]opmt. Tax nastnaemt pasronopnt
crnnt mnpoxo ncnontsyercx n xyoxecrnenno nnreparype, a opasnt nropo rpynnt moryr (xorx n c
nexoroptmn mon]nxannxmn) ncnontsonartcx n ycrntx ]opmax omennx, a nx onoro ns nnx
oparopcxoro ycrnax ]opma xnnxercx axe ocnonno.
Hentsx, nnpouem, cunrart, uro pasronopnax peut n rom nne, xax ona npecrannena n xyoxecrnenno
nnreparype, roxecrnenna ycrno pasronopno peun, nocxontxy nannune cnenn]nuecxnx saau neno-
xyoxecrnennoro nopxxa (neoxonmax cxarocrt, cnennunocrt n pamaryprnn, noxas xapaxrepon,
connantno-+crernuecxne npnnnnnt nnreparypnoro nanpannennx n mnoroe pyroe) nnnxer na opaorxy
ycrno-pasronopnoro marepnana. Tounoe, xax na marnnro]onno nenre, nocnponsneenne pasronopa moxer
nonacrt n nnreparypnoe nponsneenne rontxo n nopxxe ncxnmuennx. Hn]opmannx onxna
noneprnyrtcx xomnpeccnn: nncarent ornpaer rontxo rnnnuecxoe n cymecrnennoe, ocnooxax cno
marepnan or ncero cnyuanoro*.
* Cm.: Koreeuuroea K. K nonpocy xyoxecrnennoro nocnponsneennx ntcxastnann noncenennom ycrno peun n
nnreparypnom nponsneennn // Cesko-slovenska russistika. X. 2. 1965.
Xapaxrepnte ocoennocrn pasronopno peun, xax yxe tno cxasano ntme, nponcrexamr ns ycnonn
ycrnoro tronoro omennx. Peut ne oymana npenapnrentno, nannuecrnyer npxmo nycroponnn
xonraxr, npeonaaer nanor. Hcnontsymrcx ononnnrentnte ntpasnrentnte cpecrna (xecr, mnmnxa,
noxas, nnronannx). Cnryannx cnyxnr xonrexcrom. Hannune opa1non cnnsn nosnonxer ronopxmemy ne
crpemnrtcx x ontmo rounocrn n nonnore ntpaxennx, on snaer, uro, ecnn ero nenpannntno nomyr, on
cpasy +ro samernr n moxer ononnnrt nnn noxcnnrt cxasannoe. 3ro ocroxrentcrno, a raxxe
crepeornnnocrt cnryann nosnonxer oxonrtcx mentmnm no oemy cnonapem, ynorpenxrt
mnorosnaunte cnona n cnona mnpoxo cemanrnxn, a raxxe nontsonartcx xnnme, a n cnnraxcnce mnpoxo
ncnontsonart nenonnte npenoxennx.
B pasronopnou c1nne npnnxro pasnnuart rpn pasnonnnocrn: nnreparypno-pasronopnt, ]amnntxpno-
pasronopnt n npocropeune. ne nocnenne nmemr eme pernonantnte ocoennocrn, a raxxe
ocoennocrn, sanncxmne or nona n nospacra ronopxmero*. Hexoropte anropt nonaramr, uro npocropeune
ne moxer paccmarpnnartcx xax ]ynxnnonantnt crnnt, nocxontxy crnnt npenonaraer ntop, a
nontsymmncx npocropeunem ntopa ne nmeer n ronopnr rax noromy, uro nnaue ronopnrt ne ymeer. B
ecrnnrentnocrn eno ocronr nnaue: nepexo nmn c onnmn coecennxamn nontsymrcx
npocropeunem, a nnreparypno-pasronopntm crnnem c pyrnmn. Taxnm opasom, npocropeunte ]opmt
ain't, he don't onn ynorpenxmr ne noromy, uro ne snamr pyrnx, a noromy, uro +rn ]opmt ynorpenxmr
nx ronapnmn no paore nnn ronapnmn nx nrp. B pyro ocranonxe onn conepmenno npannntno
nontsymrcx ]opmamn isn't, aren't, doesn't**. Fonee roro, n conpemenno Anrnnn nepexn cnyuan, xora
ronopxmne namepenno ynorpenxmr npocropeunte ]opmt xax naponte, nouepxnnax raxnm opasom
cnom emoxparnunocrt, npnnanexnocrt x napoy, a ne x npanxmnm xnaccam. Inanno ocoennocrtm
]ynxnnonantntx crnne xnnxercx nce-raxn ne ntop, a cnenn]nunocrt c]ept ynorpenennx. Taxnm
opasom, ocnonannx orpnnart cymecrnonanne npocropeunx xax crnnx y nac ner.
* Cm.: Bepruep C.C. Hponemt pasnnrnx pasronopnoro anrnncxoro xstxa n XVI XX nn. Boponex, 1978. n p.
** Charles v. Hartung. Doctrines of English Usage. In: Essays on Language and Usage / Ed. by L. Dean and K. Wilson. - N.Y.,
1959. - P. 257.
Ipynna xnnanmx c1nnen nxnmuaer nayunt, enono, nnn o]nnnantno-oxymenrantnt,
nynnnncrnuecxn, nnn rasernt, oparopcxn n nosntmenno-no+rnuecxn. Hocnenn ocoenno naxen
npn paccmorpennn xyoxecrnenntx nponsneenn npomemnx +nox. Ipynna xnnxntx crnne ne nmeer
reppnropnantntx nopasenenn n xnnxercx omenapono n onee rpannnonno, uem pasronopnax
rpynna. nx nnx xapaxrepen mononor n opamenne onoro uenonexa x mnornm. Mexy xonponannem n
exonponannem coomennx nosmoxen (naroapx nnctmennocrn n pyrnm cpecrnam ]nxcannn peun)
snaunrentnt pasptn. Mt moxem unrart crartm, nnctmo, xnnry, oxymenr, nanncannte mnoro ner nasa.
Btcxastnanne oymano nnn n nponecce ero cocrannennx, nnn npn ycrno ]opme nepeaun, nororonneno
sapanee. Cnnraxcnc n nexcnxa ornnuamrcx pasnoopasnem n rounocrtm, uro neoxonmo nnny
orcyrcrnnx nnn neocrarounocrn oparno cnxsn.
Bonpoc o rom, cymecrnyer nn ocot ]ynxnnonantnt crnnt xyoxecrnenno nnreparypt, xnnxercx
cnopntm. Hexoropte anropt (P.A. Fyaron, H.P. Iantnepnn n pyrne) nonaramr, uro raxo crnnt
cymecrnyer, pyrne (B.B. Bnnorpaon, A.B. ueopon, P.I. Hnorponcxn, R.C. Crenanon) orpnnamr ero
172
cymecrnonanne. Fonee yenrentno xnnxercx nocnenxx rouxa spennx. Hnreparypnax nopma
crnnncrnuecxn nerpantna n ncnontsyercx n xyoxecrnenno nnreparype n pasntx couerannxx c
pasnnuntmn ]ynxnnonantntmn crnnxmn, npnuem xyoxecrnennt +]]exr uacro sanncnr nmenno or
cronxnonennx crnne.
Axaemnx B.B. Bnnorpaon nncan: Hmoe xstxonoe xnnenne moxer npnopecrn xapaxrep
no+rnuecxoro n onpeenenntx rnopuecxn-]ynxnnonantntx ycnonnxx... Bmecre c rem no+rnuecxne
cpecrna ne opasymr cnennantno cncremt, no onnpamrcx na cncremnte ornomennx xstxa
nnexyoxecrnenntx onacre*.
* Buuoepaooe B.B. Ho+rnxa n ee ornomenne x nnnrnncrnxe n reopnn nnreparypt // Bonp. xstxosnannx. 1962. N 5. C. 5.
Cneyer, onaxo, cenart ony ouent naxnym oronopxy. Hopma xstxa ecrt xareropnx ncropnuecxax,
no+romy cxasannoe ntme ornocnrcx x conpemennomy anrnncxomy xstxy, ne nmeer xapaxrepa
ynnnepcantno ncrnnt n ne ncxnmuaer nosmoxnocrn cymecrnonannx cnennantnoro nnreparypnoro crnnx
n pyrnx xstxax na onpeenenntx +ranax nx pasnnrnx. stxosnanne ormeuano mnoro raxnx cnyuaen.
Camo coo pasymeercx, uro orpnnanne nnreparypno-xyoxecrnennoro crnnx ne osnauaer orpnnannx
nnreparyponeuecxo crnnncrnxn co cnennantntmn saauamn, ornnuntmn or saau nnnrnocrnnncrnxn.
Taxax nnreparypnax crnnncrnxa sannmaercx ro uacrtm coepxannx coomennx, xoropax xacaercx
ronopxmero, ero +monn, ero ornomennx x cnryannn, x nonyuarenm peun n unrarenm n nx nsanmoecrnnn
c uncro nnreparypntmn xapaxrepncrnxamn nponsneennx, r.e. ]ayno, opasamn repoen, remo, crpoem
ne n r..
Kax yxe tno cxasano ntme, n anno xnnre nac nnrepecymr rontxo re +nemenrt oenx orpacne
crnnncrnxn, xoropte moryr trt nonesnt n nororonxe npenoanarene nnocrpanntx xstxon, r.e. n
paspaorxe crnnncrnxn nocnpnxrnx.
3. Topaec1nenno-nosnmmennan nexcnxa n no+1nuecxnn c1nnt
uynxnnonantnt crnnt xareropnx ncropnuecxax: n pasnte +noxn pasnnrnx anrnncxoro xstxa n
anrnncxo xyntrypt ntxnnxmrcx pasnnunte crnnn. Tax, n +noxy xnaccnnnsma cunranoct, uro
cymecrnyer ocot no+rnuecxn crnnt, nx xoroporo npnront ne nce cnona omenaponoro xstxa.
Vcranannnnannct ocote nopmt no+rnuecxoro xstxa, xacanmnecx ntopa nexcnxn (ns xoropo
nsronxnoct nce rpyoe n npocroe) n mop]onornuecxnx ]opm, n cnnraxcnuecxnx xoncrpyxnn. Ho+rnxa
xnaccnnncron tna nopmarnnno. Hopmt xopomero nxyca, neant npexpacnoro xax naroponoro n
pasymnoro, nsnoxennte n no+me Ho+rnuecxoe ncxyccrno rnannom nponsneennn ]pannyscxoro
reopernxa xnaccnnnsma Hnxona Fyano (16361711), tnn npnnxrt n n Anrnnn, xorx n Anrnnn rocnocrno
xnaccnnnsma nnxora ne tno rax cnntno, xax no upannnn. Te anrnncxne npocnernrenn, xoropte
npnepxnnannct xnaccnnncrnuecxo +crernxn, crpemnnnct ynopxounrt xstxonte no+rnuecxne cpecrna
n pasnnnann nen Fyano. Opasno-+crernuecxax rpanc]opmannx omenaponoro xstxa n no+snn tna
nounnena crpornm xanonam, nasnauenne xoroptx cocroxno n rom, urot npnart emy ocoym,
coornercrnymmym nx no+rnuecxnm nsrnxam npnnonxrocrt n nstcxannocrt.
Onnm ns rnanntx anropnreron n onacrn nnreparypnoro nxyca n Anrnnn tn C+my+n xoncon (1709
1784), no+r, xypnanncr, xpnrnx n nexcnxorpa], anrop nepnoro ronxonoro cnonapx anrnncxoro xstxa.
Hypncr n mopanncr, on rpeonan crpororo cneonannx yxe anponponanntm opasnam no nmx xopomero
nxyca, pasyma n mopann. B npnneennom nnxe crnxornopennn C. xoncona pyxa moxno npocnenrt
ocnonnte xapaxrepnte ueprt ntcoxoro crnnx. Crnxornopenne naunnaercx c anoc1poqm, r.e.
npnnonxroro opamennx, n npnrom ne x uenonexy, a x acrpaxrnomy nonxrnm pyxe. Hpnnonxrt
ron cosaercx c camoro nauana xax +rnm opamennem-onnnernopennem, rax n nocneymmnm ynennuennem
uncna +nnreron n napa]pas. pyxa nastnaercx n apom neec, n paocrtm n ropocrtm naropontx
ymon, n neocrynntm nnsxnm ymam ocroxnnem anrenon.
B coornercrnnn c +crernuecxnmn nopmamn xnaccnnnsma noxnana pyxe ntpaxena n oomenno
acrpaxrno ]opme. Tnnnuno onnne ornneuenntx cymecrnnrentntx: friendship, delight, pride, love,
desire, glories, joy, life, mistrust, ardours, virtue, happiness. Hpnnararentnte ne rontxo acrpaxrnt, no n
ontmnncrne cnoem nmemr n nexcnuecxom snauennn onenount xomnonenr, uro coornercrnyer ome
naxrnxo-mopannsnpymme renennnn C. xoncona: noble, savage, gentle, guiltless, selfish, peaceful. V
ncex nmen cymecrnnrentntx, nastnammnx nme, ocnonntm xomnonenrom enorarnnnoro snauennx
xnnxmrcx yxasannx na mopantnte xauecrna: villain, tyrant, flatterer. To xe cnpanennno n nx
173
cycranrnnnponanntx npnnararentntx: the blest, the brave, the just. Konxpernte cnona nourn
orcyrcrnymr, a re nemnorne, xoropte nce-raxn ynorpenent, ncnontsonant meronnmnuecxn n roxe
cranonxrcx oomennxmn: the human breast, the selfish bosom.
FRIENDSHIP
Friendship, peculiar boon of heaven,
The noble mind's delight and pride,
To men and angels only given.
To all the lower world denied.
While love, unknown among the blest,
Parent of thousand-wild desires,
The savage and the human breast
Torments alike with raging fires.
With bright, but yet destructive gleam,
Alike o'er all his lightnings fly,
Thy lambent glories only beam
Around the favorites of the sky.
Thy gentle flows of guiltless joys,
On fools and villains ne'er descend;
In vain for thee the tyrant sighs,
And hugs a flatterer for a friend.
Directress of the brave and just,
O guide us through life's darksome way!
And let the tortures of mistrust
On selfish bosoms only prey.
Nor shall thine ardours cease to glow,
When souls to peaceful climes remove;
What rais'd our virtue here below,
Shall aid our happiness above.
Hornuecxoe, merpnuecxoe n cnnraxcnuecxoe nocrpoennx nonnocrtm coornercrnymr pyr pyry. Kaxax
crpo]a cocronr ns onoro xopomo canancnponannoro npenoxennx, rpannnt uacre xoroporo connaamr
c xonnamn crpox. B coornercrnnn c +rnm nourn nce crpoxn xonuamrcx snaxamn npennnannx: sanxrtmn,
noerounxmn, rouxo c sanxro, a xaxax crpo]a rouxo.
Vpannonemennocrn npenoxenn cnococrnyer onnne +nnreron: raging fires, destructive gleam,
lambent glories, guiltless joys.
Anocrpo]a, r.e. opamenne, cnona ncnontsyercx n nocnene crpo]e, no n +rom cnyuae ona coueraercx
c nepn]paso: pyxa nasnana pyxononrentnnne xpaptx n cnpanennntx. Bce opamennx
ntpaxamrcx uepes nropoe nnno enncrnennoro uncna: thy glories, thy joys, thine ardours, for thee. Bropoe
nnno enncrnennoro uncna n +noxy C. xoncona n onxono peun yxe ne ynorpenxnoct n n no+snn
nonyuano nosntmennym oxpacxy.
B ocnone crnxornopennx nexnr crnnncrnuecxax ]nrypa anrnrest: pyxa npornnonocrannxercx
nmnn, xoropax poxaer rtcxun nxnx xenann n onnaxono myuaer nxape n nnnnnnsonanntx nme.
Fontmax uacrt nexcnxn paccmarpnnaemoro crnxornopennx xnnxercx nosntmenno n cnny
nosntmennocrn nastnaemtx nonxrn n ome npnnonxrocrn remt. Taxont cnona, nastnammne pyxy,
naropocrno, pasym n r.. pyrne cnona nosntmennt no cnonm xonnorarnnntm snauennxm. Tax, +monnn,
ntstnaemte nmontm, cpannnnamrcx c npocrtm cnonom fire, a onee ntcoxne +monnn pyxt c onee
nosntmenntm ardours, a paocrn pyxt glories. Oa nosntmenntx cnona ardours n glories
pomancxoro nponcxoxennx n onee acrpaxrnt, uem nx repmancxne cnnonnmt. Taxnx cnnonnmnuecxnx
174
nap, re repmancxoe cnono nerpantno n +monnonantnom n crnnncrnuecxom ornomennn, a pomancxoe
xapaxrepnsyercx nosntmennocrtm nnn ropxecrnennocrtm, moxno npnnecrn nemano. Cpannnre: descend
go down, guide lead, cease stop, aid help, profound deep, glory fame.
Hastnax pyxy apom neec, no+r ynorpenxer pexoe cnono boon (o.aeoc.oeeuui oap), cnono,
+rnmonornuecxn cnxsannoe c penneanrn. ben (+o.ioa).
Hexoropte ns ncrpeuammnxcx n crnxornopennn cnon xnnxmrcx no+rnsmamn n rom cmtcne, uro noome
nnre, xpome no+snn, neynorpenrentnt: o'er, ne'er*.
* Cm. raxxe ananns pyrnx crnxornopenn C. xoncona n xnnre H.. txxonono Three Centuries of English Poetry (H.,
1967. - C. 16-23).
nx roro urot npecrannrt cee cymnocrt nosntmenno nexcnxn c nnnrnncrnuecxo rouxn spennx,
nao yuecrt, uro aconmrnte cnnonnmt nnn aconmrno pannosnaunte napnanrt n xstxe coxpanxmrcx
neonro: pas nosnnxnyn, onn nmemr renennnm pasmexentnartcx cemanrnuecxn, npnuem onee pexne
nmemr renennnm x acrparnponannm. B cnxsn c +rnm nnrepecno samernrt, uro ardours nmeer rontxo
acrpaxrnoe snauenne (ni. cmpacmu nnn ni. rpacuope:u), n ro npemx xax cnnonnmnunoe emy ncxonnoe
fire mnorosnauno n nmeer xax acrpaxrnte, rax n xonxpernte nexcnxo-cemanrnuecxne napnanrt.
3ameueno npn +rom, uro enorarnnnoe snauenne, nmex onee uerxo ouepuennte cemanrnuecxne rpannnt,
mentme nonepxeno nsmenennxm, a xonnorarnnnoe, nanpornn, aer ontmne nosmoxnocrn pasnnrnx.
Fnaroapx npnntunomy ynorpenennm n ntcoxom crnne n uacrtm couerannxm co cnonamn, osnauammnmn
ntcoxne nonxrnx, uacrt cnon nonyuaer n cnonx xonnorannxx ropxecrnenno-npnnonxrym oxpacxy. Cnona,
ynorpenrentnte n no+snn, acconnnpymrcx c no+rnuecxnm xonrexcrom n npnoperamr no+rnuecxym
crnnncrnuecxym oxpacxy. C pyro cropont, nmenno +monnn rpeymr cnexecrn n nocroxnnoro
ononnennx nexcnxn n neyr x ycranonnennm nce nontx n nontx cnnonnmon.
