Measuring the connection between pH-value and conductivity

Lab report

Method Materials: litmus paper, glass rod, tap water, soap, beaker In order to find the pH-value of the soap, the soap was dissolved with neutral tap water (pH 7). The litmus paper were then used to find the pH value of the suspension. By using a neutral solvent, we can ensure that the pH-value of the solute is not altered. Results Measuring the pH-value of different mixtures

Substance Tap water Deionized water Lime water Vinegar Sodium chloride Sodium carbonate Sodium nitrate Nitric acid

pH-value 6 5 10 3 6 10 5 1

Conclusion Slightly acidic Slightly acidic Basic Acidic Slightly acidic Basic Slightly acidic Acidic

Measuring the pH-value and conductivity of two acids

Substance Ethanoic acid Hydrochloric acid

pH-value 3 1

Conductivity Conductive Conductive

Observing calcium carbonate in water: no reaction, seems to have formed a suspension (milkish) Observing calcium carbonate in hydrochloric acid: seems to have dissolved completely, although the characteristic bubbles at the edges of the beaker was formed.

The pH-value of the soap was 8.

Discussion Acids are proton (hydrogen ion) donors. The stronger the acid, the more hydrogen ions donated, thus lower pH-value. The sodium carbonate and the lime water were both bases (proton acceptors), containing hydroxide ions and having a pH-value above 7. The normal pH scale ranges between pH 0-14, but some outliers exist. Mine tailings can produce acids with a pH of -3.6. Both ethanoic acid and hydrochloric acid were conductive because of the hydrogen ions being able to freely move and conduct electricity. As stated above, the lower the pH, the more ions and thus, higher conductivity. The calcium carbonate were insoluble in water, thus the milky look of the suspension. However, when mixed with hydrochloric acid a compund and a gas, carbon dioxide is formed: 2 HCl (l) + CaCO3 (s) -> H2O (l) + CaCl2 (aq) + CO2 (g) Because of the soap being basic, it will react with fat to remove it.