jrefrmEdkifiHESifhivsif

jrefrmEdkifiHonf urÇmhivsifaMumBuD;ESpfckteuf wpfckjzpfaom

t,fvydkufivsifaMum (Alpide Earthquake Belt)wGifusa&mufwnf&Sdaeojzifh ivsif
rMumcPvIyf&onf/ ivsifrSwfwrf;rsm;t& vGefcJhonfh 165 ESpftwGif;
jrefrmEdkifiHü &pfcswmjyif;xefyrmP (RM) 7 xufrsm;aom ivsifBuD; 15- Budrf
vSKyfcJhNyD;jzpfonf/ urÇmhawmifzufjcrf;rS ajrmufzufodkUa&TUvsm;cJhaom
tdE´d,ajrxkcsyf (India Plate) ESifh ajrmufzufjcrf;wGifwnf&Sdaeaom
,la&;&Sm;ajrxkcsyf (Eurasia Plate) wdkU wjznf;jznf; (wpfESpfvsif 4.6 pifwDrDwm
cefUEIef;oabmjzifh) xdqHkwdkufrdcJh? wdkufrdqJjzpf&mrS [dr0EÅm awmifwef;rsm;?
taemuf&dk;rawmifwef;rsm; paom oufEkwGefUacguf awmifwef;BuD;rsm;ESifh
jywfa½GU&SifBuD;rsm; ay:aygufvmrI\ tusKd;quftjzpf tqdkygivsifaMum
jzpfay:vmcJh&onf/ xdkUjyifuyÜvDyifv,f&Sd ajrom;xk jzefUMuufA[dk (spreading
centre) wpfckrS jrefrmajrxkcsyfonf ajrmufzufodkU wjznf;jznf; (wpfESpfvsif
3.4 pifwDrDwm cefUEIef;oabmjzifh) a½GUvsm;vmcJha½GUvsm;vmqJjzpf&mrS
ppfudkif;jywfa½GUBuD; jzpfay:vmrIaMumifhvnf; ivsifvIyfrIydkjzpfvm&onf/
ajrivsifvIyf&Sm;jcif;rsm;onf blrdaA'oabmw&m;t& -
ajray:ajratmufwGifawGU&Sd&onfh jywfa½GUtrsKd;rsKd;wdkUaMumifh jzpfay:Mu&NyD;?
,if;jywfa½GUrsm;rS a½GUvsm;rIrsm;qufvufjzpfay:aeonfhjywfa½GUrsm; &Sd&mt&yfa'o
wdkUwGif ydkrdkjzpfyGm;wwfygonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGifvnf; ae&ma'otvdkuf
jywfa½GUBuD;rsm;jzpfwnfvsuf&SdNyD; ppfudkif;jywfa½GUBuD;uJhodkUqufvuf a½GUvsm;
aeao;onfh jywfa½GUBuD;rsm;\ teD;tem;ywf0ef;usifa'orsm;wGif ivsifBuD;rsm;
vIyfcJhonfudk awGU&Sd&ygonf/ Oyrm- ppfudkif;jywfa½GUBuD;wavQmuf&Sd NrKdUBuD;rsm;
jzpfaom jrpfBuD;em;? 0ef;odk? waumif;? ppfudkif;? rEÅav;? rdw¬dvm? ysOf;rem;?
awmifil? jzL;? yJcl;wdkUwGif ivsifBuD;rsm;vIyfavhvIyfx&SdcJhaMumif;udk
rSwfwrf;rsm;t& od&Sd&ygonf/ &Srf;ukef;jyifjrifhwGifvnf; awmifBuD;jywfa½GU?