Ho+snx conpemennnxa C. xoncona Tomaca Ipex (17161771) nnrepecna nx nac raxxe xax onn ns
npnmepon ro nosntmenno nexcnxn, xoropax cocrannxer npemer annoro pasena. Ho ona coepxnr
+nemenrt uepr, nonyunnmnx pasnnrne rontxo n antnemem, nocxontxy T. Ipe xnnxercx npereue
enponecxoro cenrnmenrannsma. Hsnmnenntm xanpom anropa snamennro 3nernn, nanncanno na
centcxom xnanme tnn ot. Cpen nnx ono ns nanonee nsnecrntx xnnxercx Oa na oranennt
nn Hroncxoro xonnexa (1747).
Tax xe xax rontxo uro pasopannoe crnxornopenne C. xoncona, ona naunnaercx c anocrpo]t. 3ro
opamenne x mnnnxm n amnxm Hrona. Hnxe npnnonrcx rontxo nauano ot, no n ono aer ocrarouno
xcnoe npecrannenne o poetic diction.
Tpn nepnte crpo]t naunnamrcx c opamennx x amnxm, xonmam, nonxm n, naxonen, x Temse.
Hcnontsyercx apxanuecxax ]opma mecronmennx nroporo nnna mnoxecrnennoro uncna ye n ocoax, raxxe
npnnonxrax cnnraxcnuecxax xoncrpyxnnx ye... spires. Hexcnxa ot onee opasna n necxontxo onee
xonxperna, uem nexcnxa crnxornopennx C. xoncona, n n ro xe npemx ona eme onee rpannnonno
no+rnuna.
ODE ON A DISTANT PROSPECT OF ETON COLLEGE
Ye distant spires ye antique tow'rs,
That crown the wat'ry glade,
Where grateful Science still adores
Her Henry's holy shade;
And ye, that from the stately brow
Of Windsor's heights th' expanse below
Of grove, of lawn, of mead survey,
Whose turf, whose shade, whose flow' among
Wanders the hoary Thames along
His silver winding way.
Ah, happy hills! ah, pleasing shade!
Ah fields beloved in vain,
Where once my careless childhood stray'd,
175
A stranger yet to pain!
I feel the gales that from ye blow,
A momentary bliss bestow,
As waving fresh their gladsome wing,
My weary soul they seem to sooth,
And, redolent of joy and youth,
To breathe a second spring.
Say, Father Thames, for thou hast seen
Full many a sprightly race
Disporting on the margin green,
The paths of pleasure trace;
Who foremost now delight to cleave
With pliant arm thy glassy wave?
The captive linnet which enthral?
What idle progeny succeed
To chase the rolling circle's speed
Or urge the flying ball?
Hnrepec no+ra cocpeorouen ne na mopantntx npnnnnnax, a na xpacorax n npenecrxx npnpot n na rex
uyncrnax n nocnomnnannxx, xoropte npoyxaer n nem onnctnaemt nesax. Orcma, c ono cropont,
cnona nasnannx rpannnonntx +nemenron nesaxa: glade, grove, lawn, mead, field, turf, hills, a c pyro
cnona n ntpaxennx, oosnauammne uyncrna: adore, happy, pleasing, beloved, gladsome, feel the gales,
bestow a momentary bliss, to sooth the weary soul.
Bce +rn cnona nmemr +monnonantnte, n npnrom npnxrnte, xonnorannn. axe cnono gale, xoropoe n
cnoem conpemennom, nourn repmnnonornuecxom snauennn nastnaer cnntnt, pesxn, nnsxn x yparany
nerep, n crapnnno no+rnuecxo nexcnxe nmeno snauenne eemepor, .eeroe ovuoeeuue n ornocnnoct x
apomary nneron, necon n r.n. Cnono turf c otuntm snauennem oepu sect cnnonnmnuno cnony grass, no
grass nnmeno xonnorann, nerpantno, a turf nmeno nonoxnrentnym +crernuecxym n +monnonantnym
oxpacxy. Pasnnune no cpannennm c otuntm cnonom y cnona no+rnuecxoro moxer trt ne rontxo
cemanrnuecxnm, no n ]onernuecxnm, n mop]onornuecxnm. Tax, mead [mi:d] no+rnuecxn napnanr cnona
meadow ['medou], a gladsome no+rnuecxn napnanr npnnararentnoro glad (cp. darksome y C. xoncona n
conpemennoe dark). Hoontm xe opasom cnono disport (or crapo]pann. desport(er) pase.eramic)
xnnxercx no+rnuecxnm ynerom cnona sport, coxpannno npe]nxc n nepnonauantnoe snauenne, no
npnopeno apxanuecxym n no+rnuecxym oxpacxy.
Orptnox nsonnyer mera]opamn: mnnnn n amnn nenuamr nyxaxy, onn cmorpxr c nennuanoro
na Bnnsopa, no nropo crpo]e ronopnrcx o necentx xptntxx nerpa. Temsa nasnana ceo n
onnnernopxercx c nomomtm mecronmennx his; n rperte crpo]e +ro onnnernopenne pasnepnyro antme:
no+r opamaercx x pexe n nastnaer ee Father Thames.
Cnnraxcnc xapaxrepnsyercx nnanntmn pasnepnyrtmn nepnoamn, cnennantntmn xoncrpyxnnxmn
ropxecrnenntx opamenn (Ye distant spires... that crown...) n nocxnnnarentntmn npenoxennxmn.
Mop]onornuecxne ]opmt apxanunt: thou hast seen.
Ho+rnuecxne npannna pacnpocrpanxmrcx na op]orpa]nm: rnacnax, xoropax napymaer cuer cnoron, xorx
ona n ne nponsnocnrcx, samenxercx anocrpo]om: Tow'rs, wat'ry, th' expanse.
Oa T. Ipex moxer cnyxnrt npnmepom xnaccnuecxoro no+rnuecxoro crnnx*.
* Cm. ananns crnxornopenn T. Ipex n nnrnponanno ntme paore H.. txxonono.
B nauane XIX nexa xanont no+rnuecxoro xstxa, nponosrnamennte xnaccnnncramn, tnn orneprnyrt
pomanrnxamn. Pomanrnxn orcrannann +monnonantno-+crernuecxym nennocrt peuenoro cnoeopasnx. Onn
crpemnnnct oorarnrt no+rnuecxn xstx nono nexcnxo, uepnax ee ns pasntx ncrounnxon. B. Cxorr
mnpoxo ncnontsyer nanexrnsmt, x. Knrc ononnxer no+rnuecxym nexcnxy, nnox apxansmt, H.F.
Bennn naxonr nonte ntpasnrentnte cpecrna n anrnuno nnreparype, V. Bopcnopr npnstnaer
orxasartcx or ocooro no+rnuecxoro cnonapx n nontsonartcx n no+snn cnonamn n ]opmamn xnnoro
pasronopnoro xstxa.
Bonpoct xstxa n crnnx nrpann ouent ontmym pont n nnreparypno opte nauana XIX nexa.
176
Hpencnonne V. Bopcnopra xo nropomy nsannm ero Hnpnuecxnx anna (1800) tno nnreparypntm
mann]ecrom, n xoropom on nporecronan npornn ycnonnocre ntcoxoro crnnx, yxastnax, uro no+snx
onxna opamartcx xo ncem nmxm.
V. Bopcnopra nemano xpnrnxonann sa npnmnrnnnsm, crnnnsannm no xstx nocenxn, sa ro, uro
nnnmanne x napono peun coueraercx y nero c neannsanne narpnapxantnoro yxnaa centcxoro
memancrna, sa oroxecrnnenne ocrynnocrn c otennocrtm. Tem ne menee conpemennte nccneonarenn
npnsnamr, uro nmenno on npenoxnn nonym rouxy spennx na xnnym naponym peut, ero rnopuecrno
ctrpano nemanym pont n pacmartnannn craporo xnaccnuecxoro crnnx. Hoono V. Bopcnopry, x.
Fapon cnococrnonan ocnooxennm xstxa no+snn or rpannnonno pnropnxn A. Hona n C. xoncona.
H.F. Bennn ncxan n omenaponom xstxe pacmnpenne opasntx nosmoxnocre, xoropte mornn t
nepeart unrarenm ero +monnn, ero ornomenne x ecrnnrentnocrn. Pomanrnxn ornepramr xnaccnuecxoe
enenne cnon na npnronte nx no+snn nosntmennte cnona c mnpoxnm snauennem n nenpnronte
nnsxne c ysxnm snauennem. Onn uacro npenounramr nontsonartcx nmenno cnonamn c ysxnm
snauennem, rax xax onn nosnonxmr cosanart onee xonxpernte acconnannn n rem cnntnee
nosecrnonart na +monnn unrarenx. 3mornnnax ]ynxnnx, xoropo xnaccnnncrt npeneperann, ntxonr
na nepnt nnan. nx xnaccnnncron orop ntpasnrentntx cpecrn onpeenxncx xanpom, nx pomanrnxon
xanpont xpnrepn repxer cnom oxsarentnocrt. Kaxoe ntpasnrentnoe cpecrno, xaxoe cnono nnn
oopor pacnennnamrcx n sanncnmocrn or nx npnronocrn nx ntpaxennx annoro uyncrna, anno nen
annoro anropa n annom xonrexcre. Ho+rt crpemxrcx renept ncnontsonart pasnoopasnte cpecrna, n
rom uncne n cronxnonenne pasnocrnntntx +nemenron. B Hanomnnuecrne uant Iaponta x. Fapona
nsanmoecrnymr n xomnnnpymrcx ]ontxnopnte, apxanuecxne n xnaccnuecxne +nemenrt. pxax
ntpasnrentnocrt oecneunnaercx cnonrannocrtm n nnnnnyantnocrtm peun. Kanonnuecxn
no+rnuecxn crnnt cranonnrcx nomexo, n poetic diction nepecraer cymecrnonart.
Bnpouem, nao npnsnart, uro crpemnenne x cnnxennm no+snn c xnno peutm, xoropoe nyume
nosnonxer no+ry nepeart cnon mtcnn n uyncrna unrarenm, n opta npornn ycnonnocre no+rnuecxoro
xstxa, sacrtnmnx opason, rpannnonntx +nnreron, manonntx ]paseonornsmon npncymn ne rontxo
pomanrnuecxomy nepnoy onn cocrannxmr nocroxnnt +nemenr ncropnn no+snn no nce npemena. Mt
ncrpeuaemcx c nnmn n nmo +noxe. uro xacaercx conpemenno no+snn, ro unrarenxm nsnecrno, xax
nacrounno nnonr n crnxn nposanuecxym nexcnxy T.C. 3nnor. B ono ns cnonx xpnrnuecxnx crare on
nncan: Vcranonnrt rounte saxont o cnxsn no+snn c pasronopno peutm nenosmoxno. Kaxax penonmnnx
n no+snn nmeer renennnm trt nosnpamennem x onxono peun, a nnora n saxnnxer o +ro
renennnn. Taxo tna penonmnnx, xoropym nponosrnacnn n cnoem Hpencnonnn Bopcnopr, n on tn
npan. Ho raxym xe penonmnnm nponsnenn o nero Onxem, Vonnep, enxem n paen, n raxax xe
penonmnnx onxna tna npnrn npnnnsnrentno cronernem nosxe. Hocneonarenn penonmnnn
pasnnnamr no+rnuecxym peut n rom nnn nnom nanpannennn; onn nonnpymr n conepmencrnymr ee; rem
npemenem pasronopnax peut npoonxaer menxrtcx n no+rnuecxax peut oxastnaercx ycrapenme. Mt,
nepoxrno, ne moxem cee npecrannrt, xax ecrecrnenno onxna tna snyuart peut paena nx ero
nanonee ronxo uyncrnymmnx xstx conpemennnxon. Hnxaxax no+snx, xoneuno, ne moxer trt
roxecrnenno romy, uro no+r ronopnr nnn cntmnr n pasronope, no ona onxna naxonrtcx n raxom
ornomennn x pasronopno peun ero npemenn, urot unrarent nnn cnymarent mor cxasart: nor rax x
onxen tn t ronopnrt, ecnn t mor ronopnrt crnxamn*.
* Eliot T.S. Selected Prose. A Collection / Ed. by J. Hayward. Penguin Books, 1958.-P. 58.
B conpemennom anrnncxom xstxe, necmorpx na orcyrcrnne cnennantnoro no+rnuecxoro crnnx,
coxpanxercx cno nexcnxn, xoropt n cnny acconnann c no+rnuecxnmn xonrexcramn nmeer n nocroxnnom
xonnorarnnnom snauennn nxoxmnx n nero cnon xomnonenr, xoropt moxno nasnart no+rnuecxo
crnnncrnuecxo xonnoranne. 3ror xomnonenr ycrounn, n cnonapn nomeuamr ero cnennantno nomero
poet., a nexcnxonorn nastnamr raxne cnona no+rnsmamn. B nx uncno nxoxr ne rontxo re ntcoxne cnona,
xoropte npnsnanannct eme xnaccnnncramn, no n apxanuecxne n pexne cnona, nneennte n no+rnuecxn
onxo pomanrnxamn.
nx roro urot noxasart ]axr cymecrnonannx n ncnontsonannx no+rnsmon n name npemx, npnneem
mmopncrnuecxoe crnxornopenne x. Anaxa, xoropt cmeercx na no+recco, cneymme no+rnuecxnm
xanonam:
177
POETESS
At verses she was not inept!
Her feet were neatly numbered.
She never cried, she softly wept,
She never slept, she slumbered.
She never ate and rarely dined,
Her tongue found sweetmeats sour.
She never guessed, but oft divined
The secrets of a flower.
A flower! Fragrant, pliant, clean,
More dear to her than crystal.
She knew what earnings dozed between
The stamen and the pistil.
Dawn took her thither to the wood,
At even, home she hithered.
Ah, to the gentle Pan is good
She never died, she withered.
4. Hayunmn c1nnt
Ornnunrentnte ueprt xaxoro crnnx sanncxr or ero connantnoro nasnauennx n ro xomnnannn
xstxontx ]ynxnn, xoropax npeonaaer n axre xommynnxannn, a cneonarentno, or c]ept omennx, or
roro, nmeer nn omenne cnoe nentm, nnn, no ncxxom cnyuae, cnoe rnanno nentm, coomenne cneenn,
ntpaxenne +monn, noyxenne x xaxnm-nno ecrnnxm. Hpnnxro cunrart, uro enncrnenno ]ynxnne
nayunoro crnnx xnnxercx ]ynxnnx nnrennexryantno-xommynnxarnnnax, ononnnrentnte ]ynxnnn
]axyntrarnnnt.
Hayunmn c1nnt, raxnm opasom, xapaxrepen nx rexcron, npenasnauenntx nx coomennx rountx
cneenn ns xaxo-nno cnennantno onacrn n nx saxpennennx nponecca nosnannx. Hanonee
pocammecx n rnasa, no ne enncrnenno ocoennocrtm +roro crnnx xnnxercx ncnontsonanne
cnennantno repmnnonornn. Kaxax orpacnt nayxn ntpaartnaer cnom repmnnonornm n coornercrnnn c
npemerom n meroom cnoe paort. Cnom cnennantnym repmnnonornm nmemr n pasnte onacrn
xyntrypt, ncxyccrna, +xonomnuecxo xnsnn, cnopra n r..
Onaxo npncyrcrnne repmnnon ne ncuepntnaer ocoennocre nayunoro crnnx. Hayunt rexcr, nnn
ycrno nponsnecennt nayunt oxna, nnn nexnnx orpaxamr paory pasyma n apeconant pasymy,
cneonarentno, onn onxnt yonnernopxrt rpeonannxm nornuecxoro nocrpoennx n maxcnmantno
oexrnnnocrn nsnoxennx.
Crnneopasymmnmn ]axropamn xnnxmrcx neoxonmocrt oxounnocrn n nornuecxo
nocneonarentnocrn nsnoxennx cnoxnoro marepnana, ontmax rpannnonnocrt. Orcyrcrnne
nenocpecrnennoro xonraxra nnn orpannuennocrt xonraxra c nonyuarenem peun (oxna, nexnnx)
ncxnmuaer nnn cnntno orpannunnaer ncnontsonanne nnexstxontx cpecrn; orcyrcrnne oparno cnxsn
rpeyer ontme nonnort. Cnnraxcnuecxax crpyxrypa onxna trt crpono, nonno n no nosmoxnocrn
crepeornnno. B xauecrne npnmepa nayunoro rexcra npnneem orptnox ns snamennro xnnrn
poonauantnnxa xnepnernxn Hopepra Bnnepa (18941964) Knepnernxa, nnn Vnpannenne n cnxst n
xnnornom n mamnne. Orptnox nsxr ns pasena, n xoropom anrop, noxasan, xax n pasnte ncropnuecxne
+noxn pasnnnanact meura uenoneuecrna o anromarnuecxom mexannsme, nononr unrarenx x ntnoy o
rom, uro n name npemx nccneonanne anromaron ns meranna nnn ns nnorn npecrannxer coo orpacnt
rexnnxn cnxsn n ]ynamenrantntmn nonxrnxmn xnnxmrcx nonxrnx coomennx, xonnuecrna nomex, nnn
myma, xonnuecrna nn]opmannn, meroon xonponannx n r.. H. Bnnep oxastnaer, uro anromart n
]nsnonornuecxne cncremt moxno oxnarnrt ono reopne n uro cosanart anromarnuecxne mexannsmt
nao no npnnnnnam ]nsnonornuecxnx mexannsmon, r.e. nccneyx npnnnnnt nepeaun nn]opmannn n
ynpannennx n xnntx oprannsmax. Orptnox, cneonarentno, npecrannxer nx anno xnnrn ocot
178
nnrepec. Bor +ror rexcr:
Today we are coming to realize that the body is very far from a conservative system, and that its component
parts work in an environment where the available power is much more limited than we have taken it to be. The
electronic tube has shown us that a system with an outside source of energy, almost all of which is wasted, may
be a very effective agency for performing desired operations, especially if it is worked at a low energy level.
We are beginning to see that such important elements as the neurons, the atoms of the nervous complex of our
body, do their work under much the same conditions as vacuum tubes, with their relatively small power
supplied from outside by the circulation, and that the book-keeping which is most essential to describe their
function is not one of energy. In short, the newer study of automata, whether in the metal or in the flesh, is a
branch of communication engineering, and its cardinal notions are those of message, amount of disturbance or
noise a term taken over from the telephone engineer quantity of information, coding technique, and so on.
In such a theory we deal with automata effectively coupled to the external world, not merely by their energy
flow, their metabolism, but also by a flow of impressions, of incoming messages, and of the actions of the
outgoing messages. The organs by which impressions are received are the equivalents of the human and animal
sense organs. They comprise photoelectric cells and other receptors for light; radar systems receiving their own
short Hertzian waves; Hydrogen-ion-potential recorders, which may be said to taste; thermometers; pressure
gauges of various sorts; microphones and so on. The effectors may be electrical motors or solenoids or heating
coils or other instruments of very diverse sorts. Between the receptor or sense organ and the effector stands an
intermediate set of elements whose function is to recombine the incoming impressions into such form as to
produce a desired type of response in the effectors. The information fed into this central control system will
very often contain information concerning the functioning of the effectors themselves. These correspond among
other things to the kinesthctic organs and other proprioceptors of the human system, for we too have organs
which record the position of a joint or the rate of contraction of a muscle, etc. Moreover, the information
received by the automaton need not be used at once but may be delayed or stored so as to become available at
some future time. This is the analogue of memory. Finally, as long as the automaton is running, its very rules of
operation are susceptible to some change on the basis of the data which have passed through its receptors in the
past, and this is not unlike the process of learning.
