:

( ) 5

/ 2011 / 2010
:
.

25

( : ) 3 -1
-1

............................................................................................................................................:

-2 :
-3 :

...............................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................

-4 ( ) + 6 , + 4 , 0 , - 2
( )- 2

3
................

..........................................................................................................................................................

-5 :
( : )1

NO2 + F2 NO2F + F

F + NO2 NO2F
( : )2
.............................................................................................:
................... :
..........................
-6 70 g 69 J
293 K . 313 K

...................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................

-7 .

...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................... .............................................................

 -8 :

Ni2+ + Fe

Ni + Fe2+

Ni2+ + Sn

Pb2+ + Sn Pb + Sn2+

................

................

................

................

25

( : ) 18 9
-9 -
Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 + Cu

H2 + Cl2 2HCl

CO2 + H2O H2CO3

-10

2Na + Cl2 2NaCl

2Al + 3Cu2+ 2Al3+ + 3Cu

Al

2+

Cu

3+

Al

Cu

-11 NaOH NH4NO3 , NH3

][H3O+

NH3

] [OH

NH3

-12

-13

-14

-15 25 oC
)0(

) 10-7(

( 10-14 )

) 55.4(

-16

()

 -17

-18 ( ) kJ / mol
(+49.1)
NO2(g) (+33.2)
Ag2S(s) (-32.6)
CuSO4(-771)

)C6H6(l

25
-19 ( )H2O2
A , B, C ) 58 , 40 , 75 ( kJ/ mol

................

......................................................................................................................................................

( )21 20
-20 :

N2O4(g) +
,

.................................................................:

)2NO2(g
N2O4

NO2

....................................................................................................................................................................:

-21

Na3PO4

:
:

K2CO3

CH3COONa

NH4NO3 ,

.................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................................

-22 :
Cl2

-23

1
2
3

HClO4

HCl

A + B

HClO2

:
)[B] (M
2.4
1.2
2.4

)[A] (M
1.2
1.2
3.6

( ) M/s
8.0 x 10-8
4.0 x 10-8
7.2x 10-7

...............................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................... .........................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................

-24 :

)2 NO(g

)N2( g) + O2(g

1500 k
-5

[ NO2 ]= 1.1x10

-3

-5

1.1 x 10 M

[ O2 ] = 1.7 x 10 . ] [ N2 .

...............................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................... ......................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................

25

( ) 27 25

-25 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g) + 483.6 KJ .

...............................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................

-26 .
...............................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................

-27 ( ).

...............................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................

-28 H 2Al + Fe2O3 2Fe + Al2O3 :

( ) kJ/mol Al2O3= - 1676 Fe2O3 = - 826

...............................................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................

 -29 - :

NO3 + I2 IO3- + NO2

...............................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................... .........................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................... ......................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................

-30

4
B

40

................................................................................

H .

- 30

................................................................................

A
B

.................
.................

kJ/mol