yGefacsmif;jywfa½GU ESifh EGm;vbdkU? zmyGeftp&Sdaom? jywfa½GUaMumBuD;rsm;
wavQmufwGifvnf; ivsifBuD;rsm;vIyfcJhaMumif;awGU&Sd&onfhjyif? tdE´d,ESSifhjrefrm
e,fpyfwavQmuf&Sd jywfa½GUBuD;rsm;aMumifhvnf; ivsifBuD;rsm;vIyfcJhaMumif;
awGU&Sd&ygonf/
txufaz:jyygjywfa½GUMuD;rsm;tjyif 4if;jywfa½GUBuD;rsm;ESifh qufpyf
jzpfay:vsuf&Sdonfh ajray:ajratmuf&Sdjywfa½GUi,frsm;&Sd&ma'orsm;wGif ivsifrsm;
vIyfcJhaMumif;awGU&Sd&ygonf/ Oyrm- awmifwGif;BuD;a'owGif vGefcJhonfhESpfu
vIyfcJhaomivsifrSm ajratmufwGif&Sdaom jywfa½GUrsm;aMumif; rSwfwrf;rsm;t&
od&Sd&ygonf/
jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd jywfa½GUBuD;rsm;\ blrdordkif;udkjyefBunfhvsif txuf
wGifqdkcJhaom tdE´d,ajrxkcsyfESifhajrmufzufydkif;wGifwnf&Sdaeaom ,la&;&Sm;ajrxk
csyfwdkU wjznf;jznf;xdqHkwdkufrdcJh? wdkufrdqJjzpf&mrS jzpfay:wnf&Sdvm&aom
jywfa½GUBuD; rsm;jzpfojzifh jyD;cJhonfhESpf'DZifbmv 26 &ufaeUu vIyfcJhaom
jyif;tm; (RM) 9.2 &Sd qlrm;Mwm;ivsifBuD;udk jzpfay:apcJhaom tdE´d,ajrxkcsyfESifh
jrefrmajrxkcsyfwdkU vIyf&Sm;rIBuD;ESifhyg tusKH;0ifqufpyfvsuf&Sdojzifh þqlrm;Mwm;
ivsifBuD;\ aemufqufwGJjzpfay:rnfh blrdjzpfpOfrsm;wGif jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd
jywfa½GUBuD;rsm;\ vIyf&Sm;rIrSmvnf;? jzpfay:vmEdkifygonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHudk ivsifvIyfEdkifonfhjyif;tm;tvdkuf Zkefe,fajr (5) ck
cGJjcm;xm;Edkifygonf/ jyif;tm;tenf;qHk;rSm Zkef (1)jzpfNyD; jyif;tm;trsm;qHk;rSm Zkef
(5) jzpfygonf/ Zkef (1) wGif weoFm&Da'oESifh jrpf0uRef;ay:a'o? Zkef(2)wGif
yJcl;½dk;rtaemufydkif;a'oESifh &Srf;ukef;jyifjrifha'o? Zkef(3)wGif &Srf;jynfta&SUajrmuf
a'oESifh yJcl;&dk;rta&SUydkif;a'o? Zkef(4)wGif ppfudkif;jywfa½GU0ef;usif&Sd
NrKdUBuD;rsm;jzpfaom yJcl;? jzL;? ysOf;rem;ESifh ucsifjynfe,fta&SUydkif;a'o
wdkUyg&SdMuum Zkef(5) rSm ppfudkif;? rEÅav;? waumif;a'ow0dkufESifh csif;awmif?
ppfudkif;wdkif;taemufajrmufydkif;a'orsm;yg&Sdygonf/
odkUjzpfygaomaMumifh ppfudkif;jywfa½GUBuD;teD;tem;&Sd NrKdUBuD;rsm;
taejzifh owd&SdBu&ef tMuHjyKtyfygonf/ odkUaomf ivsifrnfonfhtcsdef wGif
vIyfrnfudk ,aeUtxd BudKwifcefUrSef;Edkifaomenf;pepfrsm; ray:aygufao;yg/
NrKdUBuD;rsm;wGif ivsif'PfcH&Edkifaom tao;pdwfjyajryHkrsm; (Seismic Microzonation
Maps) a&;qGJxm;&ef? ivsif'PfcHEdkifaomtaqmuftODrsm;aqmufvkyfEdkif&efBuKdwif
jyifqifoifhNyD; ivsifvIyfcsdefESifh ivsifvIyfNyD;aemuf xdcdkufrIoufomap&ef
vkyfaqmif&rnfh enf;pepfrsm;udk ajcmufvSefUonfhoabmrsKd;roufa&mufapyJ
ynmay;a[majym jzefUa0oifhygonf/
 qlrm;Mwm;ivsifBuD;ESifhqlemrD
2004 ckESpf 'DZifbm 26 &ufaeU jrefrmpHawmfcsdef eHeuf 7;32
em&DwGif tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiH ajrmufzufqHk;&Sd qlrm;Mwm;uRef;\ ajrmufydkif;