The machines of which we are now speaking are not the dream of a sensationalist nor the hope of some
future time. They already exist as thermostats, automatic gyrocompass ship-steering systems, self-propelled
missiles especially those that seek their target anti-aircraft fire-control systems, automatically-controlled oil-
cracking stills, ultra rapid computing machines, and the like. They had begun to be used long before the war
indeed the very old steam-engine governor belongs among them but the great mechanisation of the Second
World War brought them into their own, and the need of handling the extremely dangerous energy of the atom
will probably bring them to a still higher point of development. Scarcely a month passes but a new book
appears on these so-called control mechanisms, or servo-mechanisms, and the present age is as truly the age of
servo-mechanisms as the nineteenth century was the age of steam engine or the eighteenth century the age of
the clock.
To sum up: the many automata of the present age are coupled to the outside world both for the reception of
impressions and for the performance of actions. They contain sense organs, effectors and the equivalent of a
nervous system to integrate the transfer of information from the one to the other. They lend themselves very
well to the description in physiological terms.It is scarcely amiracle that they can be subsumed under one theory
with the mechanisms of physiology*.
* Wiener N. Cybernetics of Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. N.Y. - Ldn, 1961. P. 4243.
Paccmorpnm npexe ncero cnnraxcnuecxym crpyxrypy +roro rexcra.
B nem npeonaamr cnoxnonounnennte npenoxennx. Hemnorouncnennte npocrte npenoxennx
pasnepnyrt sa cuer onopontx unenon. Bo ncem +rom onontno omnpnom rexcre rontxo na xoporxnx
npocrtx npenoxennx, n camax xparxocrt nx ntenxer nectma naxnte mtcnn, xoropte n nnx coepxarcx.
This is the analogue of memory.
They lend themselves very well to description in physiological terms.
Orentnte unent npenoxenn pasnepnyrt. Heoxonmocrt nonnort nsnoxennx npnnonr x
mnpoxomy ncnontsonannm pasnnuntx rnnon onpeenenn. Hourn xaxoe cymecrnnrentnoe n
179
npnneennom orptnxe nmeer nocrnosnrnnnoe nnn npenosnrnnnoe onpeenenne nnn n ro n pyroe
ononpemenno. Cnenn]nuntmn nx rexnnuecxnx rexcron, n ocoennocrn raxnx, n xoroptx ner peut o
npnopax nnn oopyonannn, xnnxmrcx npenosnrnnnte onpeennrentnte rpynnt, cocroxmne ns nentx
nenouex cnon: hydrogen-ion-potential recorders, automatic gyrocompass ship-steering systems, anti-aircraft
fire-control systems, automatically-controlled oil-cracking stills.
Fontmoe pasnnrne onpeenenn +roro rnna cnxsano c rpeonannem rounoro orpannuennx
ncnontsyemtx nonxrn. Ho +ro xe npnunne mnorne cnona noxcnxmrcx npenoxntmn, npnuacrntmn,
repynnantntmn n nn]nnnrnnntmn ooporamn.
Cnxsn mexy +nemenramn nnyrpn npenoxennx, mexy npenoxennxmn nnyrpn asanen n asanamn
nnyrpn rnan ntpaxent +xcnnnnnrno, uro neer x onnnm n pasnoopasnm comson n comsntx cnon: that,
and that, than, if, as, or, nor...
nx nayunoro rexcra xapaxrepnt nonte comst: not merely... but also, whether... or, both... and, as...
as... Bo mnornx nayuntx rexcrax ncrpeuamrcx raxxe nonte comst rnna thereby, therewith, hereby,
xoropte n xyoxecrnenno nnreparype crann yxe apxansmamn.
Hopxox cnon npenmymecrnenno npxmo. Hnnepcnx n npenoxennn Between the receptor or sense organ
and the effector stands an intermediate set of elements cnyxnr nx oecneuennx nornuecxo cnxsn c
npetymnm.
Baxnym pont n pacxptrnn nornuecxo crpyxrypt nenoro nrpaer enenne na asant. Kaxt asan n
paccmarpnnaemom rexcre naunnaercx c xnmuenoro npenoxennx, nsnarammero ocnonnym mtcnt. nx
ycnnennx nornuecxo cnxsn mexy npenoxennxmn ynorpenxmrcx raxne cnennantnte ycrounnte
ntpaxennx, xax to sum up, as we have seen, so far we have been considering.
To xe nenn moryr cnyxnrt n napeunx finally, again, thus. Vnorpenenne nx n nayunom rexcre
cnenn]nuno, r.e. cnntno ornnuaercx or ynorpenennx nx n xyoxecrnenno npose. Hecxontxo ntme (cm.
c. 240) yxe ronopnnoct o nexoroptx cnyuaxx ynorpenennx now.
Anropcxax peut nocrpoena n nepnom nnne mnoxecrnennoro uncna: we are coming to realize, we have
taken it to be, the tube has shown us, we are beginning to see, we deal with, we are now speaking. 3ro mt
nmeer nonoe snauenne. Bo-nepntx, H. Bnnep nese nouepxnnaer, uro nonax nayxa cosana
copyxecrnom ontmoro xonnexrnna yuentx, n, no-nroptx, nexropcxoe mt nonnexaer cnymarene n
coornercrnenno unrarene n nponecc paccyxennx n oxasarentcrna. Hnrepecno raxxe ormernrt
cpannnrentno uacroe ynorpenenne nacroxmero npoonxennoro n yymero nmecro npocroro
nacroxmero: the information will very often contain, uro npnaer nsnoxennm ontmym xnnocrt.
3xcnpeccnnnocrt n nayunom rexcre ne ncxnmuaercx, no ona cnenn]nuna. Hpeonaaer xonnuecrnennax
+xcnpeccnnnocrt: very far from conservative, much less limited, almost all of which, very effective, much the
same, most essential, very diverse sorts, long before the war n r.. Opasnax +xcnpeccnnnocrt ncrpeuaercx
npenmymecrnenno npn cosannn nontx repmnnon. B annom rexcre +ro nsxroe n xantuxn cnono noise,
xoropoe ryr xe pacxptnaercx cnnonnmnuntm onncarentntm ntpaxennem amount of disturbance n
noxcnxercx anropom xax repmnn, sanmcrnonannt y cnennanncron no rene]onnn. Hepnonauantno
opasnt repmnn n antnemem saxpennxercx n repmnnonornn n, nonyunn e]nnnnnm, cranonnrcx
npxmtm nanmenonannem nayunoro nonxrnx. Tax +ro n antnemem n nponsomno co cnonom noise, n ono
yxe anno ynorpenxercx es xantuex.
B pyrnx rexcrax +xcnpeccnnnocrt moxer saxnmuartcx n yxasannn naxnocrn nsnaraemoro. Hornuecxoe
nouepxnnanne moxer trt, nanpnmep, ntpaxeno nexcnuecxn: note that..., I wish to emphasize..., another
point of considerable interest is..., an interesting problem is that of..., one of the most remarkable of...
phenomena is..., it is by no means trivial... Bce +rn ntpaxennx xnnxmrcx nx nayunoro rexcra ycrounntmn.
3xcnpeccnnnocrt ntpaxaercx raxxe n nmnnnnnrno nnn +xcnnnnnrno saxnxe ornpannrenx peun na
oexrnnnocrt, na ocronepnocrt coomaemoro.
Omax xapaxrepncrnxa nexcnuecxoro cocrana +roro nnn nmoro pyroro nayunoro rexcra nxnmuaer
cneymmne ueprt: cnona ynorpenxmrcx nno n ocnonntx npxmtx, nno n repmnnonornuecxnx
snauennxx, no ne n +xcnpeccnnno-opasntx. Homnmo nerpantntx cnon n repmnnonornn ynorpenxmrcx
rax nastnaemte xnnxnte cnona: automaton automata, perform, cardinal, comprise, susceptible, analogous,
approximate, calculation, circular, heterogeneous, initial, internal, longitudinal, maximum, minimum,
phenomenon phenomena, respectively, simultaneous. Cnona pyrnx crnne ne ncnontsymrcx.
Knnxnte cnona +ro otuno nnnnte, mnorocnoxnte sanmcrnonannte cnona, nnora ne nonnocrtm
accnmnnnponannte, uacro nmemmne n nerpantnom crnne onee npocrte n xoporxne cnnonnmt.
Henonnax rpammarnuecxax accnmnnxnnx ntpaxaercx, nanpnmep, n coxpanennn ]opmt mnoxecrnennoro
180
uncna, npnnxro n xstxe, ns xoroporo annoe cymecrnnrentnoe sanmcrnonano: automaton automata.
Paccmorpenne orptnxa ns xnnrn H. Bnnepa nosnonxer noxasart mnorne xapaxrepnte ueprt nayunoro
rexcra, xorx, necomnenno, nenonropnmax nnnnnyantnocrt ontmoro yuenoro nensexno cxastnaercx na
xstxe, ymentmaer crepeornnnocrt, npnnnxax rexcr x xyoxecrnennomy. Vxaxem ononnnrentno
nexoropte rnnnuecxne ueprt nayuntx rexcron, xacammnecx nx mop]onornn. 3rn ueprt nsyuent
mentme, uem nexcnuecxne, no nce xe nexoropte nanmennx nmemrcx. Bce anropt, sannmanmnecx +rnm
nonpocom, ormeuamr npeonaanne nmennoro crnnx. Hpeonaanne n nayunom crnne nmenntx, a ne
rnarontntx xoncrpyxnn aer nosmoxnocrt ontmero oomennx, ycrpanxx neoxonmocrt yxastnart
npemx ecrnnx.
Cpannnre:
when we arrived
at the time of our arrival
when we arrive
Ho +ro xe npnunne n nayunom crnne samernoe npenourenne oraercx naccnny, re neoxsarentno
yxastnaercx exrent, n nennuntm ]opmam rnarona. Bmecro I use the same notation as previously nnmyr:
The notation is the same as previously used. Hapxy c nepntm nnnom mnoxecrnennoro uncna,
npecrannenntm n rexcre ns xnnrn H. Bnnepa, mnpoxo ynorpenxmrcx esnnunte ]opmt It should be
borne in mind, it may be seen n xoncrpyxnnn c one: one may write, one may show, one may assume, one can
readily see. uacrornoe pacnpeenenne uacre peun n nayunom rexcre ornnuaercx or roro, xoropoe
nanmaercx n nerpantnom nnn pasronopnom crnne: ynennunnaercx nponenrnoe coepxanne nmen,
ymentmaercx coepxanne rnaronon n nnuno ]opme, concem orcyrcrnymr mexomernx.
Cronr ynomxnyrt ocoym, xapaxrepnym nx nayunoro rexcra ]opmy samemennx xoncrpyxnnxmn: that
of, those of, that + Part. B ro xe xnnre H. Bnnepa naxonm raxo npnmep:
To cover this aspect of communication engineering we had to develop a statistical theory of the amount of
information, in which the unit of the amount of information was that transmitted as a single decision between
equally probable alternatives. This idea occurred at about the same time to several writers, among them the
statistician R.A. Fisher, Dr. Shannon of the Bell Telephone Laboratories, and the author. Fisher's motive in
studying this subject is to be found in classical statistical theory; that of Shannon in the problem of coding
information; and that of the author in the problem of noise and message in electrical filters*.
* Wiener N. Op. cit. P. 10-11.
Hccneonannx rpammarnuecxnx ocoennocre rexnnuecxnx rexcron noxasann, nanpnmep, uro repmnnt,
oosnauammne nemecrno n ornneuennoe nonxrne, nmemr ocoennocrn no cpannennm c
coornercrnymmnmn paspxamn cymecrnnrentntx n omennreparypnom xstxe n cnoem ornomennn x
xareropnn uncna. Onn ynorpenxmrcx n oenx uncnontx ]opmax es cnnra nexcnuecxoro snauennx n
moryr onpeenxrtcx uncnnrentntmn: Normally two horizontal permeabilities are measured. Oxcnxercx +ro
ne orpannuennxmn nnyrpnxstxonoro nopxxa, a +xcrpannnrnncrnuecxnmn npnunnamn. uem rnyxe nayxa
nponnxaer n saxont npnpot, rem onee ronxo cranonnrcx n]]epennnannx nnon nemecrna n cnocrn
npemeron. nx necnennanncra crant ono nonxrne, merannypr snaer mnoro pasntx crane.
Taxona omax xapaxrepncrnxa nayunoro crnnx n conpemennom anrnncxom xstxe.
5. Iase1nmn c1nnt
Cncrema ]ynxnnonantntx crnne naxonrcx n cocroxnnn nenpeptnnoro pasnnrnx. Camn crnnn
ooconent n pasno crenenn: rpannnt nexoroptx ns nnx onpeennrt nenerxo, a crnnn xax raxonte
rpyno orennrt or xanpon. 3rn rpynocrn ocoenno samernt, xora peut ner o crnne raser.
B xnnre H.P. Iantnepnna Ouepxn no crnnncrnxe anrnncxoro xstxa rasernomy crnnm nocnxmen
ontmo pasen rnant o peuentx crnnxx. Bnyrpn rasernoro crnnx +ror anrop pasnnuaer ne
pasnonnnocrn: a) crnnt raserntx coomenn, sarononxon n oxnnenn, xoropte n cocrannxmr, no
mnennm H.P. Iantnepnna, cymecrno rasernoro crnnx, n ) crnnt raserntx crare, cocrannxmmn
pasnonnnocrt nynnnncrnuecxoro crnnx, xya raxxe nxoxr crnnt oparopcxn n crnnt +cce*.
* Ia.inepuu H.P. Ouepxn no crnnncrnxe anrnncxoro xstxa. M., 1958. C. 383405; Galperin I.R. Stylistics. M., 1977.
181
C. 295-307.
M.. Kysnen n R.M. Cxpenen, anropt Crnnncrnxn anrnncxoro xstxa, cunramr, uro oennxrt
cnenn]nuecxne ueprt xstxa rasert n nonxrne rasernoro crnnx nenpanomepno, nocxontxy npn +rom
npnsnaxn ]ynxnnonantnoro crnnx nomenxmrcx npnsnaxamn xanpa. 3rn anropt raxxe yxastnamr na ro,
uro n pasntx pasenax rasert: nepeontx crartxx, rexcrax nonnrnuecxnx oxymenron n ntcrynnenn, n
crartxx no pasnnuntm nonpocam xyntrypno xnsnn, nayxn n rexnnxn orpaxamrcx pasnnunte crnnente
cncremt xstxa. Hapxy c nynnnncrnuecxnm crnnem n rasere moxno ncrpernrt n o]nnnantno-enono
npn nynnxannn oxymenron omero snauennx, n nayunt; naxonen, n raserax nynnxymrcx n
xyoxecrnennte nponsneennx nnn orptnxn ns nnx*.
* Kvsue M.,, Crpeouee P.M. Vxas. cou. C. 124.
Hexoropte anropt npenaramr ntenxrt ne rasernt, a nn]opmannonnt crnnt, xoropt moxer
ncnontsonartcx n rasere, na pano n renennennn. Ero raxxe nastnamr crnnem maccono xommynnxannn.
Btennrt omne ueprt rasernoro crnnx nce xe moxno, a nx crnnncrnxn xax nayxn npemerom
xnnxercx omee n saxonomepnoe, a ne nosmoxnte uacrnocrn. Btenxem xe mt nayunt crnnt, xorx n ram,
esycnonno, nmeercx xanponax n]]epennnannx: xstx xypnantno crartn ornnuaercx or oruera o
npoenannom +xcnepnmenre, a rexnnuecxax oxymenrannx coueraer n cee ueprt o]nnnantno-enonoro n
nayunoro crnne. Conepmenno ouennno, uro cncrema +xcrpannnrnncrnuecxnx crnneopasymmnx
]axropon nmeer mnoro omero axe n pasntx rnnax raserntx marepnanon, a nocxontxy oprannsannx
xstxontx +nemenron crnnx camtm recntm opasom sanncnr or +xcrpannnrnncrnuecxnx ]axropon,
cnenn]nxa rasert xax omecrnennoro xnnennx n noome cnenn]nxa maccono xommynnxannn oexrnnno
npnnoxr x neoxonmocrn npnsnannx rasernoro crnnx xax onoro ns ]ynxnnonantntx crnne.
Connantnax cnryannx omennx nx rasert nectma cnenn]nuna. Iasera cpecrno nn]opmannn n
cpecrno yexennx. Ona paccunrana na macconym n npnrom ouent neonoponym aynropnm, xoropym
ona onxna yepxart, sacrannrt cex unrart. Iasery otuno unramr n ycnonnxx, xora cocpeorounrtcx
onontno rpyno: n merpo, n noese, sa sanrpaxom, ortxax nocne paort, n oeennt nepeptn,
sanonnxx nouemy-nno ocnoonnmncx xoporxn npomexyrox npemenn n r.n. Orcma neoxonmocrt
rax oprannsonart rasernym nn]opmannm, urot nepeart ee tcrpo, cxaro, coomnrt ocnonnoe, axe
ecnn samerxa ne yer ounrana o xonna, n oxasart na unrarenx onpeenennoe +monnonantnoe
nosecrnne. Hsnoxenne ne onxno rpeonart or unrarenx npenapnrentno nororonxn, sanncnmocrt or
xonrexcra onxna trt mnnnmantno. Bmecre c rem napxy c otuno, nocroxnno nonropxmmecx
remarnxo n rasere noxnnxercx npaxrnuecxn nmax remarnxa, nouemy-nno oxastnammaxcx axryantno.
3arem +rn nonte cnryannn n aprymenrt roxe naunnamr nonropxrtcx. 3ra nonropnocrt, a raxxe n ro, uro
xypnanncr otuno ne nmeer npemenn na rmarentnym opaorxy marepnana, neyr x uacromy
ncnontsonannm mramnon. Bce +ro n cosaer cnoeopasne crnneopasymmnx ]axropon rasernoro rexcra.
Crnnn pasnnuamrcx mexy coo ne crontxo nannunem cnenn]nuecxnx +nemenron, cxontxo
cnenn]nuecxnm nx pacnpeenennem. Ho+romy nanonee noxasarentno xapaxrepncrnxo
]ynxnnonantnoro crnnx xnnxercx xapaxrepncrnxa crarncrnuecxax. Crarncrnuecxoe ntenenne
]ynxnnonantnoro crnnx ocymecrnnxercx meroom xoppenxnnonnoro anannsa, nx uero ns necxontxnx
coren rexcron ornpamrcx no meroy cnyuantx uncen orptnxn no 100 cnonoynorpenenn n xaxom n
nocunrtnaercx, xax n +rnx orptnxax npecrannent re nnn nnte npnsnaxn, ntpannte n xauecrne
xapaxrepnsymmnx crnnt, nanpnmep xnacct cnon. Taxnm opasom ntxnnxercx ornnuammee +ror crnnt
pacnpeenenne xnaccon cnon.
Hpn xonnuecrnenno-xauecrnenno xapaxrepncrnxe raserno nexcnxn nccneonarenn ormeuann ontmo
nponenr cocrnenntx nmen: rononnmon, anrpononnmon, nasnann yupexenn n oprannsann n r..,
onee ntcoxn no cpannennm c pyrnmn crnnxmn nponenr uncnnrentntx n noome cnon, ornocxmnxcx x
nexcnxo-rpammarnuecxomy nonm mnoxecrnennocrn*, n onnne ar. C rouxn spennx +rnmonornuecxo
xapaxrepno onnne nnrepnannonantntx cnon n cxnonnocrt x nnnonannxm, xoropte, onaxo, nectma
tcrpo npenpamamrcx n mramnt: vital issue, tree world, pillar of society, bulwark of liberty, escalation of
war. Onnne xnnme sameueno anno n yxastnaercx ncemn nccneonarenxmn.
