Tensile Testing I

A typical complete stress-strain curve

Plastic Deformation
Elastic limit
Point at which deformation is permanent and irreversible

Plastic deformation
Permanent (irreversible) deformation

Work hardening
The increase in stress required to continue plastic deformation

Offset Yield Stress

Technique for defining the yield stress (eg 0.2% offset yield stress)

A typical complete stress-strain curve

Elastic Limit Work-hardening

Plastic Deformation

Offset Yield Stress DEFINITION

OF OFFSET YIELD STRESS

Definitions
Ultimate tensile stress (UTS)
Maximum stress a material can support

Necking
Localization of deformation in a small region of sample

Ductility
% elongation =

L f L0 L0

100

% reduction in area =

A f A0 A0

100

L0 = initial length , L f = final length

A0 = initial area , Af = final area

 Material data bases mainly focus on the following parameters

Yield Stress - y Tensile Stress - TS, UTS , U % elongation - % El.

Total % Elongation

20 mm

28 mm

40 mm

52 mm

Final Failure

Cup and Cone Fracture

Callister 8.2

Dependence of % Elongation on Gauge Length on a 20 mm gauge length

L f Lo 100 = % Elongation = L o
28-20 20

= 40%

on a 40 mm gauge length
L f Lo 100 = % Elongation = L o
52-40 40

30%

Total % Elongation

20 mm

28 mm

40 mm

52 mm

Change in length prior to necking = 4 mm Change in length after necking = 4 mm % elongation = 40%

Change in length prior to necking = 8 mm Change in length after necking = 4 mm % elongation = 30%

Design Problem -Skateboard

Design Parameters span between wheels l = 600 mm thickness, h = 6.5 mm width, b = 200 mm weight of skaterboarder = 75 kg maximum elastic deflection at rest, d = 10 mm

Elastic Deflection:

Fl 3 = 48EI

bh 3 I = 12

solving for , E, gives: E >= 72 000 MPa

Possible Materials
e.g. CFRP Glass Aluminum

DOES NOT SATISFY REQUIREMENT

Design against Yielding

Fmax

4I * = ly m

I bh2 = 6 ym
Maximum Force
Aluminum (y = 100-500 MPa) = 100 500 kg Glass (f = 100-1000 MPa) = 100-1000 kg Carbon Fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) (f = 2001000 MPa) = 200 1000 kg

ym = the perpendicular distance from the neutral axis to the surface * = y for plastic material or f for brittle materials