tmcsD;jynfe,f\ taemufzufurf;vGefyifv,feufydkif;udk A[dkcsufjyKí Moment
magnitude 9.0 tiftm;jzifh vIyfcJhaom ivsifBuD;onf vGefcJhonfh tESpf 40
twGif; tBuD;qHk;jzpfonf[k owfrSwfxm;onf/ ajrwGif;ivsifA[dkcsuf Focus
onf rdkif 20 cefUteufwGif jzpfonf[k aemufydkif;ücefUrSef;xm;onf/ þodkU
A[dkcsufwdrfojzifh tysuftpD;ESifh taotaysmufrsm;&jcif;jzpfonf/ þivsifBuD;
aMumifh ,cktcsdeftxd vlaygif; 200000 ausmfcefUaoaysmufcJhNyD;NrKdU½Gma'otrsm;
yifysufpD;cJh&onf/ ivsifA[dkcsufESifhteD;qHk; tmcsD;jynfe,fwGif tysuftpD;ESifh
taotaysmuftrsm;qHk;jzpfcJhonf/ þivsifBuD;\xl;jcm;csufrSm ivsifaMumifhjzpf
ay:vmaom qlemrDvIdif;BuD;rsm;aMumifh aoaysmufrIonf ivsifvIyfí NyKdus
ysufpD;rIrsm;aMumifh aoaysmufrIrsm;xuf ydkrsm;aejcif;yifjzpfonf/
þivsifBuD;vIyf&jcif;rSm t"dutm;jzifh tqdkyga'owGif
tdE´d,ajrxkcsyf onf qGef'gajrxkcsyf (Sunda Plate) \ taemufzuf
tpdwftydkif;jzpfaom jrefrmajrxkcsyf atmufodkU qGef'gyifv,facsmuf (Sunda
Trench) ,ciftac: *smAm;yifv,facsmuf (Java Trench) wavQmuf ikwfvQKd;
a½GUvsm;rI (subduction) aMumifh jzpfvm&onf/ ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm a½GUvsm;&ef
tm;pkaecJhNyD; 'Pftm;rcHEdkifawmhonfhtqHk;wGif ½kwfcsnf; usKd;jywf wGef;wifrI
(thrusting) aMumifh þfivsifBuD;vIyfvmjcif;jzpfonf/ þodkU usKd;jywfonfh
ivsifA[dkcsuf 0ef;usifa'owGif ta&SUzuf&Sd jrefrmajrxkcsyfonf 15 rDwmcefU
(45 aycefU) wGef;wifcHcJh&onf[k tar&duef jynfaxmifpk blrdaA'avhvma&;Xme
(USGS) ucefUrSef;xm;onf/ xdkUaMumifhtBuD;pm; wGef;wifjywfa½GUrI
(megathrusting) [kowfrSwfEdkifonf/ þodkU usKd;jywf wGef;wifcH&aom
ork'´&mMurf;cif;\t&SnfrSm uDvdkrDwm 1200 cefUESifh tus,frSm uDvdkrDwm 100
ausmfcefUjzpfEdkifonf[k USGS u cefUrSef;ygonf/ xkdodkUajrom;xkBuD;
½kwfcsnf;wGef;wifcH&ojzifh tay:&Sda&xkBuD;onf ½kwfw&uf ajrmufwufum
qlemrDvIdif;BuD;rsm; jzpfay:cJh&onf/
ivsifwdkif;pcef;rsm;rS &&Sdaom tcsuftvufrsm;tay: tajccHí
,if;ivsifBuD;\ ivsifA[dkcsufjzpfpOf focal mechanism udk USGS u
az:xkwfxm;&mwGif ta&SUajrmuf-taemufawmiftwdkif; t"duzdtm; oufa&mufí
taemufajrmufzufESifh ta&SUawmifzufzuftwdkif; qGJqefUrI (tension)
jzpfaMumif;od&onf/ þtcsufrSm ,if;a'oBuD;\ wufwdk;epftaetxm;t&
BuKdwifcefUrSef;od&SdEdkifaomoabmtwdkif;omjzpfygonf/
26-12-04 &ufaeU ivsifBuD;vIyfonfhtcsdefrS aemuf 10 em&DcefU
twGif; qlrm;Mwm;uRef;ESifh uyÜvDuRef;pkMum;&Sd ae&mrsm;udk A[dkcsufjyKí
aemufqufwGJivsifrsm; (aftershocks) 14MudrfyifvIyfcJhonf/ ,if;wdkUteuf
&pfcswmjyif;xefyrmP 7.3 &Sd ivsifBuD;wpfckyifyg0ifcJhonf/ 15-1-05 aeUtxd
aemufqufwGJivsiftvwfESifh ti,f pkpkaygif; 265 BudrfvIyfcJhNyD;jzpfonf[k
od&onf/ 26-12-04 aeU qlrm;Mwm;ivsifBuD;rvIyfrD odomaoma&SUajy;ivsifrsm;