* O +rom cm.: Iv.iea E.B., Leuoe.ic E.H. Ipammarnxo-nexcnuecxne nonx n conpemennom nemenxom xstxe. M., 1969. C.
1840.
Paccmarpnnax nexcnxy n enorarnnnom nnane, mnorne anropt ormeuamr ontmo nponenr
182
acrpaxrntx cnon, xorx nn]opmannx, xax npannno, xonxperna. B nnane xonnorann ormeuaercx onnne ne
crontxo +monnonantno, cxontxo onenouno n +xcnpeccnnno nexcnxn: When the last Labour Government
was kicked out (Daily Mail)*. 3ra onenounocrt uacro npoxnnxercx n ntope npnnonxro nexcnxn.
Anrnncxnx xypnanncron uacro ynpexamr n rom, uro onn ncnontsymr nperennnosnym nexcnxy, sa
xoropo xpoercx npensxrocrt cyxenn: historic, epochmaking, triumphant, unforgettable n
npnnonxrym apxanuecxym noennym nexcnxy, npenasnauennym nx +monnonantno neponxn unrarenx
na yronym nx xosxen rasert cropony: banner, champion, clarion, shield.
* Po+auoecra H.B. O rnarontno +xcnpeccnn n rasernom crnne//Copnnx nayuntx rpyon MIHH nm. M. Topesa. 1973.
Btn. 73.
Bce +rn cnocrna camtm nenocpecrnenntm opasom cnxsant c xapaxrepom nepeanaemo nn]opmannn
n nepeuncnenntmn ntme ]ynxnnxmn rasernoro crnnx. Iasernomy n nynnnncrnuecxomy crnnxm
cnocrnennt nce xstxonte ]ynxnnn sa ncxnmuennem +crernuecxo n xonraxroycranannnnamme.
Cneyer, xoneuno, oronopnrtcx, uro +ro cnpanennno no ornomennm ne xo ncem raserntm marepnanam.
Crartn n nynnnncrnxa moryr n ontme nnn mentme crenenn npnnnxartcx ro x nayunomy, ro x
xyoxecrnennomy rexcry n nmert coornercrnymmn naop ]ynxnn. Bnpouem, nepoxrno, npannntnee
cxasart, uro +crernuecxax n xonraxroycranannnnammax ]ynxnnn ne orcyrcrnymr, a nmemr ocot
xapaxrep n ntnonnxmrcx rnanntm opasom rpa]nuecxnmn cpecrnamn: mpn]ramn, sarononxamn, xoropte
onxnt pocartcx n rnasa n npnnnexart x cee nnnmanne axe nsann, enennem na nonoct n
pacnpeenennem ono crartn no pasntm crpannnam, uem ynennunnaercx manc xaxo crartn nonacrtcx
unrarenm na rnasa, ocotmn sarononxamn x naparpa]am.
Cnenn]nuecxoe nocrpoenne anrnncxnx raserntx sarononxon cnyxnr pasnnuntm nenxm: onn onxnt
sacrannrt unrarenx sannrepeconartcx samerxo n oecneunnamr xomnpeccnm nn]opmannn.
1. Italy's radio, TV workers on strike
2. Apollo trail-blazers back relaxed and joking
3. Back to work to kill the bill
4. Ugly noises from Los Angeles mayor's nest
5. Convict sentenced to life for coffin girl kidnap
B nepnom npnmepe sarnanne xparxo nepeaer coepxanne nn]opmannn. Cnenn]nuna rontxo xparxocrt
onymenne rnarona, ynorpenenne yxnenno apennarypt. Hnxaxnx npenapnrentntx snann
cnryannn or unrarenx ne rpeyercx. Bo nropom npnmepe, naoopor, unrarent esycnonno snaxom c
cnryanne, on oxnaer nonocre o noponocrxx nosnpamennx amepnxancxnx acrponanron, myrnnnt
+nnrer ouent orar xonnorannxmn, ryr n npnsnanne nennunx cnepmennoro, n nsnecrnax ]amnntxpnocrt no
ornomennm x acrponanram; nnunax ]opma onxrt orcyrcrnyer no saxonam xomnpeccnn; n naxonen,
nocnenne cnona oemamr unrarenm, uro samerxa coepxnr xaxne-ro cneennx, nonyuennte or
ouennnen. Tpern sarononox xopomo sanomnnaercx naroapx pn]monxe n uerxomy pnrmy, n +ro naxno,
rax xax crartx no nnm arnrannonnax. Ona npnstnaer x opte npornn nnnx, orpannunnammero npano
saacronox. uerneprt aer ouent cmyrnoe npecrannenne o rom, xaxona rema crartn, no saro
opnenrnpyer unrarenx n cmtcne ornomennx x onnctnaemtm ]axram, nx onenxn n ncnontsyer nrpy cnon:
mayor's nest omonnmnuno mare's nest ntpaxennm, xoropoe snaunr ue.ena eiov+ra, a peut ner o
maxnnannxx na ntopax, npnuem onn ns xannaron m+p ropoa Hoc-Anxeneca. Bnnmanne
npnnnexaercx carnpnuecxo nanpannennocrtm sarnannx, unrarent sannrepeconan n saxouer npouecrt
samerxy. Hocnenee sarnanne paccunrano na nmnrene cencannonntx nponcmecrnn. Cyrt ena cxara n
onom npenoxennn n nepeana rouno, no onontno saraouno n sacrannxer npouecrt samerxy c
paccxasom o rom, xax exanmn ns rmptmt npecrynnnx noxnrnn out mnnnnonepa c nentm nonyunrt sa
nee ntxyn n cnpxran ee n xaxom-ro epenxnnom xmnxe, enymxy cnacnn, a npecrynnnxa ocynnn. Ouent
xapaxrepno ncnontsonanne arpnyrnnno nenouxn, cmtcn xoropo nonxren rontxo no npourennn
samerxn.
Arpnyrnnnax nenouxa xax +]]exrnnnt cnoco xomnpeccnn nn]opmannn xapaxrepna xax nx
sarononxon, rax n nx rexcra raserntx coomenn. Bor necxontxo npnmepon:
1. The Nuremberg war crimes tribunal
2. 60 part-time nursery pupils
183
3. The Post Offices two-tier postal system
Crnneopasymmnmn ]axropamn nx raserntx sarononxon xnnxmrcx re xe ]axropt, xoropte yxasant
ntme nx rasernoro crnnx noome, c ro rontxo pasnnne, uro n sarononxe nce +rn ]axropt ecrnymr
ocoenno cnntno n rpeonanne xomnpeccnn nn]opmannn n npnnneuenne nnnmannx n nnrepeca unrarenx
oxastnamrcx ocoenno nacroxrentntmn.
Xapaxrepna xonnenrpnuecxax noaua nn]opmannn, oneruammax unrarenm nosmoxnocrt ntpart n
rasere ro, uro ero nnrepecyer. 3arononox aer camym omym opnenrannm. Ho nocueram C.H. Cynopona*,
sarononox n Daily Worker cocroxn n cpenem ns nxrn cnon n nepexo na nepnom mecre coepxan cnono,
xoropoe coomano, o uem ner peut. 3ro cnono aercx conepmenno camocroxrentno. Hanpnmep, Dockers:
Union Move. Hosarononox, ecnn on aercx, pacmnpxer nn]opmannm, on nanpaercx menee xpynntm
mpn]rom, no nce xe nonnrpa]nuecxn ncera ntenen: 28 days strike notice now given. Hepnte necxontxo
crpox camoro rexcra (nnora napannte xnpntm mpn]rom) coepxar nsnoxenne cyrn coomennx.
antme cneymr noponocrn, xoropte uacrnuno nanpamrcx nernrom.
* Cveopoe C.H. Ocoennocrn crnnx anrnncxnx raserntx sarononxon (no marepnanam Daily Worker). B c.: stx n crnnt.
M.. 1965. C. 193.
Taxnm opasom, unrarent moxer nonyunrt camoe omee npecrannenne o rnanntx cotrnxx nx no
sarononxam n nosarononxam n npouecrt nonnocrtm rontxo ro, uro ero ocoo nnrepecyer.
Iasernte sarononxn npecrannxmr ontmo nnrepec xax marepnan nx nccneonannx xomnpeccnn
nn]opmannn. C.H. Cynopon, nccneonanmn +ror nonpoc na sarononxax xommynncrnuecxo npecct c
nexoropo xonnuecrnenno onenxo nanmenn, ormeuaer cneymmee: oxono 65% ocneonanntx nm
sarononxon nmemr npenxarnt xapaxrep. Onaxo npn +rom n cnoxntx rnarontntx ]opmax
ncnomorarentnt rnaron tnaer onymen: Ministers invited to No 10 Downing Street snaunr ne Muuucmpi,
npue.aueuuie e oo+ A 10 no avuuue-cmpum (pesnennnx npemtep-mnnncrpa), a Muuucmpi
npue.aueui... To be onycxaercx rax xe, xax rnaron-cnxsxa nnn moantnt rnaron: Oil men's strike to go on
nmecro Oil men's strike is to go on.
Komnpeccnx raxxe ocymecrnnxercx c nomomtm onee uacroro, uem n pyrnx ]ynxnnonantntx crnnxx,
ncnontsonannx npocroro nacroxmero or snamenarentntx rnaronon:
Tenants wait to see what Labour brings, xorx n rexcre npn onee pasnepnyrom nsnoxennn nanncano: are
waiting to see.
Hapxy c npenxarntmn, xax nx nastnaer C.H. Cynopon, sarononxamn mnpoxo ncnontsymrcx nmennte
rpynnt, onee xomnaxrnte, uem coornercrnymmne nm npenoxennx, no nerxo pasneprtnaemte:
Sinking houses on a new estate Houses on a new estate are sinking.
Hmennte rpynnt, cocrannxmmne mentmnncrno, no nce xe npecrannennte onontno snaunrentntm
uncnom cnyuaen, moryr nmert npanoe nnn nenoe onpeenenne. Hpanoe onpeenenne npecranneno
npenmymecrnenno npenoxntmn ooporamn. 3ro nonxrno, nocxontxy npnuacrne nnn nn]nnnrnnnte
onpeenennx n +ro cncreme oxasannct t nycmtcnenntmn: nx nerxo tno t cnyrart c npenxarnnno
rpynno c onymenntm rnaronom be. B uncne npenoron, o]opmnxmmnx npanoe onpeenenne, nourn ne
ncrpeuaercx npenor of. 3ro oxcnxercx rem, uro raxo onpeennrentnt npenoxnt oopor
cnnonnmnuen npenosnrnnnomy onpeenennm, xoropomy nnny ero ontme xomnaxrnocrn n oraercx
npenourenne. (Cp.: Minister of War n War Minister.)
Henouxa nentx onpeenenn xnnxercx onnm ns nanonee ecrnenntx cpecrn xomnpeccnn.
Ormeuaercx raxxe renennnx x onymennm aprnxne.
B raserntx sarononxax mt nnont cranxnnaemcx co crnnncrnuecxo ]ynxnne pacxoxennx mexy
cnryarnnno osnauammnm n rpannnonno osnauammnm n c nanexrnuecxnm xapaxrepom crnnncrnuecxo
nopmt. ecrnnrentno, npnnnnn xomnpeccnn rpeyer ncxnmuennx nstrouno nnuno ]opmt rnarona
be, ee orcyrcrnne cranonnrcx npnntuntm.
B xauecrne orxnonennx or nosnnxme raxnm opasom nopmt is nnn are nnont noxnnxmrcx xax ocot
crnnncrnuecxn npnem, cosammn +m]asy nnn sacrannxmmn npenonoxnrt, uro nnrnpymrcx utn-ro
cnona, xorx xantuxn n orcyrcrnymr: Dock dispute: the gap is as wide as ever.
B. H. Haep ormeuaer, uro n rasernom sarononxe +nemenrt nn]opmannn coueramrcx c +nemenramn
onenxn, uro n sarononxax ncnontsyercx nexcnxa c pasnnuno crnnncrnuecxo oxpacxo, xanamypt,
184
pasnoxenne ]paseonornuecxnx ennnn n pyrne crnnncrnuecxne npnemt.
Mnorne nccneonarenn rasernoro crnnx ormeuamr raxxe mnoxecrno nnrar npxmo peun n pasnnrym
cncremy pasnnuntx cnocoon nepeaun uyxo peun. Onn ns cnenn]nuecxn raserntx cnocoon
neocnonnax, coxpamennax nepeaua peun c npnmeuannxmn xypnanncra n sanxrtx; nnrnpyemax peut
npnnonrcx npn +rom es xantuex. Taxym npxmym peut nastnamr nontno npxmo peutm,
neormeuenno nnn aanrnponanno. Ho, pasymeercx, eme ontme cnyuaen npxmo peun, ormeuenno
xantuxamn. Cnona, nnoxmne uyxym peut, moryr coepxart onenounym xonnorannm. Hnora cama
nnrara, annax n xantuxax, coepxnr nponnuecxym nepeenxy coepxannx roro nnn nnoro ntcxastnannx.
Heontmax samerxa n rasere Morning Star nastnaercx:
PLEASE, CAN I MOVE MY GRAVE?
Mr Bailey wants to move a tomb his own tomb from one part of his garden to another.
He had planning permission to dig, so to speak, his own grave in the first place, so now he seeks
permission to change the location. He hasn't installed the tomb yet. The application came before Tees-side
council's planning committee yesterday.
Mr Bailey, Alfred to his friends, headed his application Resiting of approved tomb to bury Bailey in.
There was mention of a concrete slab to hold him down and marble mosaic to write his life story on.
STONE SLAB
There was a sectional drawing showing a coffin on top of a stone slab.
North Riding country council gave permission for the tomb before Summit House, Marton, where Mr
Bailey lives (and is dying to be buried) passed to Tees-side.
Tees-side yesterday deferred a decision. I am against people being allowed to be buried all over the
place, said Aid. Mrs M.E. Jackson, a member of the committee.
Hepnax n nocnenxx nnrart ne nocnponsnoxr cxasannoe ocnonno, a, nepeanax cymecrno
ntcxastnannx, npnamr nce samerxe, nanncanno xax yro nnonne oexrnnno, acypnoe n
xomnuecxoe snyuanne.
Hs nexcnxo-]paseonornuecxnx ocoennocre rasert nao ormernrt sameny npocroro rnarona
ycrounntm couerannem, uro oannxer n xaxoe npenoxenne nnmnne cnorn n cosaer nneuarnenne
ontme nnannocrn: render imperative, militate against, make contact with, be subjected to, have the effect of,
play a leading part (role) in, take effect, exhibit a tendency to, serve the purpose of n r.. B raxnx couerannxx
uame ncero yuacrnymr rnaront mnpoxo cemanrnxn, raxne, xax prove, render, serve, form, play,
couerammnecx c acrpaxrntmn cymecrnnrentntmn nnn npnnararentntmn. Hcnontsymrcx onn uacro n
naccnnno ]opme: greatly to be desired, a development to be expected, brought to a satisfactory conclusion.
Hpenoxntm ooporam ncera oraercx npenourenne nepe repynnem (by examination of, a ne by
examining).
Ananornunoe xnnenne nanmaercx n onacrn comson n npenoron, re npocrte xoporxne cnona
samenxmrcx raxnmn ooporamn, xax with respect to, having regard to, in view of, on the hypothesis that.
Bce +rn xnnme, rax xe xax nexoropte nnrort rnna not unimportant, not unworthy, not inevitable n r.n.,
npnamr rexcry rnyoxomtcnennoe snyuanne, axe ecnn ero coepxanne conepmenno anantno,
nanpnmep: in my opinion it is not an unjustifiable assumption that nmecro I think.
Ecnn noxonrt c rouxn spennx nponecca xonponannx, ro raxne roronte rpa]apert ouent oneruamr
saauy xypnanncra nnn oparopa, rax xax onn yxe oprannsonant pnrmnuecxn. Bmecre c rem onn nepexo
nsannxmr oparopa or neoxonmocrn ymart.
Ipammarnuecxoe cnoeopasne xstxa rasert n nn]opmannonnom crnne nccneonano B.H. Haepom*. On
ormeuaer cnoeopasne n ncnontsonannn npemen n sanoron, ntcoxn yentnt nec nennuntx ]opm, yxe
ynomxnyrte ntme onnne cnoxntx arpnyrnnntx opasonann, ocote ]opmt nneennx npxmo peun n
npeopasonannx npxmo peun n xocnennym, a raxxe ocoennocrn n nopxxe cnon. Tax, nanpnmep, +ror
anrop opamaer nnnmanne na nonoxenne ocroxrentcrn onpeenennoro npemenn ne n nauane n ne n xonne
npenoxennx, xax otuno, a mexy nonexamnm n cxasyemtm, uro xonnenrpnpyer cnoe neotunocrtm
nnnmanne na cxasyemom: A group of Tory backbenchers yesterday called for severe restrictions on the CND
Easter peace demonstration (Morning Star). Camo ocroxrentcrno npemenn npn +rom oronnnyro n rent,
185
ono ne cymecrnenno, rax xax rasernax nn]opmannx, xax npannno, onnctnaer cotrnx, nmenmne mecro
naxanyne. Hpn nannunn n npenoxennn necxontxnx pasntx ocroxrentcrn ocroxrentcrno onpeenennoro
npemenn onxno no npannnam nopmarnnno rpammarnxn croxrt nocnennm, onaxo n raserntx
coomennxx +ror nopxox uacro napymaercx, nocxontxy nn]opmannm necyr ontme ocroxrentcrna
mecra, a ne npemenn, ocroxrentcrna mecra ntpaxamrcx ooporamn ns necxontxnx cnon n oronnramrcx n
xonen npenoxennx.
* Cm.: Haep B.H. O ono rpammarnuecxo renennnn n xstxe raserno nn]opmannn. B c.: Hnocrpannt xstx n
ntcme mxone. Btn. 2. M., 1963. C. 97107; Cveopoe C.H. Vxas, cou.; cm. raxxe: Bastian G.C. Editing the Day's News.
N.Y., 1956.
B nocnenne rot nnnrnncrt oparnnn nnnmanne na nosnnxnonenne ocooro crnnx n xstxe pexnamt.
Ero ocoennocrn onncant n paore anrnncxoro yuenoro x. Hnua*.
* Leech G.N. English in Advertising. A Linguistic Study of Advertising in Great Britain. Ldn, 1966.
6. Pasronopnmn c1nnt
Hnrepec x ocoennocrxm pasronopno peun ne ocnaenaer n nnnrnncrnxe nor yxe necxontxo
ecxrnnern, n nnnrnncrnuecxax nnreparypa nonpoca nourn neoospnma.
Crnnncrnuecxax n]]epennnannx sarpynena rem, uro, xax yxe ronopnnoct ntme, rpannnt crnne
nectma pacnntnuart. Crarncrnuecxn ycranonnrt omym xapaxrepncrnxy crnne nosmoxno, onaxo
orentnte pasronopnte cnona n cnoe crnnncrnuecxo xapaxrepncrnxe eme nonnxnee, uem cnona pyrnx
crnne, no+romy nocnenne nsannx cnonapx Becrepa noome ne ynorpenxmr nomery colloquial,
mornnnpyx +ro rem, uro o pasronopnocrn cnona noome nentsx cynrt.
Eme onee sarpynena n]]epennnannx nnyrpn pasronopnoro crnnx. Bce anropt nourn ennoymno
ntenxmr n nem nnreparypno-pasronopnt n ]amnntxpno-pasronopnt (c norpynno ercxo peun),
ntenenne rpertero nocrnnx npocropeunx oxastnaercx onee cnopntm, no mt no yxasanntm ntme
npnunnam or nero ne orxastnaemcx.
Bectma cymecrnenno npecrannrt cee coornomenne pasronopnoro crnnx c ]opmo n nnom peun.
Pasronopnt crnnt nopoxen ycrno ]opmo peun, n cnenn]nuecxne ero ocoennocrn n snaunrentno
crenenn sanncxr nmenno or ycrno peun. Ho ]opmt n crnnt peun ne roxecrnennt, n nosmoxnocrt
ncnontsonannx pasronopnoro crnnx n nnctmenno ]opme ne ncxnmuena. On ncrpeuaercx, nanpnmep, n
uacrno nepenncxe n pexname. uro xacaercx nnon peun, ro ecrt nanornuecxoro nnn mononornuecxoro
nna, ro onpeenxmmnm, ]opmnpymmnm nnom xnnxercx nanor, xorx mononor n ne ncxnmuaercx. B
nnreparypntx nponsneennxx +ro npenmymecrnenno nnyrpennn mononor.
Taxnm opasom, repmnnt crnnt, ]opma n nn peun necnnonnmnunt, n oosnauaemte nmn
pe]epenrt moryr couerartcx no-pasnomy.
Crnneopasymmnmn ]axropamn nx pasronopnoro crnnx xnnxmrcx peannsyemte n pasronopno peun
]ynxnnn xstxa, npnuem n pasronopno peun peannsymrcx nce ]ynxnnn xstxa sa ncxnmuennem
+crernuecxo. Bnpouem, ncxnmuenne +crernuecxo ]ynxnnn n nsnecrno mepe ycnonno, n moxno tno t
npnnecrn cnyuan, xora peannsyercx n ona, npocro +ra ]ynxnnx sect menee xapaxrepna, uem n pyrnx
crnnxx, n pont ee sect mnoro mentme, uem pont xonraxroycranannnnamme n +mornnno ]ynxnn.
upesntuano naxnym pont nrpamr connonnnrnncrnuecxne ]axropt, r.e. npnnxrte nopmt peuenoro
noneennx n npnnnnn nexnnnocrn*.
* Leech C.N. Principles of Pragmatics. Ldn, 1985.
Fontmym crnneopasymmym pont nrpamr raxxe ne npornnononoxnte renennnn, cnxsannte c
xonxperntmn ycnonnxmn omennx (r.e. npexe ncero c ero ycrno ]opmo), a nmenno xounpeccnn,
xoropax npnnonr x pasnoro poa nenonnore ntpaxennx, n nsm1ounoc1t. Ha nnx mt n ocranonnmcx n
nepnym ouepet.
Kounpeccnn npoxnnxercx na ncex yponnxx ona moxer trt ]onernuecxo, mop]onornuecxo,
cnnraxcnuecxo n no ncex cnyuaxx nounnxercx saxonam reopnn nn]opmannn n rom cmtcne, uro
nonepramrcx xomnpeccnn cemanrnuecxn nstrounte +nemenrt. Vnorpenenne yceuenno ]opmt, r.e.
]onernuecxax peyxnnx ncnomorarentntx rnaronon, xnnxercx xapaxrepno ocoennocrtm anrnncxo
pasronopno ]opmt: it's, it isn't, I don't, I didn't, you can't, you've, we'll n r.. B rex cnyuaxx, xora
yceuennte ]opmt rnarona have I've n he's oxastnamrcx neocrarountmn nx nepeaun snauennx u+emi,
186
oo.aoami, ncnontsyercx xoncrpyxnnx c rnaronom get: I've got, he's got; +ra xe xoncrpyxnnx ntnonnxer n
moantnym ]ynxnnm, cnocrnennym have + Inf.: I've got to go now. Hnnennponanne pasnnun mexy shall
n will npn ntpaxennn uncroro yymero cnococrnyer mnpoxomy npnmenennm ]opmt ll. 3ror rnn
xomnpeccnn onnaxono pacnpocrpanen no ncex nocrnnxx pasronopno peun, c ro rontxo pasnnne, uro n
nanexre n npocropeunn uacrnuno coxpannnnct apxanuecxne ]opmt xonrpaxrannn, a nmenno ha.
Coxpamennte crpyxrypnte napnanrt nep]exrntx ]opm c onymennem ncnomorarentnoro have nx
nnreparypno-pasronopnoro crnnx nexapaxrepnt n nosmoxnt rontxo n ]amnntxpno-pasronopnom n
npocropeunn: Seen any movies? I asked (Gr. Greene). Been travelling all the winter Egypt, Italy and that
chucked America! I gather (J. Galsworthy).
B oonx npnmepax onyment ne rontxo ncnomorarentnte rnaront, no n nnunte mecronmennx.
Vtcrpennt remn peun npnnonr, cneonarentno, x onymennm cemanrnuecxn nstrountx neyapntx
+nemenron, n anntx npnmepax +ro nnunte mecronmennx 2-ro n 1-ro nnna nonexamne npenoxennx;
npncyrcrnne oonx coecennxon enaer nx nastnanne nsnnmnnm.
Ha yponne nexcnxn xomnpeccnx npoxnnxercx n npenmymecrnennom ynorpenennn onomop]emntx
cnon, rnaronon c nocrnosnrnnamn: give up, look out, apennaryp: frig, marg, vegs, +nnnnca rnna mineral
waters minerals nnn pyrnx nnon +nnnnca: Morning!, cnon mnpoxo cemanrnxn: thing, stuff, n
rpansnrnnnom ynorpenennn nenepexontx rnaronon: go it n r.. nx cnnraxcnuecxo xomnpeccnn
ocoenno xapaxrepen +nnnnc. Hponema xomnpeccnn na cnnraxcnuecxom yponne ouent nnrepecno
rpaxryercx n K.I. Cepenno*. K.I. Cepenna ormeuaer, uro mnorne nccneonarenn, onnpaxct na
npenoxennt A. Maprnne saxon nanmentmero ycnnnx, cnonnn pasnnunte rnnt +xonomnn x onymennm,
conmemennm, penpesenrannn: He must have got mixed in something in Chicago. I guess so, said Nick
(E. Hemingway). B +rom npnmepe cnono so samemaer nce nepnoe ntcxastnanne. Cama K.I. Cepenna
npenaraer eme onn ouent naxnt rnn +xonomnn npocrory. Ha nepnt nsrnx npenoxenne The
mother kissed the child's tears away xaxercx cxartm. Onaxo raxax xoncrpyxnnx c ee cnoxntmn cnxsxmn
npnnanexnr xnnxnomy crnnm; ona, necmorpx na xparxocrt, cnoxna n noromy menee +xonomna, uem
coornercrnymmax e n pasronopnom crnne: The mother kissed the child and he stopped crying.
* Cepeouua K.I. O xomnpeccnn cnnraxcnuecxo crpyxrypt n pasronopnom anrnncxom xstxe. Tesnct oxnaon nayuno
xon]epennnn Teopnx n npaxrnxa nnnrnncrnuecxoro onncannx pasronopno peun. Ioptxn, 1966. C. 195.
Fonee +xonomna, nnmer ona, a cneonarentno, n onee ynorpenrentna n pasronopnom xstxe
xoncrpyxnnx, xoropax onee npocra cnnraxcnuecxn. Ho xomnpeccne +ror anrop npenaraer nonnmart
cnnraxcnuecxym cxarocrt n npocrory cnnraxcnuecxnx cnxse. B pasntx crnnxx xomnpeccnx moxer
npoxnnxrtcx no-pasnomy.
Hpornnononoxnax renennnx, r.e. renennnx x nsm1ounoc1n, cnxsana n nepnym ouepet c
nenororonnennocrtm, cnonrannocrtm pasronopno peun. K nstrountm +nemenram cneyer npexe
ncero ornecrn rax nastnaemte time fillers, r.e. ne nmemmne cemanrnuecxo narpysxn copnte cnona rnna
well, I mean, you see n cnannanne comson: like as if. 3nemenrt, nstrounte nx npemerno-nornuecxo
nn]opmannn, moryr trt +xcnpeccnnntmn nnn +monnonantntmn. B npocropeunn +ro nonoe
orpnnanne: don't give me no riddles, don't bring no discussion of politics, nneonacrnuecxoe ynorpenenne
nnuntx mecronmenn n nonennrentntx npenoxennxx: Don't you call mother names. She's had a hard life.
Don't you forget it. (J. Cary), a raxxe rpyoe ynorpenenne you: You, come here! nnn Come here, you!
Hexoropte naxnte ocoennocrn pasronopno peun nopoxent ee npenmymecrnenno nanornuecxnm
xapaxrepom.
Cnnraxcnuecxax cnenn]nxa pasronopno peun cocronr n rom, uro ennnne onee xpynno, uem
npenoxenne, n ne, xax n peun nanornuecxo, xnnxercx coueranne pxa pennnx, cnxsanntx crpyxrypno-
cemanrnuecxo nsanmooycnonnennocrtm. H.R. Bneona npenoxnna nastnart nx nanornuecxnm
enncrnom. B ontmnncrne cnyuaen +ro enncrna nyunennte nonpocno-ornernte, c noxnarom, c
nonropom nnn cnnraxcnuecxn napannentnte. 3ra cnxst pennnx xnnxercx npnunno pacnpocrpanennocrn
onococranntx npenoxenn. Bor necxontxo npnmepon ns nponsneenn x. Ioncyopcn, xoropte mt
sanmcrnyem ns crartn C.C. Fepxnepa: 1) Bonpocno-ornernoe enncrno: When do you begin?
Tomorrow, said the Rafaelite. 2) Enncrno, opasonannoe noxnarom: So you would naturally say.
And mean. 3) Enncrno, opasonannoe nonropom: There's some talk of suicide, he said. James's
jaw dropped. Suicide? What should he do that for? 4) Enncrno cnnraxcnuecxn napannentntx pennnx:
Well, Mr Desert, do you find reality in politics now? Do you find reality in anything, sir?
C.C. Fepxnep cunraer, uro xax noxnar, rax n nonrop ntpaxamr +xcnpeccnnnym peaxnnm na cnona
187
coecennxa, no mexy nnmn ecrt n cymecrnennax cemanrnuecxax n crpyxrypnax pasnnna. Hoxnar
pasnnnaer nanor, coepxnr nonoe coomenne, uacro nponnuecxn onponeprammee nepnoe: ...Americans
are generally important, sooner or later. To themselves, said Fleur, and saw Holly smile.
Hoxnar nnora npeptnaer coecennxa n menxer nanpannenne nanora: I feel you're a rock Built
on sand, answered Jolyon...
Honrop, no mnennm C.C. Fepxnepa, orpannunnaercx rontxo onenxo ycntmannoro n ne nepeaer nono
mtcnn: ...But you're the head of the family, Jon you ought to settle. Nice head! said Jon bitterly.
Honropt-nocxnnnannx ntpaxamr nosmymenne, nacmemxy, nponnm n ropaso pexe nonoxnrentnym
peaxnnm. Bosmoxen nonrop-nepecnpoc: What do you call it? Call it? The big field.
Crpyxrypnoe pasnnune mexy noxnarom n nonropom onee omyrnmo. Hoxnar cnnraxcnuecxn
npoonxaer nepnym pennnxy n n ontmnncrne (85%) cnyuaen cnxstnaercx c nem coennnrentntm
cnonom, rax uro nonyuaercx xax t ono npenoxenne, pacnpeenennoe mexy nymx coecennxamn...
Cnenn]nuecxym n nectma naxnym pont nrpamr n +rom crnne xonraxroycranannnnammax n +mornnnax
]ynxnnn. Onn ocosnamrcx omecrnom n nne npnnxrtx n xonnexrnne nopm n ]opmyn nexnnnocrn n
onxnt nsyuartcx n connonnnrnncrnxe. Peut onxna trt raxrnuno, ne cnnmxom ynepenno, ne
cnnmxom xareropnuno n xecrxo n nmecre c rem neespasnnuno x coecennxy. Orcma mnoroopasne
]opm nexnnno moantnocrn, xoropax moxer trt ntpaxena nnronannonno, nexcnuecxn,
mop]onornuecxn n cnnraxcnuecxn. Paccmorpnm npnmept npoxnnennx +rnx ]ynxnn n nnreparypno-
pasronopnom crnne na marepnane rnarona do. nx roro urot ntpasnrt, nanpnmep, nexoropym
neynepennocrt npn ornere n roronnocrt npnnxrt nospaxennx nnn coopaxennx coecennxa, rnaron do
moxer trt ncnontsonan n yrnepnrentnom npenoxennn, xax n npnmepe, sa]nxcnponannom F.
uapntcron: What has happened to your strange neighbour? I did hear he'd gone to Australia.
Taxrnunax sannrepeconannocrt n mnennn coecennxa n npemere pasronopa moxer ntpaxartcx n
pennnxe, pasnnnamme nnn nnnmcrpnpymme ycntmannoe n ycnnenno rem xe do nnora c oannennem
pacunenennoro nonpoca:
You can't blame anyone, it's the war.
The war does spoil everything, doesn't it? (Gr. Greene)
Taxax nexnnnax pennnxa nepexo tnaer uncro mexannuecxo.
B ornerntx pennnxax coecennx moxer ynorpenrt do, ntpaxax cornacne, xoropoe moxer trt
ncxpennnm n nonntm nnn, nanpornn, nponnuecxnm, xax n cneymmem npnmepe:
Perhaps I'd better tell the police to call, he said. You'd feel more comfortable, wouldn't you. Mr
Jimson, if the police were in charge less responsibility... Thank you, I said, You're a good chap.
For I do certainly feel a lot of responsibility (J. Gary. The Horse's Mouth).
Do uacro ncnontsyercx n pennnxax mxrxoro ynpexa, nocxnmennx, paspaxennx, a raxxe ecnn
ronopxmn xouer, urot coecennx npoxnnn cnoe nonnmanne, cornacne, onepne.
Bo ncex npnneenntx npnmepax nnrennexryantno-nornuecxax ]ynxnnx ne ncuesaer, no ntcrynaer n
couerannn c +mornnno, xonraxroycranannnnamme n nepexo, xax n nocnenem npnmepe,
nonmnrarnnno. Hpnnxro cunrart, uro n +rnx xoncrpyxnnxx do cnyxnr nx ycnnennx. Vcnnenne,
esycnonno, nmeer mecro, no, xax mt rontxo uro nnenn, eno ne rontxo n +rom, n cama neoxonmocrt
ycnnennx nponxronana pasntmn ]ynxnnxmn.
3mornnnoe n xonraxroycranannnnammee do moxer trt noepxano couerannem c raxnmn cnonamn,
xax actually, in fact, indeed, really, undoubtedly n r.n. n rnaronom seem.
Cpannnre: Monica: I see her point, you know. You really did go a little too far (N. Coward. Present
Laughter).
Vepem cnauana cmxruammee a little n npoonxnm cneprtnanne:
You really did go too far.
You did go too far.
You went too far.
Hponeennoe cneprtnanne noxastnaer, uro, nocneonarentno cnnmax really n do, mt ne ocnanxem
188
+m]arnunocrt, a, nanpornn, nontmaem ee; ntcxastnanne cranonnrcx pesxnm n onntm.
B ycnonnxx ontmo ponn nonmnrarnnno ]ynxnnn n couerannn c nonennrentntm naxnonennem do,
nanpornn, ecrnnrentno cranonnrcx uncro +m]arnuecxnm: Oh go away, do, Mr Jimson (J. Gary. The
Horse's Mouth).
To xe cnpanennno n npn ycnnennn +mornnno ]ynxnnn n nocxnnnarentntx npenoxennxx: ...and then
suddenly I sat up and called out as loud as I could, I do want to go on a donkey. I do want a donkey ride! (K.
Mansfield. Lady's Maid).
3mornnnax ]ynxnnx xnnxercx npnunno onnnx n pasronopno peun pasnoro poa ycnnnrene, xoropte
moryr ntcrynart n pasnnuntx couerannxx n pasnnunt nx nnreparypno-pasronopnoro n ]amnntxpno-
pasronopnoro crnne. Tax, nanpnmep, n ]amnntxpno-pasronopnom crnne how, when, where, who, which,
what, why coueramrcx co cnonom ever, nnn cy]]nxcom ever* nnn c raxnmn ntpaxennxmn, xax: on earth, the
devil, the hell n r.n. Hanpnmep: Whatever are you doing? nnn What ever are you doing? Whoever's that?
However did you get in here? What on earth are you doing? Who the devil do you think you are? Who on earth
can that be? Why the hell do you ask?
* B rpynne xnnxntx crnne whatsoever. B ro npemx xax ever so n ever such xapaxrepnt nx peun neopasonanntx nme.
Taxo rnn +m]ast nosmoxen rontxo n nonpocnrentntx nnn nocxnnnarentntx npenoxennxx.
3monnonantnocrt npn +rom nmeer rpyt, nenexnnnt xapaxrep, r.e. cnxsana c paspaxennem,
nerepnennem, ynpexom.
Hnment +monnonantnocrn n sanncxr or xonraxroycranannnnamme ]ynxnnn raxne ycnnnrenn, xax
after all, actually, really, not really, certainly, surely n r.n. Cpannnre: I certainly admire your courage n I
admire your courage. Bxnmuax cnono certainly, ronopxmn sanepxer coecennxa n cnoe ncxpennocrn n
nonnmannn ero rouxn spennx.
B ]amnntxpno-pasronopnom crnne c ero +monnonantnocrtm n +m]arnunocrtm coueramrcx n mnorne
pannte cnona nnn nx +n]emnsmt: damn, dash, beastly, confounded, lousy. Onn nosmoxnt n npenoxennxx
nmoro rnna, ]axyntrarnnnt no cnonm cnnraxcnuecxnm cnxsxm, cnnraxcnuecxn mnoro]ynxnnonantnt n
moryr ntpaxart xax orpnnarentnte, rax n nonoxnrentnte +monnn n onenxn: damned pretty, damned nice,
beastly mean, damn decent.
Bapnanrom ]amnntxpnoro pasronopnoro crnnx xnnxercx rax nastnaemt ercxn xstx (baby-talk) c ero
cnenn]nuecxo nexcnxo, nanonee samerntmn ocoennocrxmn xoropo xnnxercx onnne
snyxonopaxarentntx cnon: bow-wow (a dog) n cnon c ymentmnrentntmn cy]]nxcamn: Mummy, Daddy,
Granny, pussy, dearie, lovey, doggy, naughty, pinny, panties n p.
Xapaxrepno ocoennocrtm xnnxercx samena nnuntx mecronmenn nonnosnauntmn cnonamn.
Opamaxct x peenxy, nmecro you ronopxr baby, Johnny n r.., nmecro I ronopxmn nastnaer cex
Mummy, nurse n r.. Mecronmenne nepnoro nnna mnoxecrnennoro uncna we ornocnrcx x cnymarenm: Now
we must be good and drink our milk.
B xyoxecrnenno nnreparype +nemenrt baby-talk, ynorpenxemte nspocntmn, otuno amr
npecrannenne o a]]exrnponannocrn nnn cenrnmenrantnocrn, nencxpennocrn ronopxmero. B pomane I.
Ipnna Cyrt ena upen Fercrep noxonr x xnxnne mnccnc Pontr Hnccen Let Freddie in, the voice
wheedled.
B ercxo nnreparype nx mnamero nospacra ns nearornuecxnx coopaxenn ncnontsyercx rnanntm
opasom nerpantnt nnn nnreparypno-pasronopnt crnnt.
B npnneennom nnxe orptnxe ns Winnie-the-Pooh rontxo cnono Bother! ornocnrcx x ]amnntxpno-
pasronopnomy crnnm.
Is anybody at home?
There was a sudden scuffling noise from inside the hole and then silence.
What I said was "Is anybody at home?" called out Pooh very loudly.
No, said a voice; and then added, You needn't shout so loud. I heard you quite well the first time.
Bother! said Pooh. Isn't there anybody here at all?
Nobody.
Winnie-the-Pooh ... thought for a little and he thought to himself.
There must be somebody there, because somebody must have said "Nobody!"
So he .... said
Hallo. Rabbit, isn't that you?
189
No, said Rabbit, in a different sort of voice this time.
But isn't that Rabbit's voice?
I don't think so, said Rabbit. It isn't meant to be.
Oh! said Pooh (A.A. Milne).
pxo ntpaxennt +monnonantnt, onenount n +xcnpeccnnnt xapaxrep nmeer ocot, renernuecxn
nectma neonopont cno nexcnxn n ]paseonornn, nastnaemt cnenrou, trymmn n pasronopno
peun n naxoxmncx nne npeenon nnreparypno nopmt. Baxnemnmn cnocrnamn cnenrnsmon xnnxmrcx
nx rpyonaro-nnnnunax nnn rpyax +xcnpeccnnnocrt, npenepexnrentnax n myrnnnax opasnocrt. Cnenr
ne ntenxercx xax ocot crnnt nnn nocrnnt, nocxontxy ero ocoennocrn orpannunnamrcx onnm
rontxo yponnem nexcnuecxnm. O cnenre cymecrnyer omnpnax nnreparypa. Tpyntm nonpocom ocraercx
nonpoc o xpnrepnxx ornecennx cnon x cnenry, nocxontxy rpannnt cnenra, xax omero, rax n
cnennantnoro, r.e. orpannuennoro npo]eccnonantno nnn connantno c]epo ynorpenennx, nectma
pacnntnuart. Cnona n ntpaxennx cnenra nmemr, xax npannno, cnnonnmt n nerpantno nnreparypno
nnn cnennantno nexcnxe, n cnenn]nunocrt nx moxno ntxnnxrt no conocrannennm c +ro nerpantno
nexcnxo.
B mnorouncnenntx conpemenntx pomanax ns xnsnn nopocrxon cnenr rnnexepon nrpaer naxnym
crnnncrnuecxym pont. Vxe anno sameueno, uro cnenry ocoenno cnocrnenno xnnenne cnnonnmnuecxo
arrpaxnnn, r.e. ontmne nyuxn cnnonnmon nx nonxrn, nouemy-nno ntstnammnx cnntnym
+monnonantnym peaxnnm (enymxa, entrn, ontxnenne, anxoront, napxornxn, noponcrno nmemr ocoenno
ontmne rpynnt cnenrontx cnnonnmon). B pomane K. Max Hnneca, re paccxasunxom xnnxercx nopocrox
n re nponemt noxonenn n nonxon]opmnsma croxr ocoenno ocrpo, ouent mnoro cnnonnmon nx
oosnauennx npecrannrene crapmero n monooro noxonenn: the oldies, the oldsters, the oldos, old hens,
old numbers, old geezers n, c pyro cropont: kid, kiddo, sperm, chick, chicklet (enouxa), minors, beginners,
debs.
Hmn, noxopno npnnnmammne cymecrnymmn nopxox neme, nastnamrcx paccxasunxom mugs,
squares, tax-payers.
To have a job like mine means that I don't belong to the great community of the mugs: the vast
majority of squares who are exploited. It seems to me this being a mug or a non-mug is a thing that splits
humanity up into two sections absolutely. It's nothing to do with age or sex or class or colour either
you're born a mug or a non-mug...
(Mac Innes)
Crnnncrnuecxax crpyxrypa pasronopno peun, raxnm opasom, neonopona. Cma nxoxr pasnte
connantno oycnonnennte nocrnnn, xoropte n ne nsanmoecrnymr. unenenne pasronopno peun na
nanexrt sanncnr or reorpa]nuecxoro ]axropa. Hanonee nsnecrntm nanexrom ropocxoro npocropeunx
xnnxercx nononcxn xoxnn.
7. Bsanuoenc1nne c1nnnc1nuecxon oxpacxn cnona c xon1exc1ou
B npemecrnymmnx naparpa]ax ]ynxnnonantnte crnnn paccmarpnnannct n nnane nnnrnocrnnncrnxn.
Hent onncannx cocroxna n rom, urot nonyunrt npecrannenne o nopme xstxa, r.e. nexoropym
acrpaxnnm. Hpaxrnuecxn na yponne nanmennx unrarent nmeer eno c rexcrom nnn, pyrnmn cnonamn,
c peuentm nponsneennem, nnnnnyantno peutm. Peuenoe xyoxecrnennoe nponsneenne ecrt
enncrno nsanmocnxsanntx +nemenron, xaxt ns xoroptx naxonrcx n cnoxntx nsanmoornomennxx c
ocrantntmn. A nce nmecre +rn ocrantnte +nemenrt cocrannxmr ero xonrexcr (cm. c. 41).
Cneyer pasnnuart cemanrnuecxoe n crnnncrnuecxoe ]ynxnnonnponanne xonrexcra. B cemanrnxo-
nnnrnncrnuecxom nnane npn exonponannn nenecoopasno nontsonartcx onpeenennem xonrexcra,
npenoxenntm H.H. Amocono, n paccmarpnnart xonrexcr xax coennenne yxasarentnoro mnnnmyma c
cemanrnuecxn peannsyemtm cnonom*. Taxoe nonnmanne xonrexcra asnpyercx na nonnmannn cnona n
xstxe xax cncremt connantno saxpennenntx cemanrnuecxnx norennn**, xoropte axryannsnpymrcx n
peun naroapx xonrexcryantntm nnn cnryannonntm yxasannxm. Konrexcr, cneonarentno, noxastnaer,
xoropt nnn xoropte ns rpannnonno cymecrnymmnx nexcnxo-cemanrnuecxnx napnanron cnona nmemrcx
190
n nny n annom xonxpernom cnyuae.
* Cm.: A+ocoea H.H. Ocnont anrnncxo ]paseonornn. H., 1963. C 28.
** Tam xe. C. 27.
Bnpoxoe pacnpocrpanenne n pyccxo nnnrnncrnxe nonyunno raxxe onpeenenne xonrexcra, annoe I.
B. Konmancxnm. 3ror anrop onpeenxer xonrexcr xax conoxynnocrt ]opmantno ]nxcnponanntx
ycnonn, npn xoroptx onosnauno ntxnnxercx coepxanne xaxo-nno xstxono ennnnt*. B npaxrnxe
nnnrnncrnuecxoro anannsa yonee ncxonrt ns paor H.H. Amocono, nocxontxy n nnx reopnx xonrexcra
paspaorana onee rnyoxo n nonno.
* Ko.uaucru I.B. O npnpoe xonrexcra//Bonp. xstxosnannx. 1959 N 4. - C. 46.
nx crnnncrnxn, onaxo, oa +rn onpeenennx oxastnamrcx neocrarountmn, noromy uro
xonnorannonnax uacrt nexcnuecxnx snauenn, xoropax nrpaer nx crnnncra raxym ontmym pont, moxer
trt ne rontxo ysyantno, r.e. otuno, no n oxxasnonantno n sanncnr or ropaso ontmero uncna
]axropon, uem npemerno-nornuecxax. B uacrnocrn, ona cnntno sanncnr or maxpoxonrexcra, r.e.
yxasarene, naxoxmnxcx sa npeenamn npocnexnnaemtx cnnraxcnuecxnx cnxse. Hanpnmep, n pomane C.
Fapcroy ns xnsnn paounx-nopocrxon Taxax nmont paccxasunx nastnaer ncex enymex bint, bird,
chick, baby, tart n pyrnmn cnonamn cnenra, a nerpantnoe cnono girl ynorpenxer rontxo ronopx o cnoe
cecrpe. Ho xonrpacry +ro cnono oxastnaercx n +monnonantntm n onenountm n ntpaxaer ero nmont n
ynaxenne x ne. B pomane K. Max Hnneca Haunnammne apxanunoe brethren npnmennrentno x
npecrannrenxm crapmero noxonennx na ]one omero ]amnntxpno-pasronopnoro crnnx n onnnx
cnenrnsmon snyunr nsenxo axe n npenoxennn co crnnncrnuecxn nerpantno nexcnxo: I've had to
explain this so often to elder brethren that it's now almost a routine (K. Mac Innes. Absolute Beginners). Fonee
uacro, onaxo, +xcnpeccnnnt +]]exr nonyuaercx n pesyntrare neoxnannocrn noxnnennx nnocrnnenoro
cnona n nerpantnom no oxpacxe rexcre: ...said my bro in his whining complaining platform voice (K. Mac
Innes. Absolute Beginners).
Taxnm opasom, cnona ns pasntx crnnncrnuecxnx nnacron n sanncnmocrn or xonrexcra moryr anart
ananornunt +]]exr, n, naoopor, cnona onoro n roro xe ]ynxnnonantnoro crnnx moryr nmert pasnym
crnnncrnuecxym ]ynxnnm. Cnona nnn nexcnxo-cemanrnuecxne napnanrt mnorosnauntx cnon nonyuamr
]ynxnnonantno-crnnncrnuecxym oxpacxy n pyrne xonnorannn n rex ycnonnxx omennx, nx xoroptx
onn xapaxrepnt, n xoroptx onn otuno ynorpenxmrcx, n n coornercrnnn c ocotmn ]ynxnnxmn xstxa n
+ro c]epe. Onaxo nanonee cnntno +ra crnnncrnuecxax oxpacxa ocosnaercx n moxer ntnonnxrt
cnennantnte crnnncrnuecxne ]ynxnnn rontxo nne +ro npnntuno peueno c]ept n rontxo nne +ro
c]ept moxer trt ncnontsonana nx ntnnxennx roro nnn nnoro momenra coepxannx na ]one pyro
nexcnxn.
Crnnncrnuecxn xonrexcr, cneonarentno, ecrt nonxrne cnenn]nunoe, neroxecrnennoe peuenomy
xonrexcry. On ne rontxo yxastnaer, xoropt ns yxe cymecrnymmnx n xstxe napnanron cnona nmeercx n
nny, no n coomaer emy nonte oxxasnonantnte xonnorannn. Crnnncrnuecxn xonrexcr +ro ]on, na
xoropom, npenmymecrnenno no xonrpacry, no nnora n no cxocrny, nosnnxaer +xcnpeccnnnocrt
crnnncrnuecxoro npnema. Ocoenno xapaxrepnt n +rom ornomennn pasnte xonrexcrt ntnnxennx.
Hoono romy xax n cemanrnuecxom xonrexcryantnom anannse cemanrnuecxn peannsyemoe cnono
cocrannxer xonrexcr n enncrne c nnnxaropom, rax n n crnnncrnuecxom anannse crnnncrnuecxn npnem
cocrannxer crnnncrnuecxn xonrexcr n enncrne c rem oxpyxennem nnn rexcrontm ]onom, xoropte
npnamr emy penenanrnocrt n xoropte, naroapx cnoe ynopxouennocrn n xaxom-nno ornomennn,
cosamr ycnnennoe oxnanne, enax noxnnenne nmenno annoro npnema neoxnanntm nnn, nanpornn,
enax ero samerntm nyrem xonneprennnn npnemon.
Bepoxrnocrt noxnnennx xaxoro nocneymmero +nemenra n peueno nenn sanncnr or npetymnx.
Hoxnnenne na +rom ]one neoxnannoro +nemenra npnnnexaer nnnmanne unrarenx n ycnnnnaer
nosecrnne rexcra*. 3anncnmocrt nocneymmnx +nemenron or npetymnx ne cneyer, onaxo,
nonnmart cnnmxom yxnantno: sa peuenym nent nnora npnxonrcx npnnnmart ne rontxo annt rexcr,
no n panee nocnpnnxrte rexcrt, nce coepxanne resaypyca unrarenx. Hpexnn peueno ontr nosnonxer
ocmtcnnrt xonrexcr n sacrannxer unrarenx yratnart, uro nocneyer antme. Bonpoc o rpannnax
xonrexcra n crnnncrnxe upesntuano cnoxen. Bnoxrcx nonxrnx mnxpoxonrexcra n maxpoxonrexcra;
orpannunnart mnxpoxonrexcr npeenamn npxmtx cnnraxcnuecxnx cnxse, xax +ro enaercx n
nnnrnncrnuecxom xonrexcronornuecxom anannse, ne npecrannxercx nosmoxntm, nocxontxy cam
191
crnnncrnuecxn npnem moxer ntxonrt sa pamxn npenoxennx, no+romy nenecoopasno orpannunnart
crnnncrnuecxn mnxpoxonrexcr rpannnamn enno crnnncrnuecxo ]ynxnnn. Maxpoxonrexcrom mt
yem nastnart nnnxannm, nonyuaemym sa +rnmn npeenamn, r.e. maxcnmym nnnxannn**.
* Hoponee o omanyrom oxnannn cm. c. 9195.
** Bnonne nosmoxno, uro +ro ne nannyumee pemenne nonpoca, n moxno naexrtcx, uro, xora nponema +ra yer nyume
nsyuena, yyr naent n onee pannonantnte rpannnt. Cm.: Riffaterre M. Stylistic Context // Word. V. 16. N 2 August,
1960.
Cemacnonorn pasnnuamr raxxe +xcrpannnrnncrnuecxn xonrexcr, nnn xonrexcr cnryannn. Ho
xonrexcrom cnryannn nonnmamr ycnonnx, n xoroptx ocymecrnnxercx annt axr peun n xoropte nnnxmr
na coepxanne n nocrpoenne peun, ntop cnon n rpammarnuecxnx xoncrpyxnn. B xyoxecrnennom
rexcre xonrexcr cnryannn nocnponsnonrcx nnnrnncrnuecxnmn cpecrnamn, no ero nce xe ne cneyer
cmemnnart c nenocpecrnenntm peuentm mnxpo- n maxpoxonrexcrom. Ero, nepoxrno, nenecoopasno
paccmarpnnart xax nonn maxpoxonrexcra. Vxasannx cnryarnnnoro xonrexcra moryr naxonrtcx na
snaunrentnom yanennn or paccmarpnnaemoro orpesxa, nanpnmep, n sarnannn rnant nnn pomana nnn n
pyrom nponsneennn, na xoropoe enaercx annmsnx.
nx crnnncrnxn exonponannx nponema xonrexcra nmeer cnoe ocooe n nectma naxnoe snauenne.
Ono sanncnr or ocoennocre crnnncrnuecxo ]ynxnnn n crpyxrypnocrn rexcra. Hocxontxy
cnenn]nuecxnmn cpecrnamn crnnncrnuecxo ]ynxnnn xnnxmrcx nppanannx, nstrounocrt n
ne+xcnnnnnrnocrt (cm. c. 6975), nnxaxne crnnncrnuecxne cpecrna nne xonrexcra ne paoramr. Texcr ne
ecrt npocrax nnnenax cononoxennocrt cnon.
3ro crpyxrypa c nnyrpenne oprannsanne, +nemenrt xoropo snaunmt ne rontxo camn no cee, no,
npexe ncero, n cnonx ornomennxx c pyrnmn +nemenramn n co ncem rexcrom. Mt yxe ne pas ormeuann,
uro nn]opmarnnnocrt +nemenra xyoxecrnennoro rexcra sanncnr or ero npecxasyemocrn na ]one
xonrexcra, nocxontxy nepoxrnocrt xaxoro nocneymmero +nemenra cymecrnenno sanncnr or
npemecrnymmnx.
Inanntmn rnnamn ornomenn mexy +nemenramn n xonrexcre xnnxmrcx ornomennx xonrpacra n
+xnnnanenrnocrn nnn roxecrna. 3nemenrt moryr trt cononoxenntmn n cnnraxcnuecxn cnxsanntmn,
no ne cxontmn nnn nonropxmmnmncx n n uem-ro +xnnnanenrntmn, npnuem cxonte +nemenrt moryr
trt pacnonoxent xax xonraxrno, rax n ncranrno. Oa rnna ornomenn neyr x noxnnennm nontx
ononnnrentntx cmtcnon n xonnorann.
Fontmoe snauenne nx paccmorpennx crnnncrnuecxoro xonrexcra nmemr yxe paccmorpennte ntme
xnnennx xonneprennnn n cnennennx, npaxrnuecxn peannsymmne +rn ornomennx roxecrna n xonrpacra.
8. Hcnontsonanne qynxnnonantno oxpamennon nexcnxn n xyoaec1nennon nn1epa1ype
Hocne omnx sameuann o xonrexcre nnnrnncrnuecxom n crnnncrnuecxom oparnmcx x paccmorpennm
nsanmoecrnnx xonrexcra c nexcnxo, nmemme ]ynxnnonantno-crnnncrnuecxym oxpacxy. B ocnone
nosnnxammnx npn +rom ononnnrentntx snauenn nexnr, npexe ncero, cnocrno nppanannn
crnnncrnuecxo ]ynxnnn. Tax, nanpnmep, ono no+rnuecxoe cnono, nxnmuennoe n nerpantnt xonrexcr,
moxer cenart nosntmenntm nent asan. Pont axe neontmnx crnnncrnuecxn oxpamenntx
nxpannenn moxer trt ouent snaunrentna. 3]]exr nx sanncnr or roro, coornercrnymr nn onn npemery
nonecrnonannx nnn xonrpacrnpymr c remo. Hpn napymennn oxnaemoro coornercrnnx mexy
osnauaemtm n osnauammnm nepexo nosnnxaer xomnuecxn nnn nponnuecxn +]]exr, xax n cneymmem
npnmepe ns pomana O. Xaxcnn, re xnnxnax nexcnxa coueraercx c rpnnnantno cnryanne: The village
Maecenas, in petticoats, patronising art to the extent of two cups of tea and a slice of plum-cake. nnenne
moxno paccmarpnnart xax pasnonnnocrt omanyroro oxnannx. Ocoenno uacro raxne +]]exrt
nonyuamrcx npn ncnontsonannn pasronopno n ropxecrnenno-nosntmenno nexcnxn; noonte npnmept
ncrpeuannct nam na nporxxennn nce xnnrn npn ronxonannn rexcron. B nenom, onaxo, nnocrnnente
nxpannennx ornnuamrcx ontmnm pasnoopasnem marepnana n ]ynxnn. Onn moryr nponcxonrt ns
nmtx ]ynxnnonantno-crnnncrnuecxnx nnacron. Onn ncrpeuamrcx n onncannxx, ynennunnax nx rounocrt
n xonxpernocrt nnn cosanax mera]opnunocrt n opasnocrt, n peuentx xapaxrepncrnxax n noprperax
nepconaxe, n anropcxnx xommenrapnxx n r.. B annom naparpa]e mt ne yem ntrartcx oxnarnrt nce
+ro mnoroopasne, a orpannunmcx npnmepamn, nnnmcrpnpymmnmn rontxo nsanmoecrnne c xonrexcrom
repmnnonornuecxo, npocropeuno n nanexrno nexcnxn.
192
Cnennantnax nexcnxa moxer nxnmuartcx n peuenym xapaxrepncrnxy repox, pacxptnax ero xnsnennt
ontr, npo]eccnm n nnrepect. Taxono, nanpnmep, ncnontsonanne mopcxo nexcnxn Maprnnom Henom.
Hncarenn-peanncrt nontsymrcx cnennantno nexcnxo nx onee rounoro onncannx oxpyxamme repoen
ecrnnrentnocrn. uynxnnx raxo nexcnxn moxer trt n nectma cnenn]nuna: n nepno rnane
Xononoro oma u. nxxenca narpomoxenne mpnnuecxnx repmnnon noxastnaer nenosmoxnocrt nx
nopmantnoro uenoneuecxoro paccyxa pasopartcx n sanyrannom nanpnnre cyonponsnocrna n
Bepxonnom xannnepcxom cye.
B xauecrne nnnmcrpannn ncnontsonannx nayunoro crnnx n peueno xapaxrepncrnxe repoen
nnreparypnoro nponsneennx npnneem orptnox ns pomana u. Cnoy Honte nmn, re nayunte
repmnnt n xnnxnte cnona n npxmo peun nepconaxe ne rontxo noxastnamr nx npnnanexnocrt x
rexnnuecxo nnrennnrennnn, no n nomoramr unrarenm oparnrt nnnmanne na nx cepxannocrt n
myxecrno, xora onn ronopxr o ro onacnocrn, xoropo nonepramr cnom xnsnt n +xcnepnmenrantno
paore no xepno ]nsnxe n nx naoparopnn.
Luke said: I'll get that stuff out in six weeks from March 1st if it's the last thing I do.
Martin said: It may be.
What is the, matter? I said.
Luke and Martin looked at each other.
There are some hazards, said Luke.
That was the term they used for physical danger. Luke went on being frank. The hazards might be
formidable. No one knew much about in handling plutonium; it might well have obscure toxic
properties. There would not be time to test each step for safety, they might expose themselves to illness,
or worse.
Btpaxenne roxcnuecxne cnocrna cnennantnt repmnn, xoropt xnnxercx nexoroptm
+n]emnsmom nx ro onacnocrn, xoropo yuent cosnarentno ner nancrpeuy. B antnemem Hmx
ecrnnrentno nonepraercx onyuennm, nonyuaer nyuenym onesnt n nponnsnpyer no +romy nonoy:
There was a mutter from Luke's sick-bed which spread round Barford: The only thing they (the doctors) still
don't know is whether to label mine a lethal dose or only near lethal.
Mennnncxn repmnn nerantnax osa (cmeprentnax osa) ynorpenen n ro xe crnnncrnuecxo
]ynxnnn, uro n roxcnuecxne cnocrna, n, xpome roro, ycnnnnaer roptxo-nponnuecxoe snyuanne ]past.
B pyrom orptnxe ns +roro xe pomana nexoropoe narpomoxenne cnennantntx repmnnon cnyxnr nx
rounoro peanncrnuecxoro onncannx naoparopnn c onnm ns nepntx aromntx peaxropon:
In front of her were the instruments which she had been taught to read; she was a competent girl, I
thought, she would have made an admirable nurse. There was one of the counters whose ticking I would
expect in any Barford laboratory; there was a logarithmic amplifier, a DC amplifier, with faces like
speedometers, which would give a measure she had picked up some of the jargon of the neutron
flux.
On the bench was pinned a sheet of graph paper and it was there that she was to plot the course of the
experiment. As the heavy water was poured in, the neutron flux would rise: the points on the graph would
lead down to a spot where the pile had started to run, where the chain reaction had begun:
That's going to be the great moment, said Mary.
Hcxyccrno nncarenx sacrannxer axe necneymero n rexnnxe unrarenx npecrannrt cee ocranonxy, n
xoropo paoraer M+pn. B annom orptnxe nce repmnnt ynorpenent n cnoem npxmom snauennn. Ho
nosmoxno n pyroe, a nmenno opasnoe ynorpenenne cnennantntx repmnnon. B ynomxnyrom ntme
pomane x. Honona Maprnn Hen anrop, onnctnax recnory xomnarymxn, n xoropo xnner
nepnynmncx ns nnanannx Maprnn, nontsyercx mopcxo repmnnonorne n ynoonxer nnxennx
Maprnna mexy neptm, cronom n xponartm rpyno nannrannn no ysxomy xanany:
Even so he was crowded until navigating the room was a difficult task. He could not open the door
without first closing the closet door, and vice versa. It was impossible for him anywhere to traverse the
room in a straight line. To go from the door to the head of the bed was a zigzag course that he was never
quite able to traverse without collisions. Having settled the difficulty of the conflicting doors, he had to
193
steer sharply to the right to avoid the kitchen. Next he sheered to the left, to escape the foot of the bed; but
this sheer, if too generous, brought him against the corner of the table. With a sudden twitch and lurch, he
terminated the sheer and bore off to the right along a sort of canal one bank of which was the bed, the
other the table. When the one chair in the room was at its usual place before the table, the canal was
unnavigable.
Mopcxne repmnnt: navigating, traverse, zigzag course, collisions, steer, sheer, lurch, bear off, canal, bank,
unnavigable nepeamr myrnnno-nponnuecxoe ornomenne tnmero marpoca x cnoemy yoromy xnntm.
Texnnuecxne repmnnt n onncannom n +ro rnane cmtcne nao ornnuart or npoqeccnonantnon
nexcnxn, no xoropo nonnmaercx nexcnxa, cnenn]nunax nx xaxo-nnyt orpacnn uenoneuecxo
exrentnocrn nnn npo]eccnn, no ynorpenrentnax rontxo n ycrnom omennn n, cneonarentno, ne
nmemmax onpeenenn n cnennantno nnreparype. Hpo]eccnonantnax nexcnxa n cocrnennom cmtcne
cnona ornocnrcx rnanntm opasom x npomnomy, xora mnorne pemecna n centcxoxosxcrnennte snannx n
ymennx nepeanannct n ycrno rpannnn. B nacroxmee npemx npo]eccnonantnax nexcnxa nepexo nmeer
necxontxo aprornuecxn xapaxrep, xax n cneymmem npnmepe ns roro xe pomana u. Cnoy:
What is stopping them (the neutrons)?...
The engineering is all right.
The heavy water is all right.
The uranium is all right.
No, it blasted well can't be.
That must be it. It must be the uranium there's something left there stopping the neuts.
u. Cnoy onnctnaer cocroxnne repox nocne neyaunoro ontra. Hmxy ne yanoct ntsnart nennym
peaxnnm, n on cnpamnnaer cex n oxpyxammnx, uro nomemano nerponam, nastnax nx ro mecronmennem
onn, nocxontxy ncem npncyrcrnymmnm xcno, uro nmenno ero nonnyer, ro aprornuecxnm
npo]eccnonantntm coxpamennem neuts.
Ocoenno ntcox yentnt nec cnennantno nexcnxn n nponsneennxx, rema, cmxer n ]ayna xoroptx
nenocpecrnenno cnxsant c npo]eccnonantno exrentnocrtm xaxo-nnyt rpynnt nme, xax n
pomanax A. Xenn A+ponopr, Koneca n pyrnx. Bce, cnyunnmeecx n paccxase F. Hoyrona Hosno
noutm na Vornnnr-crpnr, cnxsano c paoro nonrene rpysontx mamnn, xorx nonxrte +rnuecxne
nponemt n npecrannxmr omeuenoneuecxn nnrepec. Tema paccxasa npo]eccnonantnax connapnocrt,
ornomennx nme, xaxt ns xoroptx paoraer n onnouxy n nmecre c rem recno cnxsan co ncemn remn,
xro nonr mamnnt no rem xe oporam, nacrontxo recno, uro axe cama xnsnt ero sanncnr or nnx.
xexcon nnmnen n 3rent, xeny xosxnna xa]e, n roponnrcx x ne. 3a npentmenne cxopocrn,
neconmenne npannn esonacnocrn nnxennx n nontrxy noxynnrt nomanmero ero anronncnexropa
(speed cop), xoroporo mo]ept nposnann Babyface, emy rposnr cy n nnmenne mo]epcxnx npan no xpane
mepe na nonroa. Copanmnecx n xa]e mo]ept, nensnpax na ntstnammee noneenne xexcona (on uyrt
ne sarenaer paxy), ysnan o ero nenpnxrnocrxx c anronncnexnne, couyncrnymr emy, cunrax, uro, ecnn
mo]ep yer conmart nce npannna, on mnoro ne sapaoraer. Cy onxen cocroxrtcx uepes rpn neenn.
nx roro urot eno tno npexpameno ns-sa orcyrcrnnx cnnerene, xexcon pemaer nsannrtcx or
nncnexropa Babyface n ner na npecrynnenne. On cosaer nncnexropy rexnnuecxn npocrym nonymxy:
xora nncnexrop n remnore noutm cnona npecneyer ero, noromy uro xexcon onxrt pasnnnaer
neosnonennym cxopocrt, xexcon nnesanno ropmosnr, nonnnecxax mamnna na ontmo cxopocrn
npesaercx n rpysonnx, nncnexrop n ero ronapnm rnnyr.
Cunrax, uro ocranercx esnaxasanntm, rax xax ynnx npornn nero ner, xexcon cpasy xe nocne
xaracrpo]t xnanoxponno paccxastnaer ronapnmy, xax on nocrponn anapnm, n saxanunnaer cno paccxas
cnonamn: You'll give me the lift down the road, Lofty?... I know I am safe with an old driver... Bonrenn
pyrnx mamnn nonnmamr, uro xaracrpo]a ne cnyuana; onn ne ntamr xexcona nonnnnn, no
naxastnamr ero npespennem: on nancera repxer 3rent n ronapnme.
Hsnoxnrt cmxer +roro paccxasa tno neoxonmo, urot noxasart, uro onncannte cotrnx ne mornn
t nponsorn c nmtmn pyro npo]eccnn. 3ect cymecrnenna xaxax rexnnuecxax erant. Hoonax
cnxst ]aynt c onpeenenno orpacntm rexnnxn neer x onnnm cnennantno nexcnxn. 3ect mnoro
cnon, nastnammnx rpysonnx n ero uacrn: lorry, engine, cab (xanna mo]epa), the driving mirror, the booster
gear, the lights, the foot board, the back axle, the headlights, the chassis.
194
Hpn onncannn ecrnn nonrene n cotrn na oporax n npxmo peun ncnontsymrcx
mnorouncnennte npo]eccnonannsmt: to go at a fair lick, to go at a fair crack, to be cracking along, to swing
on the handbrake, to have one's toe down, to pull up with a jerk, to have the stick out, to hang on somebody's
tail, to be done for speeding. Karacrpo]a nastnaercx a smash-up. Bcrpeuamrcx n aprornuecxne
npo]eccnonannsmt. Hepconaxn nastnamr cnom mamnny ne lorry, a tub (noxanxa) nnn old wagon. Topmosa
nastnamrcx anchors.
Onnne cnennantno nexcnxn ne rontxo cnococrnyer peanncrnunocrn onncannx, no n nomoraer
unrarenm camomy oratnartcx o samtcne xexcona, xax t camomy yuacrnonart n nponcxoxmem.
9. Hcnontsonanne npoc1opeunn n nanex1a
Hcnontsonanne orentntx ocoennocre ]ynxnnonantntx crnne n xyoxecrnenno nnreparype
moxer ntnonnxrt ouent naxnte cmtcnonte ]ynxnnn, r.e. nepeanart cymecrnennym nn]opmannm. B
xauecrne npnmepa oparnmcx x orptnxy ns ntect A. Mnnnepa Hocne rpexonaennx (After the Fall).
Hteca +ra onontno nnrnmnax ncnonet anropa, xacammaxcx ero xent, nsnecrno xnnosnest Mepnnnn
Monpo. Monpo noxonunna xnsnt camoyncrnom; npenonaramr, uro +ro nponsomno ne ns-sa
ncnxnuecxoro saonenannx, xax coomanoct n raserax, a noromy uro ona crpaana or necoornercrnnx ee
ycrpemnenn rem ponxm, xoropte e nanxstnann n Ionnnnye. Monpo meurana trt rparnuecxo
axrpnco, a ns nee cenann cexc-omy. Mepnnnn n ntece sonyr M+rrn, n nor uro ona ronopnr repom
ntect Knenrnny, xora onn nnont ncrpeuamrcx: I can't hardly believe you came! Can you stay five minutes?
I'm a singer now, see? In fact I am in the top three. And for a long time I been wanting to tell you that... B
nnreparypnom xstxe hardly ne ynorpenxercx c rnaronom n orpnnarentno ]opme, a Present Perfect
Continuous coepxnr rnaron have, raxnm opasom, I can't hardly believe n I been wanting to tell you
npocropeune. nx roro urot nonxrt +]]exr nneennx npocropeunx, neoxonmo conocrannrt +rn crpoxn
c rem, xax ronopxr pyrne nepconaxn ntect. Tora oxastnaercx, uro cam repo n nnsxne emy nmn
ronopxr nnonne nnreparypno. Vunrtnax, uro rema nce ntect ncnonet repox, nontrxa oxcnnrt cee
camomy mornnt cnonx nocrynxon, nornuno oparnrt nnnmanne na +rn cnona, nouepxnnammne
nnrennexryantnym nponacrt mexy nennuxo (popsinger) n npecrannrenem ntcmnx cnoen
nnrennnrennnn, r.e. n peantno xnsnn snamennrtm pamaryprom.
Hocxontxy nopma yxastnaer rpannnonnte, ycroxnmnecx, no neoxsarentno npannntnte ]opmt,
nanex1, xoropt n peantno peun oxsarentno coueraercx c npocropeunem, ecrt roxe nopma, no nopma
nnennreparypnax. B ntece A. V+cxepa Kopnn reponnx ntect Fnrn npnesxaer ns Honona n ponym
epennm n Hop]onx, n pamarypr rmarentno nepeaer mecrnt nanexr. Fnrn pasronapnnaer co cnonmn
pocrnennnxamn centcxoxosxcrnenntm paounm xnmmn n ero xeno xennn:
Jenny: ... Did Jimmy tell you he've bin chosen for the Territorials' Jubilee in London this year?
Beatie: What's this then? What'll you do there?
Jimmy: Demonstrate and parade wi' arms and such like.
Beatie: Won't do you any good.
Jimmy: Don't you reckon? Gotta show we can defend the country, you know. Demonstrate arms and you
prevent war.
Beatie: Won't demonstrate anything bor... Have a hydrogen bomb fall on you and you'll find the things
silly in your hands.
Jimmy: So you say gal? So you say? That'll frighten them other buggers though.
Beatie: Frighten yourself y'mean...
Jimmy: And what do you know about this all of a sudden?
Beatie: You're not interested in defending your country, Jimmy, you just enjoy playing soldiers.
Jimmy: What did I do in the last war then sing in the trenches? Beatie (explaining not trying to get one
over on him): Ever heard of Chaucer, Jimmy?
Jimmy: No.
Beatie: Do you know the MP for this constituency?
Jimmy: What you drivin' at, gal don't give me no riddles.
Beatie: Do you know how the British Trade Union Movement started? And do you believe in strike
action?
Jimmy: No to both those.
195
Beatie: What you goin' to war to defend then?
Jimmy (he's annoyed now): Beatie you bin away from us a long time now you got a boy who's
educated an' that and he's taught you a lot maybe. But don't you come pushin' ideas across at us
we're all right as we are. You can come when you like an' welcome but don't bring no
discussion of politics in the house wi' you "cos that"ll only cause trouble. I'm telling you. (He
goes off.)
Jenny: Blust gal, if you hevnt't touched him on a sore spot. He live for them Territorials he do that's
half his life.
Hrax, otuno pasronopnt crnnt nonnomaercx n ycrno nanornuecxo peun tronoro rnna, no
nosmoxnt n pyrne couerannx, n nmte remt. B annom cnyuae on nonnomen n pamaryprnn, n nanor
neercx ne na tronym, a na nonnrnuecxym remy.
B cnoem npencnonnn A. V+cxep nnmer, uro cunraer naxntm n ntece o nmxx Hop]onxa noxasart, xax
onn ronopxr, n axe nepeuncnxer n noxcnxer nexoropte, npenmymecrnenno ]onernuecxne ocoennocrn. B
npnneennom orptnxe nocnponsnoxrcx nexoropte ]onernuecxne, nexcnuecxne n rpammarnuecxne ueprt
nop]onxcxo peun. Onn cnntnee ntpaxent n pennnxax xnmmn. Conocrannxx nx c nnreparypno
nopmo, mt sameuaem, uro [i:] samenxercx [i], rax uro ]opma been snyunr [bin], uro n orpaxaercx n
nanncannn: bin. Inacnt n have n had cyxaercx, orcma nanncanne hev. Koneunte [p] n [d] ne
nponsnocxrcx: wi', an'; xoneunoe [?] samenxercx [n]: drivin'.
B nep]exrntx n nnrentntx ]opmax orcyrcrnyer ncnomorarentnt rnaron: what you drivin' at?, you
bin away. Vnorpenxercx nonoe orpnnanne: don't give me no riddles, don't bring no discussion.
Xapaxrepno yxasarentnoe them: he live for them Territorials, you'll find them things silly.
3rn n pyrne pacxoxennx c nnreparypno nopmo nnnrnncr ne moxer paccmarpnnart xax
nenpannntnocrn. 3rn ]opmt n npeenax anno xstxono omnocrn ncem nonxrnt n
omeynorpenrentnt. Cneonarentno, don't give me no riddles roxe nopma, no nopma nanexrnax.
Hapymennem nopmt tno t xaxoe-nnyt nnxomy ne nonxrnoe riddles me don't give, xoropoe nonyunrcx,
ecnn yxnantno nepenecrn pyccxoe saraox mne ne saratnare.
3AKAKHEHHE
3ra xnnra nanncana nx roro, urot nomout yymnm npenoanarenxm anrnncxoro xstxa pasnnrt
ntcoxym xyntrypy urennx, r.e. nonyuart npn urennn ne rontxo xstxonym n cmxernym nn]opmannm, no n
nacneonart +monnonantnt, +crernuecxn n nnrennexryantnt ontr npetymnx noxonenn.
Hasnauenne crnnncrnxn nonyuarenx peun n npnmenennn x namnm unrarenxm cocronr n rom, urot cenart
nx nnx ocrynno ncm nn]opmannm, coepxamymcx n xyoxecrnennom rexcre, nanncannom na
anrnncxom xstxe.
nx nonnmannx xax npemerno-nornuecxo nn]opmannn, rax n nropo ee uacrn, r.e. +monnonantnoro,
onenounoro n +xcnpeccnnnoro cymecrna rexcra, naxnt nce ero cropont: remt, opast, nexcnxa,
cnnraxcnuecxoe nocrpoenne, pnrm, nncrpymenronxa n r.. Bce +rn +nemenrt nmemr xax xonnorarnnnoe,
rax n enorarnnnoe snauenne. Bce nmecre onn opasymr nenocrnym crpyxrypy n ntnonnxmr cnom
crnnncrnuecxym ]ynxnnm, nsanmoecrnyx pyr c pyrom.