(foreshocks) vIyfcJhonf[k az:jycsufrsm;r&Sday/
 aemufqufwGJivsifrsm;onf udkudk;uRef;awmifzuftxdomvIyfcJh
onf/ xdkodkUjzpf&jcif;rSm udkudk;uRef;a'orS ykodrfa'oudkjzwfí &cdkifjynfe,f
awmifydkif;txda'oonf ivsiftvIyfenf;aoma'o (seismic gap) wpfckjzpfae
aomaMumifhyifjzpfonf/ tqdkygtcsufudk GIAC Project (Geodynamics of India and
Asia Collision Project) avhvmrIrsm;t& od&Sd&onf/ xdkUaMumifh tqdkyga'owGif
ivsifvwfESifh ivsifBuD;rsm; vIyf&ef tvm;tvmenf;yg;onf/ xdka'owGif
tdE´d,ajrxkcsyfonf jrefrmajrxkcsyfatmufodkU qufvufikwf&Sd;0ifa&mufrI (active
subduction) r&Sdawmh (odkUr[kwf) enf;oGm;aomaMumifh[k ,lq&onf/ odkU&mwGif
active subduction rsm;aom awmifzuf&Sd uyÜvDuRef;pkESifh ajrxkcsyfESpfck
&ifqdkifxdwdkufrI collision rsm;aom ajrmufzuf&Sd csif;awmif? em*awmifwef;ESifh
jrefrmtaemufajrmufqHk;a'owdkUwGif ivsiftvwfESifhtBuD;rsm;vIyf&ef tvm;tvm
rsm;ygonf/ xdkUaMumifhyif uyÜvDuRef; taemufzufuyfvsufae&mudk A[dkcsufjyKí
2-6-1941 aeUu RM 7.7 &SdivsifBuD;ESifh jrefrmjynfajrmufjzm;udkuyfvsuf 15-
8-1950 aeUu RM 8.7 &Sd r[mtmorf ivsifBuD;vIyfcJhbl;ygonf/
xdkodkUivsifBuD;rsm;vIyfvsifyif csif;awmifESifhjrefrmjynftaemufajrmufpGef;ydkif;wdkUwGif
NrKdUjyenf;yg;NyD; vlaeusJojzifh ivsiftEÅ&m,frrsm;vSay/
qlrm;Mwm;ivsifBuD;aMumifhjzpfay:vmaom qlemrDvIdif;BuD;rsm;\
tEÅ&m,f tBuD;tMu,fcHvdkuf&jcif;rSm tdE´d,ork'´&mtwGif; qlemrDvIdif;
tEÅ&m,fudk BuD;BuD;rm;rm;rcHcJh&aomaMumifhjzpfygonf/ rSwfwrf;rsm;t& 31-12-
1881 aeUu umeDudkAmuRef;teD; A[dkcsufjyKívIyfcJhaom MW 7.9 ivsif BuD;ESifh
26-6-1941 aeUu uyÜvDuRef;taemufzufuyfvsufae&mudk A[dkcsufjyKí
vIyfcJhaom RM 7.7 ivsifBuD;wdkUaMumifh qlemrDvIdif;tvwfpm;rsm; jzpfay:
cJhbl;ygonf/ odkUaomf tysuftpD;ESifh taotaysmufrrsm;cJhyg/ xdkjzpf&yfrsm;onf
MumcJhNyDjzpfojzifh owdrrlcJhMuyg/ aemufaemifwGifum; qlemrDvIdif;tEÅ&m,fudk
ydkíowdxm;vmMuawmhrnfjzpfygonf/
qlemrDvIdif;BuD;rsm;jzpfay:onf[kod&vQif vIdif;oGm;EIef;udk atmufyg
yHkaoenf;jzifh wGufcsufEdkifygonf/
vIdif;tvsif= g x a&teuf

4if;wGif g rSm urÇmYqGJ&Sdef 9.8 m sec-2 jzpfonf/ ypdzdwfork'´&m

twGuf qlemrDowday;pepf wnfaxmifxm;ouJhodkU tdE´d,ork'´&mtwGufvnf;
tvm;wlpepfwpf&yfwnfaxmif&ef 0dkif;0ef;pDpOfaeMuNyDjzpfygonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHwGifqlemrDvIdif;tEÅ&m,fudk tenf;i,fomcH&jcif;rSm ivsif
A[dkcsufESifha0;uGmjcif;? teD;qHk;jzpfaomweoFm&Durf;&dk;wrf;rSmvnf; awmifajrmuf
oGm;aom qlemrDvIdif;ESifh tNyKdifjzpfaeNyD; qlemrDjzpfay:csdefwGif 'Da&uscsdefESifh
BuKHBudKufaejcif;? jrpf0uRef;ay:urf;vGefwGif aomifrsm;ESifh urf;OD;a&wdrfydkif;
us,fjyefUpGm&Sdjcif;? 'Da&a&mufawmrsm;u tumtuG,fay;xm;jcif; wdkUaMumifh
jzpfygonf/