Peantnoe exonponanne onxno nponsnonrtcx na nenocrnom nponsneennn nnn na onee nnn menee
saxonuennom ero orptnxe c yuerom roro, uro +crernuecxax nennocrt n crnnncrnuecxax ]ynxnnx
nosnnxamr n nnreparypnom nponsneennn xax n nenocrno crpyxrype nsanmoecrnymmnx +nemenron,
nn]opmarnnnte cnocrna xoropo nensmepnmo oraue, uem cymma cnocrn +nemenron.
B xnnre mt xax yro napymnnn +ror npnnnnn, ntunennn xaxt yponent n paccmorpen ero orentno.
Cenano +ro c uncro naxrnuecxo nentm. Hs coopaxenn +xonomnn npemenn n mecra nam nnora
npnxonnoct nx nnnmcrpannn rex nnn nntx nonoxenn nontsonartcx nsonnponanntmn npnmepamn. B
+rnx cnyuaxx nx roro, urot unrarenm tno nerue onennrt mecro roro nnn nnoro npnema no ncem
nponsneennn, mt crapannct nnont n nnont nosnpamartcx x yxe ynomxnyrtm rexcram.
Hnreparypnoe nponsneenne, xax n ncxxoe pyroe nponsneenne ncxyccrna, coepxnr nn]opmannm,
nonyuennym nncarenem ns nnemnero mnpa n nm nepepaorannym. Fyyun onynnxonano, ono yxe
nonyuaer camocroxrentnym nennocrt n orentnoe or anropa cymecrnonanne, no+romy napxy c anannsom
renesnca nponsneennx n samtcna anropa npanomepen n ananns camoro nponsneennx n ero nosecrnnx na
unrarenx.
196
Hpn exonponannn nensexna yrpara nexoropo uacrn nn]opmannn. 3rn norepn sanncxr or pxa
npnunn; rnanntmn ns nnx xnnxmrcx pasnnune coepxannx namxrn xonpymmero n exonpymmero n
nosmoxnte nsmenennx n xoe. Fopta c norepe nn]opmannn ocymecrnnxercx n nnreparype c nomomtm
mnoroopasnoro ntnnxennx rex nnn nntx cmtcnon. Btnnxenne moxer nmert nn crnnncrnuecxnx
xonneprennnn n n ocnonnom asnponartcx na pasnnuntx rnnax pacxoxennx cnryarnnno n rpannnonno
oosnauammero.
Hapxy c norepxmn nosmoxno n nospacranne nn]opmannn*. Honnnno xyoxecrnennoe nponsneenne
ntstnaer y unrarenx norox mtcne, acconnann, uyncrn, r.e. sacrannxer ero camoro rnopnrt n pesonanc
nncarenm, ooramaer ero nnunocrt, nomoraer emy nyume nonxrt oxpyxammnx ero nme, enaer ero
onee uyrxnm.
* O nospacrannn nn]opmannn npn urennn cm.: Bo.ireuumeu M. Crnxn xax cnoxnax nn]opmannonnax cncrema//Hayxa n
xnsnt. 1970. N 1.
Ouennno, uro raxoe cornopuecrno unrarenx n anropa nosmoxno rontxo npn ycnonnn nannunx y
unrarenx neoxonmoro npenapnrentnoro sanaca nn]opmannn, cxnatnammerocx ns panee
npounrannoro, ycntmannoro, nepexnroro. Ecnn +ror npenapnrentnt sanac neocrarouen, r.e. ecnn
unrarent nnrennexryantno n +monnonantno nepasnnr, ro ne yer nonyuena n ocnonnax nn]opmannx,
saxnmuennax n nnreparypnom nponsneennn. Honnonennoe nocnpnxrne, axe n cnyuae nponsneenn,
nanncanntx conpemennnxamn n cooreuecrnennnxamn unrarenx, rpeyer nsnecrno nororonxn. Tem onee
neoxonma cnennantnax nororonxa nx nponsneenn, nanncanntx na uyxom xstxe, npecrannrenxmn
pyro nannn n, moxer trt, pyro +noxn.
Hepement n nnnnnyantnom n omecrnennom cosnannn menxmr nennocrt xyoxecrnenno
nn]opmannn nponsneennx. Hepeunrtnax n pasnte nepnot cnoe xnsnn ono n ro xe nponsneenne, mt
pearnpyem na nero no-pasnomy, ono ntstnaer nonte mtcnn n nonte +monnn nnn, nanpornn, moxer
norepxrt nnrepec. To xe camoe nponcxonr n n onee mnpoxom macmrae. Hponsneennx,
npnnanexamne xyntrypnomy nacnenm npomnoro, n pasnte ncropnuecxne nepnot ro npnoperamr
ocrpoe conpemennoe snyuanne, ro naunnamr xasartcx anexnmn n nennrepecntmn.
Mt ynepent, uro, unrax xyoxecrnennym nnreparypy nocne nonyuennx nexoropo mnnnmantno
nororonxn no crnnncrnxe exonponannx, unrarent, axe ne nonropxx npenoxenntx sect nponeyp
anannsa, yer sameuart n nonnmart n rexcre mnoro ontme, uem o raxo nororonxn.
Hoonoe nonnmanne rexcra npnnxro nastnart cornopuecrnom. Baxno nouepxnyrt, uro no
cornopuecrnom ne cneyer nonnmart nosnnxnonenne n cosnannn unrarenx rouno raxoro xe nonnmannx
xaxoro cnona, opasa, xapaxrepa nnn axe neno-remarnuecxoro coepxannx, xaxoe morno trt y
anropa. Vxe anno tno cxasano, uro unrart Bexcnnpa rnasamn Bexcnnpa mt ne moxem n ne onxnt.
uem snaunrentnee nponsneenne, rem oraue nosmoxnocrn pasnnunoro ero nonnmannx pasntmn nmtmn,
no +rn pasnnunx onxnt trt oocnonant rexcrom n nnuero omero ne nmemr c nponsnontntm
]anrasnponannem n npensxrtm nonnmannem.
Asan Kanamyp
Anronornx Knanronanne
Axxymynxnnx Ko
Axryannsannx Konneprennnx
Axpomonorpamma Konneprennnx cnnraxcnuecxax
Axryantnoe unenenne Konnorarnnnoe snauenne, xonnorannx
Anneropnx
Annnrepannx
Konrexcr
Konrpacr
Annmsnx Hexcnuecxne cnxsn
Anannnosnc c+. Hoxnar Hnnrnocrnnncrnxa
Anaxony] Ana]opa Hnrora
Anrnresa Merarexcronoe nxnmuenne
Anronomacnx Mera]opa
Anosnonesnc Meronnmnx
Anocrpo]a Mnnyc-npnem
Acnneron Mnororonocne
Acconanc Mnorocomsne
197
Bepoxrnocrnoe npornosnponanne Hopma
Btnnxenne Omanyroe oxnanne
Btpasnrentnte cpecrna Opas, reopnx opason
Iasernt crnnt Oparnax cnxst
Innepona Oxcmmopon
Iono]pasnc Onnnernopenne
Ipa]nuecxne crnnncrnuecxne cpecrna Opronornx
nanexrnsmt Orpaxenne
3arnanne
3nyxonte nonropt
Ocrpanenne
Orpnnarentnax +xcnpeccnnnocrt
3nyxonnct Hapaoxc
3nyxonopaxanne Haponomacnx
3enrma Haysa
Hstrounocrt Hepenoc
Hsopasnrentnte cpecrna Hepeuncnenne
Hnnepcnx Hepn]pas
Hncrpymenronxa Honrop
Hnreprexcryantnocrt Horexcr
Hn]opmannx Hoxnar
Hponnx Honncnneron
Hppanannx Honyormeuennte crpyxrypt
Ho+rnxa
Hpecxasyemocrt n nenpecxasyemocrt
Pnrm Tanronornx
Pnropnuecxne ]nrypt Tesaypyc
Pnropnuecxn nonpoc Texcr
Pn]ma Temarnuecxax cerxa
Temarnuecxne crnnncrnuecxne
Cnepx]pasonoe enncrno cpecrna
Cnrnan Tecnora pxa
Cnntnax nosnnnx Tpancnosnnnx
Cnnnencnc Tpont
Cnmnon Vmonuanne
Cnnexoxa Vponent
Cnnecresnx unrypnte crnxn
Cnnonnm uynxnnonantnte crnnn
Cnryannx Xnasm
Cnenr Hnrarnoe sarnanne
Cmena peuentx cyexron 3n]onnx
Conocrannrentnax crnnncrnxa 3xnnnanenr rexcra
Crnnncrnxa nocnpnxrnx;
crnnncrnxa exonponannx
3xcnpeccnnnocrt
Crnnncrnuecxax ]ynxnnx 3nnrpa]
Crnnncrnuecxn npnem 3nnrer
Cnennenne
CHHCOK PEKOMEHOBAHHOH AHTEPATYPL
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Asuavpoea J.C. Ouepxn no crnnncrnxe cnona. Tamxenr, 1973.
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Apuo.io H.B. Crnnncrnxa exonponannx (Kypc nexnn). H., 1974.
Apvmmuoea H.. stx n mnp uenonexa. M., 1999.
198
Ba..u L. upannyscxax crnnncrnxa / Hep. c ]pann. K.A. onnnnna. M., 1961.
Bapm P. Hspannte paort. Cemnornxa. Ho+rnxa. M., 1989.
Baxmuu M.M. Bonpoct nnreparypt n +crernxn. M., 1975.
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Bepeeoecra J.M. 3xcnpeccnnnt cnnraxcnc. Cmonencx, 1984.
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Buuoepaooe B.B. O reopnn xyoxecrnenno peun. M., 1971.
Buuorvp I.O. unnonornuecxne nccneonannx. M., 1990.
Buuorvp T.I. 3axonomepnocrn crnnncrnuecxoro ncnontsonannx xstxontx ennnn. - M., 1980.
Iaoa+ep I.-I. Hcrnna n mero. M., 1988.
Ipueopiee B.H. Ho+rnxa cnona. M., 1979.
o.uuuu K.A. Crnnncrnxa ]pannyscxoro xstxa. H., 1987.
o+auuee A.H., Luuruua H.H., Iou:apoea E.A. Hnrepnperannx xyoxecrnennoro rexcra. M., 1989.
irouoea H.B. Knrc n ero conpemennnxn. M., 1983.
mova . u op. Omax pnropnxa. M., 1986.
euemm . unrypt. T. 12. M., 1998.
up+vucru B.M. Teopnx nnreparypt. Ho+rnxa. Crnnncrnxa. H., 1971.
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K.u+euro E.H. Tnopuecrno P. Fpaynnnra. H., 1967.
Kvsue M.., Crpeouee P.M. Crnnncrnxa anrnncxoro xstxa. H., 1960.
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Hapuu B.A. 3crernxa cnona n xstxa nncarenx. H., 1974.
Huxa:ee .C. Ho+rnxa pennepyccxo nnreparypt. H., 1967.
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Knen, 1984.
Honoe n sapyexno nnnrnncrnxe. Btn. VIII: Hnnrnncrnxa rexcra. M., 1978.
Honoe n sapyexno nnnrnncrnxe. Btn. IX: Hnnrnocrnnncrnxa. M., 1980.
Honoe n sapyexno nnnrnncrnxe. Btn. XVI: Hnnrnncrnuecxax nparmarnxa. M., 1985.
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Crpeouee P.M. Ouepx reopnn crnnncrnxn. Ioptxn, 1975.
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200
COEPAHHE
Or peaxropa.............................................................................................................................................................................. 2
Hpencnonne................................................................................................................................................................................ 4
Inana I. OFBHE BOHPOCI.......................................................................................................................................................... 7
1. Hpemer n saaun crnnncrnxn .............................................................................................................................................. 7
2. Hnnrnocrnnncrnxa n nnreparyponeuecxax crnnncrnxa. Vponnn anannsa.......................................................................... 10
3. Crnnncrnxa or anropa n crnnncrnxa nocnpnxrnx................................................................................................................ 13
4. Crnnncrnxa nocnpnxrnx xax crnnncrnxa exonponannx. O npnmenennn reopnn nn]opmannn x nponemam crnnncrnxn
................................................................................................................................................................................................... 18
5. Knanronanne........................................................................................................................................................................ 23
6. Texcr xax npemer nsyuennx crnnncrnxn ........................................................................................................................... 28
7. Cnocot anannsa xyoxecrnennoro rexcra. Konrexcr ....................................................................................................... 32
8. Hnreprexcryantnocrt.......................................................................................................................................................... 37
9. Crnnncrnuecxax ]ynxnnx ................................................................................................................................................... 42
10. Btpasnrentnte cpecrna xstxa n crnnncrnuecxne npnemt. .......................................................................................... 45
Hopma n orxnonenne or nopmt.................................................................................................................................................. 45
11. Tnnt ntnnxennx ............................................................................................................................................................. 50
12. Teopnx opason .................................................................................................................................................................. 58
13. Tpont................................................................................................................................................................................. 64
14. 3nnrer................................................................................................................................................................................ 67
15. Honyormeuennte crpyxrypt............................................................................................................................................. 71
16. Texcronax nmnnnxannx....................................................................................................................................................... 77
Inana II. HEKCHuECKA CTHHHCTHKA.................................................................................................................................. 78
1. Cnono n ero snauenne.......................................................................................................................................................... 78
2. enorarnnnoe n xonnorarnnnoe snauenne. ......................................................................................................................... 80
3monnonantnax, onenounax, +xcnpeccnnnax n crnnncrnuecxax cocrannxmmne xonnorannn.................................................... 80
3. Conmemenne +monnonantno, +xcnpeccnnno, onenouno n crnnncrnuecxo xonnorann............................................... 84
4. 3xcnpeccnnnocrt na yponne cnonoopasonannx.................................................................................................................. 86
5. Cemanrnuecxax crpyxrypa cnona n nsanmoecrnne npxmtx n nepenocntx snauenn xax ]axrop crnnx .......................... 88
6. Hcnontsonanne mnorosnaunocrn cnona n couerannn c nonropom........................................................................................ 91
7. Cnnonnmnuecxn n uacrnunt nonrop............................................................................................................................... 94
8. exonponanne xyoxecrnennoro rexcra npn nomomn nexcnuecxoro anannsa. Temarnuecxax cerxa................................. 95
Inana III. CTHHHCTHuECKHH AHAHH3 HA VPOBHE MOPuOHOIHH............................................................................... 100
1. Tpancnosnnnx paspxon cymecrnnrentnoro...................................................................................................................... 100
2. Crnnncrnuecxn norennnan ]opm rennrnna n mnoxecrnennoro uncna ........................................................................... 102
3. Crnnncrnuecxne ]ynxnnn aprnxnx ................................................................................................................................... 104
4. Hpornnonocrannennx n cncreme mecronmenn xax ]axrop crnnx.................................................................................... 106
5. Pasnte cnocot ycnnennx npnnararentntx ..................................................................................................................... 109
6. Crnnncrnuecxne nosmoxnocrn rnarontntx xareropn..................................................................................................... 110
7. Hapeunx n nx crnnncrnuecxax ]ynxnnx............................................................................................................................ 112
IHABA IV. CHHTAKCHuECKA CTHHHCTHKA................................................................................................................... 113
1. Omne sameuannx.............................................................................................................................................................. 113
2. Heotunoe pasmemenne +nemenron npenoxennx nnnepcnx ........................................................................................ 114
3. Hepeocmtcnenne, nnn rpancnosnnnx, cnnraxcnuecxnx crpyxryp..................................................................................... 116
4. Tpancnosnnnx cnnraxcnuecxnx crpyxryp c orpannuenntmn nosmoxnocrxmn nexcnuecxoro n mop]onornuecxoro
naptnponannx........................................................................................................................................................................... 119
5. 3xcnpeccnnnocrt orpnnannx............................................................................................................................................. 122
6. Cpecrna cnnraxcnuecxo cnxsn ....................................................................................................................................... 124
7. Bnt n ]ynxnnn nonropon ............................................................................................................................................... 128
8. Cnnraxcnuecxne cnocot xomnpeccnn ............................................................................................................................. 131
(nponycx nornuecxn neoxonmtx +nemenron ntcxastnannx) ............................................................................................... 131
9. Cnnraxcnuecxax xonneprennnx ......................................................................................................................................... 134
10. Axryantnoe unenenne npenoxennx ............................................................................................................................... 138
11. Texcrono yponent. Hnan paccxasunxa n nnan nepconaxa............................................................................................... 139
12. Texcrono yponent. Cnepx]pasonoe enncrno n asan.................................................................................................. 141
IHABA V. uOHETHuECKA CTHHHCTHKA......................................................................................................................... 144
1. Hcnonnnrentcxne ]onernuecxne cpecrna ....................................................................................................................... 144
2. Anropcxne ]onernuecxne crnnncrnuecxne cpecrna ........................................................................................................ 145
3. Annnrepannx n acconanc................................................................................................................................................... 148
4. Pn]ma................................................................................................................................................................................ 149
5. Pnrm.................................................................................................................................................................................. 153
IHABA VI. CTHHHCTHuECKHH AHAHH3 IPAuHKH.......................................................................................................... 156
1. Bsanmoecrnne rpa]nxn n snyuannx. Hynxryannx.......................................................................................................... 156
201
2. Orcyrcrnne snaxon npennnannx ........................................................................................................................................ 161
3. 3arnannte yxnt. Ocoennocrn mpn]ra.......................................................................................................................... 163
4. Ipa]nuecxax opasnocrt................................................................................................................................................... 165
IHABA VII. uVHKHHOHAHIHA CTHHHCTHKA................................................................................................................ 167
1. stxonax cncrema, ]ynxnnonantnte crnnn n nnnnnyantnax peut............................................................................... 167
2. Ocnonnte npornnonocrannennx na yponne nopmt........................................................................................................... 170
3. Topxecrnenno-nosntmennax nexcnxa n no+rnuecxn crnnt............................................................................................. 172
4. Hayunt crnnt.................................................................................................................................................................. 177
5. Iasernt crnnt ................................................................................................................................................................. 180
6. Pasronopnt crnnt............................................................................................................................................................ 185
7. Bsanmoecrnne crnnncrnuecxo oxpacxn cnona c xonrexcrom....................................................................................... 189
8. Hcnontsonanne ]ynxnnonantno oxpamenno nexcnxn n xyoxecrnenno nnreparype .................................................... 191
9. Hcnontsonanne npocropeunx n nanexra .......................................................................................................................... 194
3AKHRuEHHE........................................................................................................................................................................... 195
Cnncox pexomenonanno nnrepa rypt ...................................................................................................................................... 197
COEPXAHHE........................................................................................................................................................................... 200
V:eouoe usoauue
Apnont Hpnna Bnanunponna
CTHHHCTHKA
COBPEMEHHIH AHIHHHCKHH 3IK
Yuennx nn nyson
Honncano n neuart 20.09.2002. uopmar 60x88/16. Heuart o]cernax
Vcn. neu. n. 23,5. Vu.-ns. n. 21,5. Tnpax 5000 +xs. Hs. N 651
3axas N 2709
H N 04826 or 24.05.2001 r.
OOO unnnra, 117342, Mocxna, yn. Fyrnepona, . 17-F, xomn. 332
Ten/]axc (095) 334-82-65; ren. (095) 336-03-11
E-mail: flinta@mail.ru, flinta@cknb.ru
HP N 020297 or 23.06.1997 r.
Hsarentcrno Hayxa, 117997, ICH-7, Mocxna, B-485
yn. Hpo]comsnax, . 90
Orneuarano c rorontx nanosnrnnon no uIVH HHK
Vntxnoncxn om neuarn. 432980, r. Vntxnoncx, yn. Ionuapona